Journal of Applied Engineering Science (2-2015-13)

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 11(2013)4

I M P R E S S U M

J O U R N A L O F A P P L I E D E N G I N E E R I N G S C I E N C E (J A E S)

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Publisher

Institute for Research and Design in Commerce and Industry - IIPP; www.iipp.rsFor publisher: Dr Branko Vasi!Copublisher

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering � Belgrade University; www.mas.bg.ac.rsFor copublisher: Prof. dr Milorad Milovan"evi!

Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering � Belgrade University; www.sf.bg.ac.rsFor copublisher: Prof. dr Branimir Stani!

Editor in Chief

Prof. dr Jovan Todorovi!Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade;Assistant Editor

Dr Predrag Uskokovi!, IIPPEditorial Board

Prof. dr Gradimir Danon, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade;

Dr Du�an Milutinovi!, Institute for Transport and Traffic CIP, Belgrade;

Mr #or$e Milosavljevi!, CPI - Process Engineering Center, Belgrade;

Prof. dr Miodrag Zec, Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade;

Prof. dr Nenad #aji!,Mining and Geology Faculty, Belgrade;

Prof. dr Vlastimir Dedovi!, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engeneering, Belgrade;

Prof. dr Mirko Vujo�evi!,Faculty of organizational sciences, Belgrade;

Prof. dr Vladimir Popovi!,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade;

Prof. dr Vesna Spasojevi! Brki!,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade;Prof. dr Dragan Aleksendri!,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade.

ISSN 1451-4117 UDC 33

Papers are indexed by SCOPUS

International Editorial Board

Prof. dr Vukan Vu"i!,University of Pennsylvania, USA;Prof. dr Robert Bjekovi!, Hochschule Ravensburg-Weingarten, Germany;Prof. dr Jozef Aronov, Research Institute for Certification JSC, Russia;Prof. dr Jezdimir Kne�evi!, MIRCE Akademy, England;Dr Neboj�a Kova"evi!, Geotechnical consulting group, England;Adam Zielinski, Solaris Bus & Coach, Poland;Prof. dr Milo� Kne�evi!, Faculty for Civil Engineering, Montenegro;MSc Sini�a Vidovi!, Energy Testing & Balance Inc, USA;Prof. dr Zdravko Milovanovi!,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Banja Luka.

Publishing Council Milutin Ignjatovi!,Institute for Transport and Traffic CIP, Belgrade; Bojan Bojani!,Transport Company �Lasta�, Belgrade;Prof. dr Deda #elovi!, Port of Bar, Bar;Dr Drago �erovi!, Adriatic Shipyard, Bijela;Svetozar Veselinovi!,Belgrade Waterworks and Sewerage, Belgrade;Nenad Jankov, Power Plant Kostolac B, Kostolac;Miroslav Vukovi!, CBRE, Belgrade;Du�an #ura�evi!, Euro Sumar, Belgrade.

Editorial OfficeNada Stanojevi!, Milo� Vasi!, Darko Stanojevi!: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Belgrade; Milo� Dimitrijevi!, Ivana Spasojevi!, Nemanja Milenkovi!, Milica Miki!: IIPP, Belgrade;

Printed by: Planete print, BelgradeDesigned and prepress: IIPP

Institute for research and design in commerce & industry, Belgrade. All rights reserved. Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2

C O N T E N T S

Dr Milo� Milovan�evi�, Dr Boban An�elkovi�, Dr Jelena Stefanovi�-Marinovi�, Ljubomir Vra�ar

APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED CONDITION MONITORING SYSTEMS IN PALLET INDUSTRY

71 - 78

Dragoljub Vuji�

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS APPLICATIONS IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

79 - 86

Milo� Vasi�, Aleksandra Potkonjak, Darko Stanojevi�, Milo� Dimitrijevi�

QUALITY IMPLICATIONS ON THE BUSINESS OF LOGISTIC COMPANIES 87-92

Nattapong Jantachalobon, Nanthi Suthikarnnarukhi

THE EVALUATION FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER AIRPORT HUB IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

93 - 104

Dr Tale Geramitchioski

COOPERATION ENTERPRISES-UNIVERSITIES-STUDENTS IN MACEDONIA AFTER BOLLOGNE DECLARATION-CONDITIONS, PROBLEMS, CHALLENGES

AND SOLUTIONS

105 - 110

Bogdanov Evgenii Nikolaevich, Dr Bagautdinov Ildar Nyrgaiazovich,

Zhilin Stepan Sergeevich ENHANCING THE STABILITZ OF TIMBER HARVESTING MACHINE

OF MANIPULATOR TYPE BY USING AN ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM

111 - 116

Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina, Emiliya Viktorovna Suprun, Dr Yuri Anatolievich

Doroshenko, Dr Sophia Miroslavovna Bukhonova, Dr Irina Vladimirovna Somina

STRATEGY OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT FOR SMALL BUSINESSES AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF INNOVATION ACTIVITY

117 -125

EVENTS REVIEW 127

ANNOUNCEMENT OF EVENTS 128

BOOK RECOMMENDATION 129

INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS 130-131

EDITORIAL AND ABSTRACTS IN SERBIAN LANGUAGE 132-136


E D I T O R I A L

Prof. dr Vesna Spasojevi�-Brki�

Sincerely yours,


6th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING - A MESSAGE FROM THE ORGANIZATIONAL BOARD

Industrial engineering appears at the end of 19th century as the engi-neering discipline that offers very wide range of opportunities in terms of employment and it is distinguished by its flexibility. Today, industrial engineers may be found working everywhere from traditional manufac-turing companies to airlines, from distribution companies to financial in-stitutions, from medical branch to consulting companies, from high-tech corporations to companies in the food industry etc., with average an-nual wage around $90,000 in 2014, according to the U.S. Department of Labor as internationally well recognized profession. Since 1950�s, the scientific disciplines in the field of industrial engineering appear at the

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Belgrade, Serbia. During the last 23 years, total number of enrolled stu-dents at Industrial Engineering Department at Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University of Belgrade was more than 800. The survey was conducted on the large sample of Serbian companies and it showed that 70% of employed graduated mechanical engineers work in the area of industrial engineering. Also, results from 26 companies of domestic industry that had prediction showed that there still is a lack of at least 418 experts in the field of Industrial Engineering. Perhaps the most critical issue facing Industrial Engineering still is the need to increase the visibility of educational and career opportunities, going together with lack of knowledge about what industrial engineering technology is, since industrial engineers job titles differ from their profession�s name. Accordingly, whether you are a first time attendee or a symposium veteran, I am proud to announce 6th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING -SIE 2015. SIE 2015 is the next event in the series of highly successful International Symposia on Industrial Engineering held in Belgrade, Serbia. The aim of the Symposium is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet the share cutting-edge development in the field. The primary goal is to exchange, share and distribute the latest research and theories from our international community. The conference is held every 3 years, starting from 1996, to make it an ideal platform for people to share views and experiences in Industrial Engineering. Prospective authors are invited to submit original research papers which have not been submit-ted or published by other conferences or journals. Submitted papers will be peer-reviewed and the accepted papers will be published in Proceedings book. Furthermore, the selected papers will be published in presti-gious international journals, such as this one, after further revision. The main objectives of SIE 2015 are:

To promote a meeting of researchers, as a way to exchange ideas and approaches that contributes to the development of Industrial Engineering from a scientific and entrepreneurial perspective.

To present advances in industrial engineering, and its applications to companies.

To make information in the field promptly available, with the immediate possibility of opening a critical debate and establishing networking between individuals using the same discipline in different contexts.

To maintain the high level of excellence of previous conferences, in such a way that their publications continue to be excellent reference in this field.

To strengthen the national and international exchange relationships for investigators from recognized universities and research institutions.

According to these objectives the Symposium addresses to all experts in all fields of Industrial Engineer-ing to make their contribution to success and show capabilities achieved in the work that has been done. This forthcoming event is a result of an agreement between Industrial Engineering Department, Fac-ulty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Steinbeis Advanced Risk Technologies, Stuttgart, Germany and Inn!vation Center of The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bel-grade and it will take place at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade (Serbia) from 24th - 25th September, 2015. I am sure that the SIE 2015 Symposium will be a unique opportunity for net-working, to enjoy a high quality scientific programme and an exciting social programme. I am asking you to stay engaged, network/reach out and help us shape a brighter future for the industrial engineering com-

munity at large. Looking forward to meeting you in Belgrade in September 2015"

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Paper number: 13(2015)2, 314, 71 - 78 doi:10.5937/jaes13-6909

71* University of Ni�, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aleksandra Medvedeva 14, 18000 Ni�;

[email protected]

Original Scientific Paper

APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED CONDITION MONITORING SYSTEMS IN PALLET INDUSTRY

Dr Milo� Milovan!evi"*University of Ni�, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ni�, Serbia

Dr Boban An#elkovi"University of Ni�, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ni�, Serbia

Dr Jelena Stefanovi"-Marinovi"University of Ni�, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ni�, Serbia

Ljubomir Vra!arUniversity of Ni�, Faculty of Electronic engineering, Ni�, Serbia

The goal of the predictive condition monitoring of planetary power transmissions in pellet mills is to

indicate deterioration in the condition of the power transmissions before the actual failure occurs.

In many cases, the defect does not cause an immediate interruption of the process. If this is the

case, the defective part can be replaced or repaired during normal, scheduled maintenance periods,

provided that the defect has been found in a sufficiently early stage. The most common causes of

failure of rotary machines are faults in bearings, the stator and the rotor. There are many methods

for the predictive condition monitoring of rotary machines. The analysis can be based on different

measured quantities.These include, for example, temperature, current, magnetic flux density and

vibration. The basic design idea is to create a measurement and data collection system for condition

monitoring in which the data analyses and decision-making are based on fuzzy logic programming.

In this paper, a low-cost optimal micro configuration for measurement and condition monitoring of

data collection system of pellet mills power transmission is presented. The system is based on PIC

(Programmable Interface Controller) microcontrollers and represents the complete solution for con-

dition monitoring regarding vibration, temperature and rpm measurement. The microcontroller based

system also has an integrated function with control application based on fuzzy logic.

Key words: Vibrations, Condition monitoring, Fuzzy logic

INTRODUCTION

The data collection system for a pellet mill con-sists of several sensor units attached to data-col-lecting units. There can be one or more collector units all having one or more sensor units con-nected. In order to keep the sensors inexpen-sive, they are based on a simple microcontroller with no external memory. Therefore, the collec-tor units provide a temporary storage for the measurement data. If a particular measurement generates data more than the internal RAM of the microcon¬troller can store, the data trans-mission between the sensor unit and the collec-tor unit has to be in real time. However, the data transmission from the collector unit onward can be slower and can be packet-based.

The advantages of a multi channel collector unit realization include a simple communications protocol, because each transmission line has

only one communicating pair, the collector unit and the sensor unit. Furthermore, the interface between the sensor unit and the transmission cable can be made fixed (i.e. con¬nector-less), thus making the connection both more reliable and less expensive. In the case of the bus based realization, the connections can be made fixed too, but this makes it very difficult to modify an existing system. Moreover, in the case of the multi channel collector unit, the whole system is more reliable, since a defect in one spot of the cable cancels the connection between the col-lector unit and one sensor unit only, instead of, in the worst case, making all of the sensors un-available to the collector unit.

A sensor unit with the capability of measuring ac-celeration and temperature was developed. The unit was based on Ana¬log Devices� ADXL311 micro machined accelerometer. The ADXL311 was found suitable for bearing condition moni-

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2 72

Dr Milo� Milovan�evi� - Application of embedded condition monitoring

systems in pallet industry

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toring when vibration levels were not particularly high, within the region of ±5g. The acceleration signal was sampled at a frequency of 20 kHz and digitized using 12 bits [05, 09].

The length of one vibration measurement was set to 32768 samples, and each sample was padded to 16 bits. It could be calculated that the space needed to store one acceleration mea-surement was 64 kilobytes, which was far more than the capacity of the internal SRAM of the microcontroller. Therefore, the measured data needed to be transferred to the collector unit in real time. The minimum acceptable transfer rate could be calculated when the sampling frequen-cy and the length of a sample were known. With a sam¬pling frequency of 20 kHz and 16 bits per sample, this was 320,000 bps.

PIC MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATION

PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcon-trollers made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by Gen-eral Instrument�s Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to �Programmable In-terface Controller�.

The collector unit features the Microchip PIC-16F877A microcontroller with 64 kilo words of 16-bit wide external SRAM memory. This memo-ry is used to store the measurement data fetched from the sensor units. Its capacity is sufficient to hold two of the previously described vibration measurements at a time.

The PIC architecture is distinctively minimalist. It is characterized by the following features:

Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture);

A small number of fixed length instructions;

Most instructions are single cycle executions (4 clock cycles), with single delay cycles upon branches and skips;

A single accumulator (W), the use of which (as source operand) is implied (i.e. is not encoded in the opcode);

All RAM locations function as registers of both source and/or destination of math and other functions;

A hardware stack for storing return addresses;

A fairly small amount of addressable data space (typically 256 bytes), extended through banking;

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Data space mapped CPU, port, and periph-eral registers;

The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this is used to implement indirect jumps).

Unlike most other CPUs, there is no distinction between memory space and register space be-cause the RAM does the job of both memory and registers, and the RAM is usually just referred to as the register file or simply as the registers.

Data acquisition process

The collector unit acts as a master on the sensor bus. Only by its request can a sensor unit start sending data. The collector unit initiates the data transfer by sending an atten¬tion sequence fol-lowed by the number of the sensor the request is addressed to and the number of the measure-ment wanted. After sending the request, the col-lector unit starts to listen for incoming data from the sensor bus and store it in the memory. When there is a pause long enough in the in¬coming data or the transmission has exceeded a speci-fied time limit, the collector unit deems the trans-mission fin¬ished. The number of the sensor and the measurement as well as the start address of the storing of the measurement can be set by the user of the collector unit. The amount of data the measurement should generate can also be set, which makes it possible for the collector unit to judge whether the measure¬ment is successful or not. On the whole, the collector unit is versa-tile in the sense that it can be used to retrieve data from many different types of sensors or other devices [02].

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There are several possibilities to realizing com-munications from the collector unit to a higher level in the information infrastructure. Installing

Figure 1: Optimal PIC based monitoring system




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new cables is not usually economically feasible. Instead, wireless communications or ex¬isting infrastructure, such as field buses or power ca-bling, can be used. In the developed system, the physical link was im¬plemented with a similar RS-232 connection as in the case of the sensor bus. A photograph of the newly developed col-lector unit is shown in Figure 1.

The optimal micro system shown in Figure 1 is presented disassembled. The system has a main board, where microcontroller is imbedded. A small electronic board with ADC is added and

connected to the main board through the SPI communication protocol.

The optimal micro configuration based on PIC microcontroller is created as a complex inte-grated system in Figure 2. Condition monitoring based primarily on vibration but also on temper-ature measuring is not the only function as it can be observed from the algorithms. The microcon-troller is programmed to simultaneously collect data from sensors and to control relays in order to obtain full pellet mill working order control based on fuzzy logic [03, 04].

Figure 2: PIC initiation algorithm

PELLET MILLS CONDITION MONITORING

Wood pellets are a type of wood fuel, generally made from compact sawdust. They are usually produced as a by-product of sawmilling and oth-er wood transformation activities. The pellets are extremely dense and can be produced with a low humidity content (below 10%) that allows them to burn with very high combustion efficiency.

Further, their regular geometry and small size al-low automatic feeding with very fine calibration. They can be fed to a burner by auger feeding or by pneumatic conveying.

Pellets are produced by compressing the wood material which has first passed through a ham-mer mill to provide a uniform dough-like mass. This mass is fed to a press where it is squeezed




through a die having holes of the required size (normally 6 mm in diameter, sometimes 8 mm or larger). The high pressure of the press causes the temperature of the wood to increase greatly, and the lignin plastifies slightly forming a natural �glue� that holds the pellet together as it cools.

Figure 3: Exploded 3D view of pellet mill

In order to obtain a complete pellet mill monitor-ing, the optimal micro configuration system (see Figure 1) was developed on a PIC16F877A mi-crocontroller platform. To enhance system reso-lution from 10-bit to 12-bit, ADC-MCP3204 was added. The system was developed a new both from the aspect of hardware and software at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Ni�.

The optimal configuration for vibration monitor-ing is created by applying axiomatic design pos-tulates to incorporate industry demands in func-tional requirements and design parameters [08].Apart from the applied condition monitoring tech-niques on a subsystem level (die temperature, planetary power transmission vibrations), there is already a lot of information available in the pel-let mill. Normally, this information is only used at the level of safeguarding. Thus, temperature monitoring is of importance, since over-heating

of die can cause pellets deformation or collapse. Exceeding the alarm levels often simply results in a pellet mill shutdown and the wait for remote restart or repair. By application of more advanced methods of signal analysis, focused on trends of representative signals or combination of signals, significant changes in mill behavior can be de-tected at an early stage [07, 01].

Fault detection

Nowadays, condition monitoring of a pellet mill system is restricted to the individual performance of the servo motors themselves at the level of detection of maximum current, as shown in Fig. 4. However, model based condition monitoring of all three servo systems is a promising possibility in this situation. Model based condition monitor-ing is suitable for non-stationary operation.

Figure 4: Principle of model based fault detection

The diagnosis can be based on the residual of the process and estimator output signals (see Figure 5). In this situation, a constant model is used. The difference between the output of the system and the output of the model can be mon-itored. A trend analysis of this residual can be used to detect the changing characteristics of the system [06].

Figure 5: Fault estimation based in residual

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Another possibility of model based fault detec-tion is continuous estimation of the model pa-rameters, based on the measured I/O values and monitoring of trends in the parameters (see Figure 6). The performance strongly depends on the accuracy of the estimation procedure. It is important that the number of I/O signals and the measurement accuracy of these signals be able to detect changes in trends at an early stage.

Because the application of this technique is very specific for this operation, the algorithms were developed. This required specific knowledge of the system, control and model development. On the other hand, the application of the technique in a real pellet mill does not or hardly requires additional hardware and sensors [06].

Figure 6: Fault estimation based on model parameters

Gear transmission vibration monitoring

There are three types of controllers that are ap-plied in the management of a pellet mill:

Hardware PID (Proportional�Integral�Derivative) controllers

Software PID controllers

Fuzzy-based controllers

The application of hardware and software PID controllers is difficult because there are signifi-cant problems in determining the parameters of the controllers themselves [07, 09].

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Figure 7: Fault estimation based on fuzzy logic decision

These parameters depend on the system design and are usually to be determined experimentally during the first hours of exploitation of a pellet mill. This process of determining the parameters can be very long and uncertain and accompanied by emergency situations. A software regulator is time consuming, despite the existence of an automatic function for determining the relevant parameters. The application of fuzzy logic based controller solves these problems (Figure 7). The implementation of fuzzy logic in pallet mill condi-tion monitoring is based on regulation of rotation velocity depending on input (vibration and tem-perature) parameters. The planetary gear trans-mission is the focus of input parameters monitor-ing since it deters mill production process.

The designed pellet mill has one stage plane-tary power transmission manufactured by GOSA FOM with following characteristics: transmission ratio i=9, power P=30kW and input rpm n

in=1470

rpm. The newly developed planetary power transmission is applied in the pellet mill, with the research being part of the project for pellet mill development. The planetary transmission is of type 2k-h,variant B (Figure 8) with two central gears, one with external, and the other with in-ternal gearing (tooth numbers z

a and z

b ), sat-

ellite carrier and satellite, double in this variant (tooth numbers z

g and z

b ). One line of satellites

is in contact with the central sun pinion (a) and the other with the internal gear (toothed rim)-b, making external and internal geared pairs with equal center distance. The toothed rim is an im-movable element. The rational gear ratio in this type of transmission is 7/16 with approximate ef-ficiency of 0.99-0.97.

Figure 8: Type 2K-h variant planetary gear

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Frequency

Accele

ration

Figure 9: Example of fault detection based on FFT (a, b)

The fault detection is often based on frequency analysis and level detection for certain frequency bands. Based on the level of amplitudes, status signals can often be defined and generated. Pre-sented diagrams of fault detection based on FFT analyses are a product of newly developed soft-ware for vibration signal acquisition and analy-ses (Figure 9).

