Volume 6, Issue 1, December 2020
Journal of Social Sciences and
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J. Soc. Sci. Hum. Stud. 2019., Vol. 6 No. 1: pp. 1-16, Year 2020
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Associate Editors
Prof. Dr. Emine Sonal Assistant Professor Doctor, Girne American University, Faculty of Humanities, Head of English Language and Literature, Kyrenia / CYPRUS Prof. Dr. Sarwoko Mangkoedihardjo Professor, Professional Engineer of Indonesian Society of Sanitary and Environmental Engineers, Indonesia Saeid Chekani Azar PhD of Veterinary Physiology; Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Physiology, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25010, Turkey. Dr. Ravi Kant Assistant Professor, M.A. (Economics) M.Ed., NET & Ph.D. in Education, Bihar, India. Dr. Sandra Pacios Pujado University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Vishal Patil, PhD Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. Dr. YUBAO CUI Associate Professor, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yancheng Health Vocational & Technical College, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China Chulho Kim Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Advertising & amp;amp; PR, College of Social Science, Cheongju University, South Korea Raja S Payyavula Research Associate, Bio Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. Dr. Zhihong Song The Ames Laboratory of US DOE, 2238 MBB Iowa State University, IA 54411 USA. Prof. Dr. Valdenir José Belinelo Department of Health Sciences and Postgraduate Program in Tropical Agriculture, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES, São Mateus, ES, Brazil Dr. Chandrasekar Raman Research Associate, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Biotechnology Core Facility, 238, Burt Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, KS, USA. Mr. Jiban Shrestha Scientist (Plant Breeding and Genetics), Nepal Agricultural Research Council, National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal Dr. Nadeem Javaid Ph.D. (University of Paris-Est, France), Assistant Professor, Center for Advanced Studies in Telecommunications (CAST), COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Syamkumar Siv Pillai Program Manager-National Clean Plant Network – Fruit Trees, Washington State University, USA Dr. Hala Ahmed Hafez Kandil Professor Researcher, National Research Centre, Plant Nutrition Dept. El-Bhouth St. Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Prof. Dr. Aziza Sharaby Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt Prof. Dr. Sanaa T. El-Sayed Ex Head of Biochemistry Department, Professor of Biochemistry, Genetic Engineering &Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
Editorial Board Editor -in–Chief William Ebomoyi Ph.D., Professor, Department of Health Studies, College of Health Sciences, Chicago State University, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Dr. Pratap V. Naikwade M.Sc., Ph.D. Head, Department. of Botany, ASP College, Devrukh. Maharashtra, India. Dr. Tarig Osman Khider Associate Professor, University of Bahri-Sudan, College of Applied and Industrial Sciences, Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Sudan Dr. Hayman Z. Metwally Associate Professor of Space Science cairo University Egypt and Vice Dean of Quality Assurance and Development Hayel University KSA. Dr. Nawfal Jebbor Department of Physics, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco. Dr. Eng. Ahmed Kadhim Hussein Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Republic of Iraq. Prof. Dr. Abd El Fady Beshara Morcos Ass. Prof. of Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology, National Research In stitute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Egypt. Zohre Bahrami Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Researcher and Methodology Adviser. Dr. Ayhan Kapusuzoglu Department of Banking and Finance, Yildirim Beyazit University, Turkey. Dr. Charalambos Tsekeris Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece. Dr. Mahdi Zowghi Industrial and System Engineering, Management and Soft Computing, London Business and engineering School, United Kingdom. Dr. Tomislav Jurendic Bioquanta Ltd. for Research and Development, Koprivnica, Croatia Dr. Hanna Bolibok-Bragoszewska Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland. Dr. Alaa Abdelwahed Abdelbary Prof. of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Arab Academy for Science and Technology & Maritime Transport, Egypt. Dr. N R Birasal Associate Professor, Zoology Department, KLE Society’s G H College, HAVERI – 581 110, Karnataka state, India. Dr. Nawab Ali Khan Professor of Human Resource Management, College of Business Administration, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Post Box:165, Al Kharj - 11942 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Editors Jasem Manouchehri Instructor in Sport Management, College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Prof. Dr. Tarek Ahmed Shokeir Professor and Consultant, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fertility Care Unit, Mansoura University Teaching Hospitals, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Egypt Leila Falahati Department of Resource Management and Consumer Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia. Dr. Ali Elnaeim Musa University of Bahri, Sudan College of Applied and Industrial Sciences, Sudan Prof. Dr. Magda M.A. Sabbour Professor, Department of Pests and Plant Protection- National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Basharia Abd Rub Alrasoul Abd Allah Yousef Deputy Dean at Faculty of Engineering, University of Bahri, Khartoum, Sudan
Dr. Jinu John Associate Professor (Biotechnology), Jinu Bhavan, Chepra (P. O), Kottarakara, Kollam (Dist.), Kerala – 691520; India. Dr. Sunil Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, 831014, Jharkhand, India Zairi Ismael Rizman Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) (Terengganu) Malaysia Muhammad Attique Khan Shahid, Associate Professor of Physics, Department of Physics, GC University, Faisalabad. Pakistan. PNRA certified Health Physicist, RPO, RSO Atomic and Nuclear Physics Lab Dr.Vuda Sreenivasarao Department of Computer and Information Technology, Defence University College, Deberzeit, Ethiopia Dr. Mohdammed Israil Post Doctoral Fellow, University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Penang, Malaysia. Dr. S. Ravichandran Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Sathyabama University, India Dr. Sukumar Senthil Kumar School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. Seifedine Kadry American University of the Middle East, Kuwait. Dr. Ho Soon Min Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Applied Sciences, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Dr. Ezzat Molouk Kenawy Economic Department, Faculty of Commerce, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Egypt. Dr. Farooq Ahmad Gujar Centre for Advanced Studies in Pure and Applied Mathematics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan. & Head of Institution / Principal / Associate Professor of Mathematics. Dr. Seshadri Sekhar. Tirumala Principal, Chirala Engineering College, India. Dr. Tarek Y. El-Hariri Associated Professor, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Exploration Department, Egypt. Dr Mamode Khan Naushad Department of Economics and Statistics, Faculty of social studies and humanities, University of Mauritius, Mauritius. Dhahri Amel Research professor, Research Unit: Materials, Energy and Renewable Energies (MEER)-Science Faculty of Gafsa, Tunisia. Dr. Muhammad Waqas Anwar COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, University Road, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Prof. Dr. Abdul-Kareem J.Al-Bermany Advance Polymer Laboratory, Physics Department/College of Science/Babylon University, Iraq. Dr. Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah Chairman Higher Studies and Research, Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Saima Anis Mustafa Assistant Professor in COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, University Road, Abbottabad, Pakistan Dr.K.V.L.N.ACHARYULU Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics, Bapatla Engineering college, Bapatla, India. Maryam Ahmadian Post Doctoral Fellow, Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Abdel Baset Hasoneh, PhD, Associate professor of Marketing, Head of marketing Department Al Isra University - Amman, Jordan Muhamad Fazil bin Ahmad Asst. Prof. Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia. Shaukat Amer CPA,Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Attock, Pakistan. Naveed Ahmed Assistant Professor, Department of business administration, Indus International Institute, 2-Km, Jampur Road, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan Rab Nawaz Lodhi PhD (ABD), Management Sciences (Bahria University Islamabad), Lecturer: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal, Pakistan. International Licensed Trainer - NVivo Qualitative Research: QSR International Limited Australia Dr. Majid Sharifi Rad Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol Dr. Muhammad Naeem LECTURER, Department of Information Technology, Hazara University, Mansehra. Dr. Sohrab Mirsaeidi Centre of Electrical Energy Systems (CEES), Faculty of Electrical Engineering (FKE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia Farhan Altaee Ministry of Science and Technology, Iraq-Baghdad Dr. Hafiz Abdul Wahab Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Hazara University Mansehra Pakistan
Table of Contents, February 2020
Mr. ZIA UR RAHMAN, Professor Dr. WANG LIFANG
The Status and Position of Women in Afghanistan: A Case Study of the Taliban’s Policies in Respect to Women
J. Soc. Sci. Hum. Stud. 2020 6(1): 1-7. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF]
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Zubair Ahmed, Muhibullah Nahrio, Amanullah Parhyar, Mansoor Waqas Askaree, Ahmed Raza Hafeez, Aafaque Ahmed
Evaluating the Impact of Merger and Acquisition on Organizational Financial Performance; a Case Study of Fazal and Gadoon Textile Mills
J. Soc. Sci. Hum. Stud. 2020 6(1): 8-16. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF]
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J. Soc. Sci. Hum. Stud., 6(1)1-7, 2020
© 2020, TextRoad Publication
ISSN 2356-8852
Journal of Social Sciences and
Humanity Studies
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*Corresponding author: Mr. ZIA UR RAHMAN, PhD Scholar, College of Political Science and Public Administration, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China. Email: [email protected]
The Status and Position of Women in Afghanistan:
A Case Study of the Taliban’s Policies in Respect to Women
Mr. ZIA UR RAHMAN1, 2Professor Dr. WANG LIFANG2
1PhD Scholar, College of Political Science and Public Administration, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
2College of Political Science and Public Administration, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
Received: November 16, 2019
Accepted: January 20, 2020
ABSTRACT
This study aims and objective of this paper is to explore the status and position of women in Afghanistan during the Taliban government. Further, this paper will analyse and explore the Taliban policies in respect of women in Afghanistan. The methodology adopted for this study is purely descriptive and analytical in nature. The key findings of the study are that women’s of Afghanistan has enormous capacity and potentials. But unfortunately they were never gave any chance to utilize their capacity and potential because of their customs and traditions. The study aims to explore and highlight to show the world the Taliban real image regarding fundamental principles by guaranteeing women a dignified place in society. KEYWORDS: Taliban, Women, Status, Afghanistan, United State of America, and Soviet Union.
I N T R O D U C T I O N Women in Afghanistan were faced with cruelty in different period. It was Ghazi Amanullah Khan who introduced rapid reforms toward modernization. Women’s agenda was identified as a vital component of these reforms. The people witnessed visible changes in social life of the women in particular urban women. Thus the women showed an excellent achievement in the field of education, and classical literature. But the advancement of these things reversed in 1978 by Marxist coup and the invasion and occupation of Soviet Union 1979-1989, because women’s education also came under suspicion during the communist period because parents feared that girls would be indoctrinated by Marxist Ideology. In 1996 the status of women was once again abruptly disrupted by the onset of the Taliban regime, due to immature Taliban’s leadership and the harsh law. Taliban argued that due to war and emergency situation in the country it is not possible to allowing girls to safely go to high schools or colleges. This ban on education of girls approaching puberty remained in place even in places like Kandahar where there was peace and stability. This also negated the Taliban arguments. Because of these restrictions the women became jobless and widows were specially affected. Taliban also imposed some health care restrictions. Despite of education and health care restrictions there were social and general restrictions for women like wearing of burqa, avoid wearing long heal shoes etc. The Taliban government was announced a sever punishments if someone found to violate these laws, and they did in some cases. The anti Taliban cashed these things and started propaganda against Taliban regime. By the this way the human rights associations/organizations, Western countries and USA and UNO imposed sanctioned on Taliban, and at last after 9/11 the dropped scene the NATO and USA attacked on Afghanistan under the umbrella of UNO.
BRIEF BACKGROUND
Afghanistan is a multi-national Islamic State. Its population is composed of various ethnic and tribal groups estimated to be 23.8 million. Women are estimated to constitute some 48.6 percent of the total population1. The code of Afghan behavior is permitted by the Pushtunwali or code of the Pushtuns, the major ethnic group in Afghanistan, comprising over 50 percent of the population. Purdah is a key element in protection of the family’s pride and honor (Knabe 1977).2 Women are regarded as men’s property. As noted by Boesen, men exercise control over women in two crucial ways: their control of marriage and of property, as illustrated by the institution of bride price, the
1 Moonis Ahmar, Ed. The Challenge of Rebuilding Afghanistan, 2nd Ed (Karachi: Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation Press, 2006), 111. 2 Grant M. Farr and John G. Merriam, Eds. Afghan Resistance The Politics of Survival (Lahore: Vanguard Books (Pvt) Ltd, 1988), 105.
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Citation: Mr. ZIA UR RAHMAN, Professor Dr. WANG LIFANG (2020); The Status and Position of Women in Afghanistan: A Case Study of the Taliban’s Policies in Respect to Women, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 6(1)1-7.
