ces

ences publishes my (2) proceedshyj (3) correspondshyd with tb~ Bcienshypond to calendar

hat contributors ipts to tbe usage ootnotes t~ble8 should be typeshy

serially in pencil msibility for the ler than obvious

enerally be sent lbmitted in final

of $150 per page ltuthors who are han 200 reprints bove rate Short the first 200 and S7 50 fo r tbe first purchasing comshy

or a publication ges are hon ()red 3 allowed against

lrial or excessi ve )e charged to the hor

$750

Per Number

$0 70 060 090

3 incl) available

FriedmaIlll $1 50

is (sympoium) NY) ~5 00

$7 50

$25 ()0

2 00 ~rice8 on request

bullim is made to the

of Sciences and reet NW Wash-

IS should be sent ton 5 DC

ebrusry 28 1925

JOURNAL OF THE

WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 MARCH 1959 No3

PAPERS COMPRISING A SYMPOSIUM ON THE SUBJECT EXTRAshyMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ARRANGED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (GEORGE W IRVING CHAIRMAN) AND PRESENTED SUNDAY MORNING DECEMBER 28 1958 AT THE SHERATONshyPARK HOTEL WASHINGTON D C AS THE ACADEMYS CONshyTRIBUTION TO THE 125TH MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Introductory Remarks by Dr A T McPherson Presiding

It is a great pleasure for me as the Presishy Federal support or may wish to it occurred dent of the Washington Academy of Scishy to us that the aspect that would be of most ences to welcome you to the symposium on interest to the greatest number would be Extramural Science Programs of the Fedshy the extramural science programs each eral Government This symposium is the agency sponsors It is particularly approshyWashington Academys contribution to the priate we feel that the Vashington Acadshy125th meeting of the American Association emy of Sciences has been given the opporshyfor the Advancement of Science As you tunity to do this since it is the one scientific know Washington is the scientific as well society in the Nations Capital that counts as the political Capital of the United States among its membership representatives of all Every major scientific activity in our Govshy the scientific disciplines Included in its ernment has its headquarters in or nearby membership also are many of the policyshyVashington Moreover several of the nashy making scientists of the Federal Governshytional scientific societies have established ment their national headquarters here in Washshy Perhaps it is appropriate at the outset ington owing at least in part to their desire to indicate what we mean by extramural to be near the scientific activities being conshy science programs liVe mean simply any ducted here at the seat of Government programs that are conducted outside of the Among these is of course our own Associashy physical facilities of an agency and staffed tion predominantly by non-Federal employees

Since Washington is unique in being the This includes scholarships fellowships center of Federal scientific activity it was grants grants-in-aid loans contracts and felt in planning this symposium that our cooperative programs most useful contribution would be to have It would be impossible in the time allotted representatives of the principal agencies of this session to include a description of every the Federal Government describe some asshy extramural program that is now in effect in pect of the research supported by them Inshy the Federal Government ~Te have selected asmuch as many who attend the AAAS rather the six Federal agencies which toshymeetings have conducted research under gether support the maj ority of extramural

65

66 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 No3

research and science education programs in the country They are as your program inshydicates the National Science Foundation the National Institutes of Health the US Department of Agriculture the Department of Defense the Atomic Energy Commission and th e National Aeronau tics and Space Administration The representatives of these agencies here with us today can speak authoritatively on the extramural programs for which their agencies are responsible since they occupy in each case high positions in their respective agencies

The order of presentation is immaterial except for the first We have asked the repshyresentative of the National Science Founshydation to lead off since the NSF in addition to its responsibility for its own direct exshytramural programs has certain coordinating responsibilities for science programs in all Federal Government agencies as well

We hope that this symposium will give you a clear picture of the extramural reshysearch and science education program of the Federal Government in its entirety

-Extramural Science Programs of the National Science Foundation

By ROBERT B BRODE Associate Director for Research National Science Foundation

Weare here as representatives of several of the Federal agencies to discuss the nature and scope of our respective agencies extrashymural programs for research and education in science The National Science Foundation conducts no research or education programs itself All the support of education and reshysearch by the Foundation is through extrashymural grants and contracts

The nature of the activities of the Founshydation and its objectives are adequately deshyscribed in the Act of Congress which was approved by the President in May 1950 and led to the establishment of the National Science Foundation as an independent Fedshyeral agency Section 3 of this Act states that the Foundation is authorized and dishyrected to develop and encourage the purshysuit of a national policy for the promotion of basic research and education in the scishyences to initiate and support basic scientific research to appraise the impact of reshysearch

In carrying out these directives the Founshydation is itself forbidden to operate any laboratories or pilot plants The Act permits the making of contracts or grants for scishyentific research through the utilization of appropriations available in such a manner as will best realize the obj ectives of the Foundation There is very great freedom given to the Foundation in the choice of

organizations or institutions to which grants or contracts may be given vVhile nonprofit organizations are particularly identified the Foundation is not exclusively restricted to this type of agency It may make grants to such institutions individuals agencies of the United States and the several States as are qualified to best realize the obj ectives of the Foundation-in particular the adshyvance of basic research

A very substantial part of the business of the National Science Foundation is the supshyport of basic research in science through institutions and individuals that are best qualified to pursue such research Advisory panels and program officers of the Foundashytion consider many factors in assessing reshysearch proposals the qualifications and promise of the investigator the nature of the proposed research proj ect and the fashycilities and support provided by the institushytion

The Foundation is very conscious of the outstanding contributions made by a small number of scientists with exceptional abilshyity These men together with a much larger number of good but not remarkable workers will create the new developments in basic science The Foundation is constantly lookshying for the young scientist who shows signs of real originality and boldness in his apshyproach to scientific research

MARCH 1959 EX

In some areas needs are easi ly IT may satisfy thc fields however t li in science depend~ necessary tools aJ

modern research and require largt technicians for th actors cyclotron optical astronom~ built in part 01

grants In addition to

required Founda projects provides as research assisu graduate student degree

Most of the bilE

is carried foman versities It is th ~ nearly all the Fo research is given learning This su~ every case throug than by a contra(

In addition to search the Founo tial program for t in the basic scient rected by Congre age a national pc education in the to award scholan award of fellows appears to have L ful enterprise ar have been assistc( ship support ha~ doctoral research ior and senior f developing new r( hance their com competition for J

tion fellowships i a fellowship is cc very high schola search promise

Foundation su sciences extends j

in all States thrc ence teacher inst

67 S VOL 49 NO 3

ltion is immaterial lave asked the repshymal Science FounshyIe NSF in addition its own direct exshy

crtain coordinating cc programs in all ncies as well mposium will give the extramural reshybon program of the ts entirety

Foundation

ence Foundation

ons to which grants ~ n While nonprofit larly identified the sively restricted to lay make grants to duals agencies of the several States alize the obj ectives particular the ad-

t of the business of mdation is the supshyin science through uals that are best research Advisory ers of the Foundashy)]s in assessi ng reshyqualifications and tor the nature of OJ ect and the fashyded by the institushy

Y conscious of the s made by a small h exceptional abilshywith a much larger emarkable workers elopments in basic is constantly lookshy

ist ho shows signs boldness in his apshyarch

MARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL PROGRAMS OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

In some areas of research the scientists needs are easily met-books pen and paper may satisfy th e mathematician In most fields however the success of basic research in science depends on the accessibility of the necessary tools and assistants Some of the modem research facilities are very costly and require large staffs of scientists and technicians for their operation Nuclear reshyactors cyclotrons computers radio and optical astronomy observatories have been built in part or wholly by Foundation grants

In addition to providing the equipment required Foundation support of research proj ects provides employment opportunities as research assistants for more than 6000 graduate students studying for the PhD degree

Most of the basic research in this country is carried forward by our colleges and unishyversities It is therefore not surprising that nearly all the Foundation support of basic research is given to institutions of higher learning This support is provided in almost every case through the use of a grant rather than by a contract

In addition to its support of basic reshysearch the Foundation supports a substanshytial program for the promotion of education in the basic sciences The Foundation is dishyrected by Congress to develop and encourshyage a national policy for the promotion of education in the sciences and in particular to award scholarships and fellowships The award of fellowships to graduate students appears to have been an unusua lly successshyful enterprise and thousands of scientists have been assisted by this program Fellowshyship support has been extended to postshydoctoral research workers and even to junshyior and senior faculty to assist them in developing new research programs or to enshyhance their competence as t eachers The competition for National Science Foundashytion fellowships is severe and the award of a fellowship is considered as recognition of very high scholastic achievement and r eshysearch promise

Foundation support of education in the sciences extends to universiti es and colleges in all States through establishment of scishyence teacher institutes These are designed

to improve the training of science t eachers especially secondary-school t eachers in the subject matter of sc ience Approximately 350 summer institutes will be functioning under this program in the summer of 1959 In addition about 35 academic year instishytutes will begin in the fall of 1959 as well as some 200 in-service institutes designed to benefit the teach er who lives in the vishycinity of the college or university by offering courses taught at night or on Saturdays

The Foundation has developed several experimental programs in education most of these are built upon patterns established either by the fellowship or the institute program The Foundation is also extending substantial support to curriculum improveshyment programs for secondary-school science courses in physics mathematics chemistry and biology but extending as well to many of the other sciences

Knowledge is society s most precious posshysession and a very important and rapidly growing area of knowledge is basic sc ience The value and use of knowledge can be asshysured for future generations only if we r eshycord in publications the results of our reshysearch The critical problem of scientific literature is illustrated by the tremendous volume that must be assimilated If the auditorium were full all of the people in this room reading 24 hours a day could not keep up with our present output of scientific literature The rate of increase of literature is such that the worlds output in pages per year will double in the next 85 years The National Science Foundation has contribshyuted substantially to this flood of scientific literature by making grants to scientific soshycieties to aid in the establishment of new journals or in the expansion in size of ex istshying pUblications The importance of Soviet scientific developments has been recognized in our program for English translations of important journals and books that are availshyable only in the Russian language

Not only is it necessary to print and store in our libraries the full account of our total knowledge but we must also develop the m eans of identification and retri eval of this knowledge We are assisting abstract jourshynals as well as general studies of new means of searching for information The Office of

68

60

CROWTII Of IIAORfOUNDATION SUffORT fROGRAMS FY 1952-59

--shy-shy- - -shy-

- middot-

JOUR AL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 No3

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Millions of Dollars 120

100

80 1--- - -shy

40 1---- shy

20 1-- --shy

O ____L 1952 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

Fiscal Yeors (Est)

CHART 1

Science Information Service is a division of the Foundation that provides assistance and coordination to Government and private abshystracting and information-handling services It is not a Government office set up to anshyswer requests of the general public or of Government agencies for information about specific technical questions

There have been two events since the inshyitiation of the Foundation in 1950 which have appreciably changed the anticipated growth of Federal support for this agency Tbe International Geophysical Year which officially ends next Wednesday has been an intensive burst of scient ific effort with a year of preparation and an 18-month year of coordinated observations For some years to Gome the results and deductions from this period of observation will be published in scientific journals The second event that affected the Foundations budget was the awakening of the world by the Russian Sputnik We have suddenly realized that leadership can be substantially influenced by the intellectual and technical attain-

DOLLARS

bull InlernofKgtnol Geophysical Yeor

bull Facilities

bull Education in the Sciences

Research

ments of a nation This leadership requires not only adequate support for the research of its talented scholars but also an educashytional system that identifies potential schol shyars and gives them the best possible prepshyaration for their careers Chart 1 shows the growth and magnitud e of the support given the Foundation

The National Science Foundation makes grants to scien tists on the basis of proposals submitted to it and reviewed by panels of special ists and by the Foundations program offices Some of these grants assure support for three to five years whil e others are for one or two years The funds provided by Congress have only been sufficient to enable the Foundation to grant less than a third of the proposals it receives It is quite natshyural that the scientist who has won the competition for an award will return after a year or two for further support and he will then because of the greater opportunity provided by the Foundation funds present an even better justification for his support The percentage of proposals for research support to which grants were awarded is shown in Chart 2 This is by no means an established pattern of support Many mershyitorious proposals are now refused grants At times we have been able to grant less than one-third of the requests considered worthy of support by the review panels

The use of substantial funds by the Founshydation has enabled it to support the conshystruction of such facilities as the National Radio Astronomy Observatory Green Bank W Va and the Ki tt P eak National Observatory Tucson Ariz These national laboratories and institutes carry with their creation an implied commitment for conshytinued operating budgets The Foundation is indeed concerned with the problem of providing adequate support for the major fac ilities and for the continued support of able scientists who justify essentially life time support To th is committed support load must be added the encouragement and opportunity which the Foundation must be prepared to offer to the young scientist beshyginning his independent research activity

Congress has directed that the Foundashytion avoid undue concentration of research and education activities A measure of the

MARCH 1959 E

needs for basic sc be indicated by t dents or by the shows that the g able balance wi need

TO Millions of I 150

bullII

125

100

75

50

25

0

I~

REGIOJ GIANTS

bull Prop o Gron bull Grad

--- -- - middot~

VOL 49 NO 3

Icadership requires lt for the research )ut also an educashyJCS potential scholshylest possib le prepshy Chart 1 shows ide of the support

Foundation makes e basis of proposals cwed by panels of ll1d ati ons program Il1ts assure support -bile others are for fun ds provided by sufficient to enable less than a third eB It is qu ite natshywho has won the d will return after 81 support and he ~rcater opportunity tion funds present on for his support osals for research were awarded is is by no means an

lpport M any mershy~ refused grants able to grant less equests considered review panels fund s by the Founshy) ~upport the conshyes as the National Iservatory Green ~itt Peak N ationa l middotiz These national ~s carry with the ir lInitment for conshy3 The Foundation h the problem of lOrt for the maj or ntinued support of ify essentia lly li fe ommitted support mcouragement and oundation must be young scien tist beshyresearch activity that the Foundashy

tration of research A measure of the

M ARCH 1959 EXfRAMURAL PROGRAMS OF T HE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDAT IO N 69

needs for basic sc ience r esearch sup port m ay Support for education through fell ow shybe indicated by the n umber of graduate stu shy sh ips and institutes for teacher tra ining has dents or by the dollar grants Chart 3 been nation wide but not in all cases as well shows t hat the grants given a re in r easonshy d istributed a s wou ld be desired fo r a nashyab le balance wi th these two m easures of tionwide p rogram W e have attempted to need correct th ese di screpa ncies as they are iden-

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

E~CENTAGEOF GRANTS AWA~()E() TO PROPOSAlS RECEIVEP-fISCAl YEA~ 953-f95)

Millions of 00110 rs Fiscal Years 1953 -1959 150 I

125 f--shy100

75 ~

25 1

o

_ Proposal s Received _ Grants Aw orded ------------------

Percentages indicate proportion I of grants awarded to proposals f-I - ----- --- shy

received in the Fiscal Year

1 ----------------------------------4

50rl------~--------------------

t

1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 I h l1

Fiscal Years

CHAnT 2

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATI ON

REGIONAL COHPARSOII Of PROPOSALS ~ECEIYEP(II(JHIE~) G~ANrS AWA~PEP(IIIIIIER) flllri fJRAPIArE SrIPENTf()IfILAT()1I

(Expres~ed in of 10101 of each index)

_

o _

Proposals (FY 1952shy58)

Gronts (FY 1952shy58) Graduote Students (1955-56)

07 1 07 1 05

~

C HARf 3

I

70 JO RNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 No3

tified A program of cooperative fellowships is being introduced this y ear which will proshyvide a much wider distribution of fellows throughout the Nation but still permit the applicant to select freely the institution through which he seeks to compete for the fellowship

The activities of the Foundation are not restricted entirely to this country F ellowshyships are granted only to citizens but they may use their grants for study at foreign universities Funds in support of research have frequently been used by grantees to carryon their studies in foreign countries and in exceptional cases grants have been made to a few foreign investigators whose work was considered essential to our own programs or involved the active participashytion of American scientists or students We have responsibilities for assistance to parshyticipants in international conferences and congresses In our Office of Science Informashytion Service we arrange for the exchange of

publications and for the translation of some of these so that they will be generally availshyable to scientists

The principal objective of the National Science Foundation is the development of basic science in the United States W eare attempting to do this by direct support of the scientist in his research program by supplying him with the means of publishing his results with ready access to the results of the work of other scientists and by imshyproving our educational system so that promising scholars are given a better founshydation for their future careers Some very valuable and exciting advances have alshyready been made in science through our support but the major impact of such a broad program as we have undertaken will not be measured by the visible splashes but rather by the rising tide of general basic science development and the technological benefits that later come to society through their application and use

-Extramural Science Programs of the Department of Defense

By GEORGE D LUKES E xecutive Secretary Defense Science Board Office of the Directo of Defense R esearch and Engineering

I appreciate the invitation of the Washshyington Academy of Sciences to participate in this symposium and to make the Defense contribution on ex tramural science proshygrams of the Federal Government We in Defense find a symposium of this nature an excellent opportunity to get across to the scientific community at large the nature and scope of our scientific research activities and particularly in the theme of todays session how our extramural activities conshytribute to the achievement of Defense obshyjectives Within this framework I shall also weave some of the more significant aspects of our policy on basic research in the hope of furth ering understanding

Formerly Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Research and Engineering)

DOLLAR MAGNITUDE PERFORMANCE COMPOshy

NENTS AND RESEARCH SUPPORT LEVELS

It is important to provide first a backshydrop of the total dollar effort of Department of Defense scientific research and developshyment The first chart shows graphically the DOD obligations for fiscal year 1959 in reshylation to those of the other Fed eral Governshyment agencies Something like 62 percent of all Federal funds devoted to research and development represents the Defense Deshypartments share of th e Federal effort The second chart displays the approximate disshytribution of these funds in terms of the three maj or performance components Governshyment laboratories industrial contractors and university and other nonprofit institu-

MARCH 1959 EXT

tions You will not about 60 percent ported from the n appropriations of fense universities sti tutions c011duct Government labor ance of 31 percen performance app] for research and ducted internally I and engineers 13 evaluation and 4 monitoring

I should now ha tional source of fu port of scientific 3

of the Departmet the latter These i1 are principally th duction funds of billion in fiscal ye of development te weapons of the dis ety-the B-58 an( programs are goo presented do not this source withi posium-extramur sion is of little cal

N ow let us diSCI activity of the r chart displays the the Defense resear gram Of our fisca development progl million is devoted $1096 million is balance 85 percen for development two-thirds of the funds supports ext least 70 percent 0 research funds is support of basic r

NATURE AND scar RESEAE

The science pro of D efense compri cal and engineerin

1

VOL 49 NO 3

n1l1s1ation of some Je generally avail-

e of the National Ie development of Icd States Weare direct support of

arch program by leans of publishing cess to the resu Its ntists and by imshyI system so that en a better founshywrcers Some very c1vances have al shyicnce through our impact of such a

C undertaken will isible splashes bu t c of general basic I the technological to society through

Defense

ard OffLCe

FORMANCE COMPOshy

SUPPORT LEVELS

Iide first a backshyfort of Department ~arch and developshyS graphically the al year 1959 in reshy~r Federal Governshy~ like 62 percent of xl to research and the Defense Deshy

Federal effort The c approximate disshyo terms of the three Iponents Govern shystrial contractors ~ nonprofit institushy

71MARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

tions You will note that industry performs about 60 percent of the total effort supshyported from the research and development appropriations of the Department of Deshyfense universities and other nonprofit inshystitutions conduct about 9 percent and Government laboratories perform the balshyance of 31 percent Of funds for in-house performance approximately 14 percent is for research and development peT se conshyducted internally by Government scientists and engineers 13 percent is for test and evaluation and 4 percent is for contract monitoring

I should now hasten to add that an addishytional source of funds is available for supshy CHART 1 Estimated Distribution of FY 1959

Federal Government Research and Developmentport of scientific and engineering acti vities Obligations of the Department of D efense primarily the latter These in appropriation language are principally the Procurement and Proshyduction funds of which something like $32 billion in fiscal year 1959 go to the support of development test and evaluation of new weapons of the distinctively hardware varishyety-the B-58 and the IRBM and ICBM programs are good examples The charts presented do not include the funds from this source within the theme of this sym shyposium-extramural science-their omisshy

1- COMMfRCEsion is of little consequence however 15-4 NAT l SCIENCENow let us discuss the scientific research

FOUNDATION

activity of the Defense effort The third chart displays the character distribution of

CHART 2 Where Defense Research and the Defense research and development proshyDevelopment is Performed

gram Of our fiscal year 1959 research and development programs 15 percent or $391 million is devoted to research and of this $1096 million is for basic research The UNIVERSITIES AND

balance 85 percent of the total program is OTHER NONPROFIT

for development vVe estimate that almost two-thirds of the $391 million of research funds supports extramural activities and at least 70 percent of the $1096 million basic research funds is devoted to extramural support of basic research

NATURE AND SCOP E OF DEFENSE SCIENTIFIC

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

The science programs of the Department of Defense comprise activities in the physishy

CHART 3 Character of Defense Research andcal and engineering sciences in the life sci- Development Program for FY 1959

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 372

ences in psychology and the social sciences and in operations research

About 80 percent of the funds devoted to scientific research support activities in the physical and engineering sciences this amounts to about $313 million in fiscal year 1959 Defense program Within this broad category the typical fields of endeavor and the program objectives are as follows

In physics the objective is the advanceshyment through systematic and exploratory research of those selected aspects of pure and applied physics which contribute to an increase in military capability The present program totaling about $33 million in exshytramural effort includes solid-state physics extreme-temperature p hysi cs stati stical physics physics of atoms and molecules nushyclear physics physical acoustics upper-air physics electron physics optics magnetism instrumentation for physical measurements and electromagnetic radiation

In chemistry the objective of the program may be divided into two parts (1) a balshyanced effort of selected fundamental reshysearch which serves as a foundation for the varying needs of the military and (2) speshyci fic applied proj ects aimed at satisfying short-term defense needs The present proshygram includes research support in relevant areas of analytical inorganic organic physshyical polymer and radiation chemistry The extramural support runs about $31 million yearly

In mathematics the objective is the sysshytematic advancement of this science closely geared to the objectives of the other scienshytific programs and in response to expanding needs for direct qualitative information about the design and operations of weapons and weapons systems The present program includes algebra analysis geometry topolshyogy probability statistics logistics comshymunications and computers Extramural support runs about $5 million yearly

middotWi th respect to those fields of endea VOl

that are more characteristically the engishyneering sciences the scope of the programs and the broad objectives are as follows

Jl[echanics The obj ective of the research program in mechanics is the systematic adshyvancement of engineering knowledge and principles bearing directly upon design crishy

teria for the development of new weapons systems and components Studies on the folshylowing are included in the present program the dynamics of gases liquids and solids aerodynamic problems problems involving structural design strength of solids hydroshymechanics propulsion heat and mass transshyfer soil mechanics and problems involving the development and synthesis of mechashynisms Extramural support runs about $25 million ycarly

Jl1aterials The objective of the research program is the systematic advancement of knowledge on the fundamental properties and bebavior of materials to provide the best possible selection for designers and fabricators of military weapons and equipshyments The present program includes studies on metals minerals ceramics elastomers adhesives transparent materials organic structural materials fibers and fibrous mashyterials insulating materials and dielectric and magnetic materials Extramural supshyport runs about $27 million yearly

Comblistion The objective of tbe reshysearch program in the field of combustion is to gain an increased understanding of the total process of transforming the chemical energy of reactants into thermal and kinetic energy of reaction products so tbe design of military propulsion devices can be put on an increasingly rational basis The presshyent program includes investigations of basic phenomena in selected areas of physics chemistry fluid mechanics thermochemisshytry and thermodynamics and also fundashymental investigations of processes that are interrelated combinations of these phenomshyena Extramural support runs about $6 milshylion yearly

Electronics The obj ective of the research program in electronics is to ensure maxishymum extension and acceleration of all our senses for military purposes Tbe present program includes acoustics ancl underwater sound antenna theory electromagnetic propagation and reflection communicashytions data handling ancl information theshyory electronic instrumentation and standards electronic countermeasures and counter-countermeasures IFF theory inshyfrared navigation radar electronic tubes parts and semiconductors and electron and

MARCH 1959

ion plasma Ext $43 million yei

In the geoph is the advancerr exploratory res pects which wi] the military to the natural en present progran ogy oceanogra chemistry car rapby astronoll and gravity st runs about $19

Turning now sciences the DC in the medical scope and the c

In the medic port of the mist studies inshy

(a) Preventi methods of phy surveillance pr preventive den mental physiol( and injury pre tion against ra( of chemical i11

methods of caS1 and public healt

(b) Studies]I lems of aviatil and diving mee machines of In climates and 81

(c) Improve cal dental ani habilitation of

The medical $24 million ye~1 lion is the extr

In the biolog the systematic areas of militaJ gram includes ecology the bit reception and c terial fungal the ecology of nism of infectic organisms Ext $7 million year

73 (S VOL 49 No3

nt of new weapons s Studies on the fo lshyle present program liquids and solids problems involving ~th of solids hydroshyIcnt and mass trans-problems involving

ynthesis of mechashy)ort runs about $25

tive of the research itic advancement of lamental properties ials to provide the

for designers and capons and equipshyram includes studies eramics elastomers

materials organic Ie) and fibrous mashyrials and dielectric s Extramural supshylion yea rly bi ective of the reshyfield of combustion mderstanding of the Irming the chemical thermal and kinetic

lucts so the design dcvices can be put Inal basis The presshycstigations of basic I areas of physics nics thermochemisshyC~ and also fundashyf processes that are 118 of these phenomshyt runs about $6 mil-

dive of the research i ~ to ensure maxishy

eleration of all our middotmiddotposes The present tics and underwater y electromagneti c ction communicashy3d information theshytrumentation and Jun termeasures and s IFF theory inshyar electronic tu bes 1S and electron and

lVIARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

ion plasma Extramural support runs about $43 million yearly

In the geophysical sciences the objective is the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects which will increase the capability of the mil1tary to utilize predict and control the natural environment Included in the present program are meteorology climatolshyogy oceanography marine geology geoshychemistry cartography geodesy geogshyraphy astronomy astrophysics magnetism and gravity studies Extramural support runs about $19 million yearly

Turning now to the broad category of life sciences the DOD su pports maj or programs in the medical sciences and in biology The scope and the objectives are

In the medical sciences to provide supshyport of the mission of military medicine by studies inshy

(a) Preventive medicine research on methods of physical examination and health surveillance promotion of physical fitness preventive dentistry nutrition environshymental physiology and pathology disease and injury prevention toxicology protecshytion against radiation and blast the effects of chemical and biological agents with methods of casualty prevention ind ustrial and public health studies

(b) Studies relating to the medical probshylems of aviation astronauti cs submarine and diving medicine man in relation to the machines of war in all media terrain and climates and survival techniques

(c) Improved methods of medical surgishycal dental and psychiatric care and reshyhabilitation of the sick and injured

The medical sciences program runs about $24 million yearly of which about $15 milshylion is the extramural effort

In the biological sciences the obj ective is the systematic development of this field in areas of military interest The present proshygram includes hydrobiology biogeography ecology the biomechanism of complex data reception and control in Ii ving systems bacshyterial fungal viral genetics and nutrition the ecology of disease vectors the mechashyni sm of infection and the survival of microshyorganisms Extramural support runs about $7 million yearly

As to the psychological and social scishyences the support level is about $21 million of which $15 million is the extramural effort Program content and the obj ectives are the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects of pure and applied psychological and social sciences which contribute to an inshycrease in the military capability The presshyent program includes studies leading to new concepts techniques devices and principles applicable to the solution of military probshylems including military manpower needs and the availability selection classification assignment and proficiency measurement of personnel education training and training devices motivation morale leadership human organization human engineering psychological and unconventional warfare intelligence operations and civil affairs and military governmen t

Finally coming to operations research as a field of scientific activity in its own right the objective is to provide quantitative bases for executive decisions on military and related scientific matters The present program includes contracts totaling about $28 million in support of work with RAND the Operations Research Office the Operashytions Evaluation Group the Combat Operashytions Research Group the Institute for Deshyfense Analyses the Human R esources Research Office the Naval Warfare Analyshysis Group and the Naval IVarfare Research Center

In total these scientific research proshygrams comprise a fiscal year 1959 Defense effort amounting to about $391 million proshyviding about $137 million to the conduct of in tramural effort and $254 million to the support of extramural science activities

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE POLICY ON

BASIC RESEARCH

Let us turn now to obj ectives stated even more broadly A bout a year ago Secretary McElroy issued a strong policy directive setting forth the principles governing the support of a D epartment-wide basic reshysearch program conceived and anchored in imaginative long-term planning and long-term funding This policy recognizes that II the needs of national defense are

~

74 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 3

uniquely characterized by pressing demands for new facts and knovvledge very close to the frontiers of science in order to protect the security of the United States and its vast Defense investment against both techshynological surprise and obsolescence It emshyphasizes also that the costs of basic research are small in proportion to the potential milishytary strength to which basic research is cashypable of contributing and that sustained support of basic research offers one of the most promising opportunities for effecting long-range economies in other aspec ts of the military program

Specifically the directive states

A It is the policy of the Department of Deshyfense 1 To support a broad and continuing basic

research program to assure the flow of the fundamental knowledge needed by the military departments as prime users of scientific facts and to evolve novel weapshyons of war and

2 To maintain through such a broad supshyport program an effective contact between the military departments and the scienshytists of the coun try so that the military departments are continuously and growshyingly aware of new scientific developments and the scientists are aware of the milishytary needs

B It is further the policy of the Department of Defense to coordinate its basic research proshygram with the National Science Foundation and to encourage the support of sound basic research programs by government and prishyvate agencies recognizing that these proshygrams are essential to the full development utilization and growth of the nations scienshytific resources and hence to national defense

Within the guidance of this policy the Department of Defense substantially inshycreased fiscal year 1958 funding for some research programs judged critical for the improvement of military weaponry The increased funding for each field was $316 million for the physical medical and geoshyphysical sciences $10 million for materials research and $125 million for the vital areas of electron tubes and electronic parts $30 million of these funds went to the supshyport of basic and supporting research proshygrams at academic institutions The main

effect was to restore research to the level from which it had sagged over the past sevshyeral years owing to inflation and the inshycreased costs of modern instrumentation In addition to the above funds $12 million was made available to the Army and Air Force in June of this year for the explicit purpose of financing certain contractual research programs for periods longer than the anshynual program increment or to provide for program longevity

NEW GRANTS AUTHORITY UNDER PUBLIC

LAW 85-934

The recent session of Congress saw the passage of Public Law 85-934 an act to aushythorize the expenditure of funds through grants for the support of scientific research Heretofore the Department of Defense has been limited to the use of a research conshytract in engaging the services of an educashytional or other nonprofit organization The Grants Act provides the authority to make grants to such institutions or organizations for the support of basic scientific research where such action is deemed to be in furshytherance of the objectives of the agency it also grants discretionary authority to vest title of research equipment in the organizashytion carrying out such research Increased flexibility will accordingly result from this authority in Defense support of basic scishyentific research A directive is presently beshying drafted in the Department of Defense to establish a uniform policy among all military agencies in the awarding and adshyministration of research grants and the transfer of title to research equipment acshyquired under such grants

This I believe covers the highlights of Defense science programs and our broad objectives in their support the program content and technical objectives of our scishyentific effort in some discrete fields and certain aspects of Defense policies de~igned to be constructive forward-looking and to lend stimulation and sustenance to science from the Defense end of the Federal Govshyernment

MAR CH 1959 EXT

Extramural

By C J VA SUI

It is a pleasure t si um on the extran the Federal Goven

The program ch cover briefly the e the National Instit spect to our extrm time for questions shall present the sketch of the NIH grams

I shall not atter intramural progra search-nor all the the U S Public f the NIH constitutl branch Nor will t mural scientific aCI nents of the Depart tion and vVelfare Health Service is a

Now to turn to t gram The objectiv tutes of Health an Service is contained form our enabling I pose upon us gravE The purpose of all in simplest terms ir improve the healtl United States

The methods for are again in the she and support of res aid in the applicati

In the legislatio there is a charge to Health) Service al with and render a priate public Ruthe tions and scienti st~ promote the coorc1i vestigations expel and studies relating treatment control

67 S VOL 49 NO 3

ltion is immaterial lave asked the repshymal Science FounshyIe NSF in addition its own direct exshy

crtain coordinating cc programs in all ncies as well mposium will give the extramural reshybon program of the ts entirety

Foundation

ence Foundation

ons to which grants ~ n While nonprofit larly identified the sively restricted to lay make grants to duals agencies of the several States alize the obj ectives particular the ad-

t of the business of mdation is the supshyin science through uals that are best research Advisory ers of the Foundashy)]s in assessi ng reshyqualifications and tor the nature of OJ ect and the fashyded by the institushy

Y conscious of the s made by a small h exceptional abilshywith a much larger emarkable workers elopments in basic is constantly lookshy

ist ho shows signs boldness in his apshyarch

MARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL PROGRAMS OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

In some areas of research the scientists needs are easily met-books pen and paper may satisfy th e mathematician In most fields however the success of basic research in science depends on the accessibility of the necessary tools and assistants Some of the modem research facilities are very costly and require large staffs of scientists and technicians for their operation Nuclear reshyactors cyclotrons computers radio and optical astronomy observatories have been built in part or wholly by Foundation grants

In addition to providing the equipment required Foundation support of research proj ects provides employment opportunities as research assistants for more than 6000 graduate students studying for the PhD degree

Most of the basic research in this country is carried forward by our colleges and unishyversities It is therefore not surprising that nearly all the Foundation support of basic research is given to institutions of higher learning This support is provided in almost every case through the use of a grant rather than by a contract

In addition to its support of basic reshysearch the Foundation supports a substanshytial program for the promotion of education in the basic sciences The Foundation is dishyrected by Congress to develop and encourshyage a national policy for the promotion of education in the sciences and in particular to award scholarships and fellowships The award of fellowships to graduate students appears to have been an unusua lly successshyful enterprise and thousands of scientists have been assisted by this program Fellowshyship support has been extended to postshydoctoral research workers and even to junshyior and senior faculty to assist them in developing new research programs or to enshyhance their competence as t eachers The competition for National Science Foundashytion fellowships is severe and the award of a fellowship is considered as recognition of very high scholastic achievement and r eshysearch promise

Foundation support of education in the sciences extends to universiti es and colleges in all States through establishment of scishyence teacher institutes These are designed

to improve the training of science t eachers especially secondary-school t eachers in the subject matter of sc ience Approximately 350 summer institutes will be functioning under this program in the summer of 1959 In addition about 35 academic year instishytutes will begin in the fall of 1959 as well as some 200 in-service institutes designed to benefit the teach er who lives in the vishycinity of the college or university by offering courses taught at night or on Saturdays

The Foundation has developed several experimental programs in education most of these are built upon patterns established either by the fellowship or the institute program The Foundation is also extending substantial support to curriculum improveshyment programs for secondary-school science courses in physics mathematics chemistry and biology but extending as well to many of the other sciences

Knowledge is society s most precious posshysession and a very important and rapidly growing area of knowledge is basic sc ience The value and use of knowledge can be asshysured for future generations only if we r eshycord in publications the results of our reshysearch The critical problem of scientific literature is illustrated by the tremendous volume that must be assimilated If the auditorium were full all of the people in this room reading 24 hours a day could not keep up with our present output of scientific literature The rate of increase of literature is such that the worlds output in pages per year will double in the next 85 years The National Science Foundation has contribshyuted substantially to this flood of scientific literature by making grants to scientific soshycieties to aid in the establishment of new journals or in the expansion in size of ex istshying pUblications The importance of Soviet scientific developments has been recognized in our program for English translations of important journals and books that are availshyable only in the Russian language

Not only is it necessary to print and store in our libraries the full account of our total knowledge but we must also develop the m eans of identification and retri eval of this knowledge We are assisting abstract jourshynals as well as general studies of new means of searching for information The Office of

68

60

CROWTII Of IIAORfOUNDATION SUffORT fROGRAMS FY 1952-59

--shy-shy- - -shy-

- middot-

JOUR AL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 No3

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Millions of Dollars 120

100

80 1--- - -shy

40 1---- shy

20 1-- --shy

O ____L 1952 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

Fiscal Yeors (Est)

CHART 1

Science Information Service is a division of the Foundation that provides assistance and coordination to Government and private abshystracting and information-handling services It is not a Government office set up to anshyswer requests of the general public or of Government agencies for information about specific technical questions

There have been two events since the inshyitiation of the Foundation in 1950 which have appreciably changed the anticipated growth of Federal support for this agency Tbe International Geophysical Year which officially ends next Wednesday has been an intensive burst of scient ific effort with a year of preparation and an 18-month year of coordinated observations For some years to Gome the results and deductions from this period of observation will be published in scientific journals The second event that affected the Foundations budget was the awakening of the world by the Russian Sputnik We have suddenly realized that leadership can be substantially influenced by the intellectual and technical attain-

DOLLARS

bull InlernofKgtnol Geophysical Yeor

bull Facilities

bull Education in the Sciences

Research

ments of a nation This leadership requires not only adequate support for the research of its talented scholars but also an educashytional system that identifies potential schol shyars and gives them the best possible prepshyaration for their careers Chart 1 shows the growth and magnitud e of the support given the Foundation

The National Science Foundation makes grants to scien tists on the basis of proposals submitted to it and reviewed by panels of special ists and by the Foundations program offices Some of these grants assure support for three to five years whil e others are for one or two years The funds provided by Congress have only been sufficient to enable the Foundation to grant less than a third of the proposals it receives It is quite natshyural that the scientist who has won the competition for an award will return after a year or two for further support and he will then because of the greater opportunity provided by the Foundation funds present an even better justification for his support The percentage of proposals for research support to which grants were awarded is shown in Chart 2 This is by no means an established pattern of support Many mershyitorious proposals are now refused grants At times we have been able to grant less than one-third of the requests considered worthy of support by the review panels

The use of substantial funds by the Founshydation has enabled it to support the conshystruction of such facilities as the National Radio Astronomy Observatory Green Bank W Va and the Ki tt P eak National Observatory Tucson Ariz These national laboratories and institutes carry with their creation an implied commitment for conshytinued operating budgets The Foundation is indeed concerned with the problem of providing adequate support for the major fac ilities and for the continued support of able scientists who justify essentially life time support To th is committed support load must be added the encouragement and opportunity which the Foundation must be prepared to offer to the young scientist beshyginning his independent research activity

Congress has directed that the Foundashytion avoid undue concentration of research and education activities A measure of the

MARCH 1959 E

needs for basic sc be indicated by t dents or by the shows that the g able balance wi need

TO Millions of I 150

bullII

125

100

75

50

25

0

I~

REGIOJ GIANTS

bull Prop o Gron bull Grad

--- -- - middot~

VOL 49 NO 3

Icadership requires lt for the research )ut also an educashyJCS potential scholshylest possib le prepshy Chart 1 shows ide of the support

Foundation makes e basis of proposals cwed by panels of ll1d ati ons program Il1ts assure support -bile others are for fun ds provided by sufficient to enable less than a third eB It is qu ite natshywho has won the d will return after 81 support and he ~rcater opportunity tion funds present on for his support osals for research were awarded is is by no means an

lpport M any mershy~ refused grants able to grant less equests considered review panels fund s by the Founshy) ~upport the conshyes as the National Iservatory Green ~itt Peak N ationa l middotiz These national ~s carry with the ir lInitment for conshy3 The Foundation h the problem of lOrt for the maj or ntinued support of ify essentia lly li fe ommitted support mcouragement and oundation must be young scien tist beshyresearch activity that the Foundashy

tration of research A measure of the

M ARCH 1959 EXfRAMURAL PROGRAMS OF T HE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDAT IO N 69

needs for basic sc ience r esearch sup port m ay Support for education through fell ow shybe indicated by the n umber of graduate stu shy sh ips and institutes for teacher tra ining has dents or by the dollar grants Chart 3 been nation wide but not in all cases as well shows t hat the grants given a re in r easonshy d istributed a s wou ld be desired fo r a nashyab le balance wi th these two m easures of tionwide p rogram W e have attempted to need correct th ese di screpa ncies as they are iden-

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

E~CENTAGEOF GRANTS AWA~()E() TO PROPOSAlS RECEIVEP-fISCAl YEA~ 953-f95)

Millions of 00110 rs Fiscal Years 1953 -1959 150 I

125 f--shy100

75 ~

25 1

o

_ Proposal s Received _ Grants Aw orded ------------------

Percentages indicate proportion I of grants awarded to proposals f-I - ----- --- shy

received in the Fiscal Year

1 ----------------------------------4

50rl------~--------------------

t

1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 I h l1

Fiscal Years

CHAnT 2

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATI ON

REGIONAL COHPARSOII Of PROPOSALS ~ECEIYEP(II(JHIE~) G~ANrS AWA~PEP(IIIIIIER) flllri fJRAPIArE SrIPENTf()IfILAT()1I

(Expres~ed in of 10101 of each index)

_

o _

Proposals (FY 1952shy58)

Gronts (FY 1952shy58) Graduote Students (1955-56)

07 1 07 1 05

~

C HARf 3

I

70 JO RNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 No3

tified A program of cooperative fellowships is being introduced this y ear which will proshyvide a much wider distribution of fellows throughout the Nation but still permit the applicant to select freely the institution through which he seeks to compete for the fellowship

The activities of the Foundation are not restricted entirely to this country F ellowshyships are granted only to citizens but they may use their grants for study at foreign universities Funds in support of research have frequently been used by grantees to carryon their studies in foreign countries and in exceptional cases grants have been made to a few foreign investigators whose work was considered essential to our own programs or involved the active participashytion of American scientists or students We have responsibilities for assistance to parshyticipants in international conferences and congresses In our Office of Science Informashytion Service we arrange for the exchange of

publications and for the translation of some of these so that they will be generally availshyable to scientists

The principal objective of the National Science Foundation is the development of basic science in the United States W eare attempting to do this by direct support of the scientist in his research program by supplying him with the means of publishing his results with ready access to the results of the work of other scientists and by imshyproving our educational system so that promising scholars are given a better founshydation for their future careers Some very valuable and exciting advances have alshyready been made in science through our support but the major impact of such a broad program as we have undertaken will not be measured by the visible splashes but rather by the rising tide of general basic science development and the technological benefits that later come to society through their application and use

-Extramural Science Programs of the Department of Defense

By GEORGE D LUKES E xecutive Secretary Defense Science Board Office of the Directo of Defense R esearch and Engineering

I appreciate the invitation of the Washshyington Academy of Sciences to participate in this symposium and to make the Defense contribution on ex tramural science proshygrams of the Federal Government We in Defense find a symposium of this nature an excellent opportunity to get across to the scientific community at large the nature and scope of our scientific research activities and particularly in the theme of todays session how our extramural activities conshytribute to the achievement of Defense obshyjectives Within this framework I shall also weave some of the more significant aspects of our policy on basic research in the hope of furth ering understanding

Formerly Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Research and Engineering)

DOLLAR MAGNITUDE PERFORMANCE COMPOshy

NENTS AND RESEARCH SUPPORT LEVELS

It is important to provide first a backshydrop of the total dollar effort of Department of Defense scientific research and developshyment The first chart shows graphically the DOD obligations for fiscal year 1959 in reshylation to those of the other Fed eral Governshyment agencies Something like 62 percent of all Federal funds devoted to research and development represents the Defense Deshypartments share of th e Federal effort The second chart displays the approximate disshytribution of these funds in terms of the three maj or performance components Governshyment laboratories industrial contractors and university and other nonprofit institu-

MARCH 1959 EXT

tions You will not about 60 percent ported from the n appropriations of fense universities sti tutions c011duct Government labor ance of 31 percen performance app] for research and ducted internally I and engineers 13 evaluation and 4 monitoring

I should now ha tional source of fu port of scientific 3

of the Departmet the latter These i1 are principally th duction funds of billion in fiscal ye of development te weapons of the dis ety-the B-58 an( programs are goo presented do not this source withi posium-extramur sion is of little cal

N ow let us diSCI activity of the r chart displays the the Defense resear gram Of our fisca development progl million is devoted $1096 million is balance 85 percen for development two-thirds of the funds supports ext least 70 percent 0 research funds is support of basic r

NATURE AND scar RESEAE

The science pro of D efense compri cal and engineerin

1

VOL 49 NO 3

n1l1s1ation of some Je generally avail-

e of the National Ie development of Icd States Weare direct support of

arch program by leans of publishing cess to the resu Its ntists and by imshyI system so that en a better founshywrcers Some very c1vances have al shyicnce through our impact of such a

C undertaken will isible splashes bu t c of general basic I the technological to society through

Defense

ard OffLCe

FORMANCE COMPOshy

SUPPORT LEVELS

Iide first a backshyfort of Department ~arch and developshyS graphically the al year 1959 in reshy~r Federal Governshy~ like 62 percent of xl to research and the Defense Deshy

Federal effort The c approximate disshyo terms of the three Iponents Govern shystrial contractors ~ nonprofit institushy

71MARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

tions You will note that industry performs about 60 percent of the total effort supshyported from the research and development appropriations of the Department of Deshyfense universities and other nonprofit inshystitutions conduct about 9 percent and Government laboratories perform the balshyance of 31 percent Of funds for in-house performance approximately 14 percent is for research and development peT se conshyducted internally by Government scientists and engineers 13 percent is for test and evaluation and 4 percent is for contract monitoring

I should now hasten to add that an addishytional source of funds is available for supshy CHART 1 Estimated Distribution of FY 1959

Federal Government Research and Developmentport of scientific and engineering acti vities Obligations of the Department of D efense primarily the latter These in appropriation language are principally the Procurement and Proshyduction funds of which something like $32 billion in fiscal year 1959 go to the support of development test and evaluation of new weapons of the distinctively hardware varishyety-the B-58 and the IRBM and ICBM programs are good examples The charts presented do not include the funds from this source within the theme of this sym shyposium-extramural science-their omisshy

1- COMMfRCEsion is of little consequence however 15-4 NAT l SCIENCENow let us discuss the scientific research

FOUNDATION

activity of the Defense effort The third chart displays the character distribution of

CHART 2 Where Defense Research and the Defense research and development proshyDevelopment is Performed

gram Of our fiscal year 1959 research and development programs 15 percent or $391 million is devoted to research and of this $1096 million is for basic research The UNIVERSITIES AND

balance 85 percent of the total program is OTHER NONPROFIT

for development vVe estimate that almost two-thirds of the $391 million of research funds supports extramural activities and at least 70 percent of the $1096 million basic research funds is devoted to extramural support of basic research

NATURE AND SCOP E OF DEFENSE SCIENTIFIC

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

The science programs of the Department of Defense comprise activities in the physishy

CHART 3 Character of Defense Research andcal and engineering sciences in the life sci- Development Program for FY 1959

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 372

ences in psychology and the social sciences and in operations research

About 80 percent of the funds devoted to scientific research support activities in the physical and engineering sciences this amounts to about $313 million in fiscal year 1959 Defense program Within this broad category the typical fields of endeavor and the program objectives are as follows

In physics the objective is the advanceshyment through systematic and exploratory research of those selected aspects of pure and applied physics which contribute to an increase in military capability The present program totaling about $33 million in exshytramural effort includes solid-state physics extreme-temperature p hysi cs stati stical physics physics of atoms and molecules nushyclear physics physical acoustics upper-air physics electron physics optics magnetism instrumentation for physical measurements and electromagnetic radiation

In chemistry the objective of the program may be divided into two parts (1) a balshyanced effort of selected fundamental reshysearch which serves as a foundation for the varying needs of the military and (2) speshyci fic applied proj ects aimed at satisfying short-term defense needs The present proshygram includes research support in relevant areas of analytical inorganic organic physshyical polymer and radiation chemistry The extramural support runs about $31 million yearly

In mathematics the objective is the sysshytematic advancement of this science closely geared to the objectives of the other scienshytific programs and in response to expanding needs for direct qualitative information about the design and operations of weapons and weapons systems The present program includes algebra analysis geometry topolshyogy probability statistics logistics comshymunications and computers Extramural support runs about $5 million yearly

middotWi th respect to those fields of endea VOl

that are more characteristically the engishyneering sciences the scope of the programs and the broad objectives are as follows

Jl[echanics The obj ective of the research program in mechanics is the systematic adshyvancement of engineering knowledge and principles bearing directly upon design crishy

teria for the development of new weapons systems and components Studies on the folshylowing are included in the present program the dynamics of gases liquids and solids aerodynamic problems problems involving structural design strength of solids hydroshymechanics propulsion heat and mass transshyfer soil mechanics and problems involving the development and synthesis of mechashynisms Extramural support runs about $25 million ycarly

Jl1aterials The objective of the research program is the systematic advancement of knowledge on the fundamental properties and bebavior of materials to provide the best possible selection for designers and fabricators of military weapons and equipshyments The present program includes studies on metals minerals ceramics elastomers adhesives transparent materials organic structural materials fibers and fibrous mashyterials insulating materials and dielectric and magnetic materials Extramural supshyport runs about $27 million yearly

Comblistion The objective of tbe reshysearch program in the field of combustion is to gain an increased understanding of the total process of transforming the chemical energy of reactants into thermal and kinetic energy of reaction products so tbe design of military propulsion devices can be put on an increasingly rational basis The presshyent program includes investigations of basic phenomena in selected areas of physics chemistry fluid mechanics thermochemisshytry and thermodynamics and also fundashymental investigations of processes that are interrelated combinations of these phenomshyena Extramural support runs about $6 milshylion yearly

Electronics The obj ective of the research program in electronics is to ensure maxishymum extension and acceleration of all our senses for military purposes Tbe present program includes acoustics ancl underwater sound antenna theory electromagnetic propagation and reflection communicashytions data handling ancl information theshyory electronic instrumentation and standards electronic countermeasures and counter-countermeasures IFF theory inshyfrared navigation radar electronic tubes parts and semiconductors and electron and

MARCH 1959

ion plasma Ext $43 million yei

In the geoph is the advancerr exploratory res pects which wi] the military to the natural en present progran ogy oceanogra chemistry car rapby astronoll and gravity st runs about $19

Turning now sciences the DC in the medical scope and the c

In the medic port of the mist studies inshy

(a) Preventi methods of phy surveillance pr preventive den mental physiol( and injury pre tion against ra( of chemical i11

methods of caS1 and public healt

(b) Studies]I lems of aviatil and diving mee machines of In climates and 81

(c) Improve cal dental ani habilitation of

The medical $24 million ye~1 lion is the extr

In the biolog the systematic areas of militaJ gram includes ecology the bit reception and c terial fungal the ecology of nism of infectic organisms Ext $7 million year

73 (S VOL 49 No3

nt of new weapons s Studies on the fo lshyle present program liquids and solids problems involving ~th of solids hydroshyIcnt and mass trans-problems involving

ynthesis of mechashy)ort runs about $25

tive of the research itic advancement of lamental properties ials to provide the

for designers and capons and equipshyram includes studies eramics elastomers

materials organic Ie) and fibrous mashyrials and dielectric s Extramural supshylion yea rly bi ective of the reshyfield of combustion mderstanding of the Irming the chemical thermal and kinetic

lucts so the design dcvices can be put Inal basis The presshycstigations of basic I areas of physics nics thermochemisshyC~ and also fundashyf processes that are 118 of these phenomshyt runs about $6 mil-

dive of the research i ~ to ensure maxishy

eleration of all our middotmiddotposes The present tics and underwater y electromagneti c ction communicashy3d information theshytrumentation and Jun termeasures and s IFF theory inshyar electronic tu bes 1S and electron and

lVIARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

ion plasma Extramural support runs about $43 million yearly

In the geophysical sciences the objective is the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects which will increase the capability of the mil1tary to utilize predict and control the natural environment Included in the present program are meteorology climatolshyogy oceanography marine geology geoshychemistry cartography geodesy geogshyraphy astronomy astrophysics magnetism and gravity studies Extramural support runs about $19 million yearly

Turning now to the broad category of life sciences the DOD su pports maj or programs in the medical sciences and in biology The scope and the objectives are

In the medical sciences to provide supshyport of the mission of military medicine by studies inshy

(a) Preventive medicine research on methods of physical examination and health surveillance promotion of physical fitness preventive dentistry nutrition environshymental physiology and pathology disease and injury prevention toxicology protecshytion against radiation and blast the effects of chemical and biological agents with methods of casualty prevention ind ustrial and public health studies

(b) Studies relating to the medical probshylems of aviation astronauti cs submarine and diving medicine man in relation to the machines of war in all media terrain and climates and survival techniques

(c) Improved methods of medical surgishycal dental and psychiatric care and reshyhabilitation of the sick and injured

The medical sciences program runs about $24 million yearly of which about $15 milshylion is the extramural effort

In the biological sciences the obj ective is the systematic development of this field in areas of military interest The present proshygram includes hydrobiology biogeography ecology the biomechanism of complex data reception and control in Ii ving systems bacshyterial fungal viral genetics and nutrition the ecology of disease vectors the mechashyni sm of infection and the survival of microshyorganisms Extramural support runs about $7 million yearly

As to the psychological and social scishyences the support level is about $21 million of which $15 million is the extramural effort Program content and the obj ectives are the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects of pure and applied psychological and social sciences which contribute to an inshycrease in the military capability The presshyent program includes studies leading to new concepts techniques devices and principles applicable to the solution of military probshylems including military manpower needs and the availability selection classification assignment and proficiency measurement of personnel education training and training devices motivation morale leadership human organization human engineering psychological and unconventional warfare intelligence operations and civil affairs and military governmen t

Finally coming to operations research as a field of scientific activity in its own right the objective is to provide quantitative bases for executive decisions on military and related scientific matters The present program includes contracts totaling about $28 million in support of work with RAND the Operations Research Office the Operashytions Evaluation Group the Combat Operashytions Research Group the Institute for Deshyfense Analyses the Human R esources Research Office the Naval Warfare Analyshysis Group and the Naval IVarfare Research Center

In total these scientific research proshygrams comprise a fiscal year 1959 Defense effort amounting to about $391 million proshyviding about $137 million to the conduct of in tramural effort and $254 million to the support of extramural science activities

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE POLICY ON

BASIC RESEARCH

Let us turn now to obj ectives stated even more broadly A bout a year ago Secretary McElroy issued a strong policy directive setting forth the principles governing the support of a D epartment-wide basic reshysearch program conceived and anchored in imaginative long-term planning and long-term funding This policy recognizes that II the needs of national defense are

~

74 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 3

uniquely characterized by pressing demands for new facts and knovvledge very close to the frontiers of science in order to protect the security of the United States and its vast Defense investment against both techshynological surprise and obsolescence It emshyphasizes also that the costs of basic research are small in proportion to the potential milishytary strength to which basic research is cashypable of contributing and that sustained support of basic research offers one of the most promising opportunities for effecting long-range economies in other aspec ts of the military program

Specifically the directive states

A It is the policy of the Department of Deshyfense 1 To support a broad and continuing basic

research program to assure the flow of the fundamental knowledge needed by the military departments as prime users of scientific facts and to evolve novel weapshyons of war and

2 To maintain through such a broad supshyport program an effective contact between the military departments and the scienshytists of the coun try so that the military departments are continuously and growshyingly aware of new scientific developments and the scientists are aware of the milishytary needs

B It is further the policy of the Department of Defense to coordinate its basic research proshygram with the National Science Foundation and to encourage the support of sound basic research programs by government and prishyvate agencies recognizing that these proshygrams are essential to the full development utilization and growth of the nations scienshytific resources and hence to national defense

Within the guidance of this policy the Department of Defense substantially inshycreased fiscal year 1958 funding for some research programs judged critical for the improvement of military weaponry The increased funding for each field was $316 million for the physical medical and geoshyphysical sciences $10 million for materials research and $125 million for the vital areas of electron tubes and electronic parts $30 million of these funds went to the supshyport of basic and supporting research proshygrams at academic institutions The main

effect was to restore research to the level from which it had sagged over the past sevshyeral years owing to inflation and the inshycreased costs of modern instrumentation In addition to the above funds $12 million was made available to the Army and Air Force in June of this year for the explicit purpose of financing certain contractual research programs for periods longer than the anshynual program increment or to provide for program longevity

NEW GRANTS AUTHORITY UNDER PUBLIC

LAW 85-934

The recent session of Congress saw the passage of Public Law 85-934 an act to aushythorize the expenditure of funds through grants for the support of scientific research Heretofore the Department of Defense has been limited to the use of a research conshytract in engaging the services of an educashytional or other nonprofit organization The Grants Act provides the authority to make grants to such institutions or organizations for the support of basic scientific research where such action is deemed to be in furshytherance of the objectives of the agency it also grants discretionary authority to vest title of research equipment in the organizashytion carrying out such research Increased flexibility will accordingly result from this authority in Defense support of basic scishyentific research A directive is presently beshying drafted in the Department of Defense to establish a uniform policy among all military agencies in the awarding and adshyministration of research grants and the transfer of title to research equipment acshyquired under such grants

This I believe covers the highlights of Defense science programs and our broad objectives in their support the program content and technical objectives of our scishyentific effort in some discrete fields and certain aspects of Defense policies de~igned to be constructive forward-looking and to lend stimulation and sustenance to science from the Defense end of the Federal Govshyernment

MAR CH 1959 EXT

Extramural

By C J VA SUI

It is a pleasure t si um on the extran the Federal Goven

The program ch cover briefly the e the National Instit spect to our extrm time for questions shall present the sketch of the NIH grams

I shall not atter intramural progra search-nor all the the U S Public f the NIH constitutl branch Nor will t mural scientific aCI nents of the Depart tion and vVelfare Health Service is a

Now to turn to t gram The objectiv tutes of Health an Service is contained form our enabling I pose upon us gravE The purpose of all in simplest terms ir improve the healtl United States

The methods for are again in the she and support of res aid in the applicati

In the legislatio there is a charge to Health) Service al with and render a priate public Ruthe tions and scienti st~ promote the coorc1i vestigations expel and studies relating treatment control

68

60

CROWTII Of IIAORfOUNDATION SUffORT fROGRAMS FY 1952-59

--shy-shy- - -shy-

- middot-

JOUR AL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 No3

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Millions of Dollars 120

100

80 1--- - -shy

40 1---- shy

20 1-- --shy

O ____L 1952 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

Fiscal Yeors (Est)

CHART 1

Science Information Service is a division of the Foundation that provides assistance and coordination to Government and private abshystracting and information-handling services It is not a Government office set up to anshyswer requests of the general public or of Government agencies for information about specific technical questions

There have been two events since the inshyitiation of the Foundation in 1950 which have appreciably changed the anticipated growth of Federal support for this agency Tbe International Geophysical Year which officially ends next Wednesday has been an intensive burst of scient ific effort with a year of preparation and an 18-month year of coordinated observations For some years to Gome the results and deductions from this period of observation will be published in scientific journals The second event that affected the Foundations budget was the awakening of the world by the Russian Sputnik We have suddenly realized that leadership can be substantially influenced by the intellectual and technical attain-

DOLLARS

bull InlernofKgtnol Geophysical Yeor

bull Facilities

bull Education in the Sciences

Research

ments of a nation This leadership requires not only adequate support for the research of its talented scholars but also an educashytional system that identifies potential schol shyars and gives them the best possible prepshyaration for their careers Chart 1 shows the growth and magnitud e of the support given the Foundation

The National Science Foundation makes grants to scien tists on the basis of proposals submitted to it and reviewed by panels of special ists and by the Foundations program offices Some of these grants assure support for three to five years whil e others are for one or two years The funds provided by Congress have only been sufficient to enable the Foundation to grant less than a third of the proposals it receives It is quite natshyural that the scientist who has won the competition for an award will return after a year or two for further support and he will then because of the greater opportunity provided by the Foundation funds present an even better justification for his support The percentage of proposals for research support to which grants were awarded is shown in Chart 2 This is by no means an established pattern of support Many mershyitorious proposals are now refused grants At times we have been able to grant less than one-third of the requests considered worthy of support by the review panels

The use of substantial funds by the Founshydation has enabled it to support the conshystruction of such facilities as the National Radio Astronomy Observatory Green Bank W Va and the Ki tt P eak National Observatory Tucson Ariz These national laboratories and institutes carry with their creation an implied commitment for conshytinued operating budgets The Foundation is indeed concerned with the problem of providing adequate support for the major fac ilities and for the continued support of able scientists who justify essentially life time support To th is committed support load must be added the encouragement and opportunity which the Foundation must be prepared to offer to the young scientist beshyginning his independent research activity

Congress has directed that the Foundashytion avoid undue concentration of research and education activities A measure of the

MARCH 1959 E

needs for basic sc be indicated by t dents or by the shows that the g able balance wi need

TO Millions of I 150

bullII

125

100

75

50

25

0

I~

REGIOJ GIANTS

bull Prop o Gron bull Grad

--- -- - middot~

VOL 49 NO 3

Icadership requires lt for the research )ut also an educashyJCS potential scholshylest possib le prepshy Chart 1 shows ide of the support

Foundation makes e basis of proposals cwed by panels of ll1d ati ons program Il1ts assure support -bile others are for fun ds provided by sufficient to enable less than a third eB It is qu ite natshywho has won the d will return after 81 support and he ~rcater opportunity tion funds present on for his support osals for research were awarded is is by no means an

lpport M any mershy~ refused grants able to grant less equests considered review panels fund s by the Founshy) ~upport the conshyes as the National Iservatory Green ~itt Peak N ationa l middotiz These national ~s carry with the ir lInitment for conshy3 The Foundation h the problem of lOrt for the maj or ntinued support of ify essentia lly li fe ommitted support mcouragement and oundation must be young scien tist beshyresearch activity that the Foundashy

tration of research A measure of the

M ARCH 1959 EXfRAMURAL PROGRAMS OF T HE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDAT IO N 69

needs for basic sc ience r esearch sup port m ay Support for education through fell ow shybe indicated by the n umber of graduate stu shy sh ips and institutes for teacher tra ining has dents or by the dollar grants Chart 3 been nation wide but not in all cases as well shows t hat the grants given a re in r easonshy d istributed a s wou ld be desired fo r a nashyab le balance wi th these two m easures of tionwide p rogram W e have attempted to need correct th ese di screpa ncies as they are iden-

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

E~CENTAGEOF GRANTS AWA~()E() TO PROPOSAlS RECEIVEP-fISCAl YEA~ 953-f95)

Millions of 00110 rs Fiscal Years 1953 -1959 150 I

125 f--shy100

75 ~

25 1

o

_ Proposal s Received _ Grants Aw orded ------------------

Percentages indicate proportion I of grants awarded to proposals f-I - ----- --- shy

received in the Fiscal Year

1 ----------------------------------4

50rl------~--------------------

t

1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 I h l1

Fiscal Years

CHAnT 2

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATI ON

REGIONAL COHPARSOII Of PROPOSALS ~ECEIYEP(II(JHIE~) G~ANrS AWA~PEP(IIIIIIER) flllri fJRAPIArE SrIPENTf()IfILAT()1I

(Expres~ed in of 10101 of each index)

_

o _

Proposals (FY 1952shy58)

Gronts (FY 1952shy58) Graduote Students (1955-56)

07 1 07 1 05

~

C HARf 3

I

70 JO RNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 No3

tified A program of cooperative fellowships is being introduced this y ear which will proshyvide a much wider distribution of fellows throughout the Nation but still permit the applicant to select freely the institution through which he seeks to compete for the fellowship

The activities of the Foundation are not restricted entirely to this country F ellowshyships are granted only to citizens but they may use their grants for study at foreign universities Funds in support of research have frequently been used by grantees to carryon their studies in foreign countries and in exceptional cases grants have been made to a few foreign investigators whose work was considered essential to our own programs or involved the active participashytion of American scientists or students We have responsibilities for assistance to parshyticipants in international conferences and congresses In our Office of Science Informashytion Service we arrange for the exchange of

publications and for the translation of some of these so that they will be generally availshyable to scientists

The principal objective of the National Science Foundation is the development of basic science in the United States W eare attempting to do this by direct support of the scientist in his research program by supplying him with the means of publishing his results with ready access to the results of the work of other scientists and by imshyproving our educational system so that promising scholars are given a better founshydation for their future careers Some very valuable and exciting advances have alshyready been made in science through our support but the major impact of such a broad program as we have undertaken will not be measured by the visible splashes but rather by the rising tide of general basic science development and the technological benefits that later come to society through their application and use

-Extramural Science Programs of the Department of Defense

By GEORGE D LUKES E xecutive Secretary Defense Science Board Office of the Directo of Defense R esearch and Engineering

I appreciate the invitation of the Washshyington Academy of Sciences to participate in this symposium and to make the Defense contribution on ex tramural science proshygrams of the Federal Government We in Defense find a symposium of this nature an excellent opportunity to get across to the scientific community at large the nature and scope of our scientific research activities and particularly in the theme of todays session how our extramural activities conshytribute to the achievement of Defense obshyjectives Within this framework I shall also weave some of the more significant aspects of our policy on basic research in the hope of furth ering understanding

Formerly Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Research and Engineering)

DOLLAR MAGNITUDE PERFORMANCE COMPOshy

NENTS AND RESEARCH SUPPORT LEVELS

It is important to provide first a backshydrop of the total dollar effort of Department of Defense scientific research and developshyment The first chart shows graphically the DOD obligations for fiscal year 1959 in reshylation to those of the other Fed eral Governshyment agencies Something like 62 percent of all Federal funds devoted to research and development represents the Defense Deshypartments share of th e Federal effort The second chart displays the approximate disshytribution of these funds in terms of the three maj or performance components Governshyment laboratories industrial contractors and university and other nonprofit institu-

MARCH 1959 EXT

tions You will not about 60 percent ported from the n appropriations of fense universities sti tutions c011duct Government labor ance of 31 percen performance app] for research and ducted internally I and engineers 13 evaluation and 4 monitoring

I should now ha tional source of fu port of scientific 3

of the Departmet the latter These i1 are principally th duction funds of billion in fiscal ye of development te weapons of the dis ety-the B-58 an( programs are goo presented do not this source withi posium-extramur sion is of little cal

N ow let us diSCI activity of the r chart displays the the Defense resear gram Of our fisca development progl million is devoted $1096 million is balance 85 percen for development two-thirds of the funds supports ext least 70 percent 0 research funds is support of basic r

NATURE AND scar RESEAE

The science pro of D efense compri cal and engineerin

1

VOL 49 NO 3

n1l1s1ation of some Je generally avail-

e of the National Ie development of Icd States Weare direct support of

arch program by leans of publishing cess to the resu Its ntists and by imshyI system so that en a better founshywrcers Some very c1vances have al shyicnce through our impact of such a

C undertaken will isible splashes bu t c of general basic I the technological to society through

Defense

ard OffLCe

FORMANCE COMPOshy

SUPPORT LEVELS

Iide first a backshyfort of Department ~arch and developshyS graphically the al year 1959 in reshy~r Federal Governshy~ like 62 percent of xl to research and the Defense Deshy

Federal effort The c approximate disshyo terms of the three Iponents Govern shystrial contractors ~ nonprofit institushy

71MARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

tions You will note that industry performs about 60 percent of the total effort supshyported from the research and development appropriations of the Department of Deshyfense universities and other nonprofit inshystitutions conduct about 9 percent and Government laboratories perform the balshyance of 31 percent Of funds for in-house performance approximately 14 percent is for research and development peT se conshyducted internally by Government scientists and engineers 13 percent is for test and evaluation and 4 percent is for contract monitoring

I should now hasten to add that an addishytional source of funds is available for supshy CHART 1 Estimated Distribution of FY 1959

Federal Government Research and Developmentport of scientific and engineering acti vities Obligations of the Department of D efense primarily the latter These in appropriation language are principally the Procurement and Proshyduction funds of which something like $32 billion in fiscal year 1959 go to the support of development test and evaluation of new weapons of the distinctively hardware varishyety-the B-58 and the IRBM and ICBM programs are good examples The charts presented do not include the funds from this source within the theme of this sym shyposium-extramural science-their omisshy

1- COMMfRCEsion is of little consequence however 15-4 NAT l SCIENCENow let us discuss the scientific research

FOUNDATION

activity of the Defense effort The third chart displays the character distribution of

CHART 2 Where Defense Research and the Defense research and development proshyDevelopment is Performed

gram Of our fiscal year 1959 research and development programs 15 percent or $391 million is devoted to research and of this $1096 million is for basic research The UNIVERSITIES AND

balance 85 percent of the total program is OTHER NONPROFIT

for development vVe estimate that almost two-thirds of the $391 million of research funds supports extramural activities and at least 70 percent of the $1096 million basic research funds is devoted to extramural support of basic research

NATURE AND SCOP E OF DEFENSE SCIENTIFIC

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

The science programs of the Department of Defense comprise activities in the physishy

CHART 3 Character of Defense Research andcal and engineering sciences in the life sci- Development Program for FY 1959

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 372

ences in psychology and the social sciences and in operations research

About 80 percent of the funds devoted to scientific research support activities in the physical and engineering sciences this amounts to about $313 million in fiscal year 1959 Defense program Within this broad category the typical fields of endeavor and the program objectives are as follows

In physics the objective is the advanceshyment through systematic and exploratory research of those selected aspects of pure and applied physics which contribute to an increase in military capability The present program totaling about $33 million in exshytramural effort includes solid-state physics extreme-temperature p hysi cs stati stical physics physics of atoms and molecules nushyclear physics physical acoustics upper-air physics electron physics optics magnetism instrumentation for physical measurements and electromagnetic radiation

In chemistry the objective of the program may be divided into two parts (1) a balshyanced effort of selected fundamental reshysearch which serves as a foundation for the varying needs of the military and (2) speshyci fic applied proj ects aimed at satisfying short-term defense needs The present proshygram includes research support in relevant areas of analytical inorganic organic physshyical polymer and radiation chemistry The extramural support runs about $31 million yearly

In mathematics the objective is the sysshytematic advancement of this science closely geared to the objectives of the other scienshytific programs and in response to expanding needs for direct qualitative information about the design and operations of weapons and weapons systems The present program includes algebra analysis geometry topolshyogy probability statistics logistics comshymunications and computers Extramural support runs about $5 million yearly

middotWi th respect to those fields of endea VOl

that are more characteristically the engishyneering sciences the scope of the programs and the broad objectives are as follows

Jl[echanics The obj ective of the research program in mechanics is the systematic adshyvancement of engineering knowledge and principles bearing directly upon design crishy

teria for the development of new weapons systems and components Studies on the folshylowing are included in the present program the dynamics of gases liquids and solids aerodynamic problems problems involving structural design strength of solids hydroshymechanics propulsion heat and mass transshyfer soil mechanics and problems involving the development and synthesis of mechashynisms Extramural support runs about $25 million ycarly

Jl1aterials The objective of the research program is the systematic advancement of knowledge on the fundamental properties and bebavior of materials to provide the best possible selection for designers and fabricators of military weapons and equipshyments The present program includes studies on metals minerals ceramics elastomers adhesives transparent materials organic structural materials fibers and fibrous mashyterials insulating materials and dielectric and magnetic materials Extramural supshyport runs about $27 million yearly

Comblistion The objective of tbe reshysearch program in the field of combustion is to gain an increased understanding of the total process of transforming the chemical energy of reactants into thermal and kinetic energy of reaction products so tbe design of military propulsion devices can be put on an increasingly rational basis The presshyent program includes investigations of basic phenomena in selected areas of physics chemistry fluid mechanics thermochemisshytry and thermodynamics and also fundashymental investigations of processes that are interrelated combinations of these phenomshyena Extramural support runs about $6 milshylion yearly

Electronics The obj ective of the research program in electronics is to ensure maxishymum extension and acceleration of all our senses for military purposes Tbe present program includes acoustics ancl underwater sound antenna theory electromagnetic propagation and reflection communicashytions data handling ancl information theshyory electronic instrumentation and standards electronic countermeasures and counter-countermeasures IFF theory inshyfrared navigation radar electronic tubes parts and semiconductors and electron and

MARCH 1959

ion plasma Ext $43 million yei

In the geoph is the advancerr exploratory res pects which wi] the military to the natural en present progran ogy oceanogra chemistry car rapby astronoll and gravity st runs about $19

Turning now sciences the DC in the medical scope and the c

In the medic port of the mist studies inshy

(a) Preventi methods of phy surveillance pr preventive den mental physiol( and injury pre tion against ra( of chemical i11

methods of caS1 and public healt

(b) Studies]I lems of aviatil and diving mee machines of In climates and 81

(c) Improve cal dental ani habilitation of

The medical $24 million ye~1 lion is the extr

In the biolog the systematic areas of militaJ gram includes ecology the bit reception and c terial fungal the ecology of nism of infectic organisms Ext $7 million year

73 (S VOL 49 No3

nt of new weapons s Studies on the fo lshyle present program liquids and solids problems involving ~th of solids hydroshyIcnt and mass trans-problems involving

ynthesis of mechashy)ort runs about $25

tive of the research itic advancement of lamental properties ials to provide the

for designers and capons and equipshyram includes studies eramics elastomers

materials organic Ie) and fibrous mashyrials and dielectric s Extramural supshylion yea rly bi ective of the reshyfield of combustion mderstanding of the Irming the chemical thermal and kinetic

lucts so the design dcvices can be put Inal basis The presshycstigations of basic I areas of physics nics thermochemisshyC~ and also fundashyf processes that are 118 of these phenomshyt runs about $6 mil-

dive of the research i ~ to ensure maxishy

eleration of all our middotmiddotposes The present tics and underwater y electromagneti c ction communicashy3d information theshytrumentation and Jun termeasures and s IFF theory inshyar electronic tu bes 1S and electron and

lVIARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

ion plasma Extramural support runs about $43 million yearly

In the geophysical sciences the objective is the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects which will increase the capability of the mil1tary to utilize predict and control the natural environment Included in the present program are meteorology climatolshyogy oceanography marine geology geoshychemistry cartography geodesy geogshyraphy astronomy astrophysics magnetism and gravity studies Extramural support runs about $19 million yearly

Turning now to the broad category of life sciences the DOD su pports maj or programs in the medical sciences and in biology The scope and the objectives are

In the medical sciences to provide supshyport of the mission of military medicine by studies inshy

(a) Preventive medicine research on methods of physical examination and health surveillance promotion of physical fitness preventive dentistry nutrition environshymental physiology and pathology disease and injury prevention toxicology protecshytion against radiation and blast the effects of chemical and biological agents with methods of casualty prevention ind ustrial and public health studies

(b) Studies relating to the medical probshylems of aviation astronauti cs submarine and diving medicine man in relation to the machines of war in all media terrain and climates and survival techniques

(c) Improved methods of medical surgishycal dental and psychiatric care and reshyhabilitation of the sick and injured

The medical sciences program runs about $24 million yearly of which about $15 milshylion is the extramural effort

In the biological sciences the obj ective is the systematic development of this field in areas of military interest The present proshygram includes hydrobiology biogeography ecology the biomechanism of complex data reception and control in Ii ving systems bacshyterial fungal viral genetics and nutrition the ecology of disease vectors the mechashyni sm of infection and the survival of microshyorganisms Extramural support runs about $7 million yearly

As to the psychological and social scishyences the support level is about $21 million of which $15 million is the extramural effort Program content and the obj ectives are the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects of pure and applied psychological and social sciences which contribute to an inshycrease in the military capability The presshyent program includes studies leading to new concepts techniques devices and principles applicable to the solution of military probshylems including military manpower needs and the availability selection classification assignment and proficiency measurement of personnel education training and training devices motivation morale leadership human organization human engineering psychological and unconventional warfare intelligence operations and civil affairs and military governmen t

Finally coming to operations research as a field of scientific activity in its own right the objective is to provide quantitative bases for executive decisions on military and related scientific matters The present program includes contracts totaling about $28 million in support of work with RAND the Operations Research Office the Operashytions Evaluation Group the Combat Operashytions Research Group the Institute for Deshyfense Analyses the Human R esources Research Office the Naval Warfare Analyshysis Group and the Naval IVarfare Research Center

In total these scientific research proshygrams comprise a fiscal year 1959 Defense effort amounting to about $391 million proshyviding about $137 million to the conduct of in tramural effort and $254 million to the support of extramural science activities

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE POLICY ON

BASIC RESEARCH

Let us turn now to obj ectives stated even more broadly A bout a year ago Secretary McElroy issued a strong policy directive setting forth the principles governing the support of a D epartment-wide basic reshysearch program conceived and anchored in imaginative long-term planning and long-term funding This policy recognizes that II the needs of national defense are

~

74 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 3

uniquely characterized by pressing demands for new facts and knovvledge very close to the frontiers of science in order to protect the security of the United States and its vast Defense investment against both techshynological surprise and obsolescence It emshyphasizes also that the costs of basic research are small in proportion to the potential milishytary strength to which basic research is cashypable of contributing and that sustained support of basic research offers one of the most promising opportunities for effecting long-range economies in other aspec ts of the military program

Specifically the directive states

A It is the policy of the Department of Deshyfense 1 To support a broad and continuing basic

research program to assure the flow of the fundamental knowledge needed by the military departments as prime users of scientific facts and to evolve novel weapshyons of war and

2 To maintain through such a broad supshyport program an effective contact between the military departments and the scienshytists of the coun try so that the military departments are continuously and growshyingly aware of new scientific developments and the scientists are aware of the milishytary needs

B It is further the policy of the Department of Defense to coordinate its basic research proshygram with the National Science Foundation and to encourage the support of sound basic research programs by government and prishyvate agencies recognizing that these proshygrams are essential to the full development utilization and growth of the nations scienshytific resources and hence to national defense

Within the guidance of this policy the Department of Defense substantially inshycreased fiscal year 1958 funding for some research programs judged critical for the improvement of military weaponry The increased funding for each field was $316 million for the physical medical and geoshyphysical sciences $10 million for materials research and $125 million for the vital areas of electron tubes and electronic parts $30 million of these funds went to the supshyport of basic and supporting research proshygrams at academic institutions The main

effect was to restore research to the level from which it had sagged over the past sevshyeral years owing to inflation and the inshycreased costs of modern instrumentation In addition to the above funds $12 million was made available to the Army and Air Force in June of this year for the explicit purpose of financing certain contractual research programs for periods longer than the anshynual program increment or to provide for program longevity

NEW GRANTS AUTHORITY UNDER PUBLIC

LAW 85-934

The recent session of Congress saw the passage of Public Law 85-934 an act to aushythorize the expenditure of funds through grants for the support of scientific research Heretofore the Department of Defense has been limited to the use of a research conshytract in engaging the services of an educashytional or other nonprofit organization The Grants Act provides the authority to make grants to such institutions or organizations for the support of basic scientific research where such action is deemed to be in furshytherance of the objectives of the agency it also grants discretionary authority to vest title of research equipment in the organizashytion carrying out such research Increased flexibility will accordingly result from this authority in Defense support of basic scishyentific research A directive is presently beshying drafted in the Department of Defense to establish a uniform policy among all military agencies in the awarding and adshyministration of research grants and the transfer of title to research equipment acshyquired under such grants

This I believe covers the highlights of Defense science programs and our broad objectives in their support the program content and technical objectives of our scishyentific effort in some discrete fields and certain aspects of Defense policies de~igned to be constructive forward-looking and to lend stimulation and sustenance to science from the Defense end of the Federal Govshyernment

MAR CH 1959 EXT

Extramural

By C J VA SUI

It is a pleasure t si um on the extran the Federal Goven

The program ch cover briefly the e the National Instit spect to our extrm time for questions shall present the sketch of the NIH grams

I shall not atter intramural progra search-nor all the the U S Public f the NIH constitutl branch Nor will t mural scientific aCI nents of the Depart tion and vVelfare Health Service is a

Now to turn to t gram The objectiv tutes of Health an Service is contained form our enabling I pose upon us gravE The purpose of all in simplest terms ir improve the healtl United States

The methods for are again in the she and support of res aid in the applicati

In the legislatio there is a charge to Health) Service al with and render a priate public Ruthe tions and scienti st~ promote the coorc1i vestigations expel and studies relating treatment control

--- -- - middot~

VOL 49 NO 3

Icadership requires lt for the research )ut also an educashyJCS potential scholshylest possib le prepshy Chart 1 shows ide of the support

Foundation makes e basis of proposals cwed by panels of ll1d ati ons program Il1ts assure support -bile others are for fun ds provided by sufficient to enable less than a third eB It is qu ite natshywho has won the d will return after 81 support and he ~rcater opportunity tion funds present on for his support osals for research were awarded is is by no means an

lpport M any mershy~ refused grants able to grant less equests considered review panels fund s by the Founshy) ~upport the conshyes as the National Iservatory Green ~itt Peak N ationa l middotiz These national ~s carry with the ir lInitment for conshy3 The Foundation h the problem of lOrt for the maj or ntinued support of ify essentia lly li fe ommitted support mcouragement and oundation must be young scien tist beshyresearch activity that the Foundashy

tration of research A measure of the

M ARCH 1959 EXfRAMURAL PROGRAMS OF T HE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDAT IO N 69

needs for basic sc ience r esearch sup port m ay Support for education through fell ow shybe indicated by the n umber of graduate stu shy sh ips and institutes for teacher tra ining has dents or by the dollar grants Chart 3 been nation wide but not in all cases as well shows t hat the grants given a re in r easonshy d istributed a s wou ld be desired fo r a nashyab le balance wi th these two m easures of tionwide p rogram W e have attempted to need correct th ese di screpa ncies as they are iden-

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

E~CENTAGEOF GRANTS AWA~()E() TO PROPOSAlS RECEIVEP-fISCAl YEA~ 953-f95)

Millions of 00110 rs Fiscal Years 1953 -1959 150 I

125 f--shy100

75 ~

25 1

o

_ Proposal s Received _ Grants Aw orded ------------------

Percentages indicate proportion I of grants awarded to proposals f-I - ----- --- shy

received in the Fiscal Year

1 ----------------------------------4

50rl------~--------------------

t

1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 I h l1

Fiscal Years

CHAnT 2

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATI ON

REGIONAL COHPARSOII Of PROPOSALS ~ECEIYEP(II(JHIE~) G~ANrS AWA~PEP(IIIIIIER) flllri fJRAPIArE SrIPENTf()IfILAT()1I

(Expres~ed in of 10101 of each index)

_

o _

Proposals (FY 1952shy58)

Gronts (FY 1952shy58) Graduote Students (1955-56)

07 1 07 1 05

~

C HARf 3

I

70 JO RNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 No3

tified A program of cooperative fellowships is being introduced this y ear which will proshyvide a much wider distribution of fellows throughout the Nation but still permit the applicant to select freely the institution through which he seeks to compete for the fellowship

The activities of the Foundation are not restricted entirely to this country F ellowshyships are granted only to citizens but they may use their grants for study at foreign universities Funds in support of research have frequently been used by grantees to carryon their studies in foreign countries and in exceptional cases grants have been made to a few foreign investigators whose work was considered essential to our own programs or involved the active participashytion of American scientists or students We have responsibilities for assistance to parshyticipants in international conferences and congresses In our Office of Science Informashytion Service we arrange for the exchange of

publications and for the translation of some of these so that they will be generally availshyable to scientists

The principal objective of the National Science Foundation is the development of basic science in the United States W eare attempting to do this by direct support of the scientist in his research program by supplying him with the means of publishing his results with ready access to the results of the work of other scientists and by imshyproving our educational system so that promising scholars are given a better founshydation for their future careers Some very valuable and exciting advances have alshyready been made in science through our support but the major impact of such a broad program as we have undertaken will not be measured by the visible splashes but rather by the rising tide of general basic science development and the technological benefits that later come to society through their application and use

-Extramural Science Programs of the Department of Defense

By GEORGE D LUKES E xecutive Secretary Defense Science Board Office of the Directo of Defense R esearch and Engineering

I appreciate the invitation of the Washshyington Academy of Sciences to participate in this symposium and to make the Defense contribution on ex tramural science proshygrams of the Federal Government We in Defense find a symposium of this nature an excellent opportunity to get across to the scientific community at large the nature and scope of our scientific research activities and particularly in the theme of todays session how our extramural activities conshytribute to the achievement of Defense obshyjectives Within this framework I shall also weave some of the more significant aspects of our policy on basic research in the hope of furth ering understanding

Formerly Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Research and Engineering)

DOLLAR MAGNITUDE PERFORMANCE COMPOshy

NENTS AND RESEARCH SUPPORT LEVELS

It is important to provide first a backshydrop of the total dollar effort of Department of Defense scientific research and developshyment The first chart shows graphically the DOD obligations for fiscal year 1959 in reshylation to those of the other Fed eral Governshyment agencies Something like 62 percent of all Federal funds devoted to research and development represents the Defense Deshypartments share of th e Federal effort The second chart displays the approximate disshytribution of these funds in terms of the three maj or performance components Governshyment laboratories industrial contractors and university and other nonprofit institu-

MARCH 1959 EXT

tions You will not about 60 percent ported from the n appropriations of fense universities sti tutions c011duct Government labor ance of 31 percen performance app] for research and ducted internally I and engineers 13 evaluation and 4 monitoring

I should now ha tional source of fu port of scientific 3

of the Departmet the latter These i1 are principally th duction funds of billion in fiscal ye of development te weapons of the dis ety-the B-58 an( programs are goo presented do not this source withi posium-extramur sion is of little cal

N ow let us diSCI activity of the r chart displays the the Defense resear gram Of our fisca development progl million is devoted $1096 million is balance 85 percen for development two-thirds of the funds supports ext least 70 percent 0 research funds is support of basic r

NATURE AND scar RESEAE

The science pro of D efense compri cal and engineerin

1

VOL 49 NO 3

n1l1s1ation of some Je generally avail-

e of the National Ie development of Icd States Weare direct support of

arch program by leans of publishing cess to the resu Its ntists and by imshyI system so that en a better founshywrcers Some very c1vances have al shyicnce through our impact of such a

C undertaken will isible splashes bu t c of general basic I the technological to society through

Defense

ard OffLCe

FORMANCE COMPOshy

SUPPORT LEVELS

Iide first a backshyfort of Department ~arch and developshyS graphically the al year 1959 in reshy~r Federal Governshy~ like 62 percent of xl to research and the Defense Deshy

Federal effort The c approximate disshyo terms of the three Iponents Govern shystrial contractors ~ nonprofit institushy

71MARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

tions You will note that industry performs about 60 percent of the total effort supshyported from the research and development appropriations of the Department of Deshyfense universities and other nonprofit inshystitutions conduct about 9 percent and Government laboratories perform the balshyance of 31 percent Of funds for in-house performance approximately 14 percent is for research and development peT se conshyducted internally by Government scientists and engineers 13 percent is for test and evaluation and 4 percent is for contract monitoring

I should now hasten to add that an addishytional source of funds is available for supshy CHART 1 Estimated Distribution of FY 1959

Federal Government Research and Developmentport of scientific and engineering acti vities Obligations of the Department of D efense primarily the latter These in appropriation language are principally the Procurement and Proshyduction funds of which something like $32 billion in fiscal year 1959 go to the support of development test and evaluation of new weapons of the distinctively hardware varishyety-the B-58 and the IRBM and ICBM programs are good examples The charts presented do not include the funds from this source within the theme of this sym shyposium-extramural science-their omisshy

1- COMMfRCEsion is of little consequence however 15-4 NAT l SCIENCENow let us discuss the scientific research

FOUNDATION

activity of the Defense effort The third chart displays the character distribution of

CHART 2 Where Defense Research and the Defense research and development proshyDevelopment is Performed

gram Of our fiscal year 1959 research and development programs 15 percent or $391 million is devoted to research and of this $1096 million is for basic research The UNIVERSITIES AND

balance 85 percent of the total program is OTHER NONPROFIT

for development vVe estimate that almost two-thirds of the $391 million of research funds supports extramural activities and at least 70 percent of the $1096 million basic research funds is devoted to extramural support of basic research

NATURE AND SCOP E OF DEFENSE SCIENTIFIC

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

The science programs of the Department of Defense comprise activities in the physishy

CHART 3 Character of Defense Research andcal and engineering sciences in the life sci- Development Program for FY 1959

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 372

ences in psychology and the social sciences and in operations research

About 80 percent of the funds devoted to scientific research support activities in the physical and engineering sciences this amounts to about $313 million in fiscal year 1959 Defense program Within this broad category the typical fields of endeavor and the program objectives are as follows

In physics the objective is the advanceshyment through systematic and exploratory research of those selected aspects of pure and applied physics which contribute to an increase in military capability The present program totaling about $33 million in exshytramural effort includes solid-state physics extreme-temperature p hysi cs stati stical physics physics of atoms and molecules nushyclear physics physical acoustics upper-air physics electron physics optics magnetism instrumentation for physical measurements and electromagnetic radiation

In chemistry the objective of the program may be divided into two parts (1) a balshyanced effort of selected fundamental reshysearch which serves as a foundation for the varying needs of the military and (2) speshyci fic applied proj ects aimed at satisfying short-term defense needs The present proshygram includes research support in relevant areas of analytical inorganic organic physshyical polymer and radiation chemistry The extramural support runs about $31 million yearly

In mathematics the objective is the sysshytematic advancement of this science closely geared to the objectives of the other scienshytific programs and in response to expanding needs for direct qualitative information about the design and operations of weapons and weapons systems The present program includes algebra analysis geometry topolshyogy probability statistics logistics comshymunications and computers Extramural support runs about $5 million yearly

middotWi th respect to those fields of endea VOl

that are more characteristically the engishyneering sciences the scope of the programs and the broad objectives are as follows

Jl[echanics The obj ective of the research program in mechanics is the systematic adshyvancement of engineering knowledge and principles bearing directly upon design crishy

teria for the development of new weapons systems and components Studies on the folshylowing are included in the present program the dynamics of gases liquids and solids aerodynamic problems problems involving structural design strength of solids hydroshymechanics propulsion heat and mass transshyfer soil mechanics and problems involving the development and synthesis of mechashynisms Extramural support runs about $25 million ycarly

Jl1aterials The objective of the research program is the systematic advancement of knowledge on the fundamental properties and bebavior of materials to provide the best possible selection for designers and fabricators of military weapons and equipshyments The present program includes studies on metals minerals ceramics elastomers adhesives transparent materials organic structural materials fibers and fibrous mashyterials insulating materials and dielectric and magnetic materials Extramural supshyport runs about $27 million yearly

Comblistion The objective of tbe reshysearch program in the field of combustion is to gain an increased understanding of the total process of transforming the chemical energy of reactants into thermal and kinetic energy of reaction products so tbe design of military propulsion devices can be put on an increasingly rational basis The presshyent program includes investigations of basic phenomena in selected areas of physics chemistry fluid mechanics thermochemisshytry and thermodynamics and also fundashymental investigations of processes that are interrelated combinations of these phenomshyena Extramural support runs about $6 milshylion yearly

Electronics The obj ective of the research program in electronics is to ensure maxishymum extension and acceleration of all our senses for military purposes Tbe present program includes acoustics ancl underwater sound antenna theory electromagnetic propagation and reflection communicashytions data handling ancl information theshyory electronic instrumentation and standards electronic countermeasures and counter-countermeasures IFF theory inshyfrared navigation radar electronic tubes parts and semiconductors and electron and

MARCH 1959

ion plasma Ext $43 million yei

In the geoph is the advancerr exploratory res pects which wi] the military to the natural en present progran ogy oceanogra chemistry car rapby astronoll and gravity st runs about $19

Turning now sciences the DC in the medical scope and the c

In the medic port of the mist studies inshy

(a) Preventi methods of phy surveillance pr preventive den mental physiol( and injury pre tion against ra( of chemical i11

methods of caS1 and public healt

(b) Studies]I lems of aviatil and diving mee machines of In climates and 81

(c) Improve cal dental ani habilitation of

The medical $24 million ye~1 lion is the extr

In the biolog the systematic areas of militaJ gram includes ecology the bit reception and c terial fungal the ecology of nism of infectic organisms Ext $7 million year

73 (S VOL 49 No3

nt of new weapons s Studies on the fo lshyle present program liquids and solids problems involving ~th of solids hydroshyIcnt and mass trans-problems involving

ynthesis of mechashy)ort runs about $25

tive of the research itic advancement of lamental properties ials to provide the

for designers and capons and equipshyram includes studies eramics elastomers

materials organic Ie) and fibrous mashyrials and dielectric s Extramural supshylion yea rly bi ective of the reshyfield of combustion mderstanding of the Irming the chemical thermal and kinetic

lucts so the design dcvices can be put Inal basis The presshycstigations of basic I areas of physics nics thermochemisshyC~ and also fundashyf processes that are 118 of these phenomshyt runs about $6 mil-

dive of the research i ~ to ensure maxishy

eleration of all our middotmiddotposes The present tics and underwater y electromagneti c ction communicashy3d information theshytrumentation and Jun termeasures and s IFF theory inshyar electronic tu bes 1S and electron and

lVIARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

ion plasma Extramural support runs about $43 million yearly

In the geophysical sciences the objective is the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects which will increase the capability of the mil1tary to utilize predict and control the natural environment Included in the present program are meteorology climatolshyogy oceanography marine geology geoshychemistry cartography geodesy geogshyraphy astronomy astrophysics magnetism and gravity studies Extramural support runs about $19 million yearly

Turning now to the broad category of life sciences the DOD su pports maj or programs in the medical sciences and in biology The scope and the objectives are

In the medical sciences to provide supshyport of the mission of military medicine by studies inshy

(a) Preventive medicine research on methods of physical examination and health surveillance promotion of physical fitness preventive dentistry nutrition environshymental physiology and pathology disease and injury prevention toxicology protecshytion against radiation and blast the effects of chemical and biological agents with methods of casualty prevention ind ustrial and public health studies

(b) Studies relating to the medical probshylems of aviation astronauti cs submarine and diving medicine man in relation to the machines of war in all media terrain and climates and survival techniques

(c) Improved methods of medical surgishycal dental and psychiatric care and reshyhabilitation of the sick and injured

The medical sciences program runs about $24 million yearly of which about $15 milshylion is the extramural effort

In the biological sciences the obj ective is the systematic development of this field in areas of military interest The present proshygram includes hydrobiology biogeography ecology the biomechanism of complex data reception and control in Ii ving systems bacshyterial fungal viral genetics and nutrition the ecology of disease vectors the mechashyni sm of infection and the survival of microshyorganisms Extramural support runs about $7 million yearly

As to the psychological and social scishyences the support level is about $21 million of which $15 million is the extramural effort Program content and the obj ectives are the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects of pure and applied psychological and social sciences which contribute to an inshycrease in the military capability The presshyent program includes studies leading to new concepts techniques devices and principles applicable to the solution of military probshylems including military manpower needs and the availability selection classification assignment and proficiency measurement of personnel education training and training devices motivation morale leadership human organization human engineering psychological and unconventional warfare intelligence operations and civil affairs and military governmen t

Finally coming to operations research as a field of scientific activity in its own right the objective is to provide quantitative bases for executive decisions on military and related scientific matters The present program includes contracts totaling about $28 million in support of work with RAND the Operations Research Office the Operashytions Evaluation Group the Combat Operashytions Research Group the Institute for Deshyfense Analyses the Human R esources Research Office the Naval Warfare Analyshysis Group and the Naval IVarfare Research Center

In total these scientific research proshygrams comprise a fiscal year 1959 Defense effort amounting to about $391 million proshyviding about $137 million to the conduct of in tramural effort and $254 million to the support of extramural science activities

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE POLICY ON

BASIC RESEARCH

Let us turn now to obj ectives stated even more broadly A bout a year ago Secretary McElroy issued a strong policy directive setting forth the principles governing the support of a D epartment-wide basic reshysearch program conceived and anchored in imaginative long-term planning and long-term funding This policy recognizes that II the needs of national defense are

~

74 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 3

uniquely characterized by pressing demands for new facts and knovvledge very close to the frontiers of science in order to protect the security of the United States and its vast Defense investment against both techshynological surprise and obsolescence It emshyphasizes also that the costs of basic research are small in proportion to the potential milishytary strength to which basic research is cashypable of contributing and that sustained support of basic research offers one of the most promising opportunities for effecting long-range economies in other aspec ts of the military program

Specifically the directive states

A It is the policy of the Department of Deshyfense 1 To support a broad and continuing basic

research program to assure the flow of the fundamental knowledge needed by the military departments as prime users of scientific facts and to evolve novel weapshyons of war and

2 To maintain through such a broad supshyport program an effective contact between the military departments and the scienshytists of the coun try so that the military departments are continuously and growshyingly aware of new scientific developments and the scientists are aware of the milishytary needs

B It is further the policy of the Department of Defense to coordinate its basic research proshygram with the National Science Foundation and to encourage the support of sound basic research programs by government and prishyvate agencies recognizing that these proshygrams are essential to the full development utilization and growth of the nations scienshytific resources and hence to national defense

Within the guidance of this policy the Department of Defense substantially inshycreased fiscal year 1958 funding for some research programs judged critical for the improvement of military weaponry The increased funding for each field was $316 million for the physical medical and geoshyphysical sciences $10 million for materials research and $125 million for the vital areas of electron tubes and electronic parts $30 million of these funds went to the supshyport of basic and supporting research proshygrams at academic institutions The main

effect was to restore research to the level from which it had sagged over the past sevshyeral years owing to inflation and the inshycreased costs of modern instrumentation In addition to the above funds $12 million was made available to the Army and Air Force in June of this year for the explicit purpose of financing certain contractual research programs for periods longer than the anshynual program increment or to provide for program longevity

NEW GRANTS AUTHORITY UNDER PUBLIC

LAW 85-934

The recent session of Congress saw the passage of Public Law 85-934 an act to aushythorize the expenditure of funds through grants for the support of scientific research Heretofore the Department of Defense has been limited to the use of a research conshytract in engaging the services of an educashytional or other nonprofit organization The Grants Act provides the authority to make grants to such institutions or organizations for the support of basic scientific research where such action is deemed to be in furshytherance of the objectives of the agency it also grants discretionary authority to vest title of research equipment in the organizashytion carrying out such research Increased flexibility will accordingly result from this authority in Defense support of basic scishyentific research A directive is presently beshying drafted in the Department of Defense to establish a uniform policy among all military agencies in the awarding and adshyministration of research grants and the transfer of title to research equipment acshyquired under such grants

This I believe covers the highlights of Defense science programs and our broad objectives in their support the program content and technical objectives of our scishyentific effort in some discrete fields and certain aspects of Defense policies de~igned to be constructive forward-looking and to lend stimulation and sustenance to science from the Defense end of the Federal Govshyernment

MAR CH 1959 EXT

Extramural

By C J VA SUI

It is a pleasure t si um on the extran the Federal Goven

The program ch cover briefly the e the National Instit spect to our extrm time for questions shall present the sketch of the NIH grams

I shall not atter intramural progra search-nor all the the U S Public f the NIH constitutl branch Nor will t mural scientific aCI nents of the Depart tion and vVelfare Health Service is a

Now to turn to t gram The objectiv tutes of Health an Service is contained form our enabling I pose upon us gravE The purpose of all in simplest terms ir improve the healtl United States

The methods for are again in the she and support of res aid in the applicati

In the legislatio there is a charge to Health) Service al with and render a priate public Ruthe tions and scienti st~ promote the coorc1i vestigations expel and studies relating treatment control

I

70 JO RNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 No3

tified A program of cooperative fellowships is being introduced this y ear which will proshyvide a much wider distribution of fellows throughout the Nation but still permit the applicant to select freely the institution through which he seeks to compete for the fellowship

The activities of the Foundation are not restricted entirely to this country F ellowshyships are granted only to citizens but they may use their grants for study at foreign universities Funds in support of research have frequently been used by grantees to carryon their studies in foreign countries and in exceptional cases grants have been made to a few foreign investigators whose work was considered essential to our own programs or involved the active participashytion of American scientists or students We have responsibilities for assistance to parshyticipants in international conferences and congresses In our Office of Science Informashytion Service we arrange for the exchange of

publications and for the translation of some of these so that they will be generally availshyable to scientists

The principal objective of the National Science Foundation is the development of basic science in the United States W eare attempting to do this by direct support of the scientist in his research program by supplying him with the means of publishing his results with ready access to the results of the work of other scientists and by imshyproving our educational system so that promising scholars are given a better founshydation for their future careers Some very valuable and exciting advances have alshyready been made in science through our support but the major impact of such a broad program as we have undertaken will not be measured by the visible splashes but rather by the rising tide of general basic science development and the technological benefits that later come to society through their application and use

-Extramural Science Programs of the Department of Defense

By GEORGE D LUKES E xecutive Secretary Defense Science Board Office of the Directo of Defense R esearch and Engineering

I appreciate the invitation of the Washshyington Academy of Sciences to participate in this symposium and to make the Defense contribution on ex tramural science proshygrams of the Federal Government We in Defense find a symposium of this nature an excellent opportunity to get across to the scientific community at large the nature and scope of our scientific research activities and particularly in the theme of todays session how our extramural activities conshytribute to the achievement of Defense obshyjectives Within this framework I shall also weave some of the more significant aspects of our policy on basic research in the hope of furth ering understanding

Formerly Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Research and Engineering)

DOLLAR MAGNITUDE PERFORMANCE COMPOshy

NENTS AND RESEARCH SUPPORT LEVELS

It is important to provide first a backshydrop of the total dollar effort of Department of Defense scientific research and developshyment The first chart shows graphically the DOD obligations for fiscal year 1959 in reshylation to those of the other Fed eral Governshyment agencies Something like 62 percent of all Federal funds devoted to research and development represents the Defense Deshypartments share of th e Federal effort The second chart displays the approximate disshytribution of these funds in terms of the three maj or performance components Governshyment laboratories industrial contractors and university and other nonprofit institu-

MARCH 1959 EXT

tions You will not about 60 percent ported from the n appropriations of fense universities sti tutions c011duct Government labor ance of 31 percen performance app] for research and ducted internally I and engineers 13 evaluation and 4 monitoring

I should now ha tional source of fu port of scientific 3

of the Departmet the latter These i1 are principally th duction funds of billion in fiscal ye of development te weapons of the dis ety-the B-58 an( programs are goo presented do not this source withi posium-extramur sion is of little cal

N ow let us diSCI activity of the r chart displays the the Defense resear gram Of our fisca development progl million is devoted $1096 million is balance 85 percen for development two-thirds of the funds supports ext least 70 percent 0 research funds is support of basic r

NATURE AND scar RESEAE

The science pro of D efense compri cal and engineerin

1

VOL 49 NO 3

n1l1s1ation of some Je generally avail-

e of the National Ie development of Icd States Weare direct support of

arch program by leans of publishing cess to the resu Its ntists and by imshyI system so that en a better founshywrcers Some very c1vances have al shyicnce through our impact of such a

C undertaken will isible splashes bu t c of general basic I the technological to society through

Defense

ard OffLCe

FORMANCE COMPOshy

SUPPORT LEVELS

Iide first a backshyfort of Department ~arch and developshyS graphically the al year 1959 in reshy~r Federal Governshy~ like 62 percent of xl to research and the Defense Deshy

Federal effort The c approximate disshyo terms of the three Iponents Govern shystrial contractors ~ nonprofit institushy

71MARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

tions You will note that industry performs about 60 percent of the total effort supshyported from the research and development appropriations of the Department of Deshyfense universities and other nonprofit inshystitutions conduct about 9 percent and Government laboratories perform the balshyance of 31 percent Of funds for in-house performance approximately 14 percent is for research and development peT se conshyducted internally by Government scientists and engineers 13 percent is for test and evaluation and 4 percent is for contract monitoring

I should now hasten to add that an addishytional source of funds is available for supshy CHART 1 Estimated Distribution of FY 1959

Federal Government Research and Developmentport of scientific and engineering acti vities Obligations of the Department of D efense primarily the latter These in appropriation language are principally the Procurement and Proshyduction funds of which something like $32 billion in fiscal year 1959 go to the support of development test and evaluation of new weapons of the distinctively hardware varishyety-the B-58 and the IRBM and ICBM programs are good examples The charts presented do not include the funds from this source within the theme of this sym shyposium-extramural science-their omisshy

1- COMMfRCEsion is of little consequence however 15-4 NAT l SCIENCENow let us discuss the scientific research

FOUNDATION

activity of the Defense effort The third chart displays the character distribution of

CHART 2 Where Defense Research and the Defense research and development proshyDevelopment is Performed

gram Of our fiscal year 1959 research and development programs 15 percent or $391 million is devoted to research and of this $1096 million is for basic research The UNIVERSITIES AND

balance 85 percent of the total program is OTHER NONPROFIT

for development vVe estimate that almost two-thirds of the $391 million of research funds supports extramural activities and at least 70 percent of the $1096 million basic research funds is devoted to extramural support of basic research

NATURE AND SCOP E OF DEFENSE SCIENTIFIC

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

The science programs of the Department of Defense comprise activities in the physishy

CHART 3 Character of Defense Research andcal and engineering sciences in the life sci- Development Program for FY 1959

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 372

ences in psychology and the social sciences and in operations research

About 80 percent of the funds devoted to scientific research support activities in the physical and engineering sciences this amounts to about $313 million in fiscal year 1959 Defense program Within this broad category the typical fields of endeavor and the program objectives are as follows

In physics the objective is the advanceshyment through systematic and exploratory research of those selected aspects of pure and applied physics which contribute to an increase in military capability The present program totaling about $33 million in exshytramural effort includes solid-state physics extreme-temperature p hysi cs stati stical physics physics of atoms and molecules nushyclear physics physical acoustics upper-air physics electron physics optics magnetism instrumentation for physical measurements and electromagnetic radiation

In chemistry the objective of the program may be divided into two parts (1) a balshyanced effort of selected fundamental reshysearch which serves as a foundation for the varying needs of the military and (2) speshyci fic applied proj ects aimed at satisfying short-term defense needs The present proshygram includes research support in relevant areas of analytical inorganic organic physshyical polymer and radiation chemistry The extramural support runs about $31 million yearly

In mathematics the objective is the sysshytematic advancement of this science closely geared to the objectives of the other scienshytific programs and in response to expanding needs for direct qualitative information about the design and operations of weapons and weapons systems The present program includes algebra analysis geometry topolshyogy probability statistics logistics comshymunications and computers Extramural support runs about $5 million yearly

middotWi th respect to those fields of endea VOl

that are more characteristically the engishyneering sciences the scope of the programs and the broad objectives are as follows

Jl[echanics The obj ective of the research program in mechanics is the systematic adshyvancement of engineering knowledge and principles bearing directly upon design crishy

teria for the development of new weapons systems and components Studies on the folshylowing are included in the present program the dynamics of gases liquids and solids aerodynamic problems problems involving structural design strength of solids hydroshymechanics propulsion heat and mass transshyfer soil mechanics and problems involving the development and synthesis of mechashynisms Extramural support runs about $25 million ycarly

Jl1aterials The objective of the research program is the systematic advancement of knowledge on the fundamental properties and bebavior of materials to provide the best possible selection for designers and fabricators of military weapons and equipshyments The present program includes studies on metals minerals ceramics elastomers adhesives transparent materials organic structural materials fibers and fibrous mashyterials insulating materials and dielectric and magnetic materials Extramural supshyport runs about $27 million yearly

Comblistion The objective of tbe reshysearch program in the field of combustion is to gain an increased understanding of the total process of transforming the chemical energy of reactants into thermal and kinetic energy of reaction products so tbe design of military propulsion devices can be put on an increasingly rational basis The presshyent program includes investigations of basic phenomena in selected areas of physics chemistry fluid mechanics thermochemisshytry and thermodynamics and also fundashymental investigations of processes that are interrelated combinations of these phenomshyena Extramural support runs about $6 milshylion yearly

Electronics The obj ective of the research program in electronics is to ensure maxishymum extension and acceleration of all our senses for military purposes Tbe present program includes acoustics ancl underwater sound antenna theory electromagnetic propagation and reflection communicashytions data handling ancl information theshyory electronic instrumentation and standards electronic countermeasures and counter-countermeasures IFF theory inshyfrared navigation radar electronic tubes parts and semiconductors and electron and

MARCH 1959

ion plasma Ext $43 million yei

In the geoph is the advancerr exploratory res pects which wi] the military to the natural en present progran ogy oceanogra chemistry car rapby astronoll and gravity st runs about $19

Turning now sciences the DC in the medical scope and the c

In the medic port of the mist studies inshy

(a) Preventi methods of phy surveillance pr preventive den mental physiol( and injury pre tion against ra( of chemical i11

methods of caS1 and public healt

(b) Studies]I lems of aviatil and diving mee machines of In climates and 81

(c) Improve cal dental ani habilitation of

The medical $24 million ye~1 lion is the extr

In the biolog the systematic areas of militaJ gram includes ecology the bit reception and c terial fungal the ecology of nism of infectic organisms Ext $7 million year

73 (S VOL 49 No3

nt of new weapons s Studies on the fo lshyle present program liquids and solids problems involving ~th of solids hydroshyIcnt and mass trans-problems involving

ynthesis of mechashy)ort runs about $25

tive of the research itic advancement of lamental properties ials to provide the

for designers and capons and equipshyram includes studies eramics elastomers

materials organic Ie) and fibrous mashyrials and dielectric s Extramural supshylion yea rly bi ective of the reshyfield of combustion mderstanding of the Irming the chemical thermal and kinetic

lucts so the design dcvices can be put Inal basis The presshycstigations of basic I areas of physics nics thermochemisshyC~ and also fundashyf processes that are 118 of these phenomshyt runs about $6 mil-

dive of the research i ~ to ensure maxishy

eleration of all our middotmiddotposes The present tics and underwater y electromagneti c ction communicashy3d information theshytrumentation and Jun termeasures and s IFF theory inshyar electronic tu bes 1S and electron and

lVIARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

ion plasma Extramural support runs about $43 million yearly

In the geophysical sciences the objective is the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects which will increase the capability of the mil1tary to utilize predict and control the natural environment Included in the present program are meteorology climatolshyogy oceanography marine geology geoshychemistry cartography geodesy geogshyraphy astronomy astrophysics magnetism and gravity studies Extramural support runs about $19 million yearly

Turning now to the broad category of life sciences the DOD su pports maj or programs in the medical sciences and in biology The scope and the objectives are

In the medical sciences to provide supshyport of the mission of military medicine by studies inshy

(a) Preventive medicine research on methods of physical examination and health surveillance promotion of physical fitness preventive dentistry nutrition environshymental physiology and pathology disease and injury prevention toxicology protecshytion against radiation and blast the effects of chemical and biological agents with methods of casualty prevention ind ustrial and public health studies

(b) Studies relating to the medical probshylems of aviation astronauti cs submarine and diving medicine man in relation to the machines of war in all media terrain and climates and survival techniques

(c) Improved methods of medical surgishycal dental and psychiatric care and reshyhabilitation of the sick and injured

The medical sciences program runs about $24 million yearly of which about $15 milshylion is the extramural effort

In the biological sciences the obj ective is the systematic development of this field in areas of military interest The present proshygram includes hydrobiology biogeography ecology the biomechanism of complex data reception and control in Ii ving systems bacshyterial fungal viral genetics and nutrition the ecology of disease vectors the mechashyni sm of infection and the survival of microshyorganisms Extramural support runs about $7 million yearly

As to the psychological and social scishyences the support level is about $21 million of which $15 million is the extramural effort Program content and the obj ectives are the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects of pure and applied psychological and social sciences which contribute to an inshycrease in the military capability The presshyent program includes studies leading to new concepts techniques devices and principles applicable to the solution of military probshylems including military manpower needs and the availability selection classification assignment and proficiency measurement of personnel education training and training devices motivation morale leadership human organization human engineering psychological and unconventional warfare intelligence operations and civil affairs and military governmen t

Finally coming to operations research as a field of scientific activity in its own right the objective is to provide quantitative bases for executive decisions on military and related scientific matters The present program includes contracts totaling about $28 million in support of work with RAND the Operations Research Office the Operashytions Evaluation Group the Combat Operashytions Research Group the Institute for Deshyfense Analyses the Human R esources Research Office the Naval Warfare Analyshysis Group and the Naval IVarfare Research Center

In total these scientific research proshygrams comprise a fiscal year 1959 Defense effort amounting to about $391 million proshyviding about $137 million to the conduct of in tramural effort and $254 million to the support of extramural science activities

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE POLICY ON

BASIC RESEARCH

Let us turn now to obj ectives stated even more broadly A bout a year ago Secretary McElroy issued a strong policy directive setting forth the principles governing the support of a D epartment-wide basic reshysearch program conceived and anchored in imaginative long-term planning and long-term funding This policy recognizes that II the needs of national defense are

~

74 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 3

uniquely characterized by pressing demands for new facts and knovvledge very close to the frontiers of science in order to protect the security of the United States and its vast Defense investment against both techshynological surprise and obsolescence It emshyphasizes also that the costs of basic research are small in proportion to the potential milishytary strength to which basic research is cashypable of contributing and that sustained support of basic research offers one of the most promising opportunities for effecting long-range economies in other aspec ts of the military program

Specifically the directive states

A It is the policy of the Department of Deshyfense 1 To support a broad and continuing basic

research program to assure the flow of the fundamental knowledge needed by the military departments as prime users of scientific facts and to evolve novel weapshyons of war and

2 To maintain through such a broad supshyport program an effective contact between the military departments and the scienshytists of the coun try so that the military departments are continuously and growshyingly aware of new scientific developments and the scientists are aware of the milishytary needs

B It is further the policy of the Department of Defense to coordinate its basic research proshygram with the National Science Foundation and to encourage the support of sound basic research programs by government and prishyvate agencies recognizing that these proshygrams are essential to the full development utilization and growth of the nations scienshytific resources and hence to national defense

Within the guidance of this policy the Department of Defense substantially inshycreased fiscal year 1958 funding for some research programs judged critical for the improvement of military weaponry The increased funding for each field was $316 million for the physical medical and geoshyphysical sciences $10 million for materials research and $125 million for the vital areas of electron tubes and electronic parts $30 million of these funds went to the supshyport of basic and supporting research proshygrams at academic institutions The main

effect was to restore research to the level from which it had sagged over the past sevshyeral years owing to inflation and the inshycreased costs of modern instrumentation In addition to the above funds $12 million was made available to the Army and Air Force in June of this year for the explicit purpose of financing certain contractual research programs for periods longer than the anshynual program increment or to provide for program longevity

NEW GRANTS AUTHORITY UNDER PUBLIC

LAW 85-934

The recent session of Congress saw the passage of Public Law 85-934 an act to aushythorize the expenditure of funds through grants for the support of scientific research Heretofore the Department of Defense has been limited to the use of a research conshytract in engaging the services of an educashytional or other nonprofit organization The Grants Act provides the authority to make grants to such institutions or organizations for the support of basic scientific research where such action is deemed to be in furshytherance of the objectives of the agency it also grants discretionary authority to vest title of research equipment in the organizashytion carrying out such research Increased flexibility will accordingly result from this authority in Defense support of basic scishyentific research A directive is presently beshying drafted in the Department of Defense to establish a uniform policy among all military agencies in the awarding and adshyministration of research grants and the transfer of title to research equipment acshyquired under such grants

This I believe covers the highlights of Defense science programs and our broad objectives in their support the program content and technical objectives of our scishyentific effort in some discrete fields and certain aspects of Defense policies de~igned to be constructive forward-looking and to lend stimulation and sustenance to science from the Defense end of the Federal Govshyernment

MAR CH 1959 EXT

Extramural

By C J VA SUI

It is a pleasure t si um on the extran the Federal Goven

The program ch cover briefly the e the National Instit spect to our extrm time for questions shall present the sketch of the NIH grams

I shall not atter intramural progra search-nor all the the U S Public f the NIH constitutl branch Nor will t mural scientific aCI nents of the Depart tion and vVelfare Health Service is a

Now to turn to t gram The objectiv tutes of Health an Service is contained form our enabling I pose upon us gravE The purpose of all in simplest terms ir improve the healtl United States

The methods for are again in the she and support of res aid in the applicati

In the legislatio there is a charge to Health) Service al with and render a priate public Ruthe tions and scienti st~ promote the coorc1i vestigations expel and studies relating treatment control

VOL 49 NO 3

n1l1s1ation of some Je generally avail-

e of the National Ie development of Icd States Weare direct support of

arch program by leans of publishing cess to the resu Its ntists and by imshyI system so that en a better founshywrcers Some very c1vances have al shyicnce through our impact of such a

C undertaken will isible splashes bu t c of general basic I the technological to society through

Defense

ard OffLCe

FORMANCE COMPOshy

SUPPORT LEVELS

Iide first a backshyfort of Department ~arch and developshyS graphically the al year 1959 in reshy~r Federal Governshy~ like 62 percent of xl to research and the Defense Deshy

Federal effort The c approximate disshyo terms of the three Iponents Govern shystrial contractors ~ nonprofit institushy

71MARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

tions You will note that industry performs about 60 percent of the total effort supshyported from the research and development appropriations of the Department of Deshyfense universities and other nonprofit inshystitutions conduct about 9 percent and Government laboratories perform the balshyance of 31 percent Of funds for in-house performance approximately 14 percent is for research and development peT se conshyducted internally by Government scientists and engineers 13 percent is for test and evaluation and 4 percent is for contract monitoring

I should now hasten to add that an addishytional source of funds is available for supshy CHART 1 Estimated Distribution of FY 1959

Federal Government Research and Developmentport of scientific and engineering acti vities Obligations of the Department of D efense primarily the latter These in appropriation language are principally the Procurement and Proshyduction funds of which something like $32 billion in fiscal year 1959 go to the support of development test and evaluation of new weapons of the distinctively hardware varishyety-the B-58 and the IRBM and ICBM programs are good examples The charts presented do not include the funds from this source within the theme of this sym shyposium-extramural science-their omisshy

1- COMMfRCEsion is of little consequence however 15-4 NAT l SCIENCENow let us discuss the scientific research

FOUNDATION

activity of the Defense effort The third chart displays the character distribution of

CHART 2 Where Defense Research and the Defense research and development proshyDevelopment is Performed

gram Of our fiscal year 1959 research and development programs 15 percent or $391 million is devoted to research and of this $1096 million is for basic research The UNIVERSITIES AND

balance 85 percent of the total program is OTHER NONPROFIT

for development vVe estimate that almost two-thirds of the $391 million of research funds supports extramural activities and at least 70 percent of the $1096 million basic research funds is devoted to extramural support of basic research

NATURE AND SCOP E OF DEFENSE SCIENTIFIC

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

The science programs of the Department of Defense comprise activities in the physishy

CHART 3 Character of Defense Research andcal and engineering sciences in the life sci- Development Program for FY 1959

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 372

ences in psychology and the social sciences and in operations research

About 80 percent of the funds devoted to scientific research support activities in the physical and engineering sciences this amounts to about $313 million in fiscal year 1959 Defense program Within this broad category the typical fields of endeavor and the program objectives are as follows

In physics the objective is the advanceshyment through systematic and exploratory research of those selected aspects of pure and applied physics which contribute to an increase in military capability The present program totaling about $33 million in exshytramural effort includes solid-state physics extreme-temperature p hysi cs stati stical physics physics of atoms and molecules nushyclear physics physical acoustics upper-air physics electron physics optics magnetism instrumentation for physical measurements and electromagnetic radiation

In chemistry the objective of the program may be divided into two parts (1) a balshyanced effort of selected fundamental reshysearch which serves as a foundation for the varying needs of the military and (2) speshyci fic applied proj ects aimed at satisfying short-term defense needs The present proshygram includes research support in relevant areas of analytical inorganic organic physshyical polymer and radiation chemistry The extramural support runs about $31 million yearly

In mathematics the objective is the sysshytematic advancement of this science closely geared to the objectives of the other scienshytific programs and in response to expanding needs for direct qualitative information about the design and operations of weapons and weapons systems The present program includes algebra analysis geometry topolshyogy probability statistics logistics comshymunications and computers Extramural support runs about $5 million yearly

middotWi th respect to those fields of endea VOl

that are more characteristically the engishyneering sciences the scope of the programs and the broad objectives are as follows

Jl[echanics The obj ective of the research program in mechanics is the systematic adshyvancement of engineering knowledge and principles bearing directly upon design crishy

teria for the development of new weapons systems and components Studies on the folshylowing are included in the present program the dynamics of gases liquids and solids aerodynamic problems problems involving structural design strength of solids hydroshymechanics propulsion heat and mass transshyfer soil mechanics and problems involving the development and synthesis of mechashynisms Extramural support runs about $25 million ycarly

Jl1aterials The objective of the research program is the systematic advancement of knowledge on the fundamental properties and bebavior of materials to provide the best possible selection for designers and fabricators of military weapons and equipshyments The present program includes studies on metals minerals ceramics elastomers adhesives transparent materials organic structural materials fibers and fibrous mashyterials insulating materials and dielectric and magnetic materials Extramural supshyport runs about $27 million yearly

Comblistion The objective of tbe reshysearch program in the field of combustion is to gain an increased understanding of the total process of transforming the chemical energy of reactants into thermal and kinetic energy of reaction products so tbe design of military propulsion devices can be put on an increasingly rational basis The presshyent program includes investigations of basic phenomena in selected areas of physics chemistry fluid mechanics thermochemisshytry and thermodynamics and also fundashymental investigations of processes that are interrelated combinations of these phenomshyena Extramural support runs about $6 milshylion yearly

Electronics The obj ective of the research program in electronics is to ensure maxishymum extension and acceleration of all our senses for military purposes Tbe present program includes acoustics ancl underwater sound antenna theory electromagnetic propagation and reflection communicashytions data handling ancl information theshyory electronic instrumentation and standards electronic countermeasures and counter-countermeasures IFF theory inshyfrared navigation radar electronic tubes parts and semiconductors and electron and

MARCH 1959

ion plasma Ext $43 million yei

In the geoph is the advancerr exploratory res pects which wi] the military to the natural en present progran ogy oceanogra chemistry car rapby astronoll and gravity st runs about $19

Turning now sciences the DC in the medical scope and the c

In the medic port of the mist studies inshy

(a) Preventi methods of phy surveillance pr preventive den mental physiol( and injury pre tion against ra( of chemical i11

methods of caS1 and public healt

(b) Studies]I lems of aviatil and diving mee machines of In climates and 81

(c) Improve cal dental ani habilitation of

The medical $24 million ye~1 lion is the extr

In the biolog the systematic areas of militaJ gram includes ecology the bit reception and c terial fungal the ecology of nism of infectic organisms Ext $7 million year

73 (S VOL 49 No3

nt of new weapons s Studies on the fo lshyle present program liquids and solids problems involving ~th of solids hydroshyIcnt and mass trans-problems involving

ynthesis of mechashy)ort runs about $25

tive of the research itic advancement of lamental properties ials to provide the

for designers and capons and equipshyram includes studies eramics elastomers

materials organic Ie) and fibrous mashyrials and dielectric s Extramural supshylion yea rly bi ective of the reshyfield of combustion mderstanding of the Irming the chemical thermal and kinetic

lucts so the design dcvices can be put Inal basis The presshycstigations of basic I areas of physics nics thermochemisshyC~ and also fundashyf processes that are 118 of these phenomshyt runs about $6 mil-

dive of the research i ~ to ensure maxishy

eleration of all our middotmiddotposes The present tics and underwater y electromagneti c ction communicashy3d information theshytrumentation and Jun termeasures and s IFF theory inshyar electronic tu bes 1S and electron and

lVIARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

ion plasma Extramural support runs about $43 million yearly

In the geophysical sciences the objective is the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects which will increase the capability of the mil1tary to utilize predict and control the natural environment Included in the present program are meteorology climatolshyogy oceanography marine geology geoshychemistry cartography geodesy geogshyraphy astronomy astrophysics magnetism and gravity studies Extramural support runs about $19 million yearly

Turning now to the broad category of life sciences the DOD su pports maj or programs in the medical sciences and in biology The scope and the objectives are

In the medical sciences to provide supshyport of the mission of military medicine by studies inshy

(a) Preventive medicine research on methods of physical examination and health surveillance promotion of physical fitness preventive dentistry nutrition environshymental physiology and pathology disease and injury prevention toxicology protecshytion against radiation and blast the effects of chemical and biological agents with methods of casualty prevention ind ustrial and public health studies

(b) Studies relating to the medical probshylems of aviation astronauti cs submarine and diving medicine man in relation to the machines of war in all media terrain and climates and survival techniques

(c) Improved methods of medical surgishycal dental and psychiatric care and reshyhabilitation of the sick and injured

The medical sciences program runs about $24 million yearly of which about $15 milshylion is the extramural effort

In the biological sciences the obj ective is the systematic development of this field in areas of military interest The present proshygram includes hydrobiology biogeography ecology the biomechanism of complex data reception and control in Ii ving systems bacshyterial fungal viral genetics and nutrition the ecology of disease vectors the mechashyni sm of infection and the survival of microshyorganisms Extramural support runs about $7 million yearly

As to the psychological and social scishyences the support level is about $21 million of which $15 million is the extramural effort Program content and the obj ectives are the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects of pure and applied psychological and social sciences which contribute to an inshycrease in the military capability The presshyent program includes studies leading to new concepts techniques devices and principles applicable to the solution of military probshylems including military manpower needs and the availability selection classification assignment and proficiency measurement of personnel education training and training devices motivation morale leadership human organization human engineering psychological and unconventional warfare intelligence operations and civil affairs and military governmen t

Finally coming to operations research as a field of scientific activity in its own right the objective is to provide quantitative bases for executive decisions on military and related scientific matters The present program includes contracts totaling about $28 million in support of work with RAND the Operations Research Office the Operashytions Evaluation Group the Combat Operashytions Research Group the Institute for Deshyfense Analyses the Human R esources Research Office the Naval Warfare Analyshysis Group and the Naval IVarfare Research Center

In total these scientific research proshygrams comprise a fiscal year 1959 Defense effort amounting to about $391 million proshyviding about $137 million to the conduct of in tramural effort and $254 million to the support of extramural science activities

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE POLICY ON

BASIC RESEARCH

Let us turn now to obj ectives stated even more broadly A bout a year ago Secretary McElroy issued a strong policy directive setting forth the principles governing the support of a D epartment-wide basic reshysearch program conceived and anchored in imaginative long-term planning and long-term funding This policy recognizes that II the needs of national defense are

~

74 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 3

uniquely characterized by pressing demands for new facts and knovvledge very close to the frontiers of science in order to protect the security of the United States and its vast Defense investment against both techshynological surprise and obsolescence It emshyphasizes also that the costs of basic research are small in proportion to the potential milishytary strength to which basic research is cashypable of contributing and that sustained support of basic research offers one of the most promising opportunities for effecting long-range economies in other aspec ts of the military program

Specifically the directive states

A It is the policy of the Department of Deshyfense 1 To support a broad and continuing basic

research program to assure the flow of the fundamental knowledge needed by the military departments as prime users of scientific facts and to evolve novel weapshyons of war and

2 To maintain through such a broad supshyport program an effective contact between the military departments and the scienshytists of the coun try so that the military departments are continuously and growshyingly aware of new scientific developments and the scientists are aware of the milishytary needs

B It is further the policy of the Department of Defense to coordinate its basic research proshygram with the National Science Foundation and to encourage the support of sound basic research programs by government and prishyvate agencies recognizing that these proshygrams are essential to the full development utilization and growth of the nations scienshytific resources and hence to national defense

Within the guidance of this policy the Department of Defense substantially inshycreased fiscal year 1958 funding for some research programs judged critical for the improvement of military weaponry The increased funding for each field was $316 million for the physical medical and geoshyphysical sciences $10 million for materials research and $125 million for the vital areas of electron tubes and electronic parts $30 million of these funds went to the supshyport of basic and supporting research proshygrams at academic institutions The main

effect was to restore research to the level from which it had sagged over the past sevshyeral years owing to inflation and the inshycreased costs of modern instrumentation In addition to the above funds $12 million was made available to the Army and Air Force in June of this year for the explicit purpose of financing certain contractual research programs for periods longer than the anshynual program increment or to provide for program longevity

NEW GRANTS AUTHORITY UNDER PUBLIC

LAW 85-934

The recent session of Congress saw the passage of Public Law 85-934 an act to aushythorize the expenditure of funds through grants for the support of scientific research Heretofore the Department of Defense has been limited to the use of a research conshytract in engaging the services of an educashytional or other nonprofit organization The Grants Act provides the authority to make grants to such institutions or organizations for the support of basic scientific research where such action is deemed to be in furshytherance of the objectives of the agency it also grants discretionary authority to vest title of research equipment in the organizashytion carrying out such research Increased flexibility will accordingly result from this authority in Defense support of basic scishyentific research A directive is presently beshying drafted in the Department of Defense to establish a uniform policy among all military agencies in the awarding and adshyministration of research grants and the transfer of title to research equipment acshyquired under such grants

This I believe covers the highlights of Defense science programs and our broad objectives in their support the program content and technical objectives of our scishyentific effort in some discrete fields and certain aspects of Defense policies de~igned to be constructive forward-looking and to lend stimulation and sustenance to science from the Defense end of the Federal Govshyernment

MAR CH 1959 EXT

Extramural

By C J VA SUI

It is a pleasure t si um on the extran the Federal Goven

The program ch cover briefly the e the National Instit spect to our extrm time for questions shall present the sketch of the NIH grams

I shall not atter intramural progra search-nor all the the U S Public f the NIH constitutl branch Nor will t mural scientific aCI nents of the Depart tion and vVelfare Health Service is a

Now to turn to t gram The objectiv tutes of Health an Service is contained form our enabling I pose upon us gravE The purpose of all in simplest terms ir improve the healtl United States

The methods for are again in the she and support of res aid in the applicati

In the legislatio there is a charge to Health) Service al with and render a priate public Ruthe tions and scienti st~ promote the coorc1i vestigations expel and studies relating treatment control

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 372

ences in psychology and the social sciences and in operations research

About 80 percent of the funds devoted to scientific research support activities in the physical and engineering sciences this amounts to about $313 million in fiscal year 1959 Defense program Within this broad category the typical fields of endeavor and the program objectives are as follows

In physics the objective is the advanceshyment through systematic and exploratory research of those selected aspects of pure and applied physics which contribute to an increase in military capability The present program totaling about $33 million in exshytramural effort includes solid-state physics extreme-temperature p hysi cs stati stical physics physics of atoms and molecules nushyclear physics physical acoustics upper-air physics electron physics optics magnetism instrumentation for physical measurements and electromagnetic radiation

In chemistry the objective of the program may be divided into two parts (1) a balshyanced effort of selected fundamental reshysearch which serves as a foundation for the varying needs of the military and (2) speshyci fic applied proj ects aimed at satisfying short-term defense needs The present proshygram includes research support in relevant areas of analytical inorganic organic physshyical polymer and radiation chemistry The extramural support runs about $31 million yearly

In mathematics the objective is the sysshytematic advancement of this science closely geared to the objectives of the other scienshytific programs and in response to expanding needs for direct qualitative information about the design and operations of weapons and weapons systems The present program includes algebra analysis geometry topolshyogy probability statistics logistics comshymunications and computers Extramural support runs about $5 million yearly

middotWi th respect to those fields of endea VOl

that are more characteristically the engishyneering sciences the scope of the programs and the broad objectives are as follows

Jl[echanics The obj ective of the research program in mechanics is the systematic adshyvancement of engineering knowledge and principles bearing directly upon design crishy

teria for the development of new weapons systems and components Studies on the folshylowing are included in the present program the dynamics of gases liquids and solids aerodynamic problems problems involving structural design strength of solids hydroshymechanics propulsion heat and mass transshyfer soil mechanics and problems involving the development and synthesis of mechashynisms Extramural support runs about $25 million ycarly

Jl1aterials The objective of the research program is the systematic advancement of knowledge on the fundamental properties and bebavior of materials to provide the best possible selection for designers and fabricators of military weapons and equipshyments The present program includes studies on metals minerals ceramics elastomers adhesives transparent materials organic structural materials fibers and fibrous mashyterials insulating materials and dielectric and magnetic materials Extramural supshyport runs about $27 million yearly

Comblistion The objective of tbe reshysearch program in the field of combustion is to gain an increased understanding of the total process of transforming the chemical energy of reactants into thermal and kinetic energy of reaction products so tbe design of military propulsion devices can be put on an increasingly rational basis The presshyent program includes investigations of basic phenomena in selected areas of physics chemistry fluid mechanics thermochemisshytry and thermodynamics and also fundashymental investigations of processes that are interrelated combinations of these phenomshyena Extramural support runs about $6 milshylion yearly

Electronics The obj ective of the research program in electronics is to ensure maxishymum extension and acceleration of all our senses for military purposes Tbe present program includes acoustics ancl underwater sound antenna theory electromagnetic propagation and reflection communicashytions data handling ancl information theshyory electronic instrumentation and standards electronic countermeasures and counter-countermeasures IFF theory inshyfrared navigation radar electronic tubes parts and semiconductors and electron and

MARCH 1959

ion plasma Ext $43 million yei

In the geoph is the advancerr exploratory res pects which wi] the military to the natural en present progran ogy oceanogra chemistry car rapby astronoll and gravity st runs about $19

Turning now sciences the DC in the medical scope and the c

In the medic port of the mist studies inshy

(a) Preventi methods of phy surveillance pr preventive den mental physiol( and injury pre tion against ra( of chemical i11

methods of caS1 and public healt

(b) Studies]I lems of aviatil and diving mee machines of In climates and 81

(c) Improve cal dental ani habilitation of

The medical $24 million ye~1 lion is the extr

In the biolog the systematic areas of militaJ gram includes ecology the bit reception and c terial fungal the ecology of nism of infectic organisms Ext $7 million year

73 (S VOL 49 No3

nt of new weapons s Studies on the fo lshyle present program liquids and solids problems involving ~th of solids hydroshyIcnt and mass trans-problems involving

ynthesis of mechashy)ort runs about $25

tive of the research itic advancement of lamental properties ials to provide the

for designers and capons and equipshyram includes studies eramics elastomers

materials organic Ie) and fibrous mashyrials and dielectric s Extramural supshylion yea rly bi ective of the reshyfield of combustion mderstanding of the Irming the chemical thermal and kinetic

lucts so the design dcvices can be put Inal basis The presshycstigations of basic I areas of physics nics thermochemisshyC~ and also fundashyf processes that are 118 of these phenomshyt runs about $6 mil-

dive of the research i ~ to ensure maxishy

eleration of all our middotmiddotposes The present tics and underwater y electromagneti c ction communicashy3d information theshytrumentation and Jun termeasures and s IFF theory inshyar electronic tu bes 1S and electron and

lVIARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

ion plasma Extramural support runs about $43 million yearly

In the geophysical sciences the objective is the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects which will increase the capability of the mil1tary to utilize predict and control the natural environment Included in the present program are meteorology climatolshyogy oceanography marine geology geoshychemistry cartography geodesy geogshyraphy astronomy astrophysics magnetism and gravity studies Extramural support runs about $19 million yearly

Turning now to the broad category of life sciences the DOD su pports maj or programs in the medical sciences and in biology The scope and the objectives are

In the medical sciences to provide supshyport of the mission of military medicine by studies inshy

(a) Preventive medicine research on methods of physical examination and health surveillance promotion of physical fitness preventive dentistry nutrition environshymental physiology and pathology disease and injury prevention toxicology protecshytion against radiation and blast the effects of chemical and biological agents with methods of casualty prevention ind ustrial and public health studies

(b) Studies relating to the medical probshylems of aviation astronauti cs submarine and diving medicine man in relation to the machines of war in all media terrain and climates and survival techniques

(c) Improved methods of medical surgishycal dental and psychiatric care and reshyhabilitation of the sick and injured

The medical sciences program runs about $24 million yearly of which about $15 milshylion is the extramural effort

In the biological sciences the obj ective is the systematic development of this field in areas of military interest The present proshygram includes hydrobiology biogeography ecology the biomechanism of complex data reception and control in Ii ving systems bacshyterial fungal viral genetics and nutrition the ecology of disease vectors the mechashyni sm of infection and the survival of microshyorganisms Extramural support runs about $7 million yearly

As to the psychological and social scishyences the support level is about $21 million of which $15 million is the extramural effort Program content and the obj ectives are the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects of pure and applied psychological and social sciences which contribute to an inshycrease in the military capability The presshyent program includes studies leading to new concepts techniques devices and principles applicable to the solution of military probshylems including military manpower needs and the availability selection classification assignment and proficiency measurement of personnel education training and training devices motivation morale leadership human organization human engineering psychological and unconventional warfare intelligence operations and civil affairs and military governmen t

Finally coming to operations research as a field of scientific activity in its own right the objective is to provide quantitative bases for executive decisions on military and related scientific matters The present program includes contracts totaling about $28 million in support of work with RAND the Operations Research Office the Operashytions Evaluation Group the Combat Operashytions Research Group the Institute for Deshyfense Analyses the Human R esources Research Office the Naval Warfare Analyshysis Group and the Naval IVarfare Research Center

In total these scientific research proshygrams comprise a fiscal year 1959 Defense effort amounting to about $391 million proshyviding about $137 million to the conduct of in tramural effort and $254 million to the support of extramural science activities

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE POLICY ON

BASIC RESEARCH

Let us turn now to obj ectives stated even more broadly A bout a year ago Secretary McElroy issued a strong policy directive setting forth the principles governing the support of a D epartment-wide basic reshysearch program conceived and anchored in imaginative long-term planning and long-term funding This policy recognizes that II the needs of national defense are

~

74 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 3

uniquely characterized by pressing demands for new facts and knovvledge very close to the frontiers of science in order to protect the security of the United States and its vast Defense investment against both techshynological surprise and obsolescence It emshyphasizes also that the costs of basic research are small in proportion to the potential milishytary strength to which basic research is cashypable of contributing and that sustained support of basic research offers one of the most promising opportunities for effecting long-range economies in other aspec ts of the military program

Specifically the directive states

A It is the policy of the Department of Deshyfense 1 To support a broad and continuing basic

research program to assure the flow of the fundamental knowledge needed by the military departments as prime users of scientific facts and to evolve novel weapshyons of war and

2 To maintain through such a broad supshyport program an effective contact between the military departments and the scienshytists of the coun try so that the military departments are continuously and growshyingly aware of new scientific developments and the scientists are aware of the milishytary needs

B It is further the policy of the Department of Defense to coordinate its basic research proshygram with the National Science Foundation and to encourage the support of sound basic research programs by government and prishyvate agencies recognizing that these proshygrams are essential to the full development utilization and growth of the nations scienshytific resources and hence to national defense

Within the guidance of this policy the Department of Defense substantially inshycreased fiscal year 1958 funding for some research programs judged critical for the improvement of military weaponry The increased funding for each field was $316 million for the physical medical and geoshyphysical sciences $10 million for materials research and $125 million for the vital areas of electron tubes and electronic parts $30 million of these funds went to the supshyport of basic and supporting research proshygrams at academic institutions The main

effect was to restore research to the level from which it had sagged over the past sevshyeral years owing to inflation and the inshycreased costs of modern instrumentation In addition to the above funds $12 million was made available to the Army and Air Force in June of this year for the explicit purpose of financing certain contractual research programs for periods longer than the anshynual program increment or to provide for program longevity

NEW GRANTS AUTHORITY UNDER PUBLIC

LAW 85-934

The recent session of Congress saw the passage of Public Law 85-934 an act to aushythorize the expenditure of funds through grants for the support of scientific research Heretofore the Department of Defense has been limited to the use of a research conshytract in engaging the services of an educashytional or other nonprofit organization The Grants Act provides the authority to make grants to such institutions or organizations for the support of basic scientific research where such action is deemed to be in furshytherance of the objectives of the agency it also grants discretionary authority to vest title of research equipment in the organizashytion carrying out such research Increased flexibility will accordingly result from this authority in Defense support of basic scishyentific research A directive is presently beshying drafted in the Department of Defense to establish a uniform policy among all military agencies in the awarding and adshyministration of research grants and the transfer of title to research equipment acshyquired under such grants

This I believe covers the highlights of Defense science programs and our broad objectives in their support the program content and technical objectives of our scishyentific effort in some discrete fields and certain aspects of Defense policies de~igned to be constructive forward-looking and to lend stimulation and sustenance to science from the Defense end of the Federal Govshyernment

MAR CH 1959 EXT

Extramural

By C J VA SUI

It is a pleasure t si um on the extran the Federal Goven

The program ch cover briefly the e the National Instit spect to our extrm time for questions shall present the sketch of the NIH grams

I shall not atter intramural progra search-nor all the the U S Public f the NIH constitutl branch Nor will t mural scientific aCI nents of the Depart tion and vVelfare Health Service is a

Now to turn to t gram The objectiv tutes of Health an Service is contained form our enabling I pose upon us gravE The purpose of all in simplest terms ir improve the healtl United States

The methods for are again in the she and support of res aid in the applicati

In the legislatio there is a charge to Health) Service al with and render a priate public Ruthe tions and scienti st~ promote the coorc1i vestigations expel and studies relating treatment control

73 (S VOL 49 No3

nt of new weapons s Studies on the fo lshyle present program liquids and solids problems involving ~th of solids hydroshyIcnt and mass trans-problems involving

ynthesis of mechashy)ort runs about $25

tive of the research itic advancement of lamental properties ials to provide the

for designers and capons and equipshyram includes studies eramics elastomers

materials organic Ie) and fibrous mashyrials and dielectric s Extramural supshylion yea rly bi ective of the reshyfield of combustion mderstanding of the Irming the chemical thermal and kinetic

lucts so the design dcvices can be put Inal basis The presshycstigations of basic I areas of physics nics thermochemisshyC~ and also fundashyf processes that are 118 of these phenomshyt runs about $6 mil-

dive of the research i ~ to ensure maxishy

eleration of all our middotmiddotposes The present tics and underwater y electromagneti c ction communicashy3d information theshytrumentation and Jun termeasures and s IFF theory inshyar electronic tu bes 1S and electron and

lVIARCH 1959 EXTRAMURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

ion plasma Extramural support runs about $43 million yearly

In the geophysical sciences the objective is the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects which will increase the capability of the mil1tary to utilize predict and control the natural environment Included in the present program are meteorology climatolshyogy oceanography marine geology geoshychemistry cartography geodesy geogshyraphy astronomy astrophysics magnetism and gravity studies Extramural support runs about $19 million yearly

Turning now to the broad category of life sciences the DOD su pports maj or programs in the medical sciences and in biology The scope and the objectives are

In the medical sciences to provide supshyport of the mission of military medicine by studies inshy

(a) Preventive medicine research on methods of physical examination and health surveillance promotion of physical fitness preventive dentistry nutrition environshymental physiology and pathology disease and injury prevention toxicology protecshytion against radiation and blast the effects of chemical and biological agents with methods of casualty prevention ind ustrial and public health studies

(b) Studies relating to the medical probshylems of aviation astronauti cs submarine and diving medicine man in relation to the machines of war in all media terrain and climates and survival techniques

(c) Improved methods of medical surgishycal dental and psychiatric care and reshyhabilitation of the sick and injured

The medical sciences program runs about $24 million yearly of which about $15 milshylion is the extramural effort

In the biological sciences the obj ective is the systematic development of this field in areas of military interest The present proshygram includes hydrobiology biogeography ecology the biomechanism of complex data reception and control in Ii ving systems bacshyterial fungal viral genetics and nutrition the ecology of disease vectors the mechashyni sm of infection and the survival of microshyorganisms Extramural support runs about $7 million yearly

As to the psychological and social scishyences the support level is about $21 million of which $15 million is the extramural effort Program content and the obj ectives are the advancement through systematic and exploratory research of those selected asshypects of pure and applied psychological and social sciences which contribute to an inshycrease in the military capability The presshyent program includes studies leading to new concepts techniques devices and principles applicable to the solution of military probshylems including military manpower needs and the availability selection classification assignment and proficiency measurement of personnel education training and training devices motivation morale leadership human organization human engineering psychological and unconventional warfare intelligence operations and civil affairs and military governmen t

Finally coming to operations research as a field of scientific activity in its own right the objective is to provide quantitative bases for executive decisions on military and related scientific matters The present program includes contracts totaling about $28 million in support of work with RAND the Operations Research Office the Operashytions Evaluation Group the Combat Operashytions Research Group the Institute for Deshyfense Analyses the Human R esources Research Office the Naval Warfare Analyshysis Group and the Naval IVarfare Research Center

In total these scientific research proshygrams comprise a fiscal year 1959 Defense effort amounting to about $391 million proshyviding about $137 million to the conduct of in tramural effort and $254 million to the support of extramural science activities

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE POLICY ON

BASIC RESEARCH

Let us turn now to obj ectives stated even more broadly A bout a year ago Secretary McElroy issued a strong policy directive setting forth the principles governing the support of a D epartment-wide basic reshysearch program conceived and anchored in imaginative long-term planning and long-term funding This policy recognizes that II the needs of national defense are

~

74 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 3

uniquely characterized by pressing demands for new facts and knovvledge very close to the frontiers of science in order to protect the security of the United States and its vast Defense investment against both techshynological surprise and obsolescence It emshyphasizes also that the costs of basic research are small in proportion to the potential milishytary strength to which basic research is cashypable of contributing and that sustained support of basic research offers one of the most promising opportunities for effecting long-range economies in other aspec ts of the military program

Specifically the directive states

A It is the policy of the Department of Deshyfense 1 To support a broad and continuing basic

research program to assure the flow of the fundamental knowledge needed by the military departments as prime users of scientific facts and to evolve novel weapshyons of war and

2 To maintain through such a broad supshyport program an effective contact between the military departments and the scienshytists of the coun try so that the military departments are continuously and growshyingly aware of new scientific developments and the scientists are aware of the milishytary needs

B It is further the policy of the Department of Defense to coordinate its basic research proshygram with the National Science Foundation and to encourage the support of sound basic research programs by government and prishyvate agencies recognizing that these proshygrams are essential to the full development utilization and growth of the nations scienshytific resources and hence to national defense

Within the guidance of this policy the Department of Defense substantially inshycreased fiscal year 1958 funding for some research programs judged critical for the improvement of military weaponry The increased funding for each field was $316 million for the physical medical and geoshyphysical sciences $10 million for materials research and $125 million for the vital areas of electron tubes and electronic parts $30 million of these funds went to the supshyport of basic and supporting research proshygrams at academic institutions The main

effect was to restore research to the level from which it had sagged over the past sevshyeral years owing to inflation and the inshycreased costs of modern instrumentation In addition to the above funds $12 million was made available to the Army and Air Force in June of this year for the explicit purpose of financing certain contractual research programs for periods longer than the anshynual program increment or to provide for program longevity

NEW GRANTS AUTHORITY UNDER PUBLIC

LAW 85-934

The recent session of Congress saw the passage of Public Law 85-934 an act to aushythorize the expenditure of funds through grants for the support of scientific research Heretofore the Department of Defense has been limited to the use of a research conshytract in engaging the services of an educashytional or other nonprofit organization The Grants Act provides the authority to make grants to such institutions or organizations for the support of basic scientific research where such action is deemed to be in furshytherance of the objectives of the agency it also grants discretionary authority to vest title of research equipment in the organizashytion carrying out such research Increased flexibility will accordingly result from this authority in Defense support of basic scishyentific research A directive is presently beshying drafted in the Department of Defense to establish a uniform policy among all military agencies in the awarding and adshyministration of research grants and the transfer of title to research equipment acshyquired under such grants

This I believe covers the highlights of Defense science programs and our broad objectives in their support the program content and technical objectives of our scishyentific effort in some discrete fields and certain aspects of Defense policies de~igned to be constructive forward-looking and to lend stimulation and sustenance to science from the Defense end of the Federal Govshyernment

MAR CH 1959 EXT

Extramural

By C J VA SUI

It is a pleasure t si um on the extran the Federal Goven

The program ch cover briefly the e the National Instit spect to our extrm time for questions shall present the sketch of the NIH grams

I shall not atter intramural progra search-nor all the the U S Public f the NIH constitutl branch Nor will t mural scientific aCI nents of the Depart tion and vVelfare Health Service is a

Now to turn to t gram The objectiv tutes of Health an Service is contained form our enabling I pose upon us gravE The purpose of all in simplest terms ir improve the healtl United States

The methods for are again in the she and support of res aid in the applicati

In the legislatio there is a charge to Health) Service al with and render a priate public Ruthe tions and scienti st~ promote the coorc1i vestigations expel and studies relating treatment control

~

74 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL 49 NO 3

uniquely characterized by pressing demands for new facts and knovvledge very close to the frontiers of science in order to protect the security of the United States and its vast Defense investment against both techshynological surprise and obsolescence It emshyphasizes also that the costs of basic research are small in proportion to the potential milishytary strength to which basic research is cashypable of contributing and that sustained support of basic research offers one of the most promising opportunities for effecting long-range economies in other aspec ts of the military program

Specifically the directive states

A It is the policy of the Department of Deshyfense 1 To support a broad and continuing basic

research program to assure the flow of the fundamental knowledge needed by the military departments as prime users of scientific facts and to evolve novel weapshyons of war and

2 To maintain through such a broad supshyport program an effective contact between the military departments and the scienshytists of the coun try so that the military departments are continuously and growshyingly aware of new scientific developments and the scientists are aware of the milishytary needs

B It is further the policy of the Department of Defense to coordinate its basic research proshygram with the National Science Foundation and to encourage the support of sound basic research programs by government and prishyvate agencies recognizing that these proshygrams are essential to the full development utilization and growth of the nations scienshytific resources and hence to national defense

Within the guidance of this policy the Department of Defense substantially inshycreased fiscal year 1958 funding for some research programs judged critical for the improvement of military weaponry The increased funding for each field was $316 million for the physical medical and geoshyphysical sciences $10 million for materials research and $125 million for the vital areas of electron tubes and electronic parts $30 million of these funds went to the supshyport of basic and supporting research proshygrams at academic institutions The main

effect was to restore research to the level from which it had sagged over the past sevshyeral years owing to inflation and the inshycreased costs of modern instrumentation In addition to the above funds $12 million was made available to the Army and Air Force in June of this year for the explicit purpose of financing certain contractual research programs for periods longer than the anshynual program increment or to provide for program longevity

NEW GRANTS AUTHORITY UNDER PUBLIC

LAW 85-934

The recent session of Congress saw the passage of Public Law 85-934 an act to aushythorize the expenditure of funds through grants for the support of scientific research Heretofore the Department of Defense has been limited to the use of a research conshytract in engaging the services of an educashytional or other nonprofit organization The Grants Act provides the authority to make grants to such institutions or organizations for the support of basic scientific research where such action is deemed to be in furshytherance of the objectives of the agency it also grants discretionary authority to vest title of research equipment in the organizashytion carrying out such research Increased flexibility will accordingly result from this authority in Defense support of basic scishyentific research A directive is presently beshying drafted in the Department of Defense to establish a uniform policy among all military agencies in the awarding and adshyministration of research grants and the transfer of title to research equipment acshyquired under such grants

This I believe covers the highlights of Defense science programs and our broad objectives in their support the program content and technical objectives of our scishyentific effort in some discrete fields and certain aspects of Defense policies de~igned to be constructive forward-looking and to lend stimulation and sustenance to science from the Defense end of the Federal Govshyernment

MAR CH 1959 EXT

Extramural

By C J VA SUI

It is a pleasure t si um on the extran the Federal Goven

The program ch cover briefly the e the National Instit spect to our extrm time for questions shall present the sketch of the NIH grams

I shall not atter intramural progra search-nor all the the U S Public f the NIH constitutl branch Nor will t mural scientific aCI nents of the Depart tion and vVelfare Health Service is a

Now to turn to t gram The objectiv tutes of Health an Service is contained form our enabling I pose upon us gravE The purpose of all in simplest terms ir improve the healtl United States

The methods for are again in the she and support of res aid in the applicati

In the legislatio there is a charge to Health) Service al with and render a priate public Ruthe tions and scienti st~ promote the coorc1i vestigations expel and studies relating treatment control