Vibration diagram a) in Figure 7 represents a vibration spectrum of the planetary gear trans-mission in regular working order. Wood feeding to press was automatically controlled during vi-bration monitoring. Vibration diagram b) is a vi-

bration spectrum that is different from vibration spectrum a) because wood moisture content has changed. Vibration spectrums c) and d) were captured while wood feeding of the press was switched off. At first, vibration spectrum c) showed a wide vibration spectrum with ampli-tudes of up to 1,75m/s2. After a certain period of time, the vibration spectrum narrowed and amplitudes were up to 3,5 m/s2, with the die temperature also increasing by 15%. During the data acquisition, rotation velocity was constant. Thus, without the rotation regulation, the produc-tion process is inefficient.

Dr Milo� Milovan!evi� - Application of embedded condition monitoring


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Frequency

Accele

ration

Figure 9: Example of fault detection based on FFT (c, d)

The rotation velocity regulation in relation to input parameters is complex. The regulation is based on the idea that vibration acceleration and tem-perature fluctuations are controlled by constant rpm variations. Software for data acquisition and signal analyses was created and customized for planetary gear vibration monitoring. The analy-ses of pellet mill exploitation and the results of vibration monitoring using the newly developed configuration proved that strict industry require-ments could be fulfilled completely by applying PIC technology.

CONCLUSION

The embedded system based on PIC microcon-troller condition monitoring can be applied suc-cessfully for pellet mill monitoring and control. The integration of functional requirements, de-sign parameters and industry demands resulted in the creation of a new software and hardware for pellet mills safeguarding. In other industries, condition monitoring provisions are normally separate systems, apart from the machine con-trol and safeguarding functions. In this paper,



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the pellet mills monitoring was focused on an embedded, a microcontroller based integrated functional control system developed on fuzzy logic. The application of MEMS accelerometers and PIC microcontrollers in pellet mills condi-tion monitoring has an important roll in expand-ing the product life cycle as well as in reducing production costs. Application of embedded sys-tem in pallet mills has proven to be possible in the sense of gear transmission vibration and die temperature monitoring. Also, fuzzy logic control of pallet mill based on vibration and tempera-ture in relation to main shaft rotation is possible. The effectiveness of these systems is not yet evident, since prototype testing is completely dif-ferent from exploitation tastings. Due to the non stationary operation, it appears to be difficult to develop effective algorithms for mills early fault detection, especially for variable speed opera-tions. Practical experience builds up very slowly, because component degeneration is a slow pro-cess, and additional information about mill trans-mission gear loads and operational conditions is only fragmentarily available. Further research is this particular project is focused on integration of vibration/temperature monitoring, rotation and wood feed control. Embedded systems research in the first faze, is going to be oriented to fur-ther development of single chipset monitoring systems based on PIC technology and in the second faze energy harvesting in the function of mechanical systems condition monitoring.

REFERENCES

ADXL311 Data Sheet�, Analog Devices, [Online] Available: http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/obsolete-data-sheets/ADXL311.pdf

!udina, M. , 2003, Detection of cavitation phenomenon in a centrifugal pump using au-dible sound, Mechanical System and Signal Processing, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 1335-1347.

!udina, M., Prezelj, J., 2008, Use of audible sound for safe operation of kinetic pumps, International Journal of Mechanical Science. Vol 50, No. 9, pp. 1335-1343.

!udina, M., Prezelj, J., 2009, Detection of cavitation in operation of kinetic pumps, use of discrete frequency tone in audible spectra. Ap-plied Acoustics. Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 540-546.

Mati" N., Andri" D., 2000, PIC mikrokon-troleri, Mikroelektronika Beograd.

MCP6022 Data Sheet�, Microchip Tecnology Inc, [Online] Available: http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/21685d.pdf

Milenkovi" D., 1988, Nestabilno strujanje kroz kola turboma�ina izazvano global-nim gubitkom stabilnosti, 18. jugoslovenski kongres teorijske i primenjene mehanike, Vrnja#ka Banja, str. 320-326.

Milovan#evi" M., Stefanovi" Marinovi" J., An$elkovi" B. Veg A., 2010, Embedded con-dition monitoring of power transmission of a pellet mill. Transactions of Famena XXXIIII-2 (2010), Faculty of mechanical engineering and naval architecture, pp. 71-79, Zagreb

Milovan#evi" M., Veg A.,2009, Application of axiomatic design on vibro-diagnostic system, 9th International Conference %Research And Development In Mechanical Industry% RaD-MI, p.p. 295-301, Serbia.

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Paper sent to revision: 09.10.2014.

Paper ready for publication: 15.06.2015.



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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS APPLICATIONS IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORINGDragoljub Vuji!*Military Technical Institute, Belgrade, Serbia

Aircraft industry has to meet a challenge of reducing operational and maintenance costs. One of

the possible ways for reducing these costs is the introduction of wireless sensor networks (WSNs).

WSNs are already finding a variety of applications for both safety-critical and non-safety critical dis-

tributed systems. This paper deals with the application of WSNs for aircraft structural health moni-

toring. Special attention has been given to the WSNs design issues using available components on

the market. A general scheme for aircraft structural health monitoring using MicroStrain components

has been proposed.

Key words: Wireless sensor networks, Aircraft structural health monitoring, Micro-electro-mechani-

cal systems, Condition-based maintenance, Sensor node, Wireless communication

INTRODUCTION

Over the last decade Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been successfully applied in many engineering fields such as: structural health monitoring, industrial applications, environmen-tal monitoring, traffic controls, health applica-tions, etc. This paper deals with the application of WSNs for aircraft structural health monitoring. Generally speaking, the aim of structural health monitoring (SHM) is to monitor structures using embedded or attached non-destructive evalua-tion sensors and to utilize the data in order to as-sess the state of the structure. Often structures equipped with various types of sensors are com-pared to human nervous system. This means that SHM is the imitation of the human nervous system.

SHM is a new and improved way to make a non-destructive evaluation with a minimum of manual intervention. It includes all monitoring aspects which are related to damages, loads and conditions, which have a direct influence on the structure. Knowing the integrity of in-service structures on a continuous real-time basis is a very important objective for manufacturers, end-users and maintenance teams. Structural health monitoring allows an optimal use of the structure, a minimized downtime, and the avoidance of catastrophic failures. Therefore, structural health monitoring drastically changes the work orga-nization of maintenance services: by aiming to replace scheduled and periodic maintenance in-spection with condition-based maintenance and

by drastically minimizing the human involvement, and thus improving safety and reliability [14].

Traditionally, the sensors deployed on the struc-ture are connected through coaxial wires. How-ever, cabling implies high installation and main-tenance costs. Moreover, cables are subjected to wear or breakage. WSNs consistently reduce the installation and maintenance costs. Further-more, the compact size and low cost of a single wireless sensor node enables the deployment of a large number of units on the monitored struc-ture, especially in those locations difficult to be reached by wires, increasing the screening reso-lution of the system [04]. WSNs for SHM are sup-posed to operate for an extended period of time, e.g. few years, requiring minimal maintenance. For this purpose, the creation of a wireless sens-ing platform capable of collecting high-quality data requires a consistent engineering effort.

In the commercial and military aircraft there are a number of safety-critical and non-safety critical systems. These systems are based on wired con-nections and, therefore, they are complex and difficult to route. The Airbus A380, for instance, has over 300 miles of cables consisting of ap-proximately 98.000 wires and 40.000 connectors [20]. Cable routing is quite a complex task, as for example, the power cable and electrical signal cable should be physically separated to avoid electrical interference. Also, harsh environmen-tal conditions impose physical restrictions on the use of a wire harness. Replacement of the cur-rent wire harness-based sensors with a wireless

* Military Technical Institute, 1Ratka Resanovica Str., 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;

[email protected]


sensor network (WSN) can help to achieve the goal of increasing the number of sensors, as well as, the system redundancy. It will also reduce the aircraft system weight and lead to improved fuel efficiency and reduced carbon emissions. The European goals for 2020, for instance, include a 50% cut in CO2 emissions. Replacing the physi-cal cabling by wireless connections also offers significant benefits as regards flexibility, interop-erability, mass reduction and improved robust-ness. Use of WSN also enables reduction in di-rect costs and maintenance costs.

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS TECHNOLOGY

Wireless network refers to any type of computer network which is not connected by cables. It is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and business installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a build-ing, or as a connection between various equip-ment locations. Wireless telecommunications networks are generally implemented and admin-

istered by using a transmission system called radio waves. AM radio, FM radio, satellite radio, satellite TV, satellite Internet access and broad-cast TV are, in fact, wireless networks. Hence, the usage of wireless technology is very conve-nient [13].

WSNs consist of spatially distributed autono-mous sensors designed to monitor physical pa-rameters or environmental conditions, such as temperature, strain, pressure, vibration, sound, motion, pollutions, etc. Consequently, the sen-sors cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. The base station may communicate with the user or task manager node via Internet or Satellite.

A wireless sensor, also known as a mote (re-MOTE), smart dust, smart sensor or sensor node within the network performs the function of sens-ing, data processing and wireless data transmis-sion. It is powered by an individual power source which often consists of a battery with a limited energy budget. The general scheme of WSNs is presented on Figure 1.

Figure 1: A general scheme of wireless sensor networks

The development of WSNs largely depends on the availability of low-cost and low-power hard-ware and software platforms for sensor net-works. With the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology, the size and cost of a sen-sor node have been significantly reduced. This is to say, energy efficiency can significantly be enhanced if energy awareness is incorporated in the design of system software, including the operating system, and application and network protocols. System lifetime can considerably be prolonged by incorporation energy awareness into task scheduling process [13].

The nodes communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in ad hoc fash-ion. Systems of 1000s or even 10.000 nodes are

anticipated. Such systems can revolutionize the way we live and work. Currently, WSNs are be-ginning to be deployed at an accelerated pace. It is not unreasonable to expect that in 10-15 years that the world will be covered with wireless net-works with assess to them via the Internet. This can be considered as the Internet becoming a physical network [10].

Sensor node architecture

A sensor node typically consists of five main components (Figure 2): one or more sensors gather data from the environment and report the data to the microprocessor. A microprocessor is a central part of a wireless sensor node. It pro-cesses all the data that receives from memory,

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Dragoljub Vuji� - Wireless sensor networks applications

in aircraft structural health monitoring


sensor, or transceiver. A transceiver communi-cates with the environment. It is used radio fre-quency (RF) as a transmission medium to send data wirelessly. The transceiver can take data from a microprocessor to send it over the air and vice versa. A memory is the main resource for storing programmes and intermediate data coming from the sensors or the transceiver. The size of the memory depends on the application of the sensor. The battery supplies all parts with energy. To assure a sufficiently long network life-time, energy efficiency in all parts of the network is crucial. Although most sensors have a tradi-tional battery, there is an early stage research regarding production of sensors without batter-ies, using similar technologies applied to pas-

sive radio frequency identification (RFID) chips without batteries. The sensor nodes are usually scattered in a sensor field. Each of them has the capabilities to collect data and route data back to the base station. The base station may com-municate with the task manager node via In-ternet or Satellite. In [06] the node deployment models in WSNs have been explored. Various architectures and node deployment strategies have been developed for WSN, depending upon the requirements of application. The authors fo-cused on five deployment schemes for sensor networks environments, random deployment, grid deployment, group-based deployment, and grid-group deployment.

Figure 2: Hardware components of a sensor node

Energy efficiency in routing

A number of research papers have already been accomplished in routing in WSN, since energy ef-ficiency is more important for wireless sensor net-works than any other networks. In wireless com-munication, data transmission consumes more power than data processing. The battery power of the node will be reduced whenever they transmit a great number of data proportionately. In order to reduce the data size we can prefer techniques like data fusion or aggregation. Data fusion is that in which the sensed data are fused at a certain point for transmitting them at a reduced size. However, there is a problem, showing of lack in precision and accuracy of data from various sen-sor nodes [07]. In order to prolong the lifetime of

the WSN, designing efficient routing protocols appear to be critical. It has been established that most of the energy consumption in a WSN comes from data reception and transmission. Therefore, a good routing protocol can reduce the number, as well as, the size of the unnecessary transmis-sions which take place. Thus, the routing protocol helping to alleviate the energy crisis in WSNs. Hi-erarchical routing algorithms are techniques with special advantages related to scalability and ef-ficient communication. The main aim of hierarchi-cal routing is to optimize energy consumption of sensor nodes by arranging the nodes into clusters [07]. Data aggregation and fusion is performed within the cluster in order to decrease the number of transmitted messages.

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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

There are a number of WSNs applications in structural health monitoring of aircraft. Here, it will be briefly presented some of them.

Researchers from the research institute of China have applied a wireless sensor network for static testing of a real aircraft undercarriage [15]. The developed wireless sensor network system con-sisted of 14 sensor nodes and 4 cluster heads. The authors concluded that the system design may be much more complicated when the num-ber of testing points which have to be measured will greatly increase. Furthermore, fatigue test-ing for full-scale structure requires higher data transmission rates, data synchronization and data buffer processing capacity. Therefore, hardware capabilities for the WSN based aircraft strength testing systems should be improved in further research. Networking and routing proto-cols should be seriously studied in order to solve these problems.

Wireless sensor modules were integrated into the pitch link of a Bell M412 helicopter [01]. Pitch link loads were recorded and periodically trans-mitted into the cabin during flight. Wireless sen-sors included strain gauges, accelerometers and thermocouples. Hard-wired sensors included gy-roscopes, accelerometers and magnetometers. Wireless technologies for tracking the load histo-ry of helicopter rotating components, combined with inertial and global positioning system (GPS) information, can be used to compute structural loads with improved accuracy. The integration of these sensor systems will lead to reduced cost flight testing, improved safety, and enhanced condition - based maintenance.

In [02] the first flight tests of a synchronized wireless structural monitoring system aboard a helicopter has been presented. Combined with energy harvesters, these new wireless sensing networks can be deeply embedded into struc-tures and structural components for improved condition - based maintenance and advanced structural health and usage management sys-tems.

Because of the increasing use of composite ma-terials for aircraft structures, it is necessary to de-velop new methods for aircraft structural health monitoring. Most of the failures of the laminated composite structures originate from delamination

of layers. As regards metal aircraft structures, cracks develop and eventually lead to failures. In both of these cases, visual inspection is not a re-liable method for failure detection. This calls for a vibration analysis-based on failure detection method. Currently scheduled aircraft structure maintenance methods have a high maintenance cost. Several studies have been conducted to develop health monitoring algorithms which use the data from strain sensors embedded into the composite structure. WSN can be embedded into the composite structure which will harvest the vibration energy and will transmit the real-time data to the central health monitoring unit. These sensors will be used to monitor the in-ternal parameters like cracks, strain, as well as, external parameters such as temperature, load, etc. Because of this, the use of WSN, powered by energy harvesting techniques will increase the number of sensors and their lives. Hence, the real-time data will enable the use of condi-tion-based maintenance, thereby preventing catastrophic failure of aircraft structures. Al-though the use of MEMS is one of the promising technologies for implementation of WSN-based aircraft structural monitoring, optimum energy harvesting and power management methods for MEMS sensors have to be further improved. The integration of sensors and airframe has to be studied, as well, the effect on the structural strength of composite materials due to embed-ded sensors.

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS DESIGN ISSUES USING AVAILABLE COMPONENTS ON THE MARKET

A well known USA company MicroStrain has deployed wireless sensors and wireless sensor gateways for a number of applications. Sensors that measure strain, acceleration, displacement, pressure, temperature, inertial loads, and torques have been combined in time synchronized net-works to provide a rich amount of information for improved condition based maintenance. Sensors can be quickly deployed in discrete locations of the aircraft structure. Wireless sensing systems are ideal for both small scale applications requir-ing a few sensor nodes and large scale applica-tions requiring hundreds of sensor nodes. With highly synchronized data sampling, and extend-ed range communication, MicroStrains´s WSNs are able to collect and aggregate data in a single database, and push it to the cloud for remote ac-

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cess. Wireless gateways, or base stations, pro-vide seamless communication between a host PC, single board computer or microcontroller, and remote wireless sensor nodes.

MicroStrain´s Lossless Extended Range Syn-chronized (LXRS) wireless sensor networks are scalable, fast, and 100% reliable under most operating conditions. The main features of the LXRS wireless sensor systems are as follows:

Lossless wireless communications protocols provide 100 % packet success rate;

Extended Range radio link to 2 kilometers;

Scalable wireless sensor networks support continues, burst, and hybrid sampling modes;

Time Synchronized to +/-32 microseconds.

The LXRS Wireless Sensing System works by leveraging advanced bi-directional radio com-munications protocols. When data are received without errors by the wireless sensor data aggre-gator (WSDA) base station, the WSDA sends an acknowledgement that these packets were re-ceived. Data that are not acknowledged remain within each LXRS sensor node�s non-volatile memory for re-transmission according to the net-work scheduler. It has to be noted that data are time-stamped by each node at the time of ana-log-to-digital (A/D) conversion. Therefore, even when re-transmitted, all data are accurately time stamped.

Wireless accelerometer node

Wireless Accelerometer Node (The G-Link -LXRS) presented in Figure 3 features on-board triaxial ±2 g or ± 10 g MEMS accelerometers and an internal temperature sensor. G-Link -LXRS can be employed to measure vibration or acceleration, or as a tilt sensor or inclinometer. The node can simultaneously log data to internal memory and/or transmit real-time data to a host computer at user programmable data rates up to 4096 Hz. Its form factor allows remote, long term deployment. Node Commander software supports configuration of the wireless node in-cluding discovery, initialization, radio frequency, sample rate, reading/writing to node EEPROM, calibrating node sensors, managing node batter-ies including sleep, wake, and cycle power, and upgrading node firmware. The G-Link -LXRS is compatible with any WSDA - Base, WSDA - 1000 or SensorCloud. At the heart of MicroStrain�s LXRS Lossless Data Wireless Sensor Networks

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are WSDA (Wireless Sensor Data Aggregator) gateways, which use exclusive beaconing proto-cols to synchronize precision timekeepers within each sensor node in the network. The WSDA also coordinates data collection from all sensor nodes. Users can easily program each node on the scalable network for simultaneous periodic, burst, or data logging mode sampling with Node Commander software, which automatically con-figures radio communication to maximize the aggregate sample rate. Optional SensorCloud enabled WSDA support autonomous web-based data aggregation.

Figure 3: Wireless Accelerometer Node

At the heart of MicroStrain�s LXRS Lossless Data Wireless Sensor Networks are WSDA (Wireless Sensor Data Aggregator) gateways, which use exclusive beaconing protocols to synchronize precision timekeepers within each sensor node in the network. The WSDA also coordinates data collection from all sensor nodes. Users can eas-ily program each node on the scalable network for simultaneous periodic, burst, or data logging mode sampling with Node Commander software, which automatically configures radio communi-cation to maximize the aggregate sample rate. Optional SensorCloud enabled WSDA support autonomous web-based data aggregation.

The WSDA - 1000 Wireless Sensor Data Aggregator

The Wireless Sensor Data Aggregator (WSDA - 1000) presented in the Figure 4 is a single-board computer with Ethernet connectivity designed to operate as an integral part of MicroStrain LXRS Wireless Sensor Networks. The WSDA - 1000 is capable of collecting lossless data from a wide range of MicroStrain wireless sensor nodes op-erating in LDC or Synchronized sampling mode. The wirelees sensor network can be set up and

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controlled remotely via LiveConnect and Node-Commander. Once set up, the WSDA - 1000 may operate in one of three distinct modes: Sen-sorCloud Enabled, LAN, and Standalone.

Figure 4: WSDA (Wireless sensor Data Aggregator) � 1000

The general features and benefits of the WSDA - 1000 Wireless Sensor Data Aggregator are the following:

Lossless wireless communication protocol provides 100 % packet success rate;

Programmable communication range from 70 m to 2.000 m;

Scalable wireless sensor networks supporting continuous, burst, and hybrid sampling modes;

Time synchronized to +/- 32 microseconds;

Minimal setup required; collect data within minutes;

Autonomously aggregates wireless sensor data;

Supports a wide range of MicroStrain wireless sensor nodes transmitting in LDC or Synchronized Sampling modes;

2 GB non-volatile embedded flash for local storage;

Command, control, and monitoring of a remote wireless sensor network from user PC;

Web interface for system configuration;

Full industrial temperature range supported (- 40 oC to 85 oC);

Seamlessly integrates with SensorCloud for world-wide data access and visualization;

Includes a free basic SensorCloud account;

Local storage is used for SensorCloud caching.

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Sensor Cloud

Data stored on SensorCloud represents dis-crete sensor values stored as a function of time. MicroStrain´s customers may want to create mathematical expressions based on one, or a combination of these sensed values. In order to support customer´s unuque requirements, MicroStrain has developed MathEngine, which enables users to upload algorithms and the out-put of these algorithms can be represented as an additional sensor channel or �virtual� sensor. For example, one can use strain data to create an estimate of fatigue using a rainflow algorithm. When the fatigue rate is high, an alert can be generated by Sensor Cloud. In another example, vibration data collected over time can be con-verted into the frequency domain using FFT and analyzed to detect anomalies.

MicroStrain wireless sensor nodes can easy connect to SensorCloud. All that it needs is a Mi-croStrain WSDA Wireless Sensor Data Aggrega-tor and an internet-enabled network connection. SensorCloud supports a broad range of wireless sensor sample rates, ranging from one sample per hour to 100.000 samples per second.

SensorCloud ́ s Live Connect feature can be used to establish a direct connection to MicroStrain wireless sensor network, from anywhere in the world. Once connected, user can access the full range of sensor network advanced features us-ing Node Commander PC software, including:

View high speed streaming data in real-time;

Trigger and download datalogging sessions;

Change network and node configuration settings;

Update wireless sensor node firmware over-the-air.

The coupling of advanced wireless sensor net-works with innovative cloud-based data analytics revolutionizes performance monitoring of remote structures. Used over the long-term, operators can gain valuable insight into the deterioration of structures and its corresponding effect on perfor-mance. The general scheme of the MicroStrain�s Wireless Sensor Network is presented in the Fig-ure 5.

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CONCLUSION

The aircraft industry will greatly benefit from the use of WSNs. These benefits through weight savings, reduction in subsystems design com-plexity and improved condition based mainte-nance will directly benefit the airlines in terms of additional revenues, as well as, lower operation-al and maintenance costs. Nevertheless, using wireless technology gives the potential to lead to more efficient future aircraft designs and quicker time-to-market.

The presented general scheme of the Wireless Sensor Network, based on some components available on the market, can be applied for air-craft structural health monitoring. The user has to choose the type of sensors which wants to ap-ply. Sensors can be quickly deployed in discrete locations of the aircraft structure. As mentioned, the MicroStrains´s sensing systems are ideal for both small scale applications requiring a few sensor nodes and large scale applications re-quiring hundreds of sensor nodes. Wireless sen-sor nodes are able to collect and aggregate data in a single database, and push it to the cloud for remote access.

REFERENCES

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Arms, W. S., Townsend, P.C., Galbreath, H. J., Distasi1, J. S, Liebschutz, D., Phan, N. (2011): Flight Testing of Wireless Sens-ing Networks for Rotorcraft Structural Health

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Figure 5: General scheme of the MicroStrain�s Wireless Sensor Network

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Bocca, M. (2011): Application � Driven Data Processing in Wireless Sensor Network, PhD Thesis, The Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, Finland

Bokare, M., Ralegaonkar, A. (2012): Wire-less Sensor Network: A Promising Approach for Distributed Sensing Tasks, Excel Journal of Engineering Technology and Management Science, ISSN2249-9032, Vol.I, No 1.

Chandrasekaran, V., Chanmugam A. (2012): A Review on Hierarchical Cluster Based Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks, Jour-nal of Global Research in Computer Science, ISSN-2229-371X, Volume 3, No 2

Jian, Wu., Shenfang, Y., Genyuan, Z., Sai, J., Zilong, W., Yang, W. (2009): Design and Evaluation of a Wireless Sensor Network Based Aircraft Strength Testing System, Sensors, 9, 4195-4210, ISSN 1424-8220

Mohan, L., Ranjitha, B., Begum S. A. (2012): Improving Performance in Wireless Sensor Networks Using MEMS Technology, Interna-tional Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering, Volume 3, Issue (1) NCRTCST, ISSN 2249-071X.

Nordblom, T., Galbreath, J. (2012): Wireless Sen-sor Networks for Improved Long-Term Bridge Performance, MicroStrain, Inc., Long-Term Bridge Performance White Pape, Williston, VT 05495.

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QUALITY IMPLICATIONS ON THE BUSINESS OF LOGISTIC COMPANIES

Milo� Vasi!*University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia

Aleksandra PotkonjakLagermax AED DOO, �imanovci, Serbia

Darko Stanojevi!University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia

Milo� Dimitrijevi!Institute for research and design in commerce and industry, Belgrade, Serbia

In turbulent commerce which characterizes all its branches, quality represents one of the rare tools that

for companies provide possibility for diversification and separation from (dis)loyal competition. Neither

Lagermax AED nor market of logistic services represent an exception. Company - Lagermax AED, as a

leader in Serbian market, has recognized world trends and started with implementation of international

ISO standards in own business. The aim of this paper is to indicate to some issues that Lagermax has

during the process of standard implementation, as well as all benefits that company has and will have

in near future, which would come from generally accepted and confirmed management system.

87

Key words: Commerce, Management system, ISO 9001, Lagermax AED, Logistic companies

* Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kraljice Marije 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;

[email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Constant need on the market for implementation of some of developed management systems, with no doubt, occurs because of many benefits that management systems bring. Turbulent con-temporary commerce almost doesn�t questions implementation of some management systems, considering the constant increase of clients� re-quirements from the point of their satisfaction. Many world examples, as well as in the Republic of Serbia, have proved that management sys-tems present one of the most successful tools for fulfillment of constant increase in clients� re-quirements in aspect of quality.

Thus, ISO standards and their requirements that are necessary to be fulfilled for successful implementation of a management system bring with them benefits, such as, above all, organized system of business operations, which provides backward traceability and possibility to discover issues in their work operations.

Implementation brings significant cost reduction, as well as increase in company value from 2 � 3 %, and the fact that we currently have over 450 companies in China, which has the most developed commerce in the world, that have implemented some of ISO standards, is not for surprising. [01, 04]

As well as some other areas of commerce, im-plementation of management system also finds its place in large market of logistic services. One of the representative examples for that is imple-mentation of management system in large logistic distribution center such as Lagermax AED doo, representative company in Serbia which is one of the leading companies for providing services for international transport and logistics for Serbian market and which is the part of Lagermax Group situated in Salzburg. Central office of Lagermax AED doo is placed in Belgrade-Simanovci and as a part of Lagermax Group, company oper-ates in all regional centers: Novi Sad, Nis, Ca-cak, where it has distribution logistic centers. Lagermax AED doo, representative company of Lagermax Group in Serbia, has recognized the need for management systems implementation, and in the first place implementation of quality management system (ISO standard 9001:2008), environmental management system (standard ISO 14001:2004), occupational health and safe-ty management system (OHSAS 18001:2007), HACCP system and IFS logistic system. The pa-per analyzes, interprets and indicates the ben-efits and problems specific to this case, in terms of the implementation of a management system: quality management system..

Proffesional Paper


Milo� Vasi� - Implications of quality on business

of logistic companies

PRINCIPLES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Principle of implementation of almost all manage-ment systems is based on Deming cycle (Figure 1), i.e. PDCA cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act), which represents management tool for control and im-provment of operation processes.

PLAN � Implementation of management sys-tem, through implementation of policy, goals, procedures etc.; DO � Implementation and application of policy and procedures which were defined in previous phase;

CHECK � Monitor and review of management system, through evaluation, and when applica-ble, measuring of performances regarding de-fined policy and goals;

ACT � Maintain and improve of management system, through corrective and preventive ac-tions in aim to provide constant improvment of management system; [03]

Figure 1: Deming cycle (PDCA cycle)

QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (ISO 9001)

The aim of quality management system imple-mentation is not to achieve the highest existing level of quality, as some organizations that want to implement ISO 9001 think. Quality manage-ment system and its requirements are such that they continuously and organizingly initiate the need for frequent reviews and improvement, and also after implementation which enables organi-zations to do same activity in the same way, thus final achieved result is always the same. In other words, organizations in that way achieve their own specific quality level of providing services, thus the clients always know what they can ex-pect, i.e. what product/service they will get.

The best picture of successful implementation of quality management system ISO 9001 in one or-ganization is achieved business ambience which brings continuous improvement of work opera-tions.

Figure 2 shows the way of application of Deming cycle i.e. PDCA cycle. Figure shows the principle of constant quality increase. For providing con-tinuous improvement it is necessary to continu-ously use of PDCA cycle. In that way, level of quality of provided services are timely increased. Increase of awareness about importance of ISO 9001 standard implementation is one of the key activities for establishing such environment. Frequently, employees see implementation of quality management system as a set of docu-ments. But, with adequate application of those documents, as requirements of ISO 9001 stan-

dard define, it can be seen clearly that quality management system indeed represents good tools for improvement of business activities and provides necessary information for top manage-ment. [01]

With use of process approach, standard ISO 9001 identifies processes which are important for organizations business activities, and also those relations through so-called process maps.

In this way, processes are ranked by relevance and form the business objectives of the organiza-tion, with the participation of all employees, reach the expected level of customer satisfaction.

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Figure 2: Principle of continuous impromevent and increasing of quality

At the same time such identification processes and their relationships can be clearly seen for each process as it is meaningful, that is whether there is a need for such activity.

For success in the functioning of the quality sys-tem of great importance is the commitment and support of top management of the organization. But it is not enough to make the system work and it is necessary to engage all of the organiza-tional structure, to the last of the perpetrator. To make this possible, the standard insists that all activities that are implemented within the organi-zation clearly define the duties and responsibili-ties of each employee who participates in them. So clearly defined obligations and responsibili-ties make the business of the organization fa-cilitated.In order to properly benefit from implementing QMS, it is necessary to obtain the final outcome of the implementation of such a system in such a way that it does not represent a major burden for the organization and perceived as an addi-tional requirement to all employees, and also for the top management, but should achieve an ap-proach that will ensure that the quality system is implemented as a successful tool, well recog-nized and defined procedures business activities in an organization that is the subject of imple-mentation, and also manages the overall opera-tions of the entire organization.

Some of benefits for organization from quality management implementation are:

Providing of effective management process-es for top management;

Defining the duties and responsibilities for all structural levels in organization;

Increase of awareness regarding to quality all over organization;

Influence on better comunication between employees, as well as internal and external;

Recognition of requirements and expectation of clients, which provides increase in clients satisfaction;

Improvment of profit and credibility of orga-nization;

The most important are benefits for clients, i.e. benefits for end-users:

Guaranteed level of quality product/provided services;

Respect of defined terms and deadlines;

Precise defined procedures in case of com-plaints; [01, 02].

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APPLICATION OF SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN ORGANIZATION � LAGERMAX AED DOO

Furthermore, the example will be presented of some of the most important documents adopted by quality systems, methods of their application and potential benefits from the use of this docu-mentation.

In the first place in order to ensure continuous improvement in Lagermax AED doo organiza-tion, as one of the requirements of the quality system, it is necessary to establish a way for its implementation. After defining and identification of the key processes in the Lagermax AED doo organization and implementation, to ensure their proper and undisturbed operation, it is necessary to define the way to react in case of identification of incurred nonconformities, or in the case of de-tecting potential conflicts. The way to react when detecting incurred non-conformities or potential non-conformities is to take appropriate correc-tive and preventive measures.

It is important to note that the nonconformities are unfulfilled requirements of standard deviation or absence of one or more quality characteristics, including characteristics of the safety function, or elements of the system of quality systems / environmental protection system in relation to specified requirements.Corrective and preventive measures are steps of cycle for improvement of functionality of man-agement system.

In case of organization such as Lagermax AED doo, need for corrective actions exist:

When internal nonconformity occures (of services or some of management system el-ements) and can be identified based on dif-ferent indicators (data information) such as:Reports about internal audit;

Reports about external audit;

Reconsideration of management system by top management;

Usual activities during the work processes;

Controlling of temperature through appropri-ate measuring devices, i.e. monitoring meth-ods of CCP etc.;

Through external sources such as:Complaints of service users,

Requirements for the respect of guarantees,

Problems with suppliers,

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Complaints of the local community, inspec-tion, i.e. some of the interested parties, etc.

Preventive action is intended for averting occur-rence of potential nonconformity which can have negative influence on business results of orga-nization. Examples of databases in organization Lagermax AED from which needs may arise for preventive actions are:

Results of statistical management process-es;

Suggestions of producer for machine servic-es and reconditioning of facilities;

Monitoring of capacity utilization;

Results of market analyses and clients be-havior;

Monitoring of the location states and pro-cesses, etc;

Each employee in Lagermax AED doo who de-termine problem during the usual work activities (nonconformity) addresses the nearest superior and explains the problem. Duty of the superior is to note information about nonconformity on re-cord called �cardboard of corrective and preven-tive actions�, and deliver cardboard of corrective and preventive actions to quality management representative.

Beside this way of nonconformity occur, it is pos-sible to identify nonconformity during: internal audit, external audit, reconsideration of manage-ment system or by external sources.

Usually Lagermax AED pay special attention to the segment of the quality management system and way of reacting when information on noncon-formity is obtained from external sources. Thus, if the source of data on external nonconformities (objections and complaints from customers, de-mands for respect of guarantees, problems with suppliers, objections of interested parties, etc ...) duty of the manager of organizational part whom it is addressed such a document is to, on the ba-sis of received documentation, records informa-tion about your conflicting record card corrective and preventive actions and subsequently track delivery management representative who will take appropriate measures for improvement.

Manager of the organizational part in which non-conformities were identified performs analysis which will determine the cause of the problem. In case that for resolve is necessary to define such corrective/preventive actions which exceed jurisdiction of manager of organizational part,

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Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 316 91

in defining of corrective and preventive actions also includes Director.

Fulfillment of performed actions will control the way that manager of organizational part, where nonconformity is identified, monitors over per-formed actions and provides necessary actions to be performed.

If problem is related to clients dissatisfaction or interested parties (local community, inspection, third parties), responsible manager maintains contact with client during the performing of the action.

To get constant effective level of quality in aspect of delivered services, Lagermax AED doo forms special process to monitor client�s satisfaction. Procedure tool which is in use for that purpos-es, and which is suggested by requirements of standard ISO 9001, is defining and distribution of questionnaires.

Surveying is done for all key clients in period of half year, with possibility to do questionnaires for some of clients more frequently which is evalu-ated by quality management representative. Af-ter receiving of filled up questionnaires, quality management representative performs evalua-tion of questionnaires. Thus provides appropri-ate feedback regarding the clients satisfaction and where it is necessary to take appropriate actions. One more principle which is adopted by Lager-max AED doo, suggested by requirements of ISO 9001 standard is process for management of nonconformity product/service and adoption of system approach for resolving possible com-plaints.

Nonconformity product/service is every product/service which is in warehouse, and that does not corresponds to required quality criteria (damage due to transportation or unconditioned storage, expiration date, breach of contract obligations, disregard modes and procedures, etc.) and as such is inadequate for further use or distribu-tion).

In case of identification of nonconformity servic-es determination of their cause is perform and they are removed according to already adopted way for corrective and preventive actions which were discussed earlier.

Permanent control of products, performed by employees within the areas set aside for that, upon reception of the goods and further until the

products are stored on those premises. Special attention is given to the expiration dates of food products.

If there are complaints from clients, complaints admission is performed, a reclamation record is formed which is forwarded to quality manage-ment representative that adequately responds by taking appropriate actions.

CONCLUSION

Lagermax AED recognizes quality as a great re-source. In the first place, the top management ia aware of varying market and in order to preven-tively respond to increasingly stringent customer demands, implementation of quality manage-ment systems is seen as a good way to meet these requirements. Another reason for the need of implementation is the realization of the nec-essary competitiveness in the market. Despite the fact that orientation towards quality can carry with them the risk of accepting this method of operations of the staff, it was concluded that a much higher risk of losing suitable places in the market. Implementation of ISO 9001 fundamen-tally changes the concept so that all employees are directed to the short-term to long-term prof-it-seeking. Teamwork and understanding of re-sponsibilities leads to the realization of almost all the benefits that an organization can have the lo-gistics of implementing the quality management system, such as guaranteed quality of products / services provided, clearly recognizing the needs and expectations of the users, thus providing greater customer satisfaction, improved profit organizations, etc. and credibility. How would I implemented the system properly maintained is necessary to conduct constant review and take appropriate steps to constant improvements and the fact that in the end should not be omitted.

REFERENCES

Vasi!, M., Stanojevi!, N, Stanojevi!, D. (2014): Strategijsko upravljanje kvalitetom u turisti"kim preduze!ima, 41. Naciona-lna konferencija o kvalitetu (FQ2014-festival kvaliteta);

Stevanovi!, I., Stanojevi!, D., Nedi!, A. (2013): �Setting the after sales process and quality con-trol at car dealerships to the purpose of increas-ing clients� satisfaction�, Journal of Applied Engi-neering Science (Istra�ivanja i projektovanja za privredu), No. 2, Vol. 11, pp. 81-88;

1)

2)




Dimitrijevi!, M., Vasi!, M., Stanojevi!, D. (2014): Sistem kvaliteta u autoindustriji: slu"aj autoku!a �koda i Reno, #asopis kvalitet i izvrnost (9-10/2014);

Vasi!, M., Dimitrijevic, M., Spasojevi!, I.

3)

4)

(2013): Benefiti koje donose ISO standardi, Siimppozijum IIPP;





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93


THE EVALUATION FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER AIRPORT HUB IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Nattapong Jantachalobon*University of Thai Chamber of Commerce, School of Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand

Nanthi SuthikarnnarukhiUniversity of Thai Chamber of Commerce, School of Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand

* School of Engineering, Vibhavadi-Rangsit Kd., Din Daeng, Din Daeng, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand;

[email protected]

This research aims to present the selection of Asean international airports in order to establish the in-

ternational passenger airport hub in Southeast Asia. The study focused on the airports in Southeast

Asia region which most passengers travelling through as follows : Singapore�s Changi International

Airport (SIN),Cambodia�s Phnom Pehn International Airport (PNH),Brunei�s Brunei international Air-

port (BWN), Indonesia�s Sugarno Hatta International Airport (CGK), Lao PDR�s Wattay International

Airport (VTE), Malaysia�s Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL), Myanmar�s Rangoon Interna-

tional Airport (RGN), the Philippines� Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL), Thailand�s Suvar-

nabhumi International Airport (BKK), and Vietnam�s Tan Son Nhat International Airport (SGN) as

the optional airports. In order to acquire the most suitable areas in the engineering perspective,

the Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) has been applied by using both Technique for Order

Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution-TOPSIS and Analytic Hierachy Process-AHP. There are 5

main criterions to be considered consisting of Geographical factors, Economic Factors, Functional

Factors, Operational Factors and other factors. The two main research methodology to gain these

factors which effecting the establishment of airport hubs consist of Delphi method and Regression

analysis. The research will be the benefits for managing airports and developing their airport hub.

Moreover the study of the research will be useful for Southeast Asia governments to determine the

relevant policies and planning for aviation business development of the country.

Key words: Multiple Criteria Decision Making, Airport Hub, Southeast Asia, Delphi Method, Regres-

sion Analysis

INTRODUCTION

The leaders of 10 member countries affirmed their strong commitment to acceleration of an ASEAN Community by 2015. The AEC will transform ASEAN into a region with free move-ment of goods, services, investment, skilled la-bor and free flow of capital. The air transport is a method to travel within the region and connect to other regions in the world. Moreover the busi-ness competition nowadays tends to be more intensive due to the globalization and free trade agreement. The intense of business competi-tiveness, both in production and in marketing, results in the business entities need to enhance their competitive capacity in every possible ways. The statistics of World Bank during 1995-2013 shows that the growth of passengers in South-east Asia region has been increasing. Therefore all airports and airlines need to prepare to deal with these passengers. The airport develop-

ment and the adjustment of aviation routes and services require to be improved to create more profit for their businesses. The selection of the international airport to be the passenger hub in Southeast Asia region and connect to other re-gions in the world is the most important measure to reduce operating costs and save time for the aviation business.

The objective of this research is to select the suitable airport which will be the aviation hub in Southeast Asia region. The study empha-sizes on the international airports which have most air passenger traffic volume as follows: (ACI,2013) Singapore�s Changi International Airport (SIN),Cambodia�s Phnom Pehn Inter-national Airport (PNH),Brunei�s Brunei interna-tional Airport (BWN), Indonesia�s Sugarno Hatta International Airport (CGK), Lao PDR�s Wattay International Airport (VTE), Malaysia�s Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL), Myanmar�s Rangoon International Airport (RGN), the Philip-


Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2 94 , 317

pines� Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL), Thailand�s Suvarnabhumi International Airport (BKK), and Vietnam�s Tan Son Nhat Internation-al Airport (SGN). The research applied the engi-neering principles to solve the selection problem systematically and reasonably. The research methodology consists of multiple liner regres-sion, Delphi method, Concentration Ratio (CR), Comprehensive Concentration Index-CCI, Her-findahl-Hirschman index (HHI) and Multiple Cri-teria Decision Making (MCDM). The researcher applied Technique for Order Preference by Simi-larity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Analytics Hierarchy Process (AHP) for data analysis.

The rest of this paper is organized as the follow-ing sections. Section 2 will discuss on the meth-ods and factors which affects the airport hub evaluation worldwide. Section 3 will show the process of airport hub evaluation in Southeast Asia. The process begins with finding of affected factors to be airport hub worldwide and execute these data using multiple liner regression method with the airports where most passenger traffic in 6 regions: Africa�s O.R. Tambo International Air-port, Europe�s London Heathrow Airport , Middle East�s Dubai International Airport , North Amer-ica�s Hartsfield�Jackson Atlanta International Airport, South America�s São Paulo�Guarulhos International Airport, and Asia Pacific�s Beijing Capital International Airport (ACI statistic,2013). The same data then was executed, using the same method (MLR), with 10 international air-ports in Southeast Asia region. Lastly, the Delphi method will be used to find the possible factors of airport hub. The result from 3 methodologies will be compared and evaluated all factors to select the suitable airport hub in Southeast Asia region. Section 4 shows the result of the research and analysis of the selective airport hub for South-east Asia region. Section 5 provides conclusions and suggestions.

LITERATURE REVIEW

There is the intensive competition in aviation business. The transfer of workforce, merchan-dise, capital and data are increasing. Bowen (2000) has studied the change of aviation indus-try growth in Southeast Asia region and found that the national government applied their strate-gies which are airline industry liberalization and airport development, to shape the development of air transport network. O�Connor (1995) stud-ied the changes of pattern of traffic and activity

of airline in Southeast Asia. This research is the basis of planning in transport geography.

There have been many methods used in past studies for evaluating the airport hub. Costa (2010) found airport hub for tourism in Brazil by using 3 methods for evaluating tourist airport hub consisting of: firstly, surveying with Brazilian ex-perts, secondly US Federal Aviation Administra-tion and thirdly the usual Herfindahl�Hirschman method. Janic and Reggiani (2002) used the Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) in or-der to select new hub airport in Europe. They evaluated 7 airports in Europe by applying 3 methods of MCDM as follows: SAW (Simple Ad-ditive Weighting), TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution) and AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Scholz (2011) analyzed the airline network by calculat-ing Herfindahl-Index (HI), the concentration-ra-tio (CR) and the Gini-Index (GI). These analysis results in the market share of each airlines. The study of Wang (2011) concerned the airport city in Taiwan used 30 key factors and seven trends for airport-city development by interviewing the group of experts. Carmona-Benítez MRes, R.B & Lodewijks, G was set up by analyzing the do-mestic US air transport market. A multi-regres-sion analysis determined the relation between distance, airline operations costs and airports charges between origin and destination and market fares. Müller, J, Ülkü, T, and �ivanovi!, J(2009) compare analysis of the economic and technical performance of thirteen airports from 1998 to 2005. Methods used are Partial Factor Productivity (PFP), Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) and Second Stage Multi Regressions, which are ap-plied to identify the characteristics of British and German airports and compare two different own-ership structures: privatized and partially priva-tized with residual public ownership.

Previous study about airport hub factor, Dennis, 1994 studied the airline hub operations in Eu-rope giving the importance of the distance factor in order to minimize connecting time and costs. The finding of Dennis�s study shows that Am-sterdam and Paris international airports are suit-able to develop as the regional hub. Matsumoto (2007) also studied the density of air passenger traffic in Asia, Europe, and America by using the following factors: GDP, population and distance. The study measured the density traffic suitable to be airport hub. Nenem (2012)�s study applied

Nattapong Jantachalobon - The evaluation forms of international passenger

airport hub in southeast asia


the method of Geographical Positioning as the main factor to determine airport hub in Europe, middle East and North Africa and find the best position which can reduce the operating costs for the airlines. Lin (2010)�s study found that Low cost airline and airport in Southeast Asia have develop their relations such as: signing on bilat-eral air service agreement which these airports tend to be airport hub. The key indicator for the airlines chooses that airport to be the airline base for connecting to various aviation routes. Salmon Smith Barney said that the factors need-ed to consider aviation hub are size of Natural Catchment Area, Location Relative to Main Traf-fic Flows Aviation Hub, Attractiveness to Con-necting Traffic, Strength and Commitment of the Home Airline or Alliance, and Airport Expansion Potential. Park (2003) assessed the competitive status of major airports in East Asia based on

five factors: service, demand, managerial, facil-ity and spatial qualities.

METHODOLOGY

This research aims to evaluate the most suitable airport in Southeast Asia for being air passen-ger airport hub by using two main methodologies comprising of multiple liner regression analysis and Delphi technic. These technics used to find the relation of all factors affecting to be airport hub. In the selection of the sample group, re-searcher applied the methods of CR, CCI, HHI to analyze the economic factor suitable to be air-port hub. AHP and TOPSIS methods are used to evaluate the airport in Southeast Asia and deter-mine which airport suits to be airport hub of the region. The research methodology can be shown in detail as the following chart below. (Figure 1)

Figure 1: Steps of research methodology

The selection of factors in relation to airport hub

The selection of factors uses both qualitative and quantitative methods by making literature review from relevant journals, books and other docu-ments in the past concerning the factors affect-ing the selection of air passenger hub worldwide. It is found that there is no journal mentioned of the standard factor using in evaluating airport hub. From literature review, it is found in conclu-sion that there are 5 main factors and 21 sub factors. The data using to analyze these factors come from the raw data of both public and private

entities as shown in Table 1. The main factors and sub factors are used to find their relations by using the mean of multiple linear regression analysis. The sample group consists of all air-ports in the world categorized by the most num-ber of air passenger traffic in each region. It can be divided into 6 regions (FAA, 2013) according to Airports Council International as the follow-ing: Africa, Europe, Middle East, North America, South America, and Asia Pacific. Next step is the use of multiple regression analysis as the first step but the sample groups are 10 international airports in Southeast Asia region. The last step



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is the use of Delphi technic to find the relation of these variables by interviewing 17 experts from 5 target groups from various aspects in Thailand such as: government, academia, airline, airport management, and economic policy. The study of California Junior Colleges Association, 1971 stated that if the expert target groups more than 17 or more, the error from analysis will be re-duced. Analysis by Delphi technic will be made

3 times. In the first round of analysis the open questionnaire is used. The second round will use the questionnaire of rating scale 5 in accordance with the theory of Likert scale. Lastly there will be the answer confirmation of each expert. Then the results from all three methods will be compared and analyzed to reflect the factors are related to being airport hub.

Locational Factors Previous Study

Linking/Gateway O�Connor (1995); Bowen (2000) ;Costa (2009); Zhang (2002)

Economic Factors Previous Study

GDP Bowen (2000); Zhang (2002); Kang (2003); Hom-sombat et al. (2011)

GDP Growth Homsombat et al. (2011)

GDP per Capital Homsombat et al. (2011)

Employment Rate Homsombat et al. (2011)

Unemployment Rate Homsombat et al. (2011)

Total Investment Homsombat et al. (2011)

Functional Factors Previous Study

Minimum Connection Time Dennis (1994); Nenem and Ozkan-Gunay (2012)

Number of Principal Runways Dennis (1994)

Terminal Capacity Kang (2003) Wit (1996); Ohashi et al. (2005); Berechman and de Costa (2009); Homsombat et al. (2011)

Passenger Airport Charge Berechman and de Wit (1996)

Number of custom clearance point Zhang (2002)

Operational Factors Previous Study

Number of Passenger Traffic Zhang (2002); Costa (2009); Watanabe (2009); Nenem and Ozkan-Gunay (2012); Homsombat et al. (2011)

Number of Tourist Arrivals Homsombat et al. (2011); Berechman and de Wit (1996)

Number of Airline Company Homsombat et al. (2011)

Number of Aircraft Movement Watanabe (2009); Costa (2009); Nenem and Oz-kan-Gunay (2012)

Number of International Airport Homsombat et al. (2011); Watanabe (2009);

Other Factors Previous Study

Open Sky Policy Tsai and Su (2002); Gardiner (2005); Lirn (2006); Songguang (2007); Costa (2009); Wanga (2010)

Number of Partnership between airport and airlines Homsombat et al. (2011); Fu et al. (2011); Barbot (2009); Fu and Zhang (2010); Zhang et al. (2010)

Maintenance/Repair/Overhaul Homsombat et al. (2011)

Population Homsombat et al. (2011)

Table 1: Summary of passenger airport hub criteria in past studies

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Select the sample group

This research aims to find the international air-port which have the most air passenger traffic volume in each country in Southeast Asia region and propose to be the suitable airport hub for the region. Nevertheless all countries are different in any aspects such as economics, sociological, political, culture and airport management strat-egies. The method to select the sample group in analysis of the research consists of Concen-tration Ratio (CR), Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) and Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI). These methods result the concentration of the air passengers volume of various airports in Southeast Asia region during 1995-2013 us-ing data from official airline guides (OAG)In order to clarify the acquisition of the sample groups clearly in this research, the selection methods used in this research can be described briefly as follows:

Concentration ratio is a tool which calculates the market share of each specific airport. The results reflect intense competition within the market. The calculated results can be divided into three levels:

CRn of 67% or more reflects high airport concentration with an evident monopoly.

CRn between 34% and 67%, reflects an air-port as moderately concentrated.

CRn of less than 34%, reflects an airport with low concentration and that is highly competi-tive.

The formula for finding the concentration ratio is the following (Hallo, 1967):

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CRn = the ratio of major airport concentrationSi = selling revenuet = the largest airportn = total number of the airport in the industryi = individual airport enterprise

Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) is an index to show the quadratic sum of each airport�s market share compared to the whole industry. Where Si is the share of air traffic at airport i in relation to the total air traffic. The variable n denotes the number of airports in the network. The HHI takes into account the relative size and distribution of the nodes (e.g. airports) in the network. It is size-

dependent and its minimum for a fixed number of actors results in equal shares with a value of 1/t. Furthermore, the HHI is primarily sensitive to changes at the extreme ends, which is a property of the square-function giving high weights to the largest airports. The HHI is the most frequently used measure of market concentration.

The results of analysis can be divided into 4 ranges:

Less than 1,000 means the market has high competition but no monopoly

Between 1,000 and 1,800 means there is moderate competition in the market and if HHI is close to 1,800, a major market share enterprise exists.

More than 1,800 means there may be a mo-nopoly in the market

More than 10,000 means there is only one service provider which holds a monopoly in the industry.

The formula for HHI is as follows (Hirschman, 1964):

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2.

3.

4.

Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI) mea-sures concentration, but adjusts the disclose defects of HHI. Both HHI and CCI consider all enterprises in an industry but CCI emphasizes enterprises other than biggest entity. CCI gives a value between 1 and 0, and a result close to 1 indicates a monopoly is present in the market. The formula CCI is as follows (Horvath 1970):

CCI = Comprehensive Concentration Index

Si = the market share of the airport no. i:i=1,2,3,4,�, n

Sj = the market share of the airport no. j:j=1,2,3,4,�, n

Survey results of weights criteria and collect data from international airport hub model

AHP is used to find weight measurement of each criteria and secondary data from government agencies, private sectors and annual report of each international airport. The level of measure-ment can be divided into 5 combining with the collecting of raw data according to variable fac-tors.



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In AHP relative measurement, a comparison ma-trix at each level will be set up by comparing pairs of criteria, or pairs of alternatives at the lowest level. A scale of scores ranging from 1 (equally important) to 9 (absolutely important) is used to denote the importance of these criteria/ alterna-tives. Once the matrix of pairwise comparisons has been developed, the relative importance of each can be estimated in terms of the specific measure. Pairwise comparisons between the m measures can be conducted by asking the deci-sion-maker or expert questions such as, �Which measure is more important with regards to the decision goal and the extent of its importance?� (Score 1�9). The answers to these questions for man m *m pairwise comparison matrix, which is defined as follows (Saaty, 1980; Saaty, 1994):

(1)

In Eq. (1), aij represents a quantified judgment on wi/wj with aii= 1 and aij = 1/aji for i, j=1,�, m. The weight of measure i can be calculated as follows:

(2)

To determine the range of international passen-ger airport data, researcher considers the range of real data each international passenger airport in Southeast Asia. It can divide the data into 5 levels to complete. Accordance with the process set points for sequence analysis tactic (Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP) is also consistent with the research of Deng Yong (2006), which details the calculations are as follows:

The range = Max value data � Min value data

The class interval width = the range/number of layer data

Development of passenger airport hub factors to evaluation model for selection

This section discusses the results of factors to evaluate how any international airport become airport hub in Southeast Asia region. AHP meth-od and TOPSIS method will be used to classify the most suitable airport as a hub for the region.The study of TOPSIS method is about concept

and process of implementation. It shows that this method focus on criteria which is separation between the positive and negative criteria. And at the end of the analysis, including the assess-ment of the two types together seamlessly. Thus the answer is more reliable.

AHP is the method to find weight of criteria by comparing pairs of alternatives for decision mak-ing. The criteria will be orderly classified from main criteria to minor criteria.

The different between AHP and TOPSIS

AHP give effectively analyze data in tangible and intangible especially, the important topic in deciding on a judge style.

TOPSIS is good at analysis in feeling deci-sion.

TOPSIS want a certain style in order to de-termine the relative importance of different features of the factor criteria.

AHP makes decisions that are more flexible and good ranking in factors criteria.

AHP calculations are more complicated than TOPSIS.

AHP factors and alternatives are compared in pairs while TOPSIS no comparison in pair.

TOPSIS is to select the best method from data, but may not be the most appropriate.

TOPSIS use tree method but AHP hierarchy mapping relationship.

TOPSIS will not charge when the weight is zero, which is a disadvantage.

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Step 1: The results of factors relating to be the passenger airport hub come from the compari-son of 3 methods using regression analysis to find factors from 6 airports of 6 regions. Then re-gression analysis was used to find factors from 10 airports of 10 countries in Southeast Asia re-gion. Finally, Delphi technic used to find the vari-ables from interviewing the experts. The results of analysis are shown in table 2. It is shown that there are 16 sub factors from analysis. Moreover the number of gateway, number of aircraft move-ment, number of tourist arrival, and number of partnership between airport and airline are re-lated to the passenger airport hub.

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2.

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4.

5.

6.

7.

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9.



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Methods Regression Analysis Regression Analysis

Factors Delphi factor hub in the world factor hub in ASEAN SUM

Number of Gateway / / / 3

Gross Domestic Product / / 2

Investment in Transportation / / 2

Minimum Connecting Time / 1

Terminal Capacity / / 2

Number of Custom Channel / / 2

Number of Aircraft Movement / / / 3

Number of airline company / / 2

Airport passenger charge fee / / 1

Number of tourist arrival / / / 3

Number of employment rate / / 2

Population / 2

Number of Airport / / / 1

Number of Partnershipbetween Airport and Airlines

/ / 3

Gross Domestic Product Growth

/ 1

Gross domestic product per capital

/ 1

Table 2: Summary of passenger airport hub factor from three methods

Step 2: The sample group which will be selected to evaluate will be determined by 3 methods; CR, CCI and HHI. Table 3 and figure 2 shown the results of Changi International Airport, CR1 (SIN) in Singapore is the international airport that have highly market share in ten international air-ports of ASEAN. It has average means 26.33 %. Secondly, Suvarnabhumi International Airport, CR2 (BKK) in Thailand has a market share of second rank. It has 22.03% for average means. Sugarno Hatta International Airport, CR3 (CGK) in Indonesia has 16.98% for average means and come be third rank. Kuala Lumpur International Airport, CR4 (KUL) in Malaysia has 14.66% for average means and come be fourth rank. Manila Ninoy Aquino International Airport, CR5 (MNL) in Philippines has 11.74% for average means and come be Fifth rank. Finally, Tan Son Nhat International Airport, CR 6 (SGN) Vietnam has 5.6 for average means and come be sixth rank. The combined CR for these 6 airports exceeds 97.35 percent. The highest concentration ratio (CR1) was Changi International Airport. This il-lustrates that airline networks in ASEAN have high airport concentration. CCI shows that the market is highly competitive and not monopo-lized. It should be noted that ASEAN internation-al airports are not different from each other, in

the number of airline flights they service. There is no clear leader among ASEAN airports. Every ASEAN airport could be a hub. Moreover, The HHI illustrates that there is moderate competi-tion in each airport. So, we selected the three most concentrated airports (CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4, CR5, and CR6) to analyze the next step.

Step 3: Finding weight criteria factors from 17 experts and raw data to evaluate the airport hub factor. The weight criteria divide into 5 levels in order to evaluate by using the method of AHP and TOPSIS. The result from figure 3 and figure 4 shown that geography criteria which is sub � criteria on number of gateway has the most, therefore the airport with most gateways, the more to be the airport hub. The criteria on opera-tional and functional have the same weight. The factor on population has least weight, it is shown that Indonesia with most population among Asian countries have no effect to be the airport hub. Table 4 shows the level of evaluation for each factors dividing into 5 levels and 9 rating score. The evaluation comes from the actual data from various agencies in order to select the most suit-able airport hub for the region.

Step 4: The decision making by applying TOP-SIS method is the mean to realize the importance



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of positive and negative data. The procedure of analysis divided into several steps including the adjustment of standard value and multiplies with weight number and then lead to closeness co-efficient. The result of analysis can be shown in table 5. The importance weight criteria using AHP method applied on the actual data of 5 lev-els and 9 score in step 3. The matrix table will be used to evaluate and find consistency index which the results of analysis shown in Table 6.

CONCLUSION

The application of decision making model to evaluate the international airports in Southeast Asia region as airport hub reflects 6 airports as follows: 1. Changi international airport, (SIN) in Singapore 2. Suvarnabhumi International Air-port, (BKK) in Thailand 3. Sugarno Hatta Inter-national Airport, (CGK) in Indonesia 4. Kuala Lumpur International Airport, (KUL) in Malaysia 5. Manila Ninoy Aquino International Airport, (MNL) in Philippines 6. Tan Son Nhat Interna-tional Airport, (SGN) Vietnam. It is found that, from the importance weight criteria, geography criteria and sub-criteria of number of gateway is the most important factor. The result of factor analysis by AHP method and TOPSIS method are 1. Changi International airport 2. Suvarnab-humi International Airport 3. Kuala Lumpur Inter-national Airport. The model for decision making from this research indicates the importance of relevant criteria to select the airport to be the airport hub of the region. The alternative coun-tries can also plan their policies and strategies to prepare themselves for the competitiveness in AEC era.

The suggestions of this research are as follows; 1. How to be airport hub for the region needs close corporation from all parties both airports and public policy 2. The importance weight cri-teria should applied all international airports in Southeast Asia in order to find the exact weight factor 3. The analysis of aviation rules and regu-lation and planning should be more emphasized in the study. Further researcher should study whether Changi International Airport has been selected as the regional airport hub, the aviation routing need to be planned and the flight con-necting route within Southeast Asia and other part of the world should be well-planned in order to maximize the benefits for every ASEAN mem-ber countries in the future.

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Bowen, J. 2000. Airline hubs in Southeast Asia: national economic development and nodal accessibility, J. Transp Geo., 8, 25-41.

Costa, F. C., Lohmann, G. and Oliverira, V. M. 2010. A model to identify airport hubs and their importance to tourism in Brazil, Re-search in transp eco., 26, 3-11.

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Kang, K. and Kim, W. Y. 2003. Study on the air cargo hub networks of the Incheon inter-national airport, in Proceedings of the East-ern Asia society for transportation studies. 4, 195-211.

Homsombat, W., Lei, Z. and Fu, X. 2011. De-velopment status and prospects for aviation hub �a comparative study of the majors air-ports in Southeast Asia, The Singapore Eco-nomic Review., 56(4), 573-591.

Dennis, N.P., (1994). �Airline hub operations in Europe.� Journal of Transport Geography. 2(4) 219-233.

Nenem, M., and Ozkan-Gunay, E., (2012). �Determining Hub Efficiency in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa: The Impact of Geographical Positioning.� Eurasian Eco-nomic Review. Eurasia Business and Eco-nomics Society. 2(2), 37-53.

Berechman, J., and de Wit, J., (1996). �An analysis of the effects of European aviation deregulation on an airline�s network structure and choice of a primary West European hub airport.� Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 30(3), 251- 274.

Ohashi, H., Kim, TS., Oum, T.H., and Yu, C., (2005). �Choice of air cargo transshipment airport: an application to air cargo traffic to/from Northeast Asia.� Journal of Air Trans-port Management. 11(3), 149-159.

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Lirn, T.C., (2006). �Study of airline�s cargo hub airport selection- an empirical study in Taiwan.� Penghu University/Kaohsiung First University of Science & Technology.

Gardiner, J., Ison, S., & Humphreys, I., (2005). �Factor influencing cargo airline�s choice of airport: An international survey.� Journal of air transport management. 11, 393-399.

Songguang, H., (2007). �A geographical analysis of air hubs in Southeast Asia.� The-sis, Department of geography, National uni-versity of Singapore.

Wang, R., (2011). �Study on the Cause-Ef-fect Relationship of the Service Quality Evaluation Criteria of Portal Sites.� African Journal of Business Management. 4 (10), 2432-2444.

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Scholz, A., (2011). �Spatial network configu-rations of cargo airlines.� Working paper se-ries in economics.

Matsumoto, H. (2007). International air net-work structures and air traffic density of world cities, Transportation Research Part E. 43 (3), pp.269�282.

Janic, M., & Reggiani, A. (2002). An Applica-tion of the Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Analysis to the Selection of a New Hub Airport. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, vol.2, 113-141.

Wang, K.J., Hong, W.C., Chen, S.H., and Jiang, J.T. (2011). Strategic development trend and key factors analysis of Airport City in Taiwan, Journal of Transport Geography 19 (2011) 807�820

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ANNEXES

Figure 2: Show graph CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4, CR5, CR6, CCI, and HHI



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Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 X

CR1 36.16 37.59 36.99 33.00 31.01 31.33 30.01 28.29 22.86 23.87 23.25 23.68 22.39 22.06 21.69 20.84 21.89 22.04 21.76 26.88

CR2 64.58 64.74 62.18 58.56 53.55 52.40 51.17 48.74 44.09 44.38 44.68 44.83 44.00 43.60 41.61 41.11 41.89 42.26 41.34 48.93

CR3 74.52 74.49 73.15 72.29 69.22 68.53 66.70 64.75 64.19 64.22 64.71 64.16 62.12 61.99 61.50 61.03 61.29 61.79 60.06 65.83

CR4 84.02 83.78 83.77 83.68 82.31 81.67 80.59 80.37 80.37 80.78 81.35 80.47 78.26 77.72 77.39 77.18 77.03 77.00 77.37 80.27

CR5 92.97 93.03 93.17 92.73 92.77 92.92 92.35 92.46 92.38 92.72 92.98 92.41 90.74 90.44 90.30 90.03 90.20 89.16 89.34 91.74

CR6 97.68 97.61 97.54 97.19 97.40 97.41 97.23 97.32 97.18 97.27 97.67 97.43 97.45 97.53 97.69 97.37 97.13 96.83 96.64 97.35

CCI 0.556 0.559 0.546 0.529 0.505 0.501 0.492 0.483 0.462 0.467 0.468 0.465 0.453 0.451 0.448 0.443 0.447 0.445 0.443 0.48

HHI 0.241 0.244 0.235 0.216 0.202 0.201 0.195 0.189 0.181 0.182 0.184 0.183 0.179 0.179 0.178 0.177 0.177 0.176 0.176 0.19

Table 3: Show Concentration Ratio, Comprehensive Concentration Index, and Herfindahi � Hirsch man index between 1995 - 2013

Figure 4: The weight of the importance of the main factors analyzed by AHP method

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Figure 3: The result of importance weights criteria

Airport S+ S- CC Ranking

BKK 0.177 0.154 0.465 2

SIN 0.087 0.309 0.780 1

KUL 0.202 0.134 0.400 3

CGK 0.266 0.113 0.298 5

SGN 0.322 0.030 0.085 6

MNL 0.240 0.106 0.305 4

Table 5: The results of decision making analysis by using TOPSIS method and ranking the suitable options

Table 6: The result of AHP method

Alternatives Preference Scale

Preference Score

BKK 0.197 2

SIN 0.278 1

KUL 0.164 3

CGK 0.16 4

SGN 0.082 6

MNL 0.117 5



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Main criteria Sub-criteria unit level 1 (1 mark) level 2 (3 mark) level 3 (5 mark) level 4 (7 mark) level 5 (9 mark)

Location Number of Gatewaycount by city

Below 79.4 79.4 - 120.8 120.8 - 162.2 162.2 - 203.6 More than 203.6

Economic

GDP US$Below

132,394,004,172.43132,394,004,172.43 - 195,714,406,998

195,714,406,998.28 - 259,034,809,824.13

259,034,809,824.13 - 322,355,212,650

More than 203.6

GDP Growth % Below 4.22 4.22 - 5.02 5.02 - 5.82 5.82 - 6.62More than

322,355,212,650

GDP per Capital US$ Below 7,198.44 7,198.44 - 13,577.41 13,577.41 - 19,956.38 19,956.38 - 26,335.35 More than 6.62

Number of employment rate

% Below 70.58 70.58 - 90.32 90.32 - 110.06 110.06 - 129.8 More than 26,335.35

Investment in Transportation US$ Below 280,407,196.45

280,407,196.45 - 423,665,999.85

423,665,999.85 - 566,924,803.25

566,924,803.25 - 710,183,606.65

More than

710,183,606.65

Functional

Minimum Connecting Time

min More than 60 None None None Below 60

Terminal Capacity m2 Below 204,108.63204,108.63 -

408,217.26 408,217.26 - 612,325.89

612,325.89 - 816,434.52

More than 816,434.52

Number of Custom Channel

counter Below 21.2 21.2 - 28.4 28.4 - 35.6 35.6 - 42.8 More than 42.8

Passenger airport charge fee

US$ More than 17.08 14.56 - 17.08 12.04 - 14.56 9.52 - 12.04 Below 9.52

Operational

Number of Aircraft Movement

count Below 98,550.7698,550.76 -

129,067.58 129067.58 - 159,584.40

159,584.40 - 190,101.22

More than 190,101.22

Number of airline company

count Below 27.59 27.59 - 37.29 37.29 - 46.99 46.99 - 56.69 More than 56.69

Number of Airport count Below 7.08 7.08 - 12.16 12.16 - 17.24 17.24 - 22.32 More than 22.32

Number of tourist arrival

count Below 6,856,479.216,856,479.21 -

11,093,011.07 11,093,011.07 -

15,329,542.92 15,329,542.92 -

19,566,074.77 More than

19,566,074.77

Number of Partnership between Airport and

Airlinescount Below 3.8 3.8 - 4.49 4.49 - 5.18 5.18 - 5.87 More than 5.87

Other Population count Below 47,851,668.0847,851,668.08 -

91,305,688.79

91,305,688.79 -

134,759,709.50

134,759,709.5 -

178,213,730.20

More than

178,213,730.2

Table 4: Assessment forms in five level for airport alternate in Southeast Asia

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105* Unuverzitet Sv. Kliment Ohridski, Tehnicki fakultet Bitola, �akedonska falanga 33, 7000 Bitola;

[email protected]

COOPERATION ENTERPRISES -UNIVERSITIES-STUDENTS IN MACEDONIA AFTER BOLLOGNE

DECLARATION � CONDITIONS, PROBLEMS, CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Dr Tale Geramitchioski*University St.Clementius of Ohrid, Technical faculty, Bitola, Macedonia

The work gives image of the real condition of the cooperation between the business sector and

faculties of technical sciences in education of mechanical engineers obtained through appropriate

researches by using the instrument of survey questionnaire. The results point out defeated facts of

total absence of cooperation, miss out in creation of study programs and profiles of mechanical en-

gineers who graduate and who are not compatible with the market demand. The research enabled

making difference of future challenges and suggesting possible steps towards problem solution. As

a result of the research, the Centre for Teaching and Adopting New Technologies (CETANeT) was

establish as a new institution to provide a new concept for real and intensive cooperation between

University, state and the enterprises in the field of quality high education.

Key words: Higher education, Mechanical engineer, Labor market, Education model for engineers,

Professional competencies, University, Enterprises, Bologna declaration

INTRODUCTION

Since 2003 Republic of Macedonia is cosigna-tory of Bologna Declaration and is member of European group of countries with reformed high education [02, 04]. As a result of the declaration requirements, the high education has been in-tegrated � the universities became integrated, three cycle system of high education (3+2+3 and 4+3+1) introduced, credit transfer system intro-duced, mobility of students and teaching staff provided by inclusion in the European program, Bacillus and Erasmus Mundus, the level of qual-ity control is raised by self-evaluation, evaluation and expert evaluation [03, 08]. Moreover, in two turns the ranging of the Universities was made by Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

However, the impression in the public is that the profiles of staff from technical vocations deriv-ing from so reformed system do not accomplish with the standards and developing flows of the economy, in particular by the foreign investors in production sector [06, 02].

The reasons for this impression are of many lay-ers, but it is necessary to prove it as well sci-entifically by using the methods and techniques of survey questionnaire with direct inclusion of

the subjects. The researchers are realised at subject living and working in the cities in Pelago-nia region in Republic of Macedonia located at the south-west in Republic of Macedonia where little less than 1/3 of the total population lives, but 80% of the produces electricity is being pro-duced there [01].

The employers consider that the education is in-appropriate due to the obsolete curricula, methods and techniques being applied in the education.

Non-developed systems of communication among the education institutions and the business com-munity in the Pelagonia region, as well as the lack of community participation in the educational pro-grams with practical work, results with low level student preparation that is a key factor for the re-quirements of the labour market [01].

This means that it is necessary to have joint and synchronised participation of all parties. It is nec-essary to create measures for future developing and stimulating the small and the medium enter-prises as a main employer in the region. Strength-ening the local economy requires strong link of cooperation between all business sectors.

The education system is the key factor that should establish a solid structure and organization to enable



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its functional connection with the labour market. However, the education must not continue with the practice of taking care only for the prepara-tion of the new working power but also to take place in upgrading the working skills of the more experienced. The modern set up of the education system must respect the principles of flexibility, functionality and openness. Its care must be for students, employees, unemployed and all that need educational upgrade skills. The dynamics of change in education system should follow the dynamics of changes in the necessary compe-tences required by the labour market [09].

The functioning of the education system must be followed by redesign of the given curricula. The basic functions of the teaching method must be an accomplishment and effectuation of the unity that exists among the student, general knowl-edge, professional specific knowledge, rounded by the standards for competences for certain profession or vocation [10].

The education services must leave the world of formalised standards and normative, to exit the classroom and to connect with the world that re-quires those education services. The basis for connection of the labour market needs and edu-cation should be the social dialogue among all parties considered [03, 04].

EVALUATION OF THE MANAGERS OPINION FOR ENGINEERING QUALIFICATIONS

For the purpose of analysing the opinion and attitudes of the managers for capacity of future engineers to respond to the labour market needs the work covers instrument A3: SURVEY QUES-TIONNAIRE FOR MANAGERS covering 50 managers-engineers from several big and small industrial and production-economy companies in Pelagonia region [07].

The engineering is a profession where the knowledge obtained by studying, the experience and practice, are united for the purpose of developing the capaci-ties for solving the problem in the industry.

During the researching, the following methods are used: analytical �synthetic method, method of gen-eralization and specialization , classification meth-od, method of induction and deduction, method of proof and denial and descriptive method.

Within these methods, the following technics are used for empiric data collection: survey and sub-ject analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS

Furthermore there is a presentation of the quan-titative results from the survey questionnaire � instrument A3.

The need of increasing the communication skills such as verbal and non-verbal communications with expert and non-expert public, technical discus-sion with professionals from other fields is being confirmed by the fact that 60% of the participants in the survey agree that they partially have communi-cation skills, 32% communication skills and 8% do not have communication skills (Figure 1).

The need of improvement of the skills for quali-fication of the team work and the functioning of the teams is confirmed by that that 50% of the participants in the survey consider that the engi-neers are less qualified for team work, 32% are very qualified and 18% are not at all qualified for team work (Figure 2).

The fact that the engineers invest in their profes-sional improvement is confirmed by the 66% of the participants in the survey and 34 are not inter-ested for professional improvement (Figure 3).

The biggest part of the engineers 74% consid-er that they most often use the problem solv-ing within their work, 12% case study, 8% re-searches and 6% project work (Figure 4).The education of the engineers must contain the basics for successful practical work, effective teaching and relevant researches in the field of engineering for the needs of economy.

Figure 1: Does the engineers in your company own communication skills?

Figure 2: Team work capability of the engineers?


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The biggest part of the engineers 74% con-sider that they most often use the problem solving within their work, 12% case study, 8% researches and 6% project work (Figure 4).The education of the engineers must con-tain the basics for successful practical work, effective teaching and relevant researches in the field of engineering for the needs of economy. The existing program for educa-tion of engineers does not comply with the labour market requirements is confirmed by the opinion of the participants in the survey who consider that 62% do not comply with the labour market, while 22% consider that the curriculum less complies and 16% com-plies a lot with the labour market (Figure 5).The students the future engineers do not take the practical part in concrete companies. It is confirmed by the fact that 56% of the participants in the survey who consider that the students come rarely at practical teaching in their com-panies, 34% regularly come to practice and 10% consider that the students never go on practical work in their companies. The challenges bring changes in the practice and education of the fu-ture engineers that must be compatible with Eu-ropean standards. The cooperation between the universities and the industry must increase for the purpose of achieving better results regard-ing the quality of the graduated students for the preparation for the market (Figure 6).

The greatest part of the participants in the survey, 54% state that effective and efficient engineers are those with over 5 years working experience, 38% consider that effective and efficient are the engineers with experience from 3-5 years and 85 think that the engineers without working ex-perience are effective and efficient (Figure 7).

Figure 3: How much engineers invest in their prof-fesional improvement?

Figure 4: Activities that are most often used during work?

Figure 5: At what level engineer education program complies with the labour market requirerments?

Figure 6: Do the students future engineers, take practical work in the companies?

Figure 7: Which engineers are considered as ef-ficient and effective?

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The research regarding the professional devel-opment of the students for the purpose of inclu-sion in the production that is in modern condition of the industry, showed that 63% of the partici-pants in the survey consider that the students are less qualified to be involved in the production as the curricula do not comply with the labour market requirement, and 37% think that the stu-dents from the existing education system may be involved in the labour market (Figure 8).

Non-developed system of communication among the education institution and business community in Pelagonia region, as well as small participation of the community in creation of the educational programs and insufficient practical work during the education, result in low level of preparedness of students that finished their education for the purpose of inclusion in the labour market [07].

CENTER FOR TEACHING AND ADOPTING NEW TECHNOLOGIES (CETANeT)

This paper will introduce a new approach to-wards treatment of Enterprise-Student-Univer-sity relationship with the purpose to increase the student and academic staff enterprise orientation and awareness. This approach will also enable higher level of harmonization of different curricu-la among partner institutions and at international level. This will increase the usage of new ICT technologies and business information systems models within the educational process, making it more efficient in the same time. On the basis of the positive experience of similar projects in Europe, it is expected that this approach will contribute to put into practice the process of de-velopment of partnerships between enterprises and University.

The interactive work-related lifelong learning proposed within the CETANeT will include two levels of organizational mechanisms, within and outside the University to foster an all-encom-passing education through the blending of the ICT sciences with science and business educa-tion. These two levels of organization of the CE-TANeT are planned to be: executive board and implementation unit (Figure 9).

The executive board will be initially consisted of the managerial members of the project partners and the members of the endorsing enterprises, while in the future it is planed that this board will consist of members from all the participating en-tities in the CETANeTs enterprise-University net-

work. This board will be the core of the CETANeT that will be responsible for producing schemes and concepts from which the implementation unit will work. The members of the executive board should continuously reinforce the main ideas on which the CETANeT will be built.

The scope of work for the executive board will assign these tasks:

analysis of enterprise requirements and ca-pacities/facilities of educational centres

analysis of the enterprise information systems case studies

analysis of the existing curricula and proposal of changes in existing courses

introduction of new courses by defining the contents of the newly introduced courses

definition of new technologies to be imple-mented in the distance/active learning and video-conferencing environment

The implementation unit will be consisted of mainly teaching staff and faculty members of the project partners. The members of the imple-mentation unit should be well familiar with the active/distance learning and new technologies. This will ensure that the instruction and course content will be interactive, and the teaching will be flexible and creative.

The scope of work for the implementation unit will concentrate on the following tasks:

implementation of course changes/new courses proposed by the executive board

adjustment of learning materials to fit the needs of new technologies

implementation of interactive distance/active learning and video-conferencing environ-ment

creation of interactive learning content into distance/active learning and video-conferenc-ing environment

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Figure 8: In your opinion how many students - future engineers are capable to be involved in the produc-

tion process ?



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Figure 9: The conceptual architecture of the Centre for Teaching and Adopting New Technologies - CETANeT

Taking into account the CETANeT objectives and the organizational units tasks the main outcomes of the establishment of such centre will be:

new business technology learning courses for enterprise employees

enterprise-oriented learning courses for high-

�

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er education students

creation of network of enterprise and Univer-sity members

All outcomes are measurable by quantity of the changed or newly introduced courses and the number of enterprise employees and/or HE stu

�

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dents that participate in them, and the number of members in the enterprise-University network. The enterprise-University network will be hosted by the CETANeT web portal. Memberships of the network will be tied by formal joining the on-line community. The portal will also contain learning services (enriched with articles, cases, training exercises etc. in relation to CETANeTs main fo-cus) developed by the implementation unit.

The target group of the project are students and faculty staff. The first ones should accept the us-age of new technologies in the campus and in-crease their level of awareness and acceptance of the entrepreneurial world. The second ones should adapt to the newly introduced technolo-gies and increase their level of communication with the enterprise community. The students will be involved in the evaluation of the project, while teaching staff should actively participate during the whole duration of the project.

CONCLUSION

Direct beneficiaries of the project will be the stu-dents and enterprises. The University will also benefit from this initiative by adopting the new technologies and business models that support the increase of the student and academic staff enterprise orientation and awareness in terms of transferring the tacit knowledge from industry to University and vice versa in order to strengthen the Enterprise-Student-University relationship. In that way, we expect that this proposal provides an environment that supports and increase part-nerships between enterprises and University.

This project will also influence the lifelong learn-ing process in the Republic of Macedonia. People need lifelong education opportunities to ensure that they will remain competitive in the workplace. The employees are supposed to get the needed technical skills and to be able to ac-cess online technologies for advanced training. Most of the employees that are supposed to use those technologies, and are ready to adapt to the new ones, have some kind of University based training. The establishment of the CETA-NeT will be the basis for further development of an efficient partnership between University and enterprises and provide a lifelong learning edu-cational framework.

REFERENCES

Business Start-Up Centre Bitola, The labour market in Pelagonia (Macedonia), Bitola, 2010

Communique of the Conference of European Ministers Responsible for Higher Education: The European Higher Education Area-Achiev-ing the Goals, Bergen, May 2005.

Council of Europe, Legislative reform pro-gramme in higher education and research, 1991-2004, Strasburg, France

European Commission, Directorate-General for education and culture, Progress towards the European Higher Education Area, Brus-sels, July 2004.

European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education: Standards and Guide-lines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area, February 2005.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Re-public of Macedonia and the European Train-ing Foundation ETF: �Proposal for a Strategy for Adult Education in the Republic of Mace-donia in the Context of Lifelong Learning (2006-2015)�, Skopje 2006.

Mitrevska C., Defining the Models for Engi-neering Education with Special Emphasis to Model for Engineer Design Education, PhD dissertation, University St. Clementius of Ohrid, Bitola, 2013

Regional University Network on Governance and Management of Higher Education in SEE, founded by European Commission and implemented by UNESCO-CEPES, National Policy of Higher Education in the Republic of Macedonia 2002-2005, Skopje

Schenk Brill, D. van & Boots, P.J.H.M., 2001, Engineering, Experiences with Industrial Co-education, SEFI Annual Conf. Copenhagen: 103-104.

Schenk Brill, D. van, Kollenburg, P.A.M. van & Boots, P.J.H.M., 2002, Two Models of Engi-neering, Education for the Professional Prac-tice, SEFI Annual Conf. Florence: 61-65

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ENHANCING THE STABILITY OF THE TIMBER HARVESTING MACHINE OF MANIPULATOR TYPE

BY USING AN ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEMBogdanov Evgenii Nikolaevich*Volga State University of Technology, Russia

Dr Bagautdinov Ildar NyrgaiazovichVolga State University of Technology, Russia

Zhilin Stepan SergeevichVolga State University of Technology, Russia

The paper represents technique and calculation of the timber harvesting machine stability when us-

ing an active suspension system that leads to enhancement of stability and productivity increase at

the expense of safe work.

Key words: Mathematical modeling, Feller buncher, Manipulator, Undercarriage frame, Stability

INTRODUCTION

Modern timber harvesting machine of manipula-tor type still remains most perspective machine in timber harvesting mechanization for the near-est future. For tree-length method the most ef-ficient machine is considered the feller buncher LP-19V from the home manufacturers. The main determining factor of timber harvesting machine effi-ciency, while using it in logging area is its productivity. LP-19V productivity at present has almost reached its maximum value. Further increase is possible only if constructive parameters and technological equip-ment would be changed. That is, using accumula-tors, increasing load capacity, or if time of technologi-cal cycle would be decreased. It can be achieved by acceleration of working attachments. Acceleration of working attachments leads to dynamic loads, which in turn, can cause stability loss of the vehicle at work. Moreover, the machine works on unlevel surface most of the time. Stability loss can cause overall and decrease the machine productivity. There are differ-ent methods how to determine stability of modern lifting machines (mobile and stationary). The main document is �Regulations on Installation and Safe Operation of Cargo Cranes� [01], so called, �Reg-ulations of Federal Mining and Industrial Inspec-torate of Russia�, GOST 13994-81 �Construction tower cranes. Calculation standards�. For diggers the method of Kirov digger plant [02] is used as well as VNIISTROYDORMASH method, Karasev-zhiveynov technique [03,04,05] and, moreover, we can use a method of stability evaluation and load capacity determination for hydraulic diggers

according to German standards (standard DIN 24087-79 �Earth-digging machines. Hydraulic dig-gers� stability. Safety requirements�. They refer to diggers, that perform earth works, but not for load lifting.

Research objectives: stability augmentor of a fell-er buncher LP-19V, due to productivity improve-ment and, as a result, its competitive growth on the international market in comparison with ma-chines of foreign manufacturers [06].

The authors of the given research consider one of the ways of stability augmentor of feller buncher LP-19V modernization of suspension system by using active base with reverse track [07,08], which leads to stabili-ty improvement and, as the result to better efficiency.

RESEARCH METHOD

This paper represents the computing only in stat-ics (that�s quite sufficient in order to check working capacity at the stage of conceptual design as well as for feasibility of further engineering design). The most frequent technological operation of a feller buncher is carrying the cut tree. This operation in-fluences the machine stability considerably.

In the course of modeling, we carry out a research of manipulator motion pattern with work object from the back part of the machine (point c0, Figure 1) to the front part (point c8, figure 1). This motion al-lows simulating hardest load conditions in various manipulator positions with the work object.

* Volga State University of technology, 3 Pl. Lenina ., Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El Republic, Russian Federation, 424000.;

[email protected]

(1)

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2 , 319

Bogdanov Evgenii Nikolaevich - Enhancing the stability of the timber harvesting machine of manipulator

type by using an active suspension system

where Mud

- stabilizing moment, keeping machine from overall [!"], - moment from outer and in-

ner forces and weights which tend to overall the

machine with respect to an overall point [!"].

Stabilizing moment, keeping machine from over-

all is determined from the formula:

(2)

where GPP

� is the weight of rotating platform, !;

LPP

� the distance from rotating platform weight

center to pivot axis, "; GHOD

� carriage frame

weight, !; LHOD

� distance from carriage frame

weight center to pivot axis, "; ± Pv � wind load,

! (± - shows that wind direction can change and

conduce or resist overall); hb� distance from the

wind load application point to the ground sur-

face, !.

The overall moment with respect to an overall

point is found from the formula:

(3)

where Gstr

� manipulator arm weight, !; Lstr

� dis-

tance from manipulator arm weight center to piv-

ot axis, !; Ggp

�weight of manipulator�s hydraulic

drive, !; Lgp

� distance from the weight of manip-

ulator�s hydraulic drive center to pivot axis, !; Gfh

� weight of the felling head, !; Lfh � distance from

the center of the felling head weight to pivot axis,

"; Gder

�tree weight, !; Lder

� distance from the

tree weight application point to the pivot axis, !.

The modeling is performed in order to find the

stability of the existing feller buncher LP-19V

and for the advanced model LP-19M (with car-

riage frame under development and augmented

stability) in various manipulator positions in rela-

tions to carriage frame.

For this purpose it is necessary to determine stabil-

ity coefficient, which is principal in comparison with

different suspension systems of the machine.

The overall point will vary at any time while the ma-

nipulator arm turns and carries the tree to another

place (the angle change #, figure 1).

In other words the distance from overall point of all

weights centers will be variable. It means that all out-

put parameters will be changed and, what is most

significant, the stability coefficient will be changed

either. At that, the overall point moves about some

rectangle � overall perimeter (figure 1), depending

on manipulator position against the carriage frame.

Figure 1 represents $0, $1, �, $i � overall point

position in the respect with manipulator position

(turn angle of the rotation platform); %1, b1, b2

� geometrical parameters of the overall sector

perimeter (rectangle sides).

Overall sector goes along the base of suspension

system and that is why it is dependent on the sus-

pension system type of the given machine.

The sector perimeter is determined according to

connection points of the carriage frame with mo-

bility system. The existing feller buncher LP-19V

has balancing-lever with four-point suspension.

Figure 2 shows overall sector parameters for the

existing LP-19V. It is obvious that transverse sta-

bility of the given construction is higher than in

the front or back position of the manipulator.

Figure 1: Analytic model of determination the overall

point while manipulator turns to carry a tree.

Figure 2: Overall sector parameters for the existing

LP-19V suspension system. Bottom view.

112

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 319



Figure 3: Overall sector parameters of the LP-19(d) digger suspension system. Bottom view.

Figure 4. - Overall sector parameters of the ad-vanced LP-19(a) digger suspension system. Bottom

view.

We propose to undertake the research aimed to study the question of how to increase stability of LP-19V at work, while using some original projects corresponding to the patents !2491201, 127356

and some applications for invention, by means of

overall sector change on the basis of installation of

various suspension systems [07, 08].

Foreign manufacturers apply digger undercarriage

systems in timber harvesting machines. These

systems have rigid (non-balancing) suspension

systems. When digger undercarriage system is

mounted on LP-19V, its overall point moves in

axis direction of the machine. It increases the ma-

chine stability significantly, both in front and back

manipulator positions (Figure 3).

Furthermore, in an effort to increase the machine

stability, it is provided to change track frames po-

sition. It is achieved by changing the machine�s

track pit using telescopic moving out mechanism

[07, 08]. When we use the data of original proj-

ects, the machine stability increases, due to the

track pit enlargement (Figure 4).

In this way, studying overall point position "0, "1,

� "8 (Figure 1) around the central axis, that pass-

es through point #, we can find the distances #"0,

#"1, �#"8, which, in their turn, will vary in accor-

dance to the applied suspension system type.

CALCULATION RESULTS

If we insert initial values [09] into obtained formulae

and change variables (overall point) in accordance

with manipulator position, tree mass, we get the

data for existing undercarriage frame (UF) of the

feller buncher LP-19V and for active undercarriage

frame referring to the patent [07, 08], which are

represented graphically on the Figures.

Figure 5 shows overall point position in respect with

manipulator position against the undercarriage frame

and the distance to pivot axis of the rotating platform.

Figure 5: Change of the overall point according to manipulator position against undercarriage frame.

113


As it is clear from the diagram this variant of the undercarriage system improves stability of LP-19V when it performs technological operations, significantly.

This way, in advanced model, overall point is located farther than pivot axis and for this reason the stabil-ity should increase. Let�s check this hypothesis.

Figures 6 � 7 show moments of overall and of holdup of the machine according to manipulator position if manipulator radius equals 8 meters.

These diagrams demonstrate clearly the im-proved performance characteristics of the ad-vanced undercarriage frame.

Figure 6. Change of overall moment according to manipulator position.

Figure 7. Change of holdup moment of the machine according to manipulator position.

114



, 319


Figure 8 represents stability coefficient of a feller buncher while using an existing undercarriage frame and advanced Undercarriage frame. The diagram shows stability non uniformity while moving a tree by means of manipulator�s turn. At this, a significant stability is noticed in diagonal manipulator position. So, it can be recommended to install undercarriage frame diagonally about the tree, when cutting trees of a heavy mass. It permits to achieve safe tree felling.

CONCLUSIONS

This paper represents a numerical scheme for moving a tree by means of manipulator turn in statics. The modeling and analysis of the mod-el show its adequacy and opportunity to apply in course of investigation of other systems of manipulator type.

It was found that the machine with existing carriage frame possesses stability in profile plane more than 26.5% higher in comparison with longitudinal plane. For this reason, it is recommended to operators to use manipu-lator, while working with thick trees, only in profile plane.

Active undercarriage is constructed as under-carriage system of digger type, which is com-mon to western machines (TimberPro TL 735, Valmet 445 FXL, CAT 521, John Deere 753J and others) it differs from them due to rigid base for crawler tread.

1)

2)

3)

Figure 8 � change of stability coefficient against manipulator position.

The modeling of the active undercarriage system showed, that current system has sta-bility in transport position in longitudinal plane 17% higher than in rolling plane. Therefore, it is recommended to operators, working with undercarriage systems of digger type, to use manipulator only in longitudinal plane for thick trees.

The modeling of the active undercarriage system in operative position testified that stability of feller buncher grows in longitu-dinal plane up to 96.2%, in rolling plane up to 49.8% and in intermediate position up to 193% in comparison with existing undercar-riage system.

We propose the active undercarriage system with possibility of track extension, covered by patents ! 2491201 and ! 127356, Russian

Federation. It is considerably superior to ex-

isting undercarriage frame of feller buncher

LP-19V and allows increase productivity by

means of enhancing stability of the machine,

which influences psychophysical condition of

operator at work.

REFERENCES

Okorokov A.A., Dmitrenko I.E., Skvira E.M.,

eds. Pravila ustroistva i bezopasnoi eksplua-

tatsii gruzopod�emnykh kranov [Rules for the

Construction and Safe Operation of load-lift-

ing cranes] Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ.,

4)

5)

6)

1)

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Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2 , 319

1984, 173p..

Raschet EO-4124 [EO-4124 calculation] Kov-rov, Kovrovskii ekskavatornyi zavod, 1975.

Zhiveynov N.N., Karasev G.N., Ustoichivost� ekskavatora (Stability of the excavator) Mos-cow , Mashinostroenie Publ., 1997, no. 7.

Karasev G.N., Stepanov A.A. Analiz ustoichi-vosti ekskavatora (Analysis of stability of the excavator) Moscow, Stroitel�nye i Dorozhnye mashiny, 1997 � No. 10.

Pavlov !.P., Zhiveynov N.N., Karasev G.N.

Proektirovanie odnokovshovykh ekskava-

torov s primeneniem EVM i SAPR (Design

of excavators with one ladle with use of the

COMPUTER and SAPR), Krasnoyarsk, Izd-

vo Krasnoyar. Univ., 1988.

Bagautdinov I.N., Shestakov Y.I. Otsenka

vliyaniya neploskostnosti opornogo kol�tsa

oporno-povorotnogo kruga platformy mash-

iny LP-19V na napryazhennoe sostoyanie

mekhanizma povorota. Izvestiya vuzov Les-

noi zhurnal, 2002 .no. 7, pp 38-44.

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

Bagautdinov I.N., Shestakov Y.I., Loskutov

Y.V., Patrakov R.V., Zhilin S.S., Mikhaylov

E.E. Sistema khodovaya lesozagotovitel�noi

mashiny [Running system forest mashine].

Patent RF, no. 2491201, 2013.

Bagautdinov I.N., Shestakov Y.I., Zhelonkin

A.A., Tsvetkov S.A., Tsarkov A.G., Bogdanov

E.N. Sistema khodovaya lesozagotovitel�noi

mashiny [Running system of a forest mash-

ine]. Patent RF, no. 127356, 2013.

Valochno-paketiruyushchaya mashina LP-

19 (raschetnaya zapiska) [Feller Buncher

LP-19 tractor (tractor calculations)] Khimki,

TsNIIME Publ., 1974, � 358p.

7)

8)

9)



116




STRATEGY OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT FOR SMALL BUSINESSES AT DIFFERENT STAGES

OF INNOVATION ACTIVITY Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina*Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Russia

Emiliya Viktorovna SuprunBelgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Russia

Dr Yuri Anatolievich DoroshenkoBelgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Russia

Dr Sophia Miroslavovna BukhonovaBelgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Russia

Dr Irina Vladimirovna SominaBelgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Russia

* Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Russia, 308012, Belgorod, Kostukova Street, 46;

[email protected]

Proven by international experience appropriateness of the model of multiple innovation sources de-

termines the urgency of the problem of development of small enterprises innovative activity. This pa-

per examines the theoretical basis for attribution of �innovation activity� concept i.e. definition, types

and stages of innovation, as well as analyzes the methodological aspects of effective management

of the small business innovation. This study describes the main negative factors of innovation envi-

ronment for small business and modern innovation strategies. The authors draw conclusions about

effectiveness of application of innovative management strategies at different innovation stages and

offer some measures to develop innovative intra-firm behavior.

Key words: Innovative activity, Innovation process, Innovation stages, Small business, Innovation

management, Innovation strategy, An inter-firm behavior

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays the leading role in the innovative

development is traditionally played by a linear

model of innovation. According to the model de-

veloped fundamental scientific idea is embodied

in applied research. The last are the bases of

innovation which lead to advanced technologies.

In XX century model worked well and would con-

tinue to occupy a worthy place in the developed

countries. However, in Russia the framework of

this model �fundamental science - research and

development � production� was destroyed due

to some objective reasons.

The �model of multiple innovation sources� has

been gradually introduced in advanced econo-

mies in addition to the linear model. According to

the model innovation can occur in any part of in-

novation system. Although research remains an

important driver of innovation, they are no longer

the only one. New knowledge is created, not only

in public research organizations or research de-

partments of large companies, but also in many

business and social structures. In this regard, it

is necessary to reconsider the traditional role of

small businesses.

New everyday experience and activities of en-

gineers, sales agents, other employees, as well

as consumers are important contribution to in-

novation process. The emergence of innova-

tions based on ideas and proposals coming from

production, distribution and consumption sectors

is typical for systems with developed relations

between economic agents. Moreover, we must

not forget that innovation process is not limited

to technological sector, but also includes insti-

tutional, organizational and managerial innova-

tions. This knowledge may not always be inte-

grated into the existing framework of traditional

concepts because they are the subjects� intan-

gible assets employed in a particular industry.

In this regard, companies should try to use this

knowledge with maximum efficiency. Model of

multiple innovation sources should be focused


117


Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina - Strategy of effective management for small businesses

at different stages of innovation activity

on the mechanism of development taking into

account diversity of elements and conditions

for their creative interaction. Also, Nelepina and

Nazarenko point out that should be focused on

the path of economic growth, solving problem of

availability of investments [11].

Problems of development of innovative activ-

ity of small businesses in the current conditions

of economic activity are significant. It necessi-

tates the search for new management decisions

at various stages of innovation process. In re-

gard with this research aim we first of all have

defined the modern approaches to the concept

and structure of an innovation enterprise, then,

have considered modern strategies and ways to

improve innovation management of small busi-

nesses. As part of our work, we also find inter-

esting to present opinions of young researchers

on this regard.

ECONOMIC ATTRIBUTION OF �INNOVATION ACTIVITY�

Innovation activity certainly is a complete com-

plex concept. In this regard, there are many

points of views about the nature of this phe-

nomenon. According to Gribov, Gruzinova and

Kuzmenko, innovative activity is an activity aims

to find and implement innovation in order to in-

crease range and quality of products as well as

to improve technology and organization of pro-

duction. At the same time, innovation involves

identifying problems of a company, implemen-

tation of innovation process and innovation or-

ganization [06]. In our opinion, considering this

approach applying to practice, the following defi-

nition is right: innovation activity is an activity for

the creation, development, dissemination and

use of innovation.

According to Safronov, innovation activity for de-

velopment, implementation, development and

commercialization of innovations include:

Conducting research and development work

for introduction of innovation idea;

Laboratory testing, production of

laboratory samples of new products, new

kinds of technology, new designs

and products;

Selection of necessary raw materials and

materials for new products manufacture n;

Development process of manufacturing a

new product;

�

�

�

�

Design, manufacture, testing and

development of new equipment required for

products manufacture;

Development and implementation of new

organizational and administrative decisions

aimed at implementing innovations;

Research, development and acquisition of

necessary information resources and infor-

mation support of innovation;

Training, education, retraining and special

methods of staff recruiting to carry out R & D;

Execution of works and purchase of neces-

sary documentation for licensing, patenting,

the acquisition of know-how;

Organizing and conducting marketing

research to promote innovation, and so on [14].

In accordance with the terminological system

adopted by state statistics committee, innova-

tive activity is an activity or a set of scientific,

technological, organizational, financial and com-

mercial activities aimed at commercialization of

accumulated knowledge, technology and equip-

ment; the results of innovation are new and ad-

ditional goods or services as well as goods or

services with new properties [12]. In accordance

with the definition given in the regulatory docu-

ments, innovation (innovative) activity is con-

sidered to be activity on creation and use of

intellectual product, launching new and original

ideas into implementation of finished product on

market (i.e. organization of examinations, imple-

mentation and replication of inventions, know-

how scientific and technological developments,

scientific works, discoveries, industrial designs,

trademarks, conduct research, design, devel-

opment, marketing research in order to create

models of new technology as well as patent-li-

censing) [09]. By definition adopted for conduct-

ing of financial operations, innovative activity is

activity related to transformation of ideas (usu-

ally the results of research and development, or

other scientific and technological advances) to a

new or improved product introduced in the mar-

ket, new or improved process used in practice

or as a new approach to social services [1]. The

group of authors headed by Azriliyan proposes

to allocate six basic types of innovation:

Instrumental preparation and organization of

production, production start-up and

production development, including

modification of a product and process;

�

�

�

�

�

�

1.

118 , 320




Training of personnel for application of new

technologies and equipment;

Marketing of new products;

Acquisition of soft technologies from outside

in form of patents, licenses, disclosure of

know-how, trademarks, designs, patterns

and technological services;

Acquisition of material technologies such as

machinery and equipment related to intro-

duction of products and innovation process;

Production planning, needed to create

concept, development, production and

marketing of new products and processes [01].

Innovation management is a separate area of

management dedicated to issues related to in-

novative activity.

Innovative activity of an enterprise includes a

number of successive steps, which also form

stages of various cycle phases of a specific in-

novation project from idea to completion of de-

velopment. Innovation stages in a particular

project may vary depending on activity type of

an enterprise as well as management system.

However, there is the initial (pre-investment)

stage, the implementation stage and the stage

of work completion. This may seem obvious, but

the concept of innovation stages is one of the

most important for managers because it deter-

mines current stage of the most effective ways

of innovation management. The first two steps

of pre-investment stage make the greatest inter-

est and importance. The stage of formation of

an investment plan (ideas) is conceived plan of

action. It is necessary to determine subjects and

objects of investments at this stage as well as

their forms and sources, depending on the inten-

tion of developers of business ideas. Study stage

provides the following investment opportunities:

Preliminary study of demand for products

and services based on exports and imports;

Assessment of the level of basic, current and

forecast prices on products (services);

Preparation of proposals on the legal form of

a project and list of participants;

Assessment of expected volume of

investments on the integrated standards

and preliminary evaluation of business

efficiency;

Preparation of preliminary evaluation of

Feasibility Study, in particular evaluation of

a project effectiveness;

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

�

�

�

�

�

Approval of results justify the investment

opportunities;

Preparation of contract documents for design

and survey work.

Stages of innovation associated with use of pro-

duction capacity are considered to be the most

productive. Stages of approval of intellectual

property rights and certification in a country and

abroad, innovative expertise, information and

marketing, as well as investors search phase are

the least efficient due to the current conditions of

weak infrastructure in Russia and Serbia. At this

stage, mobilization of intellectual and organiza-

tional resources and economic systems is nec-

essary to bring together required infrastructure

elements.

Ovcharova suggests that this problem has led to

formation of a separate scientific discipline which

is management of innovative projects and pro-

cesses. Innovation process involves formation of

plan preparation and gradual implementation of

innovative changes. The concept of innovation

process is broader than innovation and includes

the following steps:

Formation of priorities of innovation

development;

Formation and detection of demand

for innovations;

Search or generation, selection and

refinement of innovative solutions;

Introduction of innovations [13, p. 209.].

PROBLEM OF EFFECTIVE INNOVATION MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE SMALL BUSINESS

Innovations are the bases of efficiency, eco-

nomic leadership and commercial success of in-

novative activity; it is a necessary and sufficient

condition for the use of R&D results. Economic

relations should take into account the nature of

innovative activity of a business entity. Economic

interests underlie the formation of a system of

economic relations. The system is adequate to

requirements of modern business environment.

Kochetkova points out the following as the prin-

ciples governing composition of elements of in-

novation management in companies:

Process of achieving the goal of innovation

should be viewed as an ordered set of

characteristics of intermediate states of

study on its further development;

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

119, 320


All components of innovation activities

should be focused on achieving a common

goal, formed on the basis of analysis of

external needs;

The unity of management, interconnection

of all its functions, including forecasting,

planning and operational management

should ensure at all levels of innovation

management;

Formation of optimal composition and

structure of innovation resources, identifying

critical interactions;

Use of the results of analysis of patterns

and trends in innovation development;

Determination of the nature and interaction

of selection mechanism of factors prevailing

in development of innovation at the transition

from one stage to another [7. p. 81].

Organizational structure and mechanism of in-

novation management have a direct impact on

effectiveness of production and business activi-

ties of a small business. There are criteria deter-

mining particular management system require-

ments such as full employment of staff, flexibility

in resources use and compliance with market re-

quirements. Tasks that arise in innovation man-

agement are fundamentally different from those

that arise in normal course of repetitive routine in

production process. There are large number of

controllable factors in innovation projects unlike

in investment ones. However, it imposes addi-

tional responsibility on a manager.

It is worth paying attention on opinion of young

researchers on the considered problem. Chaa-

daeva believes that effective, conscious and

purposeful management of intra-behavior is one

of the most accessible resource for business de-

velopment based on modern methods and prac-

tical applications of modern management. It is

considered as a complex of human behavior and

actions reflect the response to all circumstances

of their existence in an organization as a social

and economic system, including a form of indi-

vidual and group activities such as various forms

of communication [04]. The internal factors of

formation of organizational behavior include at-

titudes, values and views of company founders,

as well as collective experiences gained in de-

velopment process. Socio-cultural environment

is one of the most important external factor.

There are various models of organizational be-

havior and, according to Chaadaev �the ability to

�

�

�

�

�

identify a model of inter-firm behavior formed in

a company is very important for a head of busi-

ness because it allows not only to correctly inter-

pret events taking place in an organization, but

also to predict their development� [4. p. 335].

Innovation in management decisions determine

that �an organization as a whole is getting in-

creasingly interconnected and interdependent,

but its constituent elements tend to increasing

of independence and autonomy� [2. p. 110]. In

these circumstances, on the one hand it is nec-

essary to learn how to operate a set of indepen-

dent variables, and on the other how to consider

an organization as a �voluntary association of

motivated members of a union aiming to servi-

tude to their interests by meeting the needs of a

particular environment� [2. p. 111]. In this case,

it is advisable to consider the system as sum of

its parts, i.e. integrity, elements of which are ca-

pable to make a choice. Thus, a goal is critical to

this system. An object is determined if it can not

only produce the same result in a variety of ways

in unchanged environment, but also different

results in the same or a different environment.

The main objective of the system is to combine

interests of motivated elements with each other.

Unlike machines parts of which are sufficient to

merge into a single entity only once, the process

of integration in companies is the eternal prob-

lem and struggle.

Many researchers agree that there are three

main approaches in modern control theory con-

sidering the role of a human factor: mechanis-

tic, organic and humanistic. Bobova says that

�evolution of a systematic approach has gone

through several stages to the business manage-

ment: from understanding an organization as an

irrational system to the perception of it as a sys-

tem with one mind, and finally to understanding

an organization as a multiprogram system� [2.

p. 111]. Management efficiency is due not much

to the successful management, but also to staff

members� interaction. Thus, members can coop-

erate simultaneously in one direction, compete

in the other and have conflict over a third. With

such a ratio of freedom and power of action, the

whole becomes increasingly interdependent and

its individual components aim to free choice and

independent behavior. Standard methods for the

management organization in an enterprise such

as centralization, decentralization or are not ef-

fective compromise in this case and may even

lead to negative consequences such as, respec

120



, 320


tively, concentration of power and oppression,

rejection of authority, chaos, stagnation and sep-

aration of powers. Duplication of power is the

way out of the management situation for such a

system. Empowerment is not a rejection of the

authority or division of powers, it is duplication of

power in all aspects of management.

This problem causes the relevance of an issue of

leadership when it affects the rational, emotional

and cultural aspects of organizational behavior.

In this case, there are three areas of an intra-

management behavior: impact of a company�s

leader, organization and management mecha-

nism, impact on organizational culture. Accord-

ing to Bobova, �to control the conscious and

independent members of such a system new

social calculus is needed while this control can

be a learning function� [2.p. 111]. Ovcharova be-

lieves that structural changes and optimization of

management processes can achieve very high

efficiency of innovation [13]. Ideal scheme of in-

tra-firm interaction does not exist, but in general,

responsible and result-oriented administrative

staff conducts strategic planning and oversees

the implementation of the final stage; a develop-

ment center conducts a search and generating of

new ideas; an analytical center conducts screen-

ings and refinement of ideas; a center of project

management implements these ideas. Nowa-

days, the general trend is to accelerate organi-

zational changes, the success of which depends

on an innovative susceptibility of staff. According

to Chaadayev, an inter-firm innovative behavior

is �a system of formal and informal relationships

in companies that contribute to the integration of

all employees in a process of innovation imple-

mentation; that produce a positive reaction from

staff on upcoming changes; that encourage ini-

tiative and creative approach to production tar-

gets, innovation, self-discipline and self-control;

that motivate active involvedness in a process

of innovation development� [4. p. 336]. Prerequi-

sites for the formation of such behavior are:

Open strategy and planning process

of innovation;

Creation of conditions for creative activity;

Constant search for new ideas, thoughts,

trends;

Selection and hiring of competitive,

innovative and active personnel with high

professional motivation;

Continuous training and competence of workers;

�

�

�

�

�

Development of self-awareness and

comprehensive support initiatives;

Delegation of authority;

Involvement of all employees in

decision-making;

Clear and open communication;

High trust management;

Recognition of rewards of each employee

for taking additional risk and development of

an organization.

An objective of an organization is to serve the in-

terests of its members, while meeting the needs

of the environment, so the openness, commit-

ment, multi-dimensional and the emergence of

counterintuitiveness are the five principles that

work together as a coherent whole dynamic and

define the basic characteristics and features of

an organization, considered as a purposeful sys-

tem [2. p. 111]. According to Bobova, these prin-

ciples are an integral part of the third generation

of systems thinking.

MODERN INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES OF A SMALL ENTERPRISE IN CONDITIONS OF NEGATIVE FACTORS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

The main limiting factors of innovation are lim-

ited resources and, above all, businesses� own

funds. In the context of Russian reality innova-

tions are originally made at their own expenses

by introducing new products and developing

new technologies. Zaikina argues in favor of the

state form of support of innovative activity due

to the limited financial resources of enterprises�

own funds. Nevertheless, practice of business

stimulation in economically developed countries

suggests that a federal of budget funding covers

no more than 15% of commercial realization of

an innovation project [17]. In this regard, indirect

stimulating methods of development of small in-

novative businesses make greater relevance and

interest for the purpose of our study. However,

nowadays the mechanism of indirect stimulation

of innovation is also not sufficiently developed.

Figurko says that there is a problem of access

of small business to tax preferences, logistics

subsidies, mechanisms for ensuring public or-

der and other elements of state support, which

are generally available to large enterprises as

they already have high technologies on intellec-

tual property rights [05]. Under these conditions,

small businesses often can not and does

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not want to implement and invest in long-term

risky projects, and is forced to choose short-

term strategy of profit maximization. Therefore,

it is not expectable that a small business is able

to participate in innovation projects in the early

stages.

It is wrong to equate R&D and innovation activi-

ties given the fact that input and involvement of

businesses is different at different stages of in-

novation. For example, contribution of retooling

at the stage of fundamental research is not es-

sential due to limited resources despite the fact

that, in accordance with the regulatory frame-

work the standard definition of innovation gets

almost any retooling where small businesses

can participate. Ovcharova points out that the

main barriers to effective development of inno-

vative management are the following:

A lack of necessary elements of

an innovation process, which does not

respect the principles of completeness and

continuity of innovation;

A lack of motivation to improve efficiency;

A lack of organizational support;

Low entrepreneurial culture and a level of

protection of intellectual property [13].

Regulation of technology development of special

economic zones is focused more on R&D and

practical implementation than on innovation pro-

cess. However, success of a single innovative

enterprise is insignificant for an economy in the

absence of replication of a successful model of

business innovation or innovation diffusion. In-

novative activity of a SME should initiate creation

of similar small businesses and new jobs on the

principle of innovation imitation. Implementing

this approach, massive small business will make

a significant contribution to innovation economy

although the contribution of small enterprises in

development of its own scientific research is mi-

nuscule.

An enterprise strategy should comply with mar-

ket conditions in modern conditions as well as a

level of competition and its own resource poten-

tial. It is especially important to remember that

a strategy of each firm is unique. According to

Sazonov, company�s is a generalizing long-act-

ing model, which is required by a company to

achieve its objectives with available opportuni-

ties [15]. Strategic measures are usually inno-

vative as they include innovation aimed at de-

velopment and involve the use of R&D results.

�

�

�

�

However, it is advisable to allocate an innovative

strategy in a separate block. In general, strate-

gies are divided into active (technological leader-

ship and simulation strategies such as following a

leader, copying, dependence, improvement) and

passive (marketing). Strategy of market leader

implies introduction of basic radical innovation

while a follower strategy envisages improving in-

novation.

Strategy of market launch of a small business

should include creation of market value and ef-

fective strategic marketing as well as striving to

customer satisfaction and product innovation.

Compliance with these conditions will provide

customers gain and retain. Meanwhile creating

a sustainable competitive advantage is achieved

through growth strategies and continuous in-

troduction of process, organizational, manage-

rial and marketing innovations. Strategy of con-

quest leadership position is based on creation

of a new market value, differentiated marketing,

close relations with customers, rapid release of

new product categories and brands. In this case,

creation of a sustainable competitive advantage

is based on capacity-building, system, radical in-

novation process and creating of new business

models. In contrast to the above strategies, sur-

vival strategy for winning and consumers retain-

ing use price advantage and mass marketing of

customer service, management of new attributes

and product lines expanding. Resource genera-

tion, linear and gradual functional innovation and

slight improvement in an old business model are

used to create a sustainable competitive advan-

tage in case of this strategy.

Kruglova classifies strategies based on com-

pany conversion, under which the author under-

stands an unbroken chain of different reactions

on changes in the environment and, above all,

market for goods and technology [8]. This author

identifies a strategy of partial change in product

mix, a complete change of strategy assortment

and strategy of change in technological special-

ization as well as adaptation of company priori-

ties to market in stages of life cycle of technol-

ogy or demand. Kruglova highlights the following

among the innovative strategies:

�Broad scan� is a strategy for development

of new technologies capable for providing

leadership in broader market;

�Narrow scan� is development of

technologies capable of providing leadership

in one of the market segments;

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, 320


Follow a leader strategy who indicates the

main path of technological development;

Strategy of technological leap, providing

long-term competitive advantage [8.p. 89].

A special place in a strategic portfolio of small in-

novative businesses takes action and measures

to neutralize or reduce the negative risk factors.

Menyailova and Shulgin believe that �effective

management of an enterprise in modern con-

ditions is impossible without the use of special

methods of analysis and risk management� [10].

Economic security of small business is provided

by risk aversion, risk containment, risk sharing

and risk compensation. Implementation of strat-

egy of risk aversion implies rejection of imple-

mentation of innovative projects or preference

of risk-free innovation. However, implementation

of serious innovation does not happen without a

risk, so small business which implements a spe-

cific project is often created in order to localize

an innovation risk. Thus, there is a concentration

of high-risk activities within one entity. Risk dis-

tribution occurs both in time and in space. The

first is associated with the release of stages of

innovation process, the importance of which we

have already discussed in our work. In this case,

for each stage are developed measures of risk

compensation. The distribution of risk in space in

practice is embodied in the diversification, co-fi-

nancing, fragmentation of markets and procure-

ment. In this case, for each stage measures of

risk compensation are developed. Distribution of

risk in space in practice is embodied in diversi-

fication, co-financing, fragmentation of markets

and procurement.

Risk fighting is based on creation of material or

information reserves. In this regard, search of

guarantor is also used often. There is co-opera-

tion of a small business with a strong partner on

the principles of equal utility. Risk of lack of de-

mand for innovations is compensated by cluster-

ing or distribution of risk, as well as by providing

small business orders from large companies and

by production orientation of small businesses for

subsequent replication of results by franchising.

Reserves dealing with risks also include links

and contacts as well as raw materials and funds.

In this context, problem of management of inter-

nal assets and use of reserves of internal en-

vironment is important. The following may also

be useful for staff training: innovation, rationality,

risks, development of corporate culture, and so-

�

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cial development of an enterprise. In addition to

adverse deterioration, risks can be unforeseen

and unexpected such as unpredictable changes

(i.e. discrete changes, thresholds, disrupt the

communication channels, changes in individual

or group psychology). A sufficient level to reduce

the risk of innovation can not be achieved by tra-

ditional technological development. In modern

conditions strategy of maximizing of economic

and social benefits while minimizing the risks of

innovation is the best for small businesses. The

most rational innovative projects are considered

projects that facilitate a holistic understanding of

the consequences of their implementation.

CONCLUSION

�Innovations have a dual effect on dynamics of

economic growth: on the one hand, they open

up new opportunities for an economy expansion,

on the other they make it impossible to continue

this expansion in traditional ways. According to

Schumpeter, innovation is accompanied by cre-

ative destruction of an economic system, caus-

ing its transition from one equilibrium state to

another� [16]. Trubnikova says that competition

of independent firms interested in business and

product updates available on a market of com-

peting innovation is the distinguishing feature

of innovation economy. She also points out that

any and all companies are advisable to develop

high technologies, produce higher quality, im-

prove production and business based on the lat-

est progress [16].

Mensch and Klyaynkneht believe that an in-

novation incentive is often deterioration for a

company, because there is no need to change

anything when business is booming. [16] Until

business makes a profit, the propensity to inno-

vate is low. This hypothesis is confirmed by the

fact that small businesses, which often exist on

the brink of survival, are opened to all sorts of

innovations promising economic growth and de-

velopment of their business. This assumption is

also confirmed by the conclusion of sociologists

that the collectivist-innovative model of behavior

is characteristic mainly for small businesses of

up to 100 people. According to other scholars,

improvement of financial situation of a company

is precondition for the innovation implementation.

Freeman and Clark say that only confident and

forward-looking firms that are not afraid to risk

innovations are the highly innovative [16]. In



, 320


this case, an innovative incentive for large en-

terprises is the desire to monopolize a market

and dictate their standards and the desire to

consolidate its competitive position in the glob-

al market. Under this approach, innovation for

small businesses, primarily mean development

of new markets, seizure of product segments,

setting of favorable prices, customer loyalty, as

well as savings in production costs, productivity

increase, and ultimately, profits increase.

Zaikina says that although according to statistics,

more intensive innovation activity is character-

istic of large enterprises, in practice it amounts

only to minor improvements in existing products

and production processes. The main motive is

competition and the need for technical updates

while the presence of really promising develop-

ments are initiated by only a small part of inno-

vation [17]. Aspiration of small firms stimulates

innovation and improves marketing activities of

management processes and skills development.

We believe that it is important to quickly identify

problem areas in inter-organizational behavior

with the help of on-line diagnostics in order to

maintain this trend in an enterprise. It is also im-

portant to raise purposefully the level of innovative

perception of the internal environment through

series of training activities (e.g. workshops and

trainings for managers) and formation of a mixed

approach of working time organization. In this

regard, Ovcharova believes that it is necessary

to work towards strategy development, organi-

zational processes, resource development, mo-

tivation and corporate culture (i.e. needs iden-

tifying for innovation brainstorming methods,

survey experts and technology audit, analysis

of existing solutions, development of channels

to attract ideas, and then filtering ideas, creation

of information sites open discussion), creating

the institution awarding [13]. Bozhkov believes

that a good incentive for increasing innovation

activity of small businesses is to fix quantitative

and qualitative goals of innovation development

at various stages in documents [3]. In addition,

according to experts, the following tactical mea-

sures increase the likelihood of introduction of

innovative products by 15%: assignment of a

responsible manager, creation of units which

propose innovation ways, and collegial decision-

making body for implementation of promising

innovations by employees outside an organiza-

tion. According to the results of our study, we can

say that motivating factors for small business in-

novation are also long-term technological priori-

ties, optimal ratio of public-private partnerships

and financing, effective innovative structure, dis-

tribution of non-technological innovation in the

information and communication areas, increase

of staff mobility, introduction of complex interdis-

ciplinary and inter-industry innovation, and open

innovation.

SUMMARY

Today, as the experience of developed countries

show, �multiple sources of innovation� are advis-

able to be developed in addition to the traditional

�linear� model of innovation process. In this con-

cept of innovation, by which we mean the ac-

tivities on creation, development, dissemination

and use of innovation, the special role played

by small businesses. Modern business environ-

ment, and such negative environmental factors

as lack of own funds for implementation of inno-

vative projects in particular, calls for creation and

implementation of new strategies for the devel-

opment of small enterprises. Currently research-

ers in this field have identified a number of inno-

vative development strategies suitable for small

businesses, including a special risk management

strategies and effective management in an orga-

nization. It is advisable to implement a variety of

strategies and not to expect the same effect and

result at different stages of innovation. The abil-

ity to select and implement innovative strategies

is the main function of modern management. In

our opinion, improving the efficiency of manage-

ment within a small business requires a review

of traditional approaches to governance in favor

of the theory of systems mentioned above which

allow to take into account and take advantage

of the creation and development of innovative

models of intra-firm behavior.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The article was published with the financial sup-

port from Ministry of Education and Science of

the Russian Federation within the framework of

state assignment to the project #26.1511.2014K

�Theory and methodology of managing innova-

tional and investment processes in small busi-

ness enterprises.�

124



, 320


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E V E N T S R E V I E W

127

THE 8TH INTERNATIONAL WORKING

CONFERENCE- TOTAL QUALITY

MANAGEMENT-Advanced and Inteligent Approaches

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Belgrade, Serbia, 2ND-5TH June 2015

Quality issues become particularly important, because they acquire new dimensions and often pres-

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dimensions of quality are implied, while business-managing aspects are developing, improving and

increasingly applying. In parallel to this, sustainable development issues (ISO 9001:2015 and also

9004:2016), limited resources (energy (ISO 50001:2011) and row materials), climate changes and

global financial crisis further emhpasize the need for quality management advancement.

The 8th IWC TQM Conference, Belgrade 2015 has a basic objective to offer the answers, from sci-

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manufacturing metrology and enabling technology based on micro/nano and ICT technologies. From

the other side, equally important aspect of this Conference is the application of a new QM models

and experiences related to this.

An especially important aspect of the Conference is its contribution to global integrations our country

in the scientific-research domain, as well as in business-industrial activities. It has become the world-

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directions of future quality management concepts, through open-discussions, on a biannual basis.

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nizations have contributed immeasurably to its development since 2001. the present. All of them are

very proud, and particularly to:

Professors who have held �Opening Plenary Lecture� at the Conference, as well as the holders of

awards for his personal contribution to the development of world theory and practice of QM and

manufacturing metrology and also TQM Conference Honorary Chairs, from 2001 to 2015:

Prof. Dr. Gunter ARNDT, University of Wollongong, Australia (2001);

Prof. Dr. Laszlo MONOSTORI, Hungarian Academy of Science, Budapest, Hungary (2003);

Prof. Dr. Gunnar H. SOHLENIUS, The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (2005);

Prof. Dr. Ton van der WIELE, Erasmus University Rottedam, The Netherlands (2009);

Prof. Dr. Francesco JOVANE, Politecnico di Milano, ltaly (2011);

Prof. Dr. Albert WECKENMANN, University Erlangen- Nuremberg, Germany (2013);

Prof. Dr. Numan DURAKBASA, TU Vienna, Austria (2015).

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Award for the best paper on PhD student from their PhD thesis, from 2007 to 2015.

The Special Session - Younq PhD researches,has been introduced at 2007, where PhD students

present their research.


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134

Milo� Vasi�, Aleksandra Potkonjak, Darko Stanojevi�, Milo� Dimitrijevi�

IMPLIKACIJE KVALITETA NA POSLOVANJE LOGISTI!KIH KOMPANIJA 135

Nattapong Jantachalobon, Nanthi Suthikarnnarukhi

EVALUACIJA ME"UNARODNIH AVIONSKIH PUTNIH!KIH SEDI�TA U JUGOISTO!NOJ AZIJI

135

Dr Tale Geramitchioski

SARADNJA PREDUZE#A � UNIVERZITETI � STUDENTI U MAKEDONIJI POSLE BOLONJSKE DEKLARACIJE � STANJE, PROBLEMI, IZAZOVI I RESENJA

136

Bogdanov Evgenii Nikolaevich, Dr Bagautdinov Ildar Nyrgaiazovich,

Zhilin Stepan Sergeevich

JA!ANJE STABILNOSTI RADNE MA�INE ZA OBRADU DRVETA UPRAVLJA!KOG TIPA UPOTREBOM AKTIVNOG SISTEMA OSLANJANJA

136

Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina, Emiliya Viktorovna Suprun, Dr Yuri Anatolievich

Doroshenko, Dr Sophia Miroslavovna Bukhonova, Dr Irina Vladimirovna Somina

STRATEGIJA EFIKASNOG MENAD�MENTA MALIH PREDEZE#A U RAZLI!ITIM ETAPAMA INOVACIONE DELATNOSTI

136

132


U V O D N I K

133


�ESTI ME!UNARODNI SIMPOZIJUM INDUSTRIJSKOG IN�ENJERSTVA - PORUKA IZ ORGANIZACIONOG ODBORA

Industrijsko in�enjerstvo je krajem 19og veka nastalo kao in�enjerska dis-

ciplina koja nudi �irok opseg mogu!mosti u smislu zaposlenja i izdvaja se svojom fleksibilno�!u. Danas se industrijski in�enjeri mogu na!i svuda, od kompanija koje se bave tradicionalnom proizvodnjom do avio-indus-trije, od distribucionih kompanija do finansijskih institucija, od medicinske bran�e do konsultantskih kompanija, od korporacija koje se bave visokom tehnologijom do prehrambene industrije itd. sa prose"nom godi�njom platom od oko $90,000 u 2014, prema Ministarstvu rada SADa kao interna-cionalno prepoznato zanimanje. Od 1950 nau"ne disciple iz oblasti indus-trijskog in�enjertva postoje na Ma�inskom Fakultetu u Beogradu. Tokom

poslednje 23 godine ukupan broj upisanih studenta na smeru Industrijsko In�enjerstvo na Ma�inskom Fakultetu u Beogradu je bio ve!i od 800. Sprovedena su ispititvanja na velikom uzorku Srpskih kompanija i pokazano je da vi�e od 70% zaposlenih diplomiranih ma�inskih in�enjera radi u u oblasti industrisjkog rein�enjeringa. Tako#e

rezultati 26 kompanija doma!e industrije koje sui male prognozu su pokazali da jo� uvek nedostaje najmanje 418 eksperata u oblasti industrijskog in�enjerstva. Mo�da je najkriti"niji problem koji i dalje suo"ava industri-jsko in�enjerstvo potreba da se pove!a vizibilitet edukacionih i karijernih �ansi, �to ide zajedno sa nedostatkom znanja o tome �ta je industrijsko in�enjerstvo, po�to se naziv posla insutrijskih in�enjera razlikuje od naziva njihove profesije. Stoga, bilo da ste veteran ili prvi put prisustvujete simpozijumu, imam "ast da najavim �ESTI ME&UNARODNI SIMPOZIJUM O INDUSTRIJSKOM IN�ENJESTVU - SIE 2015. SIE 2015 je naredni doga#aj u nizu veoma uspe�nih internacionalnih simpozijuma o industrijskom in�enjerstvu, koji !e biti odr�an u Beogradu. Cilj simpozijuma je da obezbedi platformu za istra�iva"e i praktikante iz akademske zajednice i industrije radi dostizanja udela u najsavremenijem razvoju u oblasti. Primarni cilj je razmena i podela najnovijih istra�ivanja i teorija iz na�e me#unarodne zajednice. Konferencija se odr�ava svake tre!e godine, po"ev�i do 1996, kako bi napravila idealnu platformu za ljude da dele mi�ljenje i iskustva u industrijskom in�enjerstvu. Potencijalni autori se pozivaju da dostave originalne istra�iva"ke radove, koji nisu dostavljani ili objavljivani na drugim konferenci-jama ili "asopisima. Prijavljeni radovi !e biti recenzirani, a prihva!eni radovi !e biti objavljeni u Zborniku Radova. Pored toga, odabrani radovi !e biti objavljeni u presti�nim me#unarodnim "asopisima, kao �to je ovaj, nakon dalje revizij. Ciljevi SIE 2015 su:

Promovisanje susreta istra�iva"a, kao na"ina za razmenu ideja i pristupa koji doprinose razvoju industri-jskog in�enjerstva sa nau"ne i preduzetni"ke perspektive.

Da predstavi napretke u industrijskom in�enjerstvu i njegovu primenu na kompanije.

Da informacije u oblasti budu odmah dostupne, uz neposrednu mogu!nost otvaranja kriti"ne debate i us-postavljanje mre�e izme#u individualcima koji koriste istu disciplinu u razli"itim kontekstima.

Da odr�i visok nivo izvrsnosti prethodnih konferencija, tako da njihove publikacije nastave da budu odli"na referenca u ovoj blasti.

Da osna�i nacionalnu i me#narodnu razmenu odnosa za istra�iva"e sa prepoznatih univerziteta i istra�iva"kih institucija.

U skladu sa ovim ciljevima simpozijum se obra!a svim stru"njacima u svim oblastima industrijskog in�enjersta da daju svoj doprinos uspe�nosti i poka�u sposobnosti koje su stekli tokom rada. Najavljeni doga#aj je re-zultat dogovora izme#u katedre za Industrijsko in�enjerstvo, Ma�inskog fakulteta u Beogradu, Univerziteta u Beogradu, �Steinbeis� - napredne tehnologije za procenu rizika, �tutgart, Nema"ka i Inovacionog centra Ma�inskog fakulteta u Beogradu i bi!e odr�an na Ma�inskom fakultetu u Beogradu u periodu od 24-25. sep-tembra 2015. godine. Sigurna sam da !e SIE 2015 simpozijum biti jedinstvena prilika za povezivanje, u�ivanje u visoko kvalitetnom nau"nom programu i interesantni dru�tevni program. Molim Vas da, ka �to ste i do sada ostanete anga�ovani i dostupni kako biste nam pomogli da izgradimo svetliju budu!nost za zajednicu industri-jskog in�enjerstva. Radujem se na�em susretu u septembru 2015. godine u Beogradu'

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R E Z I M E I R A D O V A

Broj rada: 13(2015)2, 314 doi:10.5937/jaes13-6909

PRIMENA EMBEDID SISTEMA U INDUSTRIJI PELETA

PRIMENA BE�I!NIH SENZORSKIH MRE�A ZA MONITORING STANJA VAZDUHOPLOVNIH STRUKTURA

Dr Dragoljub Vuji"Vojno-tehni#ki Institut, Srbija

Cil� prediktivnog pra�enja stanja planetarnih prenosnika snage u peletirkama je da uka�e na promenu stan-

ja radne ispravnosti prenosnika snage pre nego �to do�e do otkaza. U mnogim slu�ajevima, otkaz sistema

ne izaziva neposrednu prekid radnog procesa. Ako je ovo slu�aj, neispravan deo mo�e biti zamenjen ili

popravl�en tokom normalnih, zakazanih servisnih perioda , pod uslovom da je do identifikacije otkaza do�lo

u ranoj fazi nastanka. Naj�e��i uzroci otkaza kod rotacionih ma�ine su le�ajevi, statora i rotora. Postoji

mnogo na�ina za pra�enje stanja radne ispravnosti ma�inskih sistema. Analiza mo�e da se zasniva na

razli�itim izmerenim veli�inama. Ovo ukl�u�uje, na primer , temperaturu , struju, gustinu magnetnog fluksa i

vibracija . Osnovna ideja je da se kreira sistem za pra�enje stanja radne ispravnosti u kojem se analiziraju

izmereni podaci, pritom je dono�enje odluka zasnovana na fazi logici. U ovom radu, opisana je optimalna

mikro konfiguracija za pra�enje stanja radne ispravnosti prenosnika pelet prese. Sistem se zasniva na PIC

(Programmable Controller Interface) mikrokontroleru i predstavl�a kompletno re�enje za pra�enje stanja u

pogledu vibracija, temperature i merenje broja obrtaja motora. Sistem zasnovan na mikrokontroleru ima

integrisane funkcije sa kontrolnim aplikacijama baziranim na fazi logici .

Kl�u�ne re�i: Vibracije , Monitoring stanja radne ispravnosti, Fazi logika

134

Dr Milo� Milovan#evi"Univerzitet u Ni�u, Ma�inski fakultet, Ni�

Dr Boban An$elkovi"Univerzitet u Ni�u, Ma�inski fakultet, Ni�

Dr Jelena Stefanovi"-Marinovi"Univerzitet u Ni�u, Ma�inski fakultet, Ni�

Ljubomir Vra#arUniverzitet u Ni�u, Ma�inski fakultet, Ni�

Broj rada: 13(2015)2, 315 doi:10.5937/jaes13-7388

Vazduhoplovna industrija je suo�ena sa smanjenjem operativnih tro�kova i tro�kova odr�avanja.

Jedan od mogu�ih na�ina za smanjenje ovih tro�kova je uvo�enje be�i�nih senzorskih mre�a. One

ve� nalaze razne primene kako kod sistema od kojih se zahteva veoma visoka bezbednost tako i kod

sistema gde bezbednost nije u prvom planu. Ovaj rad se bavi primenom be�i�nih senzorskih mre�a

za monitoring stanja vazduhoplovnih struktura. Posebna pa�nja je posve�ena problemima projek-

tovanja be�i�nih senzorskih mre�a na bazi komponenata raspolo�ivih na tr�i�tu. Predlo�ena je op�ta

�ema za monitoring stanja vazduhoplovnih strukura na bazi komponenata firme MicroStrain.

Klju�ne re�i: Be�i�ne senzorske mre�e, Monitoring stanja vazduhoplovnih struktura,

Mikro-elektromehani�ki sistemi, Odr�avanje prema stanju, Senzorski �vor, Be�i�na komunikacija



Broj rada: 13(2015)2, 316doi:10.5937/jaes13-8389

IMPLIKACIJE KVALITETA NA POSLOVANJE LOGISTI!KIH KOMPANIJA

135

Milo� Vasi"Univerzitet u Beogradu, Ma�inski fakultet, Beograd, Srbija

Aleksandra PotkonjakLagermax AED DOO, �imanovci, Srbija

Darko Stanojevi"Univerzitet u Beogradu, Ma�inski fakultet, Beograd, Srbija

Milo� Dimitrijevi"Institut za istra�ivanja i projektovanja u privredi, Beograd, Srbija

U turbulentnoj privredi koja karakteri�e sve njene grane, kvalitet predstavlja jedno od retkih oru�a koja preduze�ima daju mogu�nost za diversifikaciju i odvajanje od (ne)lojalne konkurencije. Izuzetak od toga ne predstavljaju ni logisti�ke kompanije i tr�i�te logisti�kih usluga. Postoji vi�e logisti�kih kompanija na srpskom tr�i�tu koje su prepoznale svetske trendove i otpo�ele proces implementacije svetski priznatih ISO standarda u svoje poslovanje. Ovaj rad nastoji da uka�e na pojedina uska grla sa kojima se logisti�ke kompanije mogu susresti tokom procesa uvo�enja standarda u svoje poslovanje, kao i na sve benefite u kojima u�iva i/ili o�ekuje da �e u�ivati u budu�nosti, a koji �e proiste�i iz primene op�te prihva�enog i potvr�enog sistema menad�menta.

Klju�ne re�i: Privreda; Sistem menad�menta; ISO 9001; Logisti�ka preduze�a

Nattapong Jantachalobon*Univerzitet tajlandske privredne komore, �kola in�enjerstva, Bankok, Tajland

Nanthi SuthikarnnarukhiUniverzitet tajlandske privredne komore, �kola in�enjerstva, Bankok, Tajland


EVALUACIJA ME#UNARODNIH AVIONSKIH PUTNIH!KIH SEDI�TA U JUGOISTO!NOJ AZIJI

Ovo istra�ivanje ima za cilj da predstavi izbor azijskih me�unarodnih aerodroma u cilju uspostavljanja �vori�ta me�unarodnog putni�kog aerodroma u jugoisto�noj Aziji. Studija je fokusirana na aerodrome u jugoisto�nom azijskom regionu preko kojih putuje vec!ina putnika kao npr: "angi me�unarodni aerodrom u Singapuru (SIN), Pnom Pen me�unarodni aerodrom Kambod�e (PnH), Brunejski Brunej me�unarodni aerodrom (BVN), Sugarno Hatta me�unarodni aerodrom Indonezije (CGK ), vatajski me�unarodni aerodrom Lao PDR (VTE), malezijski Kuala Lumpur me�unarodni aerodrom (KUL), mijanmarski Rangun me�unarodni aerodrom (RGN), filipinski �Ninoj Akino me�unarodni aerodrom (MNL), me�unarodni aerodrom Bangkoka Suvarnabhumi Tajlandski (BKK), i Vijetnama Tan Sin Nhat me�unarodni aerodrom (sgn) kao opcioni aerodromi. U cilju sticanja najpogodnije oblasti u in�enjerskom pogledu, vi�e-kriterijumsko odlu�ivanje (MCDM) je primenjeno uz kori�c!enje tehnike za odre�ivanje redosleda prioriteta po sli�nosti sa idealnim re�enjem-TOPSIS i analiti�ke hijerarhije procesa-AHP. Postoji 5 glavnih kriterijuma koje treba razmotriti a koji se sastoje od geografskih fak-tora, ekonomskih faktora, funkcionalnih faktora, operativnih i drugih faktora. Dve glavne metodologija istra�ivanja za dobijanje ovih faktora koji uti�u na uspostavljanje aerodromskih �vori�ta se sastoje od Delphi metode i regresione analize. Istra�ivanje c!e biti korisnoi za upravljanje aerodromima i razvoj aerodromskih �vori�ta. �tavi�e istra�ivanje c!e biti korisno za vlade jugoisto�ne Azije za odre�ivanje odgovarajuc!e politike i planiranja za razvoja poslovanja avijacije zemlje.

Klju�ne re�i: Vi�e-kriterijumsko odlu�ivanje, Aerodromska �vori�ta Hub, Jugoisto�na Azija, Delfi metoda, Regresiona analiza




SARADNJA PREDUZE!A � UNIVERZITETI � STUDENTI U MAKEDONIJI POSLE BOLONJSKE DEKLARACIJE � STANJE, PROBLEMI, IZAZOVI I RE�ENJA

JA"ANJE STABILNOSTI RADNE MA�INE ZA OBRADU DRVETA UPRAVLJA"KOG TIPA UPOTREBOM AKTIVNOG SISTEMA OSLANJANJA

136

Dr Tale GeramitchioskiUniverzitet St.Clementius of Ohrid, Tehni#ki fakultet, Bitola, Makedonija

U ovom radu su ocenjeni uslovi saradnje izme�u privrede, fakulteta tehni�kih nauka u edukaciji ma-

sinskih in�enjera koriscenjem anketnog upitnika. Rezultati istra�ivanja ukazuju na totalno odsustvo

saradnje u kreiranju studijskih programa i stvaranje masinskih inzinjera sa kompetencijama nekom-

patibilnih na trziste rada.Istrazivanje je pomoglo da se uspostavi razlika u iducim koracima prema

trazenje resenja za uvidjene problem. Kao rezultat istrazivanja, uspostavljena je nova institucionalna

forma za kreiranje I sprovodjenje novog koncepta intenzivnje saradnje univerziteta, dr�ave i pre-

duzeca na polju dostizanja kvaliteta u edukaciji in�enjera.

Klju�ne reci: Visoko obrazovanje, Ma�inski in�enjer, Tr�i�te rada, Obrazovni model za in�enjere,

Profesionalne kompetencije, Univerzitet, preduzetni�tva, Bolonjska deklaracija


Bogdanov Evgenii NikolaevichTehnolo�ki dr�avni univerzitet Volga, Rusija

Dr Bagautdinov Ildar NyrgaiazovichTehnolo�ki dr�avni univerzitet Volga, Rusija

Zhilin Stepan SergeevichTehnolo�ki dr�avni univerzitet Volga, Rusija

Rad predstavlja metode i tehnike prora�una stabilnosti radnih ma�ina za obradu drveta prilikom

upotrebe aktivnog sistema oslanjanja koji dokazuju da se ostvaruje ja�anje stabilnosti i produk-

tivnosti kao i bezbedniji rad na ma�ini.

Klju�ne re�i: Matemati�ko modeliranje, Upravljanje, Stabilnost

Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina, Belgorod dr�avni Univerzitet, Rusija

Emiliya Viktorovna Suprun, Belgorod dr�avni Univerzitet, Rusija

Dr Yuri Anatolievich Doroshenko, Belgorod dr�avni Univerzitet, Rusija

Dr Sophia Miroslavovna Bukhonova, Belgorod dr�avni Univerzitet, Rusija

Dr Irina Vladimirovna Somina, Belgorod dr�avni Univerzitet, Rusija


Svrsishodnost primene vi�estrukog modela izvora inovacija proisti�e iz me�unarodnog iskustva i obrazla�e ak-

tialnost problema razvoja inovacione aktovnosti malih preduze!a. U radu autori razmatraju teoretsku bazu atri-

bucije pojma «inovaciono poslovanje»: defenicije, okvire, stadijume i etape inovacione delatnosti, kao i analizu

metodolo�kih aspekta problema efikasnog upravlenja inovacionim poslovanjem malog preduze!a. U istra�ivanju

autori karakteri�u osnovne negativne faktore spol"ne sredine inovacionog poslovanja malog preduze!a i razma-

traju savremene inovacione strategije.

STRATEGIJA EFIKASNOG MENAD�MENTA MALIH PREDEZE!A U RAZLI"ITIM ETAPAMA INOVACIONE DELATNOSTI

Klju�ne re�i: Strategija, Menad�ment, Inovacije

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