Journal – Journal – you will have 8 min.you will have 8 min. In your opinion, supported with evidence, In your opinion, supported with evidence,

what is the most significant technological what is the most significant technological discovery for all of humanity?discovery for all of humanity?

Example: the automobileExample: the automobile In your answer, please include the In your answer, please include the

following details:following details: What was necessary for this breakthrough to What was necessary for this breakthrough to

occur? occur? Internal combustion engineInternal combustion engine What positive and/or negative effects did this What positive and/or negative effects did this

breakthrough have? breakthrough have? Expanded the livable Expanded the livable world for the consumer – greatly contributed world for the consumer – greatly contributed to our current environmental issuesto our current environmental issues

Child labor in the 19Child labor in the 19thth CenturyCentury

Essential Questions: (Write these down)

What were the negative results of the Industrial Revolution?

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the lives of the working class? Women? Children?

Context and IntroductionContext and Introduction

The Industrial Revolution put in place many The Industrial Revolution put in place many of our current economic practicesof our current economic practices

What are the short and long term effects of What are the short and long term effects of rapid technological change?rapid technological change?

How does this affect me/why should I care?How does this affect me/why should I care? A few short generations ago, you would have A few short generations ago, you would have

been working in the fields or factoriesbeen working in the fields or factories Given our current economic situation, you are Given our current economic situation, you are

entering a world of an uncertain labor futureentering a world of an uncertain labor future How are wages determined?How are wages determined? What rights do I have as a worker?What rights do I have as a worker?

Journal – take 7 minutes and Journal – take 7 minutes and respond to the following…respond to the following…

What rights do you have as a What rights do you have as a worker?worker?

In other words, when you get hired In other words, when you get hired by a legal employer, by a legal employer, What are they not allowed to do?What are they not allowed to do? What are you entitled to simply as a What are you entitled to simply as a

worker?worker?

Background InformationBackground Information

With the rise of factories, there were With the rise of factories, there were no laws governing work no laws governing work requirements for childrenrequirements for children

Children under 10 often worked 14 Children under 10 often worked 14 hours a day for a penny an hour.hours a day for a penny an hour.

Vocabulary term: textile – anything Vocabulary term: textile – anything related to the cloth or clothing related to the cloth or clothing industry.industry.

RequirementsRequirements

You will need to add this information into You will need to add this information into your notes as it appears.your notes as it appears.

1. What is a scavenger?1. What is a scavenger? 2. What is a piecer?2. What is a piecer? 3. How were children recruited?3. How were children recruited? 4. How can children’s health be 4. How can children’s health be

damaged?damaged? 5. Are there disadvantages to banning 5. Are there disadvantages to banning

child labor?child labor?

Fuel for the new factory…Fuel for the new factory…

Coal mineCoal mine

Dangers - Chilean mine Dangers - Chilean mine accidentaccident

33 men trapped for 33 men trapped for 69 days deep in 69 days deep in the Earththe Earth

Comfort, West Virginia - April Comfort, West Virginia - April 20102010

29 miners killed 29 miners killed when an explosion when an explosion collapsed a minecollapsed a mine

The company that The company that owned the mine had owned the mine had so many fines that so many fines that the U.S. government the U.S. government had to close it down had to close it down – this has never – this has never happened before happened before

Changing countrysideChanging countryside

Deforestation of EnglandDeforestation of England

Effects still exist Effects still exist today today

“richest hill on Earth”“richest hill on Earth” Berkeley Pit in MontanaBerkeley Pit in Montana 1.5 X 1 mile wide1.5 X 1 mile wide Connected by 2700 miles Connected by 2700 miles

of passagewaysof passageways Closed in 1982 – now a Closed in 1982 – now a

Superfund site Superfund site Currently 900 feet of water Currently 900 feet of water

and 30 billion gallons of and 30 billion gallons of water – adds 17-25 feet a water – adds 17-25 feet a yearyear

In its life, it produced over In its life, it produced over 1 billion tons of ore1 billion tons of ore

The new factoriesThe new factories

Reaction - LudditesReaction - Luddites

Social Implications – the first Social Implications – the first slumsslums

Impact on familiesImpact on families

ScavengersScavengers

Job titleJob title It was the job of the scavenger to It was the job of the scavenger to

pick up loose cotton from under the pick up loose cotton from under the machinery.machinery.

Unfortunately, they had to do this Unfortunately, they had to do this while the machine was still working.while the machine was still working.