Pushtun prohibition of divorce (despite the Quranic allowances, primarily to the men) and the taboo of land ownership for women (again contrary to Islamic Law and the actual practice in many other Muslim Countries). Women normally are viewed.3
WOMEN’S MOVEMENT IN THE COURSE OF HISTORY Afghan’s history is adorned by exploits of courageous and heroic women who fought with little resources side by side with men for dignity, freedom and peace of their citizen. Their movement and struggle for solidarity and harmony in the country remained remarkable in history. With the passage of time however their gains were clawed back by numerous factors, among which were religious fundamentalism, invasion, armed conflict and ethnic and geographical segregation.4 Until September 11, opposition to the Taliban outside of policymaking circles concerned with Afghanistan came not from their regional dealings, nor even with their general imposition of Islamic Law, but from an entirely different source. That source namely western advocates of women’s rights grew through the efforts of RAWA, the acronym for a movement launched shortly after the fall of the communist regime, Revolutionary Afghan Women’s Association. Opposition by educated urban Afghan women to how Afghan were being marginalized in Pakistan by the largely rural and religiously trained Mujahidin leadership in Peshawar had led to attempts to form Afghan women’s organizations. Schools and clinics were some of the ways in which these women, with NGO help tried to maintain the gain of women in Afghanistan that had begun during 1920. Throughout the period of opposition to communist rule and Soviet occupation the single relatively successful appeal that the Afghan communists could make came in the ways they created legal equity for women on paper.5 At the time of Afghanistan’s independent in 1919, the political organization Afghan Youth was a constitutional reform movement which developed within the royal court itself. King Amanullah’s daughter became a member of this group. This organization was very proactive in creating an environment for women to participate in political and social affairs.6 When the Najibullah regime ended in 1992 the Mujahidin in much disarray adopted those practice with regard to the social order that had prevailed in Peshawar when they entered Kabul. Thus between 1992 and 1996 women came under many restrictions.7
WOMEN BEFORE THE TALIBAN After the independence from the British rule, Ghazi Amanullah Khan (1919-1929), introduced rapid reforms toward modernization. Women’s agenda was identified as a vital component of these reforms. The people witnessed visible changes in social life of the women in particular urban women. However, toward the end, the efforts to reform, including the women’s agenda ended in vain, as they were met by religious and cultural opposition and widespread rebellion that ended the era.8In the field of modern story writing, Donia Gobar and MalalaiMosa started writing stories in the 1950.9 In other areas of literature, women have also made considerable contribution to Afghan culture. For the small minority of women who were privileged to receive any type of formal education, training in religious education and classical literature had been customary for centuries.10 Western Afghanistan was renowned as a highly cultured place where women would dance at weddings and many girls had been in school until the Taliban closed them all down.11Afghanistan which was much rural and pastoralist and less urban than most of the Muslim world, had a far more limited and sectoral experience of modernity, mainly among the small urban upper middle and upper classes. Early reformist measures taken by Amir Amanullah in the 1920s, such as improving the position of women, contributed to a popular backlash against that monarch. The country was thrown into long term upheaval by the 1978 Marxist coup and the Soviet invasion and occupation from 1979 to 1989, during which again, the question of women’s position in the public sphere was broached in a major way,12 and women’s education also came under suspicion during the communist period because parents feared that girls would be indoctrinated by Marxist Ideology.13A Conservative approach to women was taken by the Islamic guerrilla movement and implemented
3 Ibid. , 106. 4Ahmar, 112. 5 A member of the Perseus Books Groups, Afghanistan Mullah, Marx and Mujahid (Colorado: Westview Press, 2002), 206. 6Arley Loewen and Josette McMichael, Eds. Images of Afghanistan (new York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 291. 7A member of the Perseus Books Groups, 206. 8Ahmar, 112. 9Loewen, 291. 10 Ibid. 11 Christina Lamb, The Sewing Circles of Heart (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2002) , 18. 12 Robert D.Crews and Amin Tarzi, Eds. , The Taliban and the Crises of Afghanistan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008) , 122. 13A members of the Pereus Books Group, 208.
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during the period of warlord infighting between 1992 and 1996,14It may be mentioned here that it was during the reign of King Zahir Shah in 1964 that women got into the constitution LoyaJirga process for the first time. Women friendly provisions were therefore entrenched in the country’s first constitution. They were allowed to participate in nearly all spheres of life. The lifestyle of women in urban cities was comparatively progressive. The female members of Royal family were the pioneers for establishment of girls’ schools, teachers training centers and women associations. A significant number of women were working in government offices.15In 1976 women constituted 12.5 percent of participant in Loya Jirga. The elite Afghan women struggled for better positioning of women in the country. Women associations and interest groups were established and made known through especial programs such as “women and the society”. The first organization of women was the Afghan Women’s Association, a semi government organization that was formed by the royal elites. However it was difficult to expand their spheres of activity and influence because of limited resources.16
WOMEN UNDER THE TALIBAN After so many years on the periphery, Afghan women stand centre stage in the full glare of world opinion. Since the takeover of Kabul by the Taliban Islamic Movement, the women’s issue has been raised to a pinnacle with equal fervor by both the Taliban and the international community. Each stands steadfast on foundations of fundamental principles guaranteeing women a dignified place in society. Yet they stand poles apart.17In 1996 the status of women was abruptly disrupted by the onset of the Taliban regime.18
a. TALIBAN’S IMMATURE LEADERSHIP ANDTHE HARSH LAWS The Taliban had no leadership with political acumen and administrative experience. The top leadership like Mullah Omar had only spiritual foundation. They therefore imposed harsh laws on the Afghans. The Women were completely relegated into the background. The men were compelled to follow medieval laws.19
b. EDUCATION RESTRICTIONS
Radically changed come in Afghanistan in 1996 when the Taliban took control of Kabul and declared Islamic Law. A radio broadcast in the capital city announced that girls could no longer to go school.20 Two thers developments were arguably much graver in their impact. One was the immediate exclusion of women from most paid employment. During Rabbani’s government women lectured at the University of Kabul provided 70 percent of school teachers and played an important role in the health sector. Some of these women were widows, of whom there were 50,000 in Kabul in January 1997 and did not have male breadwinners to whom they could look for support. The consequences for these women and their children of loss paid employment were therefore catastrophic.21Urbanite Afghans chafed at the Taliban edicts that rendered working women jobless and denied opportunities of education to the female population. Though the Taliban made certain exception and allowed widows to work and limited number of females to receive medical and nursing education it did not win them any praise due to the harshness of their edicts and their effect on the majority of the population. Hardliners among the Taliban saw to it that the ban on education of girls approaching puberty remained in place even in places like Kandahar where there was peace and stability. This also negated the Taliban argument that war and emergency situation in the country were obstacles in allowing girls to safely go to high schools or colleges. Lack of resources for establishing girl’s schools and colleges was another Taliban excuse that did not hold ground.22
c. MAULAVI SAID SHAHID KHAYL THE TALIBAN UNDER SECRETARY OF EDUCATION
In 1998 the under secretary of education explained the regime’s policy toward women to Huwaydi.23 The Egyptian journalist24“The education of girls requires a jurisprudential ruling (fatwa) that would fix its path and its limits. As for women working outside the house, the text concerning that is clear and the matter is incontrovertible. For when the Koran says ‘stay in your houses’ {33:33; the feminine imperative is used}, the issue requires no further discussion and we have nothing to do but obey”. The undersecretary insisted that the formal ban on girl’s education
14Robbert D.Crews, 122.
15Ahmar, 112. 16 Ibid. 113. 17 William Maley, Ed. ,Fundamentalism Reborn? (Lahore: Vanguard Books (Pvt) Ltd, 2002) , 145.
18Ahmar, 113. 19 Major General Samay Ram, The New Afghanistan Pawn of America? (New Delhi: Manas Publication, 2004) , 117. 20 Ursula Meissner, Afghanistan (New York: B, Bucher publishers, 2008) , 12.
21 William Melay, The Afghanistan Wars ( New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2002) , 238. 22Dr Rifaat Hussain, et al eds., Afghanistan and 9/11 (New Delhi: Lotus Collection Roli Books Pvt Limited, 2002) , 113. 23Robbert D. Crews, 141.
24 Ibid. , 134.
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Citation: Mr. ZIA UR RAHMAN, Professor Dr. WANG LIFANG (2020); The Status and Position of Women in Afghanistan: A Case Study of the Taliban’s Policies in Respect to Women, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 6(1)1-7.
was not a fixed policy, but rather a temporary measure.25Despite Mawlawi Shahid khayl’s equivocations, the first step the Taliban took once they captured Kabul was to close the girl’s school. Within three months the Taliban had closed sixty three schools, affecting 103,000 girls and somewhat more boys, 26though the Taliban promised to re-open girls’ school when they had rid the country of impure elements.27
d. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SOME SECRET GIRLS SCHOOLS Though the Taliban’s regime had closed all the doors of female education but in this situation some bold women had established some secret schools which were only for the teaching of girls.28They operated their home schools despite the unpredictable action of the Taliban. Although the Taliban knew the schools were open, the teachers never knew when the police from the Department for the Propagation of Virtue and Suppression of Vice would pounce. And when they did, the teacher was jailed and the student’s families were punished, usually with beatings.29
e. HEALTH CARE RESTRICITONS Rules and Regulations of work for the State Hospitals and Private clinics based on Islamic Sharia principles. Ministry of Health on behalf of Amir UlMomineen Mullah Mohammad Omar. Kabul, November 1996.
1. Female patients should go to female physicians. In case a male physician is needed the female patient should be accompanied by her close relative.
2. During examination the female patients and male physicians both should be dressed with Islamic Hijab (veil).
3. Male physicians should not touch or see the other parts of female patients except for the affected part. 4. Waiting room for female patients should be safely covered. 5. The person who regulates turn for female patients should be female. 6. During the night duty in what rooms which female patients are hospitalized the male doctor without
the call of the patient is not allowed to enter the room. 7. Sitting and speaking between male and female doctors are not allowed, if there be needed for
discussion, it should be done with hijab. 8. Female doctors should wear simple clothes; they are not allowed to wear stylish clothes or use
cosmetics or make-up. 9. Female doctors and nurses are not allowed to enter the rooms where male patients are hospitalized.30
f. SOCIAL/GENERAL RESTRICTIONS Of the general regulations only three pertained to women. Number 1 stated that in order to prevent ‘sedition and uncovered females’, no drivers were allowed to pick up female wearing the Iranian burqa which did not cover the face, or seductive clothing, or those unaccompanied by a mahram. In case of violation the driver would be imprisoned and the husbands would be punished. Number 12 required that it should be announced in all mosques that women found washing clothes in the river would be picked up in a ‘respectful Islamic Manner’ and taken to their homes where their husbands would be severely punished. Number 15 announced that tailors found taking female body measurements and displaying fashion magazines would be imprisoned.31Women not allowed buying things from male shopkeepers,32 No women allowed playing sports or entering a sports club, any women showing her ankles must be whipped; Women not allowed appearing on the balconies of their houses. All windows were supposed to be painted so women could not be seen from outside their homes.33
g. ARGUMENTS OF TALIBAN’S REGARDING THESE RESTRICTIONS The Taliban insisted that the assessment of their rule must be based on their entire record and not on the record of the activities where they were weakest. They pointed to the security enjoyed by all Afghans, especially women, in areas administered by the Taliban. In a country racked by war for twenty years, security and stability rank high among the population. Taliban representatives explain that the isolation of women from the work-place and all public venues is intended to serve two main purposes: to prevent the molestation of women and girls by remaining unlawful and unruly elements, and to allow the stabilization of the workplace and other institutions for men whose education of the shari’a in an equitable manner to women and girls would follow as the country gained the ability to re-build infrastructure and administrative and legal structures.34
25 Ibid. , 141. 26 Ibid. , 145. 27 Nick B. Mills, Karzai(New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 2007) , 100.
28 Yvonne Ridley, Taliban Ki Qaid Mai, tran. Muhammad Yahya (Lahore: Nigarshat Publishers, 2008) , 120. 29 Sally, Armstrong, Veiled Threat (New York: Four walls Eight windows, 2002) , 112. 30 Ahmed Rashid, Taliban Islam Oil and the New Great Game In Central Asia (London: I.B Tauris& Co Ltd, 2000) ,
31Maley, 32Yahha, 120. 33Lamb, 17.
34A Member of the Pereus Books Group, 208.
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h. PUNISHMENTS/TREATMENT WITH WOMEN BY TALIBAN Maulvi Raffi ullah Muazin, general president of the Amr Bil Mar of Wa Nahi An Ul Munkar and his Deputy Maulvi Inayat Ullah Baligh commanded a team of 100 religious inspectors to enforce this flood fatwa.35 He had a tendency to exceed his instructions, once telling one journalist: whenever we catch them doing immoral things, we can do anything we want. We can execute them, we can kill them. When Radio Shaia announced In December 1996 that 225 Kabul women had been beaten in a single day for violating the department’s dress codes,36A young girls was beaten because she had left the house without wearing socks. One woman with painted nails had her thumbs cut off.37On the basis of interviews in Kabul after the Taliban left, Matthew Campbell concluded that ‘hundreds of women were abducted, forcibly, married, rape, such behavior violated the very principles which the Taliban leaders purported to be defending. It was also deeply hypocritical, given that the Taliban were quite willing to stone women for the ‘crime’ of adultery.38 The women were never recognized as human beings. Every right was snatched from them.39Not so for women who are sentenced to death by stoning for alleged illicit relations. There’s no numbing her pain. In fact thrown not be so big as to kill her quickly. These punishments were meted out in the infamous Hall of Honor on the main street of Kandahar. It was here on Friday, the holy day that the public were told to attend the weekly punishments.40 As with other forms of illicit behavior, the Taliban dealt with the problem of women who contravened their laws in part by use of spectacle. Spanish journalist Ana Tortajada was shown a video by women activists of a staged punishment of a woman, this time an execution.41 In Heart a demonstration on 21 December 1996 by 50 women protesting the closing of women’s bath houses turned ugly. Twenty were arrested and several others were hospitalized after being beaten.42
i. RE-ACTION OF AFGHAN’S WOMEN
Not surprisingly, the rates of depression for women and teenage girls began to skyrocket under these oppressive conditions. Many women committed suicide. Others fled the country, braving the dangers and uncertainties of refugee camps in neighboring Pakistan. Some 75% of the estimated 7.5 million Afghan refugees are women and girls. The $320 million aid package authorized by the Bush administration in early October is insufficient to provide enough food, medical supplies or shelter, especially as winter quickly approaches.43
RE-ACTION OF WESTERN COUNTRIES AND USA A Public execution of convicted murderers, amputation of the limbs of those charged with thefts and robberies, and lashing or stoning to death of adulterers may have helped check crime but it also drew worldwide criticism. Western government and organization were in the forefront in condemning the harsh punishments as inhuman.44United States criticized the fanatics; she overlooked the fact that it was not only Afghanistan but also its neighbors who were failing to appreciate that gender equality.45
RE-ACTION OF UNO On 10 November 1995 UNICEF issued an official communiqué announcing that it was suspending assistance to education programs in those parts of Afghanistan where girls were excluded from education.46 In November 1995 the Eastern Shura in Jalalabad banned women from working. The NGOs negotiated and continued their programs the UN suspended all Afghan female employees earning a flurry of well publicized reproof from female activists in the United States.47
35 Michael Griffin, Reaping the Whirlwind (Rawalpindi: Army Education Publishing House, 2002,2003) , 66.
36 Ibid. , 66, 67. 37Meissner, 13. 38Melay, The Afghanistan Wars, 238.
39Ram, 117. 40Armstrong, 120. 41Robbert, 149, 150.
42Melay, Fundamentalism Reborn?, 161. 43 Cindy Hanford, “ Women’s Lives under the Taliban”, www.now.ord, June 09, 2013, http//www.now.org/issue/global/afghanwomen1.html
44Rifaat, 111. 45Meissner, 13. 46Melay, Fundamentalism Reborn?, 146.
47 Ibid. , 148.
5
Citation: Mr. ZIA UR RAHMAN, Professor Dr. WANG LIFANG (2020); The Status and Position of Women in Afghanistan: A Case Study of the Taliban’s Policies in Respect to Women, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 6(1)1-7.
ISSUE AND CHALLENGES
History proved that the women of Afghanistan have enormous capacity and potentials in rebuilding the country. At the moment, however, these are challenged by equally enormous constraints that have to be addressed as quickly as possible.48
CONCLUSION In the concluding remarks I would say that women of Afghanistan have enormous capacity and potentials but they never gave chances to utilize it and whenever in some cases they gave chance they proved it. The main unfortunate of the women of Afghanistan was their customs and traditions. Afghanistan is a tribal system and 60 percent of areas contains of Pushtun belt. In the pushtun culture and society there are some limitation for women which they considered Islamic laws, indeed in which some restrictions pertaining to Islamic laws and Sharia but not at all. In this term paper I tried to explain the position and status of women in Afghanistan under the Taliban government in the light of several sources. After the entire study I reached on the point that the Taliban was not on the wrong path (may be some extent), but the print and electronic media as well as anti Taliban societies displayed the dangerous and dark side of these reforms/restrictions. To analyze what is true and what is wrong we should read the book written by Yvonne Ridley, (Now Maryam) title of the book is In the Hand of Taliban which proved that all the stories regarding cruelties against the women by Taliban were bogus. We can see the women in Europe and all over the world where they got social freedom there social vices/sins are growing. Islam does not degrade women as shows the Western media and anti Islamic societies. The Taliban did all these which Quran and Sharia are saying, may be in some extent there were some mistaken and errors on implementation, because the Taliban were the human beings not a celestial. However as Muslims I cannot deny that the Taliban adopted the Sharia Laws and for the moderates and secular societies it was surprised. Regarding the punishment of Taliban I am not saying much more because it is clear in our religious scripture and during the life time of Muhammad (PBUH) and his companion which was implemented in practical shape and is undoubted.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A member of the Perseus Books Groups. Afghanistan Mullah, Marx and Mujahid. Colorado: Westview Press, 2002. Ahmar, Moonis ed. The Challenge of Rebuilding Afghanistan.2nd Ed Karachi: Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation Press, 2006. Armstrong, Sally. Veiled Threat. New York: Four walls Eight windows, 2002. Crews, Robert D. and Amin Tarzi, eds. The Taliban and the Crises of Afghanistan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008. Farr, Grant M. and John G. Merriam eds. Afghan Resistance The Politics of Survival. Lahore: Vanguard Books (Pvt) Ltd, 1988. Griffin, Michael. Reaping the Whirlwind. Rawalpindi: Army Education Publishing House, 2002, 2003. Hanford, Cindy. “Women’s Lives under the Taliban”. www.now.ord, June 09, 2013, http//www.now.org/issue/global/afghanwomen1.html. Hussain, Dr Rifaat et al eds. Afghanistan and 9/11. New Delhi: Lotus Collection Roli Books Pvt Limited, 2002. Lamb, Christina. The Sewing Circles of Heart. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2002. Loewen, Arley and Josette McMichael, eds. Images of Afghanistan. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Maley, William Ed. Fundamentalism Reborn?. Lahore: Vanguard Books (Pvt) Ltd, 2002.
48Ahmar, 118.
6
J. Soc. Sci. Hum. Stud., 6(1)1-7, 2020
Meissner, Ursula. Afghanistan. New York: B, Bucher publishers, 2008. Melay, William. The Afghanistan Wars. New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2002. Mills, Nick B. Karzai. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 2007. Ram, Major General Samay. The New Afghanistan Pawn of America. New Delhi: Manas Publication, 2004. Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban Islam Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia. London: I.B Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000. Ridley, Yvonne. Taliban Ki Qaid Mai, tran. Muhammad Yahya. Lahore: Nigarshat Publishers, 2008.
7
J. Soc. Sci. Hum. Stud., 6(1)8-16, 2020
© 2020, TextRoad Publication
ISSN 2356-8852
Journal of Social Sciences and
Humanity Studies
www.textroad.com
*Corresponding author: Zubair Ahmed Laghari, Bachelor of Business Administration. Email:[email protected]
Evaluating the Impact of Merger and Acquisition on Organizational Financial
Performance; a Case Study of Fazal and Gadoon Textile Mills
Zubair Ahmed1*, Muhibullah Nahrio2, Amanullah Parhyar2, Mansoor Waqas Askaree2,
Ahmed Raza Hafeez2, Aafaque Ahmed1
1Bachelor of Business Administration 2Lecturer at Shaheed Benazir Bhutto university Sanghar campus, Sindh, Pakistan
Received: November 16, 2019
Accepted: January 20, 2020
ABSTRACT
This study is to evaluate the outcomes of merger and acquisition on financial performance of targeted textile mills
(Fazal textile mills and Gadoon textile mills). To examine the outcomes of merger and acquisition, ratios analysis
was used such as (liquidity ratio, Profitability ratio, leverage ratio and efficiency ratio) for performing ratio analysis MS excel (version 2016) was used. Three years pre and three years’ post-merger data was used and data were taken
from period of 2012-2017. Secondary data was used to evaluate the outcomes of merger and acquisition and
secondary data was collected from annual reports of targeted textile mills. After analyzing the data results are showing negative outcomes of merger and acquisition on financial performance of targeted textile mills, Finally, this is concluded that in the financial performance of targeted textile mills has no any improvement after merger and
acquisition and their financial performance decreased after merger and acquisition.
KEYWORDS: Merger and Acquisition, Financial Performance, Ratio Analysis, Profitability Ratio, Liquidity Ratio, Leverage Ratio, Efficiency Ratio, Targeted Textile Mills
INTRODUCTION
This investigation is conducted to evaluate the outcomes of merger and acquisition on the financial performance of
targeted textile mills (Fazal textile mills and Gadoon textile mills). In today’s world competition merger and
acquisition is becoming part of every business sector to compete in market and maximize the shareholders wealth (Sharma, 2009). Merger and acquisition is the process of converting two or more than two firms into single form
with interest or without interest (Kemal, 2011). The big reason behind the merger and acquisition is that
organizations want to expand their businesses (Odeck, 2008). And become competitive in the market, capture maximum share, diversify their business, raise their market share and capital (Sharma, 2009). The merger has four types that are conglomerate merger, concentric merger, horizontal merger and vertical merger (Gaughan, 2005). The
horizontal merger occurs with same kind of business companies (Brealey, 2006). The vertical merger occurs when
one company is merging with another company which operating many businesses like distribution, supply and production. If a company is merging with a group that is doing business of supplying raw material that kind of
merger will be known as upstream merger. If one organization is merging with a group that is operating business of
distribution then that kind of merger will be known as downstream merger (Brealey, 2006). Conglomerate merger
happens between two different types business operating companies or in between two different sectors this type of merger is big factor to reduce the risk (coyle, 2000). This type of merger is also effective to reduce the cost of
operating business from different head office in this different head office of different business combine into one
head office (F.Burner, 2004). Concentric merger happens when companies merged with those companies which are not doing same business but are related in marketing and production. Acquisition term means acquire or take over in which bigger company purchase the share or assets of smaller organization or targeted company and all management
will be under of acquired firm (Merger and acquisition involving the EU banking industry, 2000). Acquisition can
be directly/indirectly taken over the ownership of targeted firm and control over the all management of targeted firm (Chen, 2003) (Jagersma, 2005). There are many investigations have been evaluated on the impact of merger and
acquisition in different business sectors with different sources and different techniques, so the outcomes of merger
and acquisition can be measured with different sources and in different ways. The need of this research is that there is no any research has conducted before on evaluating the outcomes of merger and acquisition on financial
8
Citation: Zubair Ahmed Laghari, Muhibullah Nahrio, Amanullah Parhyar, Mansoor Waqas Askaree, Ahmed Raza Hafeez, Aafaque Ahmed
Laghari (2020); Evaluating the Impact of Merger and Acquisition on Organizational Financial Performance; a Case Study of Fazal and
Gadoon Textile Mills, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 6(1)8-16.
performance of targeted textile mills (Fazal textile mills and Gadoon textile mills) and in my best of knowledge
there is no any research has been conducted on textile mills in Pakistan so there is very huge gap, that’s why we are
doing this study.
Problem statement
In this era merger and acquisition is very famous strategy to diversify the business and compete in the market (Al-
Sharkas, 2008). Many companies are using this strategy to maximize their shareholder wealth. Now problem is that merger and acquisition is helpful for firms to maximize shareholder wealth or not or it is harmful for businesses in
term of liquidity, profitability, liquidity and efficiency so this investigation is to evaluate outcomes of merger and
acquisition on organizational financial performance.
Main objectives of this study are:
To investigate the outcomes of merger and acquisition in term of profitability of targeted textile mills. To investigate the outcomes of merger and acquisition in term of leverage of targeted textile mills.
To investigate the outcomes of merger and acquisition in term of liquidity of targeted textile mills.
To investigate the outcomes of merger and acquisition in term of efficiency of targeted textile mills.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Merger and acquisition is mostly defined by Manne (1965) combination of two business firms for the purpose of achieving one common goal. Merger may be effective for firms in term of profitability but not in cost reduction
(manne, 1965).
There are many studies have been conducted on evaluating the outcomes of merger and acquisition on
organizational financial performance but current study to evaluate outcomes of merger and acquisition on financial performance of targeted textile mills in terms of liquidity, profitability, leverage and efficiency.
A study was conducted by Mboroto (2013) on the financial performance with sample of 4 firms and researcher did
this study in the era of 2002 to 2013 in petroleum companies in Kenya. The results of that study were showing a
huge impact of merger and acquisition (Mboroto, 2013). Another research was conducted by Abbas et al (2014) to investigate outcomes of merger and acquisition on financial performance of banks in Pakistan. This research was conducted by the help of 10 samples of banks; this
research was conducted in the era of 2006-2011. Researcher used ratio analysis technique to investigate the outcomes of merger and acquisition. After this study results were showing progress in some banks and no progress
in some banks but overall it was concluded that merger and acquisition not pay that much role in progress of
financial performance of banks in Pakistan (Abbas, 2014).
A research was conducted by Mahesh and Prasad (2012) to investigate the outcomes of merger and acquisition on financial performance of airlines with sample 3 Indian airlines, in the era of 2005-2010. Paired t-test was used to
analyze the results. After this study researcher concluded that there is no any improvement in financial performance
of Indian airlines after merger and acquisition process (Mahesh, 2012). A study was conducted by Jain, 2011 to investigate the outcomes of merger and acquisition on financial
performance of manufacturing industries in India with 13 samples of manufacturing industries in the period of 2004-
2009, accounting ratios were used to investigate the outcomes of merger and acquisition. After this study results were showing minor outcomes of merger and acquisition on financial performance of manufacturing industries in India (Jain, 2011).
A study was conducted by Sulaiman and L.A. to investigate the outcomes of merger and acquisition on financial
performance of oil and gas industry in Nigeria, four oil and gas industries listed from Nigerian stock exchange were
selected as a sample, financial ratios and t-statistics techniques were used in this study and results were showing improvement in the profitability, efficiency, capital, liquidity and in leverage (Sulaiman, 2012).
Another research was conducted by Seclcuk E. and A.A. Yilmaz to evaluate the outcomes of merger and acquisition
with the sample 62 turkey acquiring companies in the period of 2003 to 2007, ratio analysis and t-test were used to analyze the results. After analyzing the outcomes of merger and acquisition on financial performance of select
turkey companies’ results were showing negative outcomes of merger and acquisition (Selcuk, 2011).
9
J. Soc. Sci. Hum. Stud., 6(1)8-16, 2020
Conceptual framework diagram
METHODOLOGY
This investigation is conducted to evaluate the outcomes of merger and acquisition on the financial performance of
targeted textile mills (Fazal textile mills and Gadoon textile mills). Ratio analysis is used to analyses the outcome of
merger and acquisition we used three years before and three years after merger and acquisition data of targeted
textile mills, data was era of 2012-2017. Data was taken from annual reports of targeted textile mills. For performing ratio analysis we used MS Excel (version 2016). After analyzing the results we have compared the pre and post-
merger results with help of tables and graphs also.
Data Analysis Ratio analysis is used to investigate the outcomes of merger and acquisition on financial performance of targeted
mills (Fazal and Gadoon textile mills). Ratios are classified into four main categories (1) Liquidity ratio (2)
Leverage ratio (3) Profitability ratio (4) Efficiency ratio. In this study to measure the liquidity ratio one accounting ratio is used that is current ratio, in this study three accounting ratios are used to examine the leverage ratio these are
debt ratio, debt to equity ratio and equity multiplier ratio, four accounting ratios are used in this study to measure the
profitability ratio these are return on sale, return on equity, return on assets and gross profit ratio and one accounting ratio is used in this study to measure the efficiency ratio that is total asset turnover ratio.
Table-1
Targeted textile mills Firm Merged into Name after merger Date of merger
Fazal textile mills Gadoon textile mills Gadoon textile mills 04-12-2015
Merger
&
Acquisition
Financial
performance
Liquidity
Ratio
Leverage
Ratio
Profitability
Ratio
Efficiency
Ratio
10
Citation: Zubair Ahmed Laghari, Muhibullah Nahrio, Amanullah Parhyar, Mansoor Waqas Askaree, Ahmed Raza Hafeez, Aafaque Ahmed
Laghari (2020); Evaluating the Impact of Merger and Acquisition on Organizational Financial Performance; a Case Study of Fazal and
Gadoon Textile Mills, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 6(1)8-16.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Descriptive Statistics Analysis: Data was taken from annual reports of targeted textile mills. In the table-2 we have calculated the pre and post current ratio of targeted textile mills from 2012-2017 and targeted textile mills merged in
2015 the data of merging year used as post-merger. Pre ratios were 0.701, 0.903 and 0.563 of Fazal textile and 1.15,
0.993 and 0.978 of Gadoon textile mills from year of 2012 to 2014 and post ratios were 0.824, 0.800 and 0.875 of
Gadoon textile mills because after merger name is Gadoon textile mills. The table-2 is showing negative outcomes of merger and acquisition.
In table-3 we have calculated the debt ratio of pre and post-merger and acquisition from year 2012 – 2017 the ratios of
pre-merger were 0.666, 0.712 and 0.711 of Fazal textile mills and 0.493, 0.552 and 0.596 of Gadoon textile mills from
year of 2012 to 2014 and the post-merger ratios were 0.668, 0.662 and 0.636 from year of 2015 to 2017 of Gadoon textile mills after merger and acquisition. Table-3 is showing negative outcomes of merger and acquisition activity.
In table-4 we have calculated debt to equity ratio from year of 2012-2017 pre-merger ratios were 1.995, 3.467 and
2.464 of Fazal textile mills and 0.979, 1.232 and 1.478 of Gadoon textile mills from year of 2012 to 2014 and 2.014, 1.955 and 1.750 of Gadoon textile mills after merger from year of 2015 to 2017. Table-4 is showing negative
outcomes of merger and acquisition.
In table-5 we have calculated equity multipler ratio from year of 2012-2017 pre-merger ratios were 2.994, 3.467 and
2.464 of Fazal textile mills and 1.973, 2.232 and 2.478 of Gadoon textile mills from year of 2012 to 2014 and post ratios were 3.014, 2.995 and2.750 after merger and acquisition from 2015 to 2017 of Gadoon textile mills. Table-5 is showing negative outcomes of merger and acquisition on targeted textile mills.
Table-2
Current ratios Targeted textile mills 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Fazal textile mills 0.701 0.903 0.563
Gadoon textile mills 1.151 0.993 0.978
Gadoon Textile mills 0.824 0.800 0.875
Table-3
Debt ratios Targeted textile mills 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Fazal textile mills 0.666 0.712 0.711
Gadoon textile mills 0.493 0.552 0.596
Gadoon textile mills 0.668 0.662 0.636
Table-4
Debt to equity ratios Targeted textile mills 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Fazal textile mills 1.995 2.467 2.464
Gadoon textile mills 0.973 1.232 1.478
Gadoon textile mills 2.014 1.955 1.750
Table-5
Equity multipler ratios Targeted textile mills 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Fazal textile mills 2.995 3.467 2.464
Gadoon textile mills 1.973 2.232 2.478
Gadoon textile mills 3.014 2.995 2.750
In table-6 we have calculated return on sale ratio from the year of 2012-2017 pre-merger ratios are0.28, 0.074 and 0.018 of Fazal textile mills and 0.48, 0.061 and 0.029 of Gadoon textile mills from year of 2012 to 2014 and post-
merger ratios are -0.017, -0.013 and 0.035 after merger and acquisition from the year of 2015 to 2017. Table-6 is
showing negative impact of merger and acquisition on targeted textile mills.
In table-7 we have calculated return on assets ratio from 2012-2017 pre-merger ratios are 0.025, 0.059 and 0.015 of Fazal textile mills and 0.048, 0.061 and 0.029 of Gadoon textile mills from 2012 to 2014 and post-merger ratios are
-0.019, 0.019 and 0.040 after merger and acquisition from 2015 to 2017. Table-7 is showing negative influence of
merger and acquisition.
11
J. Soc. Sci. Hum. Stud., 6(1)8-16, 2020
In table-8 we have calculated return on equity ratio pre-merger ratios are 0.075, o.203 and 0.053 of Fazal textile
mills and 0.125, 0.184 and 0.89 of Gadoon textile mills and post-merger ratios are -0.058, -0.042 and 0.110 after merger and acquisition this table is also showing negative impact of merger and acquisition.
In table-9 we have calculated gross profit ratio from 2012-2017 pre-merger ratios are 0.084, 0.139 and 0.087 of
Fazal textile mills and 0.082, 0.121 and 0.096 of Gadoon textile mills from 2012 to 2014 and post ratios are 0.049, 0.034 and 0.058 after merger and acquisition from 2015 to 2017. This table is showing negative impact of merger and acquisition.
In table-10 we have calculated total assets turnover ratio from 2012-1017 pre-merger ratios are 0.899, 0.795 and
0.848 of Fazal textile mills and 1.316, 1.357 and 1.246 of Gadoon textile mills from 2012 to 2014 and post ratios are
1.119, 1.102 and 1.148 after merger and acquisition from 2015-2017. This table is showing also negative impact of merger and acquisition on targeted textile mills.
Table-6
Return on sale ratios Targeted textile mills 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Fazal textile mills 0.028 0.074 0.018
Gadoon textile mills 0.048 0.061 0.029
Gadoon textile milld -0.017 -0.013 0.035
Table-7
Return on assets ratios Targeted textile mills 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Fazal textile mills 0.025 0.059 0.015
Gadoon textile mills 0.063 0.082 0.036
Gadoon textile mills -0.019 -0.014 0.040
Table-8
Return on equity ratios Targeted textile mills 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Fazal textile mills 0.075 0.203 0.053
Gadoon textile mills 0.125 0.184 0.089
Gadoon textile mills -0.058 -0.042 0.110
Table-9
Gross profit ratios Targeted textile mills 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Fazal textile mills 0.084 0.139 0.087
Gadoon textile mills 0.082 0.121 0.096
Gadoon textile mills 0.049 0.034 0.058
Table-10
Total assets turnover ratios Targeted textile mills 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Fazal textile mills 0.899 0.795 0.848
Gadoon textile mills 1.316 1.357 1.246
Gadoon textile mills 1.119 1.102 1.148
12
Citation: Zubair Ahmed Laghari, Muhibullah Nahrio, Amanullah Parhyar, Mansoor Waqas Askaree, Ahmed Raza Hafeez, Aafaque Ahmed
Laghari (2020); Evaluating the Impact of Merger and Acquisition on Organizational Financial Performance; a Case Study of Fazal and
Gadoon Textile Mills, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 6(1)8-16.
Graphically comparison of pre and post-merger ratios in average form
Liquidity Ratio
Efficiency ratio
Leverage Ratios
0.78
0.8
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
current ratio
pre
post
1.100
1.110
1.120
1.130
1.140
1.150
1.160
TOTAL ASSET TURN OVER RATIO
T. Asset Turn over ratio
Pre Post
13
J. Soc. Sci. Hum. Stud., 6(1)8-16, 2020
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Debt to equity ratio
Debt to equity Ratio
Pre Post
2.300
2.400
2.500
2.600
2.700
2.800
2.900
3.000
Equity multipler Ratio
Equity multipler ratio
Pre Post
0.560
0.580
0.600
0.620
0.640
0.660
Debt Ratio
Debt Ratio
Pre Post
14
Citation: Zubair Ahmed Laghari, Muhibullah Nahrio, Amanullah Parhyar, Mansoor Waqas Askaree, Ahmed Raza Hafeez, Aafaque Ahmed
Laghari (2020); Evaluating the Impact of Merger and Acquisition on Organizational Financial Performance; a Case Study of Fazal and
Gadoon Textile Mills, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 6(1)8-16.
Profitability ratios
CONCLUSION
This investigation is to evaluate the outcomes of merger and acquisition on financial performance of targeted textile
mills (Fazal textile mills and Gadoon textile mills). To examine the outcomes of merger and acquisition ratios analysis was used as (liquidity ratio, Profitability ratio, leverage ratio and efficiency ratio) for performing ratio
analysis MS excel (version 2016) was used. Three years pre and three years’ post-merger from period of 2012-2017
data was used. Secondary data was used in this study and data was collected from annual reports of targeted textile
mills. In this study we have compared pre and post-merger results with the help of table and graphs also. After analyzing the data results are sowing negative outcomes of merger and acquisition on financial performance of
targeted textile mills, Finally, this is concluded that in the financial performance of targeted textile mills has no any
improvement after merger and acquisition and their financial performance decreased after merger and acquisition. Many researches have been conducted on financial performance of merger and acquisition in different industries all
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.140
RETURN ON EQUITY
Retutn on equity
Pre Post
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
RETURN ON ASSESTS
Return on Assets
Pre Post
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
RETURN ON SALE
Return on sale
Pre Post
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
GROSS PROFIT RATIO
Gross profit ratio
Pre Post
15
J. Soc. Sci. Hum. Stud., 6(1)8-16, 2020
have different results some studies were showing negative impact, some were showing positive impact and some
were showing no any impact of merger and acquisition. Recommendation is that further researcher can study on impact of merger and acquisition on financial performance of different companies there are many merger companies
on which research is not conducted. This study is conducted only targeted mills due to limitation of time further
researcher should take many companies as a sample to generalize the results.
REFERENCES
Abbas, Q. a. (2014). Financial performance of banks in Pakistan after Merger and Acquisition. Journal of global
entrepreneurship research.
Al-Sharkas, A. A. (2008). The Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on the Efficiency of the US Banking Industry. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting.
Brealey, R. A. (2006). Corporate finance/Richard A. Brealey, Stewart C. Myers, Frankin Allen. Corporate finance.
Chen, C. a. (2003). review of cross-border mergers and acquisitions in APEC. Asia Pacific Economic Literature.
coyle, B. (2000). merger and acquisition . Chicago : Glenlake Pub. Co. : Fitzroy Dearborn, ©2000.
F.Burner, R. (2004). Applied merger and acquisition. New york: John Wiley & sons.
Gaughan, P. (2005). Mergers; What can go wrong and how to prevent it. NJ: John Wiley 7 Sons Inc.
Jagersma, P. k. (2005). Cross-border acquisitions of European multinationals. Journal of General management.
Jain, N. a. (2011). Mergers and acquisitions--A change paradigm in performance of indian company. International Journal of Business Economics and Management Research.
Kemal, M. U. (2011). Post-Merger Profitability: A Case of Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS). International Journal of
Business and Social Science.
Mahesh, D. P. (2012). POST MERGER AND ACQUISITION FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS: A
CASE STUDY OF SELECT INDIAN AIRLINE COMPANIES. International journal of engineering and
management sciences.
manne, H. G. (1965). Merger and acquisition for corporate control. The journal of political economy.
Mboroto, S. N. (2013). The effect of mergers and acquisitions on the financial performance of petroleum firms in
Kenya. Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi.
(2000). Merger and acquisition involving the EU banking industry. EU banking industry.
Odeck, J. (2008). the effect of merger on efficiency and productivity of public transport sevice. Transportation research part A: policy and practice.
Selcuk, E. a. (2011). The impact of mergers and acquisitions on acquirer performance:Evidence from Turkey.
Business and Economics Journal.
Sharma, V. (2009). Do Bank Mergers Create Shareholder Value? An. Macalester College.
Sulaiman, L. (2012). Does Restructuring Improve Performance? An Industry Analysis Of Nigerian Oil & Gas
Sector. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting.
yanan, E. m. (2016). international journal of accounting and business management, 161.
16
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should be used. Methods in general use need not be described in detail.
Results
Results should be presented in a logical sequence in the text, tables and figures; repetitive presentation of the same data in different
forms should be avoided. The results should not contain material appropriate to the Discussion. It should be written in the past tense
when describing findings in the authors' experiments. Results should be explained, but largely without referring to the literature.
Discussion
The discussion should consider the results in relation to any hypotheses advanced in the Introduction and place the study in the
context of other work. Results and Discussion sections can be combined.
Conclusions
If an optional conclusion section is used, its content should not substantially duplicate the abstract.
Acknowledgment
The acknowledgments of people, grants, funds, etc should be brief.
References
Bibliographic references in the text appear like [1, 2, 5, 6], using square brace in superscript. References should be numbered
consecutively, with style:
Journal paper:
1. Hadjibabaie, M., N. Rastkari, A.Rezaie and M. Abdollahi, 2005. The Adverse Drug Reaction in the Gastrointestinal Tract: An
Overview. Intl. J. Pharmacol., 1 (1): 1-8.
Books:
1. Daniel A. Potter, 2002. Destructive turfgrass insects: Biology, diagnosis and control. Wiley Canada Publishers, pp: 24-67.
Chapters in Book:
1. Bray R.A., 1994. The leucaena psyllid. In: Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture (eds R.C. Gutteridge and H.M. Shelton) pp.
283–291. CAB International, Oxford.
Titles of journals should be given in full. ‘In press' can only be used to cite manuscripts actually accepted for publication in a journal.
Citations such as ‘manuscript in preparation' or ‘manuscript submitted' are not permitted. Data from such manuscripts can only be
mentioned in the text as ‘unpublished data'.
A Report:
1. Makarewicz, J.C., T. Lewis and P. Bertram, 1995. Epilimnetic phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and species composition in
Lake Michigan, 1983-1992. U.S. EPA Great Lakes National Program, Chicago, IL. EPA 905-R-95-009.
Conference Proceedings:
1. Stock, A., 2004. Signal Transduction in Bacteria. In the Proceedings of the 2004 Markey Scholars Conference, pp: 80-89.
A Thesis:
1. Strunk, J.L., 1991. The extraction of mercury from sediment and the geochemical partitioning of mercury in sediments from Lake
Superior, M. S. thesis, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI.
Tables and Equations
Tables and equations should not be submitted in a format exceeding the A4 page size (in portrait form). All tables should be
embedded within the manuscript, and must be captioned and numbered sequentially. Each table should be on a separate
page, numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals and supplied with a heading and a legend. Tables should be self-explanatory
without reference to the text.
Figures / Illustrations / Photographs
Graphics should be supplied as high resolution (at least 300-600 dp.i.) electronic files. Digital images supplied only as low-resolution
print-outs cannot be used. Graphs, diagrams, chromatograms, photos, etc. should be prepared as clear, original positives, suitable
for reproduction. All figures should be embedded within the manuscript, and must be captioned and numbered
sequentially.
Proofs
Proofs will be sent via e-mail as an Acrobat PDF file (e-mail attachment) and should be returned within 3 days of receipt. Page proofs
are considered to be the final version of the manuscript. With the exception of typographical or minor clerical errors, no changes will
be made in the manuscript at the proof stage.
Check List
We recommend that you ask a colleague to read over your paper prior to submission to ensure it is of a high standard and conforms
to a high level of scientific writing.
Before submission of your manuscript, please check that:
• All references cited in the text are included in the reference section.
• All figures and tables are cited in the text.
• Figures are at least 300 d.p.i.
• The pages are numbered.
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