Journal of Threatened Taxa January Issue

8/19/2019 Journal of Threatened Taxa January Issue

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ISSN 0974-7907 (Online)ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

D P :26 January 2016(Online & Print)

www.threatenedtaxa.orgJ y 2015 | V . 8 | N . 1 | P : 8309–8420

DOI: 10.11609/ .2016.8.1.8309-8420

Taxa Journal ofThreatenedOPEN ACCESS


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EDITORSFounder & Chief EditorD . S y M , Coimbatore, India

Managing EditorM . B. R , Coimbatore, India

Associate EditorsD . B.A. D , Coimbatore, IndiaDr. Ulrike Streicher, Wildlife Veterinarian, Danang, VietnamM . P y k Iy ,Coimbatore, India

D . M S w, Dehra Dun, IndiaD . M V k m , Mumbai, India

Editorial AdvisorsM . S y W k, Coimbatore, IndiaDr. Robert C. Lacy , Minnesota, USAD . R M m , Virginia, USAD . T m H , Rhode Island, USADr. Jacob V. Cheeran , Thrissur, IndiaP . D . M w S , Mysuru, IndiaM . S p D. N , Stony Brook, USADr. Fred Pluthero , Toronto, CanadaD . M F , Cambridge, UKDr. Ulf Gärdenfors , Uppsala, SwedenDr. John Fellowes , Hong KongD . P p S. M , Minnesota, USAP . D . M S é, Brazil

Editorial BoardSubject Editors 2014–2015A. Biju Kumar, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, IndiaA.J. Solomon Raju, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, IndiaAlbert G. Orr, Gri th University, Nathan, AustraliaAlessandre Pereira Colavite, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, BrazilAlexi Popov, Na onal Museum of Natural History, So a, BulgariaAlexander Ereskovsky, IMBE, Marseille, FranceAndreas Köhler, Universidade de Santa Cruz do, BrazilAngela R. Glatston, Ro erdam Zoo, The Netherlands.Anjana Silva, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri LankaAnnemarie Ohler, Muséum na onal d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, FranceAnsie Dippenaar-Schoeman, University of Pretoria, Queenswood, South AfricaAntonio D. Brescovit, Ins tuto Butantan, BrasilAntonio A. Mignucci-Giannoni, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico,

Puerto RicoAnwaruddin Chowdhury, Guwaha , IndiaAparna Watve, Pune, Maharashtra, IndiaArthur Y.C. Chung, Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan, Sabah, MalaysiaB.C. Choudhury (Retd.), Wildlife Ins tute of India, Dehradun, India.B. Ravi Prasad Rao, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantpur, IndiaB. Shivaraju, Bengaluru, Karnataka, IndiaB.A. Daniel, Zoo Outreach Organiza on, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, IndiaB.S. Kholia, Botanical Survey of India, Gangtok, Sikkim, IndiaBolívar R. Garcete-Barre , FACEN, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, ParaguayBre C. Ratcli e, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USABrian Fisher, California Academy of Sciences, USAC. Raghunathan, Zoological Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar IslandsC. Srinivasulu, Osmania University, Hyderabad, IndiaCarl Ferraris, Smithsonian Ins tu on, Portland, USA

Cecília Kierul , Victorville , CaliforniaCecilia Volkmer Ribeiro, Porto Alegre, Brazil.Chris Bowden, Royal Society for the Protec on of Birds, Sandy, UKChristoph Kue er, Ins tute of Integra ve Biology, Zürich, SwitzerlandChristoph Schwitzer, University of the West of England, Cli on, Bristol, BS8 3HAChristopher L. Jenkins, The Orianne Society, Athens, GeorgiaCleofas Cervancia, Univ. of Philippines Los Baños College Laguna, PhilippinesColin Groves, Australian Na onal University, Canberra, AustraliaCrawford Pren ce, Nature Management Services, Jalan, MalaysiaC.T. Achuthanku y, Scien st-G (Retd.), CSIR-Na onal Ins tute of Oceanography,Goa D.B. Bastawade, Maharashtra, India

D.J. Bhat, Retd. Professor, Goa University, Goa, IndiaDale R. Calder, Royal Ontaro Museum, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDaniel Brito, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, BrazilDavid Mallon, Zoological Society of London, UKDavor Zanella, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croa aDeepak Apte, Bombay Natural Hisotry Society, Mumbai, IndiaDiana Doan-Crider, Texas A&M University, Texas, USADietmar Zinner, German Primate Center, Gö ngen, GermanyDunston P.Ambrose, St. Xavier’s College, Palayamko ai, IndiaE. Vivekanandan, Central Marine Fisheries Research Ins tute, Kochi, IndiaEduard Vives, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Terrassa, SpainEric Smith, University of Texas, Arlington, USAErin Wessling, Max Planck Ins tute for Evolu onary Anthropology, GermanyF.B. Vincent Florens, University of Mauri us, Mauri usFerdinando Boero, Università del Salento, Lecce, ItalyFrancesco Dal Grande, Senckenberg Gesellscha für Naturforschung, FrankfurtGeorge Mathew, Kerala Forest Research Ins tute, Peechi, IndiaGernot Vogel, Heidelberg, GermanyGiovanni Amori, CNR - Ins tute of Ecosystem Studies, Rome, ItalyGombobaatar Sundev, Professor of Ornithology, Ulaanbaatar, MongoliaG.P. Sinha, Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad, IndiaHari Balasubramanian, EcoAdvisors, Nova Sco a, CanadaHayrünisa Baş Sermenli, Muğla University, Kötekli, TurkeyH.C. Nagaveni, Ins tute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, IndiaH.C. Paulo Corgosinho, Bairro Universitário, Frutal, BrazilH. Raghuram, The American College, Madurai, IndiaHeidi S. Riddle, Riddle’s Elephant and Wildlife Sanctuary, Arkansas, USAHem Sagar Baral, Charles Sturt University, NSW AustraliaHemant V. Ghate, Modern College, Pune, IndiaHeok Hee Ng, Na onal University of Singapore, Science Drive, SingaporeHui Xiao, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, ChinaIan J. Kitching, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, UKIan Redmond, UNEP Conven on on Migratory Species, Lansdown, UK

Indraneil Das, Sarawak, MalaysiaIvana Karanovic, Hanyang University, Seoul, KoreaJ. Jerald Wilson, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaJ.W. Duckworth, IUCN SSC, Bath, UKJack Tordo , Cri cal Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Arlington, USAJames Young, Hong Kong Lepidopterists’ Society, Hong KongJe McNeely, IUCN, Gland, SwitzerlandJesse Leland, Southern Cross University, New South Wales, AustraliaJill Pruetz, Iowa State University, Ames, USAJim Sanderson, Small Wild Cat Conserva on Founda on, Har ord, USAJodi L. Sedlock, Lawrence University, Appleton, USAJohn C. Morse, Clemson University, Long Hall, Clemson, USAJohn Huber, Canadian Na onal Collec on of Insects, Ontario, Canada.John Noyes, Natural History Museum, London, UKJohn Veron, Coral Reef Founda on, Townsville, Australia

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

Published by Typeset and printed atW I m L D pm S y Z O O z

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Email: [email protected], ar [email protected]

con nued on the back inside cover

F :W k Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus y G. M y, P k m F , A .


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Habitat quantity of Red-cockaded WoodpeckerPicoides borealis (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae) in its former

historic landscape near the Big Thicket National Preserve,Texas, USA

V T 1 & M F. A 2

1 313 Throckmorton Street, Gainesville, TX 76240, USA2 D rtm nt f E tr En n r n n Ins t t f A S n s, Un rs ty f N rt T x s, 3940 N rtElm Street, Denton, TX, USA1 t @y . m ( rr s n n t r),2 m . @ nt.

8309

ISSN 0974-7907 (On n )ISSN 0974-7893 (Pr nt)

OPEN ACCESS

A r t i c l eJ T T | www. . | 26 J 2016 | 8(1): 8309–8322

DOI : :// x. . r /10.11609/j .1735.8.1.8309-8322

E :K.A. S br m n n, Z S r y f In , K t , In . D : 26 J n ry 2016 ( n n & r nt)

M :Ms # 1735 | R 31 D mb r 2014 | F n r 10 J n ry 2016 | F n y t 11 J n ry 2016

C : T V. & M.F. A (2016). H b t t q n ty f R - W r Picoides borealis (A s: P f rm s: P ) n ts f rm r st r n sn r t B T t N n Pr s r , T x s, USA. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(1): 8309–8322 ; :// x. . r /10.11609/j .1735.8.1.8309-8322

C : © T & A 2016. Cr C mm ns A r b n 4.0 Int rn n L ns . J TT ws nr str t s f t s r n ny m m, r r -n n str b n by r n q t r t t t t rs n t s r f b n.

F :U.S. N n S n F n n (NSF) f r r f n n f r t s st y n r t r nt CNH BCS-0216722.

C I :T t rs r n m n nt r sts.

A :VT n t w r , rf rm GIS n r m t s ns n n ys s, n wr t t m n s r t. MFA w s r t r f ss r f r VT tt Un rs ty f N rt T x s. H s r s w r f t st y n t r n rf rm s ns ty n ys s.

A D :Vivek Thapa - C rr nt y, s w r n s GIS M n r/CAD Dr r n n s r y n m ny A Am r n S r y n , t n N rtC ntr T x s, USA. H s s GIS, r m t s ns n , A t CAD, t r t m s f r nts. Miguel F. Acevedo - n n t s rtm nt ns s F ty

n t Gr t Pr r m n En r nm nt S n s, Un rs ty f N rt T x s. H s w r nt r t s n r nm nt m n t r n n m n t n rst n tyn m s f n r nm nt n syst ms, n t r s y r nt r s ts n rn n t nts, n s n n m t r b ty.

A w :W t n U.S. N n S n F n n (NSF) f r r f n n f r t s st y n r t r nt CNH BCS-0216722. W n wt f b n fr m s r Un rs ty f N rt T x s f ty m mb rs r n t r j t: Drs. P t A.Y. G nt r, n J. B r C , D rtm nt fP s y n R n St s, n Dr. P n n D n , D rtm nt f G r y.

A :W q n n -f r st b t t s t b f r R - W rPicoides borealis in the former historic range of thes s t ss ss t t n f r ss b r - n z n. W s r m t y-s ns m n r nf rm n syst ms (GIS) t

r t n - s / n (LU/LC) b n ry r m , fr m w w t t b t t s t b ty n x (HSI) b s n n s m t mr n f 50 . A s ns ty n ys s r t n ss ty f r m r t t m n r t s m t , b t r n ys s f n sm tr s n t s m r t n 930 f s t b b t t t s. T s t s r y fr m nt n m st y t n r t n s.T y n b ss ss f r n rst ry n rb s t n n n b r st r f r ss b r - st b s m nt f r x m t y 18

r s/ n s f R - W rs.

K w : A r y ss ssm nt, B T t N n Pr s r , b s n n syst m, b t t fr m nt n, b t t s t b ty,n s t m , m tr s, t s.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9653-9040http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5136-3624http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5136-3624http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5136-3624http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1735.8.1.8309-8322http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1735.8.1.8309-8322http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1735.8.1.8309-8322http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1735.8.1.8309-8322http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5136-3624http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9653-9040


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Habitat quan ty of Picoides borealis Thapa & Acevedo

INTRODUCTION

R - W rPicoides borealis s N rT r t n (B r L f Int rn n 2013) n n n y

n n n r s s (USFWS 2014). T b r sn m t m t r n f r sts f t s t st rnUn t St t s, w n xt n fr m F r tN w J rs y n s f r w st s T x s, r n n n tO m , M ss r , K nt y n T nn ss (L n1970; J s n 1971; F rr 1998; USFWS 2005). D r nt r y 19th nt ry t w s r f r t r n

mb r r s n t s r b t t r n ns bst n y r t w r b t t r n ,w s rr nt y s r n rt fr m F r t V r n

n w st t s t st O m n s t st rnT x s. T s s s n n r f n n N w J rs y,M ry n , T nn ss , M ss r n K nt y, w ns t st rn T x s b r s r m st y f n n n nf r sts f An n , D Cr , S b n n S mH st n, b t n t n B T t N n Pr s r (C nn r& R 1995). T r s r n f m t r nf r sts w t m rn f r stry r s s s

r mb r-r t n r n r s r ss nr tr m nt t w r ns, n

t s s w s st s n n r n 1973 (H rt . 1980; C nn r & R 1989, 1991, 1995; C st

& W r 1995).

R - W rs r b t t s stst t r q r r , n n s s f L n fPinus palustris , Shortleaf P. echinata , L b yP. taeda ,P n P. sero na and Slash P. ellio i pine, preferringL n f P n f r n s n n f r n (H r t .1980; J s n 1994; H r t . 1998; C nn r t .2004). T m tr r s w t s s, . ., 80–100 y rs f r b y n s rt f n n 100–120y rs f r L n f P n w t n rtw st s rt ty mb rs n r n m -st ry

r w t n (H r t . 1980; C nn r t .1994; H r t . 1998). N t r r r s r b r s

ntr t m -st ry r r wt f r s nt r s t w s n, r - m t r n w n s

n s nn s w t b n nt rb s r n rt t r n b t t f r t s b r s. B s s

, t t n ty tr s r t s f R -rt F n Phellinus pini nf n t t s ns trtw n f t t s ty x n (C nn r

t . 1976, 1994, 2004; C nn r & L 1982; H r1988; W t rs 1990).

A ny r st r s n f tw t >12 tytr s n 5–10 r s ( r x m t y 2–4 ) f n , n

t ty tr s r n rm y t w t n n -m

r s fr m t r (USFWS 2005). A s n nys tw t n n b r s, w t n br n r n t

r st rs. A s t b f r n b t t r t rr t rys rr n s ny n rs n r f 30 t 81

n s t r s (75–200 r s) f r - m t rn st n s (H r t . 1982; J s n 1994). T sn y n s n st n s f m t r n f nt r n s s w t rb s r n r r

q ty b t ts f r R - W rs(C nn r & R 1991).

F w st s x st n t s f rnf rm n syst ms (GIS) n r m t s ns n t st y

t b t t f R - W rs. T m ns n(1993) s GIS, r m t s ns n n n s yt st y r t rs f s t b n st n s

n s t st rn T x s. C x t . (2001) tGIS m t s t t w r s t ss ss R -W r b t t n st r r t r s s. Ert& L (1994) s GRASS t f t t R -W r m n m nt t F rt B nn n M t ryR s r n. An t r r nt st y by S nt s t .(2010) r rts t s f r m t s ns n b s n

y rs tr m ry t st y tr s n s n n R - W r b t ts. T y s r t n

r r s f t b n s t t t s n s n tr sn f n R - W rs n t n b t

s tr s. W z GIS n r m t s ns n

t n q s t st y t s str b n f n f r stn n f t f rm r st r r n s f R -

W rs (s t st rn T x s) n t ss sss t b b t ts. W s s b t t s t b ty n x(HSI) m s n FRASGSTATS t t r q n fys s- b t t r ns s. HSI m s r q n t m s r f t q ty f w f b t ts

n n nt r t r n rst n n f w f - b t tr ns s s y t n s s s (L rs n t .2003). In n, r ss- r nt n m r HSIm s r mm n y s t ss ss w f - b t tr ns s (D t . 2003). Pr ss- r ntm s ss ss s b s r ns s t r

n r n t fr m w r ; w r s m rm s n yz t n b t t r t r s s t

t s s t s (T t . 2014).F r t s r w t r ss- r ntr t r s HSI m f r t

R - W r. T s r s b sn t r t r r w (U.S. F s n W f S r ’s

HSI m s), bs r ns ( r n -tr t ) nr t bt n fr m t r m s (s

1:24000, USGS). An HSI s b s n s t f f n n

r ns s b tw n b t t s t b ty ( x r ss s


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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2016 | 8(1): 8309–8322 8311


m ns n ss n x r s r ) n b t t r q r m nts( r b s). T s r b s r s t r n tt r r n t t r n sm; f r x m rb s

n y r, tr n y r, tr t, tr

n r x m ty t w t r. T r s r s t b ty f r r b , w s s fr m 0 ( ns t b b t t)t 1 ( m m b t t). T r HSI, w ss s fr m 0 t 1, s t w t f rm t tr r s nts y t r ns s b tw n rs t b ty n s. GIS r s t t synt s z

b t t t r fr m r m t y s ns s r st t r w t t b s s f n, s ty s, n

s , n n r. T s GIS n b w tr m t s ns n t t HSI r r y r

r r s, n n r r t n s r b st m s s s. W s m nstr t ts f GIS n r m t s ns n t t r r r

t f r b t t fr m nt n st y by s n s w r FRAGSTATS, w s m t n r r m

s n t t w rr y f n s m tr sfr m t r m s (M G r & M r s 1994, 1995;M G r 2002). S m f t m tr s r mm n y

s t m s r n q n fy s t n ss nt rms f m s n ( t ty s n b n n ) n

n r n (s n j xt s n). T s m tr sr r s nt t r nt f fr m nt b t ts, r

f r st t , n —m st m rt nt y—t r f

r m n n t n y s t b b t t (G r tz t .2007).

In t s r, w s f r m n n b t tr t r s s n r m t s ns n , GIS

n FRAGSTATS t n q s t x m n b n n ,str b n n fr m nt n f b n f r st

n r ss b s n r f r r - n z n byR - W rs. W f r s n

bj s: (1) t s L n s t En n T mM r P s (ETM+) m t n - s /

n - r m (L rr r t . 1980); (2) t n r s GIS-b s HSI m n m f r t

w r; (3) t t rm n t s str b nf rr nt t n y s t b b t ts; n , (4) t

str t n r m t y f r ns r nrt r y n s n ys s t t n b t t

t r nt r r-f r st- w n f n f ns r nnt r st. In n, w tw y- r ntbj s: (1) t r m f t n y s t b

R - W r b t t t t m y br s r f r ( ) x s n ns n t r n r (b)

t t m y s r s s t s f r st b s n n w nsn t r n; n (2) t n t t m st m rt nt

b t t r t r s s, s s s , s z , n b t t

m s n f r r s s f r R -W r b t t m n m nt n t r n.

METHODS

S AT st y r s t n r t G f st ns

f s t st rn T x s b tw n t Tr n ty R r t tw st n t N s R r t t st, r n t smt wns f K ntz , S sb , L mb rt n n s b rbsn rt f B m nt t t j ns t 39,338 B T tN n Pr s r (BTNP) (30–31 0N t 94–95 0W) (F . 1).O r t st s t n s s rr n n tBTNP s b n n rt fr m n n s n f r stt m tr x m n t by r t r , st r , mb r

nt ns n x rb n n s b rb n m nt(W t . 1986). As r s t t n f r sts w r

n rt nt sm t s s t by m tr x fr t r r t r n s (C t .

2007). T st y r w s f rt r s bj t t nt ns n s x r n t t n n s t y. W s

s s m t m n m ts n br n ,r x m ty t r s n r m m nt s

t f r n s f R - W rs(C r s & H w r 1996). Ann r t n r s1350mm (M r s & H r mb 1981; C t .

2007) n s n f rm y str b t t r t t y r,b t b s f ts r x m ty t t G f f M x tB T t st y r x r n s fr q n y

f st n tr st rms n rr n s. S n1900, 40 tr st rms n rr n s strt G f st, w t R t n 2005 n I n 2008 b nt m st r nt b st rms t t T x s (NOAA 2008).H w r, t s rr n s n t s m n tst y r s t y n t s rr n n n s n

r s s y n r G st n B y, H rr s n An n(NOAA 2005; B nbr t . 2011). N rt ss,

rr n s n t r xtr m n t r st rb n s ss s r w nt r n m r r ns f ty n

f r n tr s, t r by n br n ns fR - W rs, w n t rn s t ss

f n rs ty (R t . 1988, B nbr t .2011).

T t n ty s f t st y r n br t r z by b t mm n ty ys n my n

ys r s n. F r sts, s nn s, n s r bt ts r n rm y mb n w t m rt nt tr ss s n , , n t r r w s t r t r z

mm n ty ys n my w n , s , n

n t n n t s t ys r s n f t


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t n (M r s & H r mb 1981). T s, r nt mm n ty ys n my n ys r s n,f r br ty s f t n r t r z t BT t r n. T n f r st mm n ty ns sts

f m n nt n f n f r st r m x w t sm -tr y r f B j O Quercus incana . T s

mm n ty n s m n nt s s f s rt f nb y n s w t rst ry r w s f S t rn

R O Quercus acata , W t O Q. alba , MagnoliaMagnolia grandi ora , and American Beech Fagusgrandifolia . T n t n ns sts f

r w f r sts f E r n H rnb ms Caprinus s .,Sw t m Liquidambar styraci ua n W t r O Q.nigra m x w t B Cy r ssTaxodium dis chum andW t r T Nyssa aqua ca n ry f w b y n s.An t t n s n m n nt s s f B s tO Q. michauxii , W w O Q. phellos , L r O Q.lauri ora , P. taeda n R As Fraxinus pensylvanica. D A I P

W s t -fr L n s t ETM+ s n fM r 2003 f r n ys s b s t s r n s s nw s ns r m f r n t str t n f r n r w f r sts n ntr s (T m ns n 1993). T m w s r yr f r n s n r n ntr nts (GCPs) r t

n ERDAS IMAGINE ( s t f s w r t s by LG syst ms G s Im n ). T GCPs s b

n f rm y str b t r t m w t r

n r t s. At st, 16 GCPs r ns rr s n b f GCP n b t w t n r y

f n -t r f x s z (B rnst n 1983). T s n mb rm y n t b s nt, w r, f t GCPs r r y

str b t r f t n t r f t n s r ntsr t m nt (C m b 1996). F w n t s

n s, w xtr t 19 GCPs fr m t r m st r fy t m . In n, t r n tsyst m w s m nt t Un rs Tr ns rsM r t r r n t syst m (z n 15) n n w y r s

t m f t 1984 w r syst m t rr tw t t m . L n s t TM t w r q r fr m s xs tr b n s: TM1 (0.45–0.52 µm), TM 2 (0.52–0.60µm), TM3 (0.63–0.69 µm), TM4 (0.76–0.90 µm), TM5(1.55–1.75 µm) n TM7 (2.08–2.35 µm) (L z & G r1997). Ot r t n t r m s t s

f 1:24,000; GIS s f r s n str ts; y ns ft wns; n r r nn ss n f 41 s ns f tst y r . M r t t n t n w r

bt n by r n -tr t (GPS nts) s ts t 287 s t s.In b s n n syst m (GPS) nts w r

m n w t n t s f s t xt r , s m st rr m , n s , nt m s n, n n

t . D t m r s w r s t t t r sf s t s t . Ar M , s t f GIS t s by

En r nm nt R s r Syst ms In . (ESRI), w s sf r GIS r ss n . A w t GPS nts w s m rt

t Ar M s s .

F 1. S - P R - w .


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F D C V CW t t t f 287 t n GPS nts n

M y–J n f 2007. W s -fr L n s t mf 2003 t rf rm s r s ss n r r s

t r n n s n n r (LU/LC) t r s.S r s m t s r q r t s r t n ts tr r t r s s f n wn r s f n - sty s n tr n n s t s (T t . 2014).T tr n n s t s r s n t r s m y t r fy n

n s n t ss s (J ns n 1996). T s s t r by s r’s r r n w f t r

f t r s f n r f nt r st s s n n fs n t, m n s r ns t t r r s nt ss

( . ., w t r r r ss) r by r n -tr t t s sGPS nts, w r f rs t t q s n f n w

b t t st y r fr m w r , n ys s f rt r y, n fr m rs n x r n (C nn r t

. 1975). Gr n -tr t t r ns r t b tm st r t (tr ) t b b t t r fst y. T y s b t t t s m m st r m t y s ns t , s t t rr s n s sm s ss b (St rs & Est s 1990). F rt rm r ,

m nts f s nt r r t ns s s r, s ,t xt r n rn n r t s r mm n y

s t t r s b r n s r sss n. F r x m , w m y t xt r n

rn n ys s t n q n r t s n s t

x s n s r s. W t t xt r n rn t s syt r n t n t r y r w n tr s n m nm n nt ns, . ., n t n n nt ns.W r s n LU/LC t r s (w t r, rb n r s,

n f r st, n nt n, m x f r st, r ss, ny r ss f r st n n) fr m t L n s t m

(F . 2). W ss n r x s nt t r s n tss s r n t t t n t r s f n n

t st y r . F r x m r s w t t n tr sw r ss s ‘ n tr s’, r s w t m x n

n tr s w r b s ‘m x f r st’, r s fn w r b s ‘ y r ss tr s n s s’ n

s n. GPS ns f t ry m n w tr n t s w r xt ns y s r n

ss n r ss.

A AIt s n ss ry t ss ss t r y f ny t mss n t t ts nt n n, n

r y ss r s ns st n y n r b ty fr n s m tr s (X n t . 2005; S &

W 2008). S r f t rs r t t t s ns rs s ws t t ss n r ss ntr b t t ss n

rr rs (L n t . 1991). It s s r t m s r

t q ty n r y f t s f r ss n(C n t n & Gr n 1999). T ss n r rr rs

r n yz by nf s n r rr r m tr x, w s s r y ss ssm nt (C n t n & Gr n 1999).

An rr r m tr x r r y ss ssm nt rr y s t b w t ntr s r r s n n t n mb r f s mn ts; . ., x s, st rs f x s, r y ns ss n

t s ss r t t t ss f n nt r n (C n t n 1991). R ws nt n st f

ss s f r t x s n t ss m nmns r r s nt ss s f r t rr s n n

r f r n x s, t rm n by n t fr m t s rt fr m s r s s s r t r s,

GPS nts, r s y t st m s r t r t . Tr f r n ss s r m r w t t ss

m ss s t ss ss t r y f n mss n. A r n t An rs n t . (1976),ss n r y s t 85% s t b f r

LU/LC st y.S r st s m s r s f ss LU/LC

m n b r fr m n rr r m tr x, n nr ss n r y (s m f t nm nts by t t t n mb r f s m nts),

categorical omission and commission errors, and theKHAT nt ( n n x t t m s r s t r m ntb tw n r f r n n ss t . ., KHAT=1w n t r m nt b tw n r f r n n ss

t r 100%). A m n m m f 204 r f r n ntsr r q r t 85% r y w t n w brr r f 5% (J ns n 1996). F rst w n r t b t

300 r n m (r f r n ) nts, n w t f rt s n w t r r n w f r f t r s

w ss n s f r r n m nt. T nw m r t s r f r n ss s w t t

ss m ss s, w s n rr y f 77.33% w t KHAT = 0.7277. T n w s

GPS ns s r f r n nts n m r t mw t t ss s f m s, w r n

r r y f 81.48% w t KHAT = 0.7449 (T b1). T r r y w s m t b f r t sst y b s t w s w t n t 5% w b m r n f

rr r n w s s r t 85%.

H S I MW m t t HSI f r x f t

r s t nt ss m r n t t f w nr r . W s t t n tr s ss b s t s

b t t s r q r f r s ssf br n n f r n .W ss n f 1 t t s ss n s t t rs t0, r n b n ry m s w n n tr s n y. W

r n n b r n ys s n Ar GIS, w s st s


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t t s s s rr n n x s n n n b rt ss n t t r t x . It s mm n y st n t m st m n nt n - r t ry n n b r r t n t n mb r f rt n LU/LC

t r s w t n s n b r . W s tn b r s z b s n t nn m r n s z

f t R - W rs s r rt by s rst s n t rm n s n r ty f m t s

n n 100%, 95%, 50% m n m m n x y nsn 95% x rn s m t r (D L t t . 1987;

En str m & S n rs 1997; D st r & J m s 1998; W t rst . 2002; D s t . 2008). A r n t Fr nzr b

(2006), t m n m m n x y n s m t r n st rs r r s t t r n t s by t n m s (b r s

n t s s ), n r s n r s m t f tm -r n s z m n t ss s t b s s r

st s n t rms f t b y f t s s. On tt r n , t x rn s m t r s r yns ns t t r s n f t rs n s ss b sn r s m r ns st nt r s ts. T s w s t

t m -r n s z t t w s r by x rns m t r, . ., ~50 . T m m nt t s, w s t n b r s z f 23´23 x s, . ., 529 x s f

900m 2 (3030 m), w y s s t y w r

of 476,100m2

r 47.61 r 117.6 r s. A s t b tyn xS f r x w s t rm n s t r r n f

x s n n tr r n t n b r r n tt r t x . On x s r t , w nHSI m (F . 3).

H F FRAGSTATSFRAGSTATS ts Ar /Inf ( GIS ESRI t ) y ns ( t r) r “r st r” ( m tr x r r f x s) m s

n r ty f f rm ts (M G r & M r s 1994). F rr st y w t t r st r rs n f FRAGSTATS

n s t HSI m s n t t . Pr r t t s, t HSIm w s r ss nt t r s r t ss s s n n

q nt r m t , n f t s r ss nm t s b n Ar M . W s t t s m tb s t r s t x s r n t t r s n

w s t m x m z t r n m n st ss s.A x w s ss n f 1, 2, r 3, r n t ts

n x . T n x f r 1 w s 0.000 t 0.333,0.333 t 0.666 f r 2 n 0.666 t 1 f r 3. T s t r

ss s r r s nt ry ns t b (1), ns t b (2), n(3) t n y s t b b t t (F . 3). A s t f m tr sw s s t n m t t t , ss n n s

s (T b 2). T r s t nt m tr s r t r s

F 2. S - .


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n r ns n m s ns f n s (D st rt . 1998; T t . 2014).

RESULTS

I PFr m t t f 287 GPS nts, w s 162 nts

f r ss n r y. T r st (125) w r st ss fy t m . Us f GPS nts n s

nt r r t n f r t s r n

L n s t ETM+ ss n n f t t t r ss.O r r s ts s w n tr s n r ss t w st

ss n r y w t 74.58% n 75% r s y.F r n tr s t s m t b t ns nt GPS

nts, b s w n t t r t fr m r tn nt n n r st n s f n tr s. F r r ss

t s ss b t n r t r n s, mm nr b m w t n s t m s n 30m r s n.

In n, s rt- r ss r s ( r z st r s rm n r wns) n rt r s r n sw t t r rb n r s s s t s f b r s

n s t r s. W ss n nt ns w t90.91% r y b s t y w r s y nb s n t xt r n rn n r t s n GPS

t t fr m w t n nt n r s. S m r y,w ss rb n r s w t 89.66% r y s t y

r s s y n b n r t s n GPSt . W t r x s w r ss w t 100% r y.

An t s n f t r f t r s t t s r nr t y ss fy n r m t s ns n ns s

w t r x s x b ts t w st r t n r rtyw n x m n n s tr r . Pr T s fERDAS w t s rs t x m n s tr b r f

x s f r nt f t r s. Cy r ss tr s n s s

ss w s ss w t 76.92% r y. Cy r ss tr sr m st y n s s f ns m x w t

s s n s r f t rs s s t r s wsn w t r ntr b t t t w r y f

t s ss. S m r t w t r, w t s n y b n s f r s,str ms, r rs, n s s w r r t n

n m st b n s n t y b m s r f nf s n.St s n ys s f s tr r s ns s r r fr mtr n n s m s, s w s s n n r r m ts,s w s m r r t n w t r x s (w t s s,b s , n t r s ws). F rt rm r ,

t t (f r st, rb n, r ss) n n n- t t(w t r) w r s tr y s n t. In r r t r n ,r n n m r r y, w nst nt y r ,m r n m s t nf s ss s.

M P , C , L LW t tw m tr s . . r / ns ty/

n nn ty f t r r nt t ty s ( ss)r b t t ty s: ry ns t b , ns t b n

t n y s t b (T b 2). T s m tr s w r st x m n m s n n n r n f t s

n t st y r (M G r t . 2002). FRAGSTATSr s n t r r s t t r s:

t , ss n n s , b t w q n tr r s t ss n y b s m st m tr sr r n nt n r s m r s t t n

n s s. F r x m , t t r r (TCA) t

T 1. C GPS

C NR

TC

TNC

P ’A , %

U ’A , %

1. Gr ss 5 4 3 60.00 75.00

2. P n nt n 13 11 10 76.92 90.91

3. P n tr s 53 59 44 83.02 74.58

4. Urb n r 59 58 52 88.14 89.66

5. Cy r ss tr s n s s 12 13 10 83.33 76.92

6. W t r 1 1 1 100.00 100

7. M x f r st 19 17 13 68.42 76.47

T 162 163 133

O K S 0.7449

O A , % 81.48

Ar /D ns ty/E M tr sCA/TA = T t C ss Ar ( )PLAND = P r nt f L n s (%)NP = N mb r f t sLPI = L r st P t In x (%)

C nn ty M tr sCOHESION = P tC s n In x

T 2. Tw FRAGSTATS


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ss n n s s s n t s m s rr t t x t t r r s r t

r t s f t rr s n n t ty t tss n n s s. S n t s n f ss

br s 0.333 n 0.666 w s rb tr ry, w rf rms ns ty n ys s by rt rb n t s n m n br

s by 10% t x m n t t n t r s t ntb t t s t b ty n s (T b 3). W t n s t

m n ss n m t n Ar M t r t m sf r s ns n (F s. 4–6). W s t t f n nbr s ns n n t n m n s (T b 4).T rt rb ns b n b w t n m n s

t t f HSI s s wn n T b 5.T t (C ss) Ar (CA/TA) n P r nt f n s

(PLAND) m tr s m s r n s m s n(T b 5). CA m s r s w m f t n s s

by r r t ty . CA r s 0w n n s ns sts f s n t ty , . .t n s s n t fr m nt n CA > 1 n t sfr m nt n f t n s . F r t n y s t b

b t t t , t f CA/TA f s n t r s n tss s, . ., 0.599–1, 0.666–1 n 0.733–1 f r n n br

s ns n t m nt f n r s s

w t r s n r n f x s. F r x m , n

t t t st y r f 52,371.90 , t n y s t bb t t r 2,177.10 w n t br s 0.599 (F .

4), r s s t 933.48 w n t br s 0.666 (F .5), n f rt r r s s t 344.61 w n t br s0.733 (F . 6) (T b 5). PLAND q n s t r r n

b n n f t ty n n s , . ., s m r tCA, PLAND r s 0 w n n s ns sts fs n t ty . In t r w r s, PLAND m tr s r ym rr r t rns f CA. T PLAND m tr rt t t n y s t b b t t s 4.16% w nt br s 0.599, r s s t 1.78% w n t br

s 0.666, n f rt r r s s t 0.66% w n t brs 0.733. T s t m nt f t n y s t b b t tr r s s w t n r s n br s n

rs . N mb r f t s (NP) s s m m s r ft xt nt f s b s n r fr m nt n f tty . NP = 1 w n t n s nt ns n y s n

t ty n NP > 1 n t s r f fr m nt n.NP f r t n y s t b b t t r s fr m 28 t 67

n 72 s t br n s fr m 0.599, 0.666n 0.733, n n t t t s b t t ty s m r

fr m nt t n t ns t b n ry ns t bty s (T b 5). L r st P t In x (LPI) s s m

m s r f m n n s t q n s t r nt

F 3. H (HSI) w - , , .


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f t t n s by t r st t . LPI= 0 w n t r st t f t rr s n n tty s sm n 100 w n t r st t st n r n s . T r st t f t n ys t b b t t s n y 0.1–0.42 % f t

n s s m r t 30–60 % n 18–40 % f r ryns t b n ns t b b t t ty s r s y.

T s rr b r t s t r s ts f CA/TA n PLAND t ts w r s n f sm m nt f t n y b t t

ty s s m r t t t r tw .C nn ty s ns r t m nt f

n s str t r , n w s s n nn tym tr , COHESION, t bs r ys nn nb tw n t s. COHESION = 0 w n t s r ss

nn t n r s 100 w n t y r m rnn t . O r n ys s s w t t n s t bb t t t ty s ys y s nn t s n t

by 93–96 s m r t t t r tw b t t ty sw t s m m s r n m st 100 s w n t y

r m r nn t n n s.

DISCUSSION

I PO r , t LU/LC m r fr m s t t m ry

w s s sf t ry b s t r s w r q t ym n r s t n y n m n r m s ss ns.

T r s t nt m w s r n w t s m s nn r n t t b r y. Us f

r t r s n GPS nts r n m r n ss n r y. T ntr s n

r t n f b r r s n t n n t s bn nfr r b n s f t t r t n n.

H w r, r t n n f r ss fr m r s ns r bs r r s nt n ( s n m ny r m ts ns n st s). V s x m n n f t s t t

m ry f t st y r n w r rn m r s rt r s r ss r ss n t n r n s .O r st y r n nt n b m n t wns n

r y s ws s ns f m n- n fr m nt n.S r n s, w r n s n r r s t t rt st y r , ss n t n s nt sm rfr m nts.

GPS ns f r nt t r s r ss s rt b t m st r t r n LU/LC ss n

f t n s t m n f t n n n n n

Breaks -10% N m n +10%

Uns t b Br s (UB) 0.3 0.333 0.366

S t b Br s (SB) 0.599 0.666 0.733

T 3. P w T 4. N

BS

H T

1 2 3

1 0-0.3 0.3-0.599 0.599-1

2 0-0.333 0.333-0.599 0.599-1

3 0-0.366 0.366-0.599 0.599-1

4 0-0.3 0.3-0.666 0.666-1

5 0-0.333 0.333-0.666 0.666-1

6 0-0.366 0.366-0.666 0.666-1

7 0-0.3 0.3-0.733 0.733-1

8 0-0.333 0.333-0.733 0.733-1

9 0-0.366 0.366-0.733 0.733-1

BS

CA/TA ( ) PLAND (%) NP LPI COHESION

H T H T H T H T H T

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

1 23275.08 26919.72 2177.1 44.44 51.40 4.16 261 201 72 29.39 32.26 0.42 99.69 99.82 96.43

2 28629.81 21562.99 2177.1 54.67 41.18 4.16 192 232 72 38.27 22.65 0.42 99.79 99.7 96.43

3 33379.29 16815.51 2177.1 63.73 32.11 4.16 158 247 72 57.24 16.05 0.42 99.91 99.56 96.43

4 23275.08 28163.34 933.48 44.44 53.77 1.78 261 197 67 29.39 34.49 0.17 99.69 99.82 94.18

5 28629.81 22808.61 933.48 54.67 43.55 1.78 192 229 67 38.27 24.78 0.17 99.79 99.70 94.18

6 33379.29 18059.13 933.48 63.73 34.48 1.78 158 243 67 57.24 17.94 0.17 99.91 99.57 94.18

7 23275.08 28752.21 344.61 44.44 54.90 0.66 261 196 28 29.39 35.55 0.1 99.69 99.82 93.07

8 28629.81 23397.48 344.61 54.67 44.67 0.66 192 228 28 38.27 25.76 0.1 99.79 99.70 93.07

9 33379.29 18648 344.61 63.73 35.61 0.66 158 242 28 57.24 18.74 0.1 99.91 99.56 93.07

T 5. C


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ss n r y. C m s n m tr s s s CA/TA, NP n PLAND r t r n s str t r

f t n s s y t n mb r f t s. NPr n fr m 400–550 t s n n n t brs ns. F r x m , NP f r rst br s 534w t 261 t s b n n t ry ns t b , 201 f r

ns t b n 72 f r t n y s t b b t ts. TNP f r t n y s t b b t t t s r s s w t

r s n x s fr m 0.733 t 1 f r w NP sn y 28 (T b 5). S m r y, CA/TA n PLAND n t

w m nt f n by t n y s t b

b t t t s (PLAND = 0.66–4.16 %) s m r t

40–60 % f n by t t r tw b t t ty sr s y. On t t r n , n r n m tr ss s LPI n COHESION r x t r s ts.LPI f r t n y s t b b t t r n fr m 0.1–0.42% f r t n n br s n n n t r st

t s n y 2,177.10 f t t t 52,371.90n s (f r rst br ) (F . 4).T m s n m tr s s w t t b t 18–60

% f t st y r s m s f ns t b b t tsf r t b r s t t n n r s n r m j rr rs n str ms, n nt ns, r s r n sm

t wns n m x f r sts. T m tr s f rt r n t

F 5. N .

F 4. 10% w .


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n y b t 0.66–4.16 % f t st y r s m s ft n y s t b b t t n n r s t

w y fr m rb n r s n m j r r s. NP nCOHESION x b t s r fr m nt n f t n ys t b t s n t w st, ntr n n rt st

r n f st y r (F . 7). T s s sts t t ts n n s z f sm r fr m nts m t b t

s f n f ns fr m t s t s, b s t rr t r s s w t r str b t t r q r m nts

n m t - r ss n b ty w y b s nst s n ts (C nn r & R 1991; D t .1994; W t & C r st 1995; P rs n t . 1996).

T nn ty m tr s (COHESION) rt nf rm n b t t str t r f n s ,

. ., t t s f t n y s t b b t t t sr m r ys y s nn t t n t t r twns t b b t t t s. T s w w r b t s w

m s n, n r n n nn t n ss f tt r b t t t s t t f rm t r n s

b t t r ss t st y r .

CONCLUSION

W r s nt m t f q n fy n m s nn n r n f ss b b t ts f r t R -

W r s n GIS, r m t s ns n nFRAGSTATS. W n t n t r r b s wm y m t b t t q ty n HSI s s tr , tr

m t r n tr s s b s t s r t t

ss ss fr m L n s t m n m s r w t n r t

n s. Hy rs tr m s n r t s r b ss r rt n r nt st y by S nt s t . (2010). D t

t fr m ns t r t r r s w nn n n r s f HSI. T s r m t s

b w t r b s bt n fr m y rs trm s f r b r n rst n n f t rr nt t n

s t b b t t b n t st y r n. Us n

s ns ty n ys s w w r b t s w t t n y f wr s nt n q t m nt f n tr s t t

s st n r f w rs. H w r, t ss ss tf q ty f t b t t w w r q r n s n

f t r r b s s n t b n s n t byr s ts fr m s ns ty n ys s.

T r s ts r y fr m nt n t rf b b t ts n b n r t r r n ss y n r t t wns f K ntz , S sb , n

L mb rt n. M st f t t n y s t b b t tsw r f n w w y fr m t t wns, s y n tw st s f t st y r n r H w ys 326 n 421,

n r t n s n b tw n t m (F . 7). FRAGSTATn ys s r 344 t 2,177 f b

t n y s t b b t t; s ns n f tb t t s t b ty m s ws t t t s b t ts r

y fr m nt n r t t wns n n r t r rn s.W ss m t t R - W rs r

bs nt n r t wns t sm fr m nts f ss bb t ts n f f r n b t t, tr ty nt s n. Of 28–72 s t b b t t t s, s m

b m r t n 50 n r t n b n

r t r r n s (F . 7). T s r s s m

F 6. 10% .


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ns f R - W rs b s f tr s n f m ss ts f r n st n s. Pr s

st s t rm n t t r s r r t n 50 r bt s st n r f R - W rs nt t t y nt n , r rt f n s nf t tytr s w t r n m -st ry. L n wn rs w

R - W r r r r s n m t n n s r r r ss f t s z f t r

r rty by ntr n m -st r s n b n rs. USFWS ss sts n wn rs t m n b t t

n n r s n n s n r nts t r m tR - W r ns r n.

T s st y s n n t t rm n n t q n tyf t n y s t b R - W r

b t t n t rr nt n s n r n r n tB T t N n Pr s r . W n t t t r

r ry f w r t s (t r st n s 47.47 )t t n s st n n r ns f R -W rs n r b t t n ns. M st f

t t s r t w t n st n f n m

n t y m y b t r t f r r st r n n x ns nrts. Ot r f t rs s s n r n m -st ry

n s r ss r s s b ss ss . Tf rt r ss ss t q ty f t s t s t rst y f m -st ry t n, n tr , m t r

n s s s str n y r mm n n t t ns t b b t t t s. In n, r st y r st t w r ns s n t r n m t b fr

n t t w t r r m n m nt r s t r s rr - -w r b t t b t n r t nf r n s, x s n ns ( f ny) m t b

ns r n n w ns m t b st b st r .

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http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22681158A49307003.enhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22681158A49307003.enhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22681158A49307003.enhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22681158A49307003.en


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120(4): 793–800; :// x. . r /10.1676/04-068.1X , L., H. C , P. Y z , Y. M & Z. J (2005).A r y Ass ssm nt f T m C ss n b s n P nt nP y n S m n Un ts, K y b r t ry f En r nm nt C n

n N t r D s st r f M n stry f E n f C n . C fR s r s S n & T n y, B j n N rm Un rs ty, B j n ,C n , 100875.

T T

http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3698.6313-25http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3698.6313-25http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3698.6313-25http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3698.6313-25http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/04-068.1http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/04-068.1http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3698.6313-25http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/04-068.1


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The conservation status of the Fishing CatPrionailurus viverrinus Bennett, 1833 (Carnivora: Felidae)

In Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, NepalI R T y 1, H m S B 2, P P y 3 & P K 4

1 I f L , W S c , C S U , PO B x 789, A b NSW 2640, A2 Sc f E Sc c , C S U , PO B x 789, A b NSW 2640, A2 P : Z c S c f L (ZSL), N O c , PO B x 5867, K , N2,3,4 H N , PO B x 10918, L z , K , N3 P : D f E Sc c , A C , T b U , PO B x 102,K , N1 @c . . (c ),2 .b @ .c ,3 @ .c ,4 _k @ .c

8323

ISSN 0974-7907 (O )ISSN 0974-7893 (P )

OPEN ACCESS

C o m m u n i c a t i o nJ T T x | www. x . | 26 J y 2016 | 8(1): 8323–8332

DOI : :// x. . /10.11609/j .2034.8.1.8323-8332 | Z B k: : :z b k. : b:8BFB7F65-0508-47CD-87A6-6F7B2953C5BC

E :J S , S W C C F , H , USA. D b : 26 J 2016 ( & )

M :M # 2034 | R c 04 J 2015 | F c 10 A 2015 | F cc 05 J 2016

C : T , I.R., H.S. B , P. P & P. K (2016) . T c f F CPrionailurus viverrinus B , 1833 (C : F )I K T W f R , N . Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(1): 8323–8332 ; :// x. . /10.11609/j .2034.8.1.8323-8332

C y : © T . 2016. C C A b 4.0 I L c . J TT w c f c , c b b q c c f b c .

F :T j c w f b T F , A , C S U , A C c Z c S c , USA.

C I :T c c .

A D :S f c .

A C b : A c w k. P P P K w b f c f f . I T H B w b f j c . I T w b f f w .

A k w m :T j c f b T F , C S U C c Z c S c . W w k k R b ccS , M q V S J W z w k f T f c . M q V S b c c c . F 2012 w j j c f C S U , A H N , N . W k

f b w w . A k K R G R S f D f N P k W f C ,N c K T . T D c . C w b FN , I W D . J S . W k S Ac , N j R , S P , S b G Y G f c

S M c f S D A U f C S U f .

Ab : T f F CPrionailurus viverrinus K T W f R , N w b c k c f 2011 2014. T c b w-f b w b c . E c f F C w f f . T w b b b

, f c , j c b z w w c f f b f c . E c f F C w f 6k f K R

b b . T b b b b f c , cT k w b c b x z b

f w w , c c f c c c w f b . R q c c c .

K yw : C , F C , K T W f R , , .

http://orchid.org/0000-0001-8446-5654http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9810-5104http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9810-5104http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8875-2431http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8875-2431http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8875-2431http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0591-9086http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0591-9086http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0591-9086http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2034.8.1.8323-8332http://zoobank.org/References/8BFB7F65-0508-47CD-87A6-6F7B2953C5BChttp://zoobank.org/References/8BFB7F65-0508-47CD-87A6-6F7B2953C5BChttp://zoobank.org/References/8BFB7F65-0508-47CD-87A6-6F7B2953C5BChttp://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2034.8.1.8323-8332http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0591-9086http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8875-2431http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9810-5104http://orchid.org/0000-0001-8446-5654http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


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Status of Fishing Cat In Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal Taylor et al.

INTRODUCTION

T w FC Prionailurus viverrinus (B , 1833), cw S A ,

w c b J , T ,C b , S L k , I , P k , B N (P c ck 1939; C & C 2010; D ckw

. 2010; M k j . 2010, 2012; R 2010).A b c c w c c b c , w

f w q , c c c c (N w

& J ck 1996; M k j . 2010, 2012). I I c ’ b c

f W B , A , O , A

P T w bN (S q & S q 2002; M k j .2012; S & R 2013; J . 2014).I f b f b c

c f c f c c K w I w bb cc (J . 2014). WN , F C k w cc w

c f T (D & D 2011;J w . 2011; M 2013), b

c b c . T

q f c I N .T bj c f w c

f c K T W f R ,N b c c

, b b w c f c b . T

c ’ b w x k c f c

f b . I , f w c ’ k w c

f F C , c c c ’ b .

STUDY AREA

K T W f R , b 1976,x b w 86055’–87 005’E & 26034’–26 045’N

f K R T f N c f c f 175k ² w

b z f 173k ². B w 1958 1964, b w c c c K R

I / N b 5k f

b k w c c b f b c c w

b . T c c f , b 17k 9k w w w

b k . T b w f 20 . T c w-f

b , c c , b k , , w ,

f f , w c w b f . I 1960

c w w f b w x . T

b c w f b cc f ; b w 1976 2010

c w b c b 17%

w c b 45%. I 2010, 10% f c w

6% w , w 56% w b k f (C

. 2013; F . 1).P b , K T

w x b c f ckz , c c f w .

T c b c f .

A b bj c f

ck c c f c c ck c c b(CSUWN 2009; DNPWC 2009).

A f f w c b z . I

w f c f w c w c

f , w f c f F C . T w f ,

w z f b c f w c - b k

c . W f w x b f

w . M c f w f w cc b z b c

ck w .T b z c f c f c

b b k w b k, w c w c .

O f w f b k

b c b

c 1990 (CSUWN 2009). T


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-c c f fb f K ( q )

w . T ( b 1,000–2,000 ²) b b , w

b k f c . S b c b w ,

f w f ,

b , c c c , b b f f c ,

f z . O w f b c f K R

b c T j R , w c c c f

w . P b f F C c .

I 2008 xc b k b k c f ,

f w , f b 1 k f

K (K . 2013). C q , bf F C b c .

D 1950 , b f

b , K T

f f c TPanthera gris

L P. pardus . H w , f w f f f

1950 , c wx . T x c c (C

& P 2010).

METHODS

C m D 2011 w c c

f c ’ b f , w b

z (I 1). C w wb b w 19 A 2011 19 J 2011

P k , M b , K J b ,c f f f

. S x c w 10–12 c .

F F b D c b 2013 f c w k 12

w w c f

F 1. M K T W R b z w b m F C y . R wm m w m k m .

P k

M b


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b z . O wc x f

K w (F . 1). W w c w c w

w w . I , cw c K T B Ob 12k

f ; bc b w 300 f w b

f f F C . A c cw c 50–100 f w

b c c . T b fc c f 13,

x f b b .

T f c f c , b c f

c , b c c c T b 1.S c w f c f F C

k . A f c - w c f k f b

w w c w . W

F b 2014, c w w b k f b c f K R .

A x 1k w f f , c f 100

f x x b k wc . I c f

c w f b cw cc w b f ck. P kw c f c f c

f c w f b .O b k f , f f12k w , 2k , f300 f b w c . A

f K b , f , 2k f K b z w c .

D y D c w k f

f c c b b , b c z , c w x b

f 330 c 46 N b D c b f 2013. T

f 808 c . A w

T b 1. L b m m

S G M w y H b

A 26041.4’N & 87 004.6’E Ac F w c , c f c b , c fb b b , c

B 26041.4’N & 87 004.8’E Ac & F w c b w , c

f b b b , c .

C 26041.2’N & 87 004.5E Ab , & ,Ac w b , , c fb b b

D 26 041.1’N & 87 003.4’E Ac Ac w b , c f b b b

E 26040.4’N & 87 003.5’E Ac & b Ac w b , c f b b b

F 26040.2’N & 87 004.2’E Ac b Ac w b , c f b b b , c b

G 26039.3’N & 87 003.4’E Ab & R f w j c b . Nc

H 26 039.1’N & 87 003.3’E Ac F w c f w c

I 26 039.1’N & 87 003.4’E Sw b R f w b w

J 26 037.3’N & 87 001.7’E K R Sc b w c x f b

K 26038.4’N & 86 056.7’E T j R O z w c b , b k

L 26043.5’N & 87 000.2’E O w xb w k O z w xb w k w wIpomea carnea

Im 1. F C P by m b z K T W R , N - 2011

© P P y/P K /H m y N


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b c w b f c , w c q c b c b f .

V ’ F CT c k w c f c f 208 w

b z w w 2011. T w kf F C , w w , w

c ’ b w , w w w c c . A

w F C c w x b w w f

f 55 f .

RESULTS

D b F CC : T c f F C w

c b c f b z , f K w , c w b z (F . 2). V c

f F C w f f w b ,

b f b w f c

q ck w q c fc . I 2011 , F

C w c , P k , M b , K J b . I

c , f F C w c .

I f 2013/14, f F Cw c (75%) f 12

(T b 2). I j f c (80.4%) w FC w c

w b . I c (5.9%)w w b f c

c w 10 . A w k w

F 2. M K T W R B Zw w F C w .

R w m w m k .

T b 2. C m m mb F C m b , 2013.

S M N C mN

NN C m /

NF C

mIm /10m

P m k

A N b 8 5 40 2 0.5 Y

B N b 13 10 100 1 0.1 Y

C M c 5 5 25 2 0.8 Y

D M c 7 5 35 2 0.57 Y

E M c 5 5 24 0 0 Y

F D c b 8 5 36 7 1.94 Y

G F b 8 6 41 8 1.95 Y

H D c b 13 4 52 11 2.12 Y

I F b 9 6 45 0 0 Y

J M c 5 5 25 0 0 N

K M c 5 5 25 2 0.8 N

L M c 6 5 30 13 4.33 Y


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f c w c c

. T f c (13.7%) , w . T b f c f

z 18 b w cc b w b f c

10 c b f

c ( = -0.14, P = 0.66). T bf b w . I

, 10 c w b w b f c k w w b b f

. T c c f ck . O c

c J CFelis chaus , S IC Viverricula indica , J ck Canis aureus , I F xVulpes bengalensis (T b 3).

P k : F C k w f

c w w b b w f w w b . A w

w f c w b w k (T b 2). P k w

f f w (F2). O f wb k f c , f

w xc f q , bw f w w f c

c w . P k w f f b k 2, 4 6

k b b b f. I c w ck w c

w f f w . P k w f

j f K b , b w f 2k f K .

D y C c b

b c f f fb f b f

. O w (4.2%

f ) w b f w f w

b f . A c f w c

c . I f k , w c

f : c b q c w w

c b f (F . 3).

V ’ k w F C

S c (78%) f 208 w F C , 66% f ,

c . Of c , 83%

f 17% k . N c . A f

w F C f , c c f

b w w . H f (50%) f w b F C

w c , 16.5% b b c , 16.5% c c

. S x - c(67%) w f f c c 33%w k b c f c b

f f . O 8% k w F C w c . S

F C w c f k c ck

w b k b c c . Tw c

c f w b c f

2013/14 , f w c c

T b 3. T mb y m mm m

F C J C Sm I C J k I F x

48 9 7 23 1

F 3. A y F C K T WR m b . D

m m 2013.

Hours before and after sunset

-2-0 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16

P e r c e n

t a g e o

f i m a g e s

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

N = 96

s u n r i s e

s u n s e

t


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c w .

Aq m F Cw m

A w x f c fC (F C ), c RLabeo .,N Cirrhinus mrigala , B C (T T k )

Aris chthys nobilis , C C Cyprinus carpio ,G C (G M c )Ctenopharyngodon idellus

S C (C M c )Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix. T w ck w f c ,

f A M b M c f w

. F w c f cc f f I . T c f c

f 2014 w 300–500 N k f cc f 500 N f I f . F

w f w b w fc c , c , c k

. T w b f w6–8 w D c b

F b w w f 0.5–1.0 k w . S c 2014 w b w 150 250 N k c .C C , R N f c

c . F w b w

c . Of 55 w w ,

(16.4%) b F C k f , w (5.5%)

c c . F (27.3%) b J C k 12 (21.8%) . F (72.7%)

“O ” ( S -cO Lutra perspicillata ) k f 37(67.3%) c .O c w k c J ck (9.1%), M L z Varanus bengalensis (7.3%), M C c Crocodylus palustris (20%). A k fF C b c , 40 f w(72.7%) c x , S (12.7%)

w f f c w (9.1%) . T b FC c c b f k w

w w k F C f k . I c , 67.3% f w b

c w c k c f .

DISCUSSION

S F CF c b f c

k , F C w w cc c f K T W f R b z . T b c c

b z w . P kw f c f b c f c w w c w b k c f FC w c c c f c . T f b z

f K w f c : c c f k cc c f

.A b

z f c w f c , b

f c . T b K TR b b

f F C c b b . I b z , f b 24k ², f

w 2011. B c , c

C w N P k (CNP) w , 868c f 160k ²

F C w f 4.4 c 100k ² (M 2013). T

CNP c f F C , w K T ,b w b

f c c w c. I b

K T b x f - b c f .

T w c c c w c

b c c c cc c c ,b b f c (R c

& J 2009; B . 2010; R .2013; L P . 2014). H w , K T

b f f F C .

T b f b 10c ’

f z 18 b w b c

b c f f .


24/116



W k w f wb b c b f c c f

c ’ c .

D y T f c f w c . L . (2013),

c c T ,f - z c w

b : c c L CPrionailurusbengalensis C L Neofelis nebulosa w c w A c GC Catopuma temminckii w M b C Pardofelis marmorata , c .T c x f F C w c . O b

f f F C . A K T , b c f f , c w

f b f w b w

f k , c b f c c w c . N ,

ck f c f w f b f c w

b b w , w b b f . I

k w f K T w c f

c w x w b f

. M f F C ’ c b b b : b

c f w c (DVM), cc c w f c (M 2012). M

c b f f M b c (R . 2006).

T yF b f

k w , b f c

. W c f , w b b f ck

b f ,c , b b

f ck z w . R f c c ,

c c , b , c f . T, w , f b c

x c w f c z ck

(CSUWN 2009); c x f z b .T c b f

k w . I k

b . O b z b . U , q ck

k f b 6k . D w ,

I f . O w f

b bf K R c T j R b

f . A x f b b c

c c c f b b w b w b c f x f

c . I c x , f b c b b

z c x c c c bc f x .

L c K T c k wF C w . M k w,

, f b f c .H w , f w w w F C

j w f f c c ,

c b k . I c c f c ’ b

c c b ’ c f

c ’ c .T c

F C k w c q c f c k w k w f c ’

. M w f c c b

b w F C b k . Tw c f k w

c . O f w b F C k

f . T f w w b w c , w ,

cc c f k w .I b b c f

c c c f w J C k f

. I f J C w c b c f c

c w 48 f

F C f , w


25/116



c c c F C . A J C k w c c (S q & S q

2002; M k j . 2004; M j . 2011).M b b w b w

c b F C w J C cc c fF C b

b w . A c cf F C w c w ’ b c .

T c f f k f F C x f , z c f

w c . If f

c - w cc f (c )

c c b ( N w 1998). A z f F C K T

k w k w f c f c f

c c b w k f c b f c b c . T

w c cc . H c

f F C b w F C ’ c c w

b c c . I fI , b x

c b c c (M k j . 2012).I c c c c c b w

F C K T , c , b

f c . H w , k b c x. I

q f b f F C x

w c F C c ff . F f b b

c c f - z , b C , w b f c

c c . A c xc F C f c f c c b

c . A w f F C j b ,

j b S -c O b w xc f

b f c , c w xcF C .

S b c f

c f F C , k , w

b c b f f b f c . B M c

f f ckw f cc A M . T w

b f , b f , w b f c w c .

T x w c F C f K T k w b c

c c ’ .I , c k w b , , b , , c ,c c c (H q & V j 1993) w

c ck c c (N w & K ck 1996).I K T F C b b c f c ck

w b f . T b f cb c c b c f L

c K T .C f k b f (M . 2006). F

f c c K T ,F C b c w

, k f f . T c b z

f c , c f b

(A . b . 2013) c f c . If F C c

b c f c , c b c f b .

T f - f c f F C ’ c

K T b c c.

I , F C w bc b c c . I

f 1960 c f f w f

b cc . A f

b z w b k f

j c w c kw f b . T

w c w b f w w f c w w . N w w b w f b

k f b c c fb f c w b c c .


26/116



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c b f - c , c f w c . H b

j c N f 36 . Hem Sagar Baral P D Ecf U f A , T N . H b

w f c c f c b

. I w k CEO f B L f N , fc k H N N O c U

f f b f , c C M f Z c S c f L - N O c . Prava

Pandey MSc E Sc c f T b U . S b w f c c f b x c

c f N . I w k c cf H N . C b w k - c

D f E Sc c , T b U w c f w f z f N . Mrs. Prativa Kaspal

c M D E Sc c f T b w U .S b b c c w f c

c c b c f b f N f . S w k c

c z , H N f x .C w b , b b k

b C c E P N . B , w k c B k M C ,

T b w U .

T T x

http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3780.5569-73http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3780.5569-73http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3780.5569-73http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3780.5569-73http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3780.5569-73http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2713.2221-5http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2713.2221-5http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2713.2221-5http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2713.2221-5http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2713.2221-5http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2713.2221-5http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18150A7673993.en.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18150A7673993.en.http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3199.3355-61http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3199.3355-61http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3199.3355-61http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3199.3355-61http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3199.3355-61http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3199.3355-61http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3199.3355-61http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18150A7673993.en.http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2713.2221-5http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3780.5569-73


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Avifauna of Chamba District, Himachal Pradesh, India withemphasis on Kalatop-Khajjiar Wildlife Sanctuary and its

surroundingsT q A S 1, V A 2, M A 3 & C S 4

1,2,3 F e Re e c D o , W fe I fo o L o De e op e (WILD) Soc e y, 96 K N g ,V k c Ro , Co b o e, T N 641035, I1,4 N H o y M e W fe B o ogy & T xo o y L b, Dep e of Zoo ogy, U e y Co ege ofSc e ce, O U e y, Hy e b , Te g S e 500007, I4 Sy e c , Eco ogy & Co e o L bo o y, Zoo O e c O g z o (ZOO), 96 K N g , V k cRo , Co b o e, T N 641035, I1 e 143@g .co , 2 @zoo e c .o g,3 @zoo e c .o g,4 y 2 w @g .co (co e po g o ),

8333

ISSN 0974-7907 (O e)ISSN 0974-7893 (P )

OPEN ACCESS

C o m m u n i c a t i o nJ T T x | . x . | 26 J 2016 | 8(1): 8333–8357

DOI: p:// x. o .o g/10.11609/ o .1774.8.1.8333-8357 | Z B k: : :zoob k.o g:p b:04535031-8C1A-46A3-B704-237E80666929

E :R S. K , Dep e of Zoo ogy, M.L.N. Co ege, H y , I . D : 26 J y 2016 (o e & p )

M :M # 1774 | Rece e 19 J y 2015 | F ece e 15 J y 2016 | F y ccep e 19 J y 2016

C : S , T.A., V. A , M. A & C. S (2016). A f of C b D c , H c P e , I w e p o K op-K W feS c y o g . Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(1): 8333–8357 ; p:// x. o .o g/10.11609/ o .1774.8.1.8333-8357

C : © S e . 2016. C e e Co o A b o 4.0 I e o L ce e. JoTT ow e c e e of c e y e , ep o c o b o by p o g e e c e o e o e o ce of p b c o .

F :T y o oo of e H y L g P o ec f e by CLP, MBZ RSG.

C I :T e o ec e o co c of e e . F g o ce o o e y e g , co ec o , e e p e o c pw g.

A D :Tariq A. Shah wo ke e e c e e H y L g P o ec f e by CLP, MBZ RSG p e e y oc o e wo k g

o e o ec p y oge y of R opo of I Dep e of Zoo ogy, O U e y. Vishal Ahuja wo ke e e c e e H yL g P o ec f e by CLP, MBZ RSG p e e y wo k g Re e c e e ‘co e g e oo Se op ec x p o ec ’ f e byCLP. Martina Anandam w e e c e w WILD wo ke w e H y L g P o ec . He wo k ce e p y o g co yco e o e H y b o p e e. C. Srinivasulu e e W fe B o ogy T xo o y L b Dep e of Zoo ogy, O U e y wo k o

o ec p y oge e c , xo o y, eco ogy b ogeog p y of e po of So A .

A C :CS co ce e e y; TAS, VA, MA co c e e e wo k; CS TAS e e e b w o e e p pe .

A k :T e o wo ke o k D . S y Mo , Zoo O e c O g z o WILD Soc e y, Co b o e, I fo e co ge e . Weo k e PCCF (W fe), H c P e fo y pe . T e y o oo of e Co e o Le e p P og e G o H y G y

L g P o ec . We o ck ow e ge e f g ece e o g R o ’ S G P og e Mo B Z ye Spec e Co e o F . TAS CS k e He , Dep e of Zoo ogy, O U e y, Hy e b , Te g S e fo f c e .

A :T e f e y of C b D c of H c P e w e p o K op-K W fe S c y

o g w ob e e fo pe o of o e ye be wee 2012 2013. We ob e e 95 pec e of b be o g g o 12 o e 40 f e . Of e y, 41 pec e we e b o co o , 34 occ o 20 e. Mo pec e we e e e (83 pec e ,

c g wo pec e w o e pop o c e e g w e ) e e we e g ( c g e w e g g pec e ee e g g pec e ). A o of 302 pec e of b e bee epo e f o C b D c be wee 1884 p e e .

A y of ece p b e e e co c o w e p e e y e e 178 pec e of b e bee epo e f oC b D c ce 2000. T e p e e y epo 11 ew eco fo e c .

K :A f , C b D c , c eck , K op-K W fe S c y, ew eco .

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5015-4716http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5015-4716http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-176Xhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-176Xhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-176Xhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-5501-5774http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5501-5774http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5501-5774http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-8580http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-8580http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-8580http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1774.8.1.8333-8357http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1774.8.1.8333-8357http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1774.8.1.8333-8357http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1774.8.1.8333-8357http://zoobank.org/References/04535031-8C1A-46A3-B704-237E80666929http://zoobank.org/References/04535031-8C1A-46A3-B704-237E80666929http://zoobank.org/References/04535031-8C1A-46A3-B704-237E80666929http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1774.8.1.8333-8357http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-8580http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5501-5774http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-176Xhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-5015-4716http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


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INTRODUCTION

B p y o e eco y e ey co ope pop o o g p e o c e g g,

po e, pe e ee , e g o c e e pco e ge, e o ecog ze b o og c c o(G ego y e . 2003). Of e 9026 pec e of b

b e c o e wo , I bo bo 1300pec e , be o g g o 88 f e (M k & P e

2001; R e & A e o 2005). F o e 1900 ,e e ey of e H y foo c og g

e b fe we e co c e . T e o e f ey C b D c of H c P e we e co c e

by M (1884) L e e (1898), epo g be of g e b , ke e C ee P e , We e

T gop , H y Mo , K P e eC ko P ge. T e o ece e of e

c e of S g (2011) S g & B y (2013).T k (1987), M b (1992), T k e . (2002), P ey(1993) T k (2008) o p b e o e o b

e y o e e ec e e of e C b D c .T e p e e y e w e b o

of f of K op-K W fe S c y o g , w ob e o o b f o

o e e of C b D c , H c P e .

STUDY AREA AND METHODS

T e C b D c (32011’30–33 013’6”N &75 049’0–77 o3’30”E), H c P e , I e e

e foo of e H y , w y e e e b e p e y o g e . F e

w fe c e , e G g -S y be S c y(108.40k 2), K op-K S c y (17.17k2),K g S c y (379k 2), Sec -T N S c y(320.29k 2) T S c y e p e e C b D c (WII 2015).

T e p e e y w co c e K op-KW fe S c y (32031’56.4”N & 76 002’18.9”E)

o g c g C b (32033’10.5”N &76 007’32.6”E), G (32031’48.7”N & 76 004’55.1E”),G e (32030’35.9”N & 76 004’12.2”E), T (32030’51.2”N& 76 003’26.8”E) Jo (32029’14.4”N & 76 003’35.4”E).We o e occ o oppo c ey o e p of C b D c o oc e f

e y. T e e e e oc e e g gf o 1,185–2,768 . T e c e y b- op co e pe e, w o e e be g b- c c. T e

e f bo 800 , y g

e o oo pe o . D g e w e o of e

e e co e e e ow. Te pe e gef o -10 0C o 350C. T e K op-K S c y( o e 1958) (WII 2015) oc e e we ofC b D c o e e o e p e e e fo e

of e H c P e . T e ege o y oDeo fo e we e xe co fe o fo e wp e p e ce g e e e o (C p o

& Se 1968). T e o g ee pec e e DeoCedrus deodara B e P ePinus wallichiana . O eco o ee pec e b g e p ce e Ho eC e Aesculus indica, Rhododendron Rhododendronarboreum , O k Quercus ilex W Juglans regia .T e b co p e ofBerberis p. , Prinsepia u lis, Rosamoschata, Rubus p. , Daphne p. and Cannabis sa va.A g e e e o , H y S e F Abies pindrow

Yew Taxus baccata ee e o e co o .T e y w co c e f o 05 M y 2012 o 30

Ap 2013 ze e b g e . S e ,fo e , g o po e b bwe e exp o e o y e b e y. S ey we ec e o e y o g e e e g o( e pe k c y of b 1 o 2 o e

e befo e e ) (T k 2010). B we eg e w e e p of e b oc (O y p 8x40g c o ) we e p o og p e w N ko

D70 So y C e w 70–300 zoo . Cof o e b we e o eco e . I e c o w

c e o w e e p of o e g e keA (1949), A & R p ey (1983 ,b), G e e .(1999). T e o e c e e M k & P e(2004), xo o c ge e fo ow g G &Do ke (2014). T e eco e e c ey wkep ep e yze fo e e b ceo e b of f e e cy of g g , pe M cK o& P p (1993) T k (2008). T e b ec ego ze A - Ab ( g e o e 50 e ),C - Co o ( g e p o e e ), O - Occ o( g e e e ) R - R e ( g e o ce). B eo e p e e ce/ b e ce e o , e e of b bee co p e e e c ego e

ke e e , w e o e o we eg e .

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

D g e ye - o g y, o of 95 pec ebe o g g o 12 o e 40 f e we e eco e(T b e I, I ge 1–95). Of e o pec e eco e , 19

pec e e bee fo o be b , 22 co o , 34

occ o 20 e occ e ce. E g y-o e pec e


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Birds of Chamba Shah et al.

of b we e e e pec e , e pec e w eo , ee pec e e o wo pec e

we e e e w o e pop o we e g ew e e o . O y wo pec e of e o be o ge

o e e e c ego y of IUCN w o be g LeCo ce .O e -w e y owe P e fo e (69

pec e ) o e e f e y, fo owe byF co fo e (6 pec e ), G fo e Co c fo e(4 pec e e c ), P c fo e Co b fo e (3

pec e e c ), Pe ec fo e , A e fo e ,C fo e , P c fo e , S g fo e Apo fo e (1 pec e e c ). F y-w e y

owe M c c p e (15 pec e ) we e ob , fo owe by Co e (6 pec e ), Acc p e

Mo c e (5 pec e e c ), P e,Le o c e, T e P e e (4 pec e e c ),Co b e, Pyc o o e, P y o cop e, P e

Nec e (3 pec e ), A ce e, P c e,C pep g e, C co e, S e F g e(2 pec e e c ), P c oco c e, A e,F co e, Sco op c e, P c e, S g e,Apo e, Co c e, Up p e, Meg e,H e, Mo c e, C c e, P e e,Aeg e, T c o o e, Ce e, D c e e,Zo e op e, E be z e D c e ep e e eby 1 pec e e c (F g. 1).

A e e y of b C b D c by S ke . (2008) P g V ey epo e p e e ce of 62

pec e be o g g o 19 f e . A o e y o ef of o -e e eg o of e c by S g

(2011) e e e e p e e ce of 103 pec e eco ef o K e -B o -Ho -Deo -N y g o e 2008–2009. A e y of f of K L ke by S g& B y (2013) epo e e p e e ce of 77 pec e ofb be o g g o 31 f e . T e eg o f o w e eS g (2011) epo e b e y fo e ppec c e e of e R R e C b D c . Ao y pe o e owe c c e e of eR R e , po o co p e pec e g e

g o y w of S g (2011) o ee o . A y 40 pec e e c

we e epo e by S g (2011) b o g e by (T b e 1).T k g o cco e o c eco e e

e ( ee T b e 1), o of 302 pec e e beeeco e o f f o C b D c , of w c 178pec e e eco e f o 2000 o w e e

(124 pec e ) e bee epo e e e b eo bee ob e e e ece ye (T b e 1). O

y epo 11 ew eco fo e c : Anser

indicus B - e e Goo e, Streptopelia turtur E opeT e Do e,Coracias garrulus E ope Ro e , Anthushodgsoni O e T ee P p ,Turdus rubrocanus C eT , Pheonicurus frontalis B e-f o e Re ,Saxicola maurus A S o e C ,Phylloscopus griseolusO ceo Le f-W b e , Phylloscopus subviridis B ook’Le f W b e ,Dicaeum agile T ck-b e F owe pecke ,

and Passer pyrrhonotus S Sp ow.T e po o e w o e e pec e

eco e g e p e e y e – ( ) P e fo e : T o e ep e e e by 69 pec e be o g g o 25f e po o g e e M c c p e(15 pec e ), Co e (6 pec e ), Mo c e (5

pec e ), Le o c e, T e, P e e (4pec e e c ), Pyc o o e, P e, P y o cop e

Nec e (3 pec e e c ), C pep g e,C co e, S e, F g e (2 pec e e c ), ( ) F co fo e ( o e ep e e e by x pec ebe o g g

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