Read this first hand account of Read this first hand account of the work of scavengersthe work of scavengers

(1) John Brown wrote about Robert Blincoe's (1) John Brown wrote about Robert Blincoe's experiences in a textile mill in an article for experiences in a textile mill in an article for The LionThe Lion newspaper (15th January 1828) newspaper (15th January 1828)

The task first allocated to Robert Blincoe was to The task first allocated to Robert Blincoe was to pick up the loose cotton that fell upon the floor. pick up the loose cotton that fell upon the floor. Apparently, nothing could be easier... although he Apparently, nothing could be easier... although he was much terrified by the whirling motion and was much terrified by the whirling motion and noise of the machinery. He also disliked the dust noise of the machinery. He also disliked the dust and the flue with which he was half suffocated. and the flue with which he was half suffocated. He soon felt sick, and by constantly stooping, his He soon felt sick, and by constantly stooping, his back ached. Blincoe, therefore, took the liberty to back ached. Blincoe, therefore, took the liberty to sit down; but this, he soon found, was strictly sit down; but this, he soon found, was strictly forbidden in cotton mills. His overlooker, Mr. forbidden in cotton mills. His overlooker, Mr. Smith, told him he must keep on his legs.Smith, told him he must keep on his legs.

And another more violent And another more violent taletale

(2) Frances Trollope, (2) Frances Trollope, Michael Armstrong, Michael Armstrong, the Factory Boythe Factory Boy(1840)(1840)

A little girl about seven years old, who job as A little girl about seven years old, who job as scavenger, was to collect incessantly from the scavenger, was to collect incessantly from the factory floor, the flying fragments of cotton that factory floor, the flying fragments of cotton that might impede the work... while the hissing might impede the work... while the hissing machinery passed over her, and when this is machinery passed over her, and when this is skillfully done, and the head, body, and the skillfully done, and the head, body, and the outstretched limbs carefully glued to the floor, outstretched limbs carefully glued to the floor, the steady moving, but threatening mass, may the steady moving, but threatening mass, may pass and repass over the dizzy head and pass and repass over the dizzy head and trembling body without touching it. But accidents trembling body without touching it. But accidents frequently occur; and many are the flaxen locks, frequently occur; and many are the flaxen locks, rudely torn from infant heads, in the process.rudely torn from infant heads, in the process.

Stop and AssessStop and Assess What were some positive effects of the I.R.?What were some positive effects of the I.R.? Negative effects?Negative effects?

Your homework:Your homework: Talk to anyone currently in the workforce and Talk to anyone currently in the workforce and

ask them about safety regulations at their job ask them about safety regulations at their job site. Write them down as well as the source, the site. Write them down as well as the source, the time, and the place interviewed (please do not time, and the place interviewed (please do not interview other teachers or school employees)interview other teachers or school employees)

PiecersPiecers

Job descriptionJob description

Piecers had to lean over the machine Piecers had to lean over the machine and repair any threads that broke and repair any threads that broke during the manufacturing process during the manufacturing process and which might cause a delay in and which might cause a delay in production.production.

Piecers walked over 20 miles a day!Piecers walked over 20 miles a day!

First hand accountFirst hand account

(1) James Turner was interviewed by (1) James Turner was interviewed by Michael Sadler's Parliamentary Michael Sadler's Parliamentary Committee on 17th April 1832.Committee on 17th April 1832.

The work of the children, in many instances, The work of the children, in many instances, is reaching over to piece the threads that is reaching over to piece the threads that break; they have so many that they have to break; they have so many that they have to mind and they have only so much time to mind and they have only so much time to piece these threads because they have to piece these threads because they have to reach while the wheel is coming out.reach while the wheel is coming out.

Happy children?Happy children?

Recruitment?Recruitment?

Pauper apprenticesPauper apprentices Children were purchased from orphanages Children were purchased from orphanages

and workhouses and paid even less than and workhouses and paid even less than kids whose parents knew they were kids whose parents knew they were workingworking

This practice became so popular, most This practice became so popular, most labor was from this practice.labor was from this practice.

Children would sign contracts that Children would sign contracts that forced them to work in a factory until forced them to work in a factory until they were 21.they were 21.

Recruitment Account 1Recruitment Account 1

1) Letter from John Betts to Richard 1) Letter from John Betts to Richard Carlile (24th February, 1828)Carlile (24th February, 1828)

In 1805 when Samuel Davy was seven years In 1805 when Samuel Davy was seven years of age he was sent from the workhouse in of age he was sent from the workhouse in Southwark in London to Mr. Watson's Mill at Southwark in London to Mr. Watson's Mill at Penny Dam near Preston. Later his brother Penny Dam near Preston. Later his brother was also sent to work in a mill. The parents was also sent to work in a mill. The parents did not know where Samuel and his brother did not know where Samuel and his brother were. The loss of her children, so preyed on were. The loss of her children, so preyed on the mind of Samuel's mother that it brought the mind of Samuel's mother that it brought on insanity, and she died in a state of on insanity, and she died in a state of madness. madness.

Recruitment Account 2Recruitment Account 2 (2) Sarah Carpenter, interviewed in(2) Sarah Carpenter, interviewed in The Ashton Chronicle The Ashton Chronicle (23rd June, 1849) (23rd June, 1849) My father was a glass blower. When I was eight years old my father died and My father was a glass blower. When I was eight years old my father died and

our family had to go to the Bristol Workhouse. My brother was sent from our family had to go to the Bristol Workhouse. My brother was sent from Bristol workhouse in the same way as many other children were - cart-loads at Bristol workhouse in the same way as many other children were - cart-loads at a time. My mother did not know where he was for two years. He was taken off a time. My mother did not know where he was for two years. He was taken off in the dead of night without her knowledge, and the parish officers would in the dead of night without her knowledge, and the parish officers would never tell her where he was. never tell her where he was.

It was the mother of Joseph Russell who first found out where the children It was the mother of Joseph Russell who first found out where the children were, and told my mother. We set off together, my mother and I, we walked were, and told my mother. We set off together, my mother and I, we walked the whole way from Bristol to Cressbrook Mill in Derbyshire. We were many the whole way from Bristol to Cressbrook Mill in Derbyshire. We were many days on the road. days on the road.

Mrs. Newton fondled over my mother when we arrived. My mother had Mrs. Newton fondled over my mother when we arrived. My mother had brought her a present of little glass ornaments. She got these ornaments from brought her a present of little glass ornaments. She got these ornaments from some of the workmen, thinking they would be a very nice present to carry to some of the workmen, thinking they would be a very nice present to carry to the mistress at Cressbrook, for her kindness to my brother. My brother told the mistress at Cressbrook, for her kindness to my brother. My brother told me that Mrs. Newton's fondling was all a blind; but I was so young and foolish, me that Mrs. Newton's fondling was all a blind; but I was so young and foolish, and so glad to see him again; that I did not heed what he said, and could not and so glad to see him again; that I did not heed what he said, and could not be persuaded to leave him. They would not let me stay unless I would take be persuaded to leave him. They would not let me stay unless I would take the shilling binding money. I took the shilling and I was very proud of it. the shilling binding money. I took the shilling and I was very proud of it.

They took me into the counting house and showed me a piece of paper with a They took me into the counting house and showed me a piece of paper with a red sealed horse on which they told me to touch, and then to make a cross, red sealed horse on which they told me to touch, and then to make a cross, which I did. This meant I had to stay at Cressbrook Mill till I was twenty one.which I did. This meant I had to stay at Cressbrook Mill till I was twenty one.

Apprentice HouseApprentice House

RecruitmentRecruitment

Some parents refused to let their Some parents refused to let their children work in the factories.children work in the factories.

If a factory was far from an If a factory was far from an orphanage, factory owners got orphanage, factory owners got creative.creative.

An apprentice house was for young An apprentice house was for young children who were purchased from children who were purchased from workhouses and given pay and workhouses and given pay and lodging to work in the factories.lodging to work in the factories.

Apprentice House AccountApprentice House Account

(1) John Birley was interviewed by(1) John Birley was interviewed by The Ashton The Ashton ChronicleChronicle on 19th May, 1849. on 19th May, 1849.

We then worked till nine or ten at night when the water-We then worked till nine or ten at night when the water-wheel stopped. We stopped working, and went to the wheel stopped. We stopped working, and went to the apprentice house, about three hundred yards from the mill. apprentice house, about three hundred yards from the mill. It was a large stone house, surrounded by a wall, two to It was a large stone house, surrounded by a wall, two to three yards high, with one door, which was kept locked. It three yards high, with one door, which was kept locked. It was capable of lodging about one hundred and fifty was capable of lodging about one hundred and fifty apprentices. Supper was the same as breakfast - onion apprentices. Supper was the same as breakfast - onion porridge and dry oatcake. We all ate in the same room and porridge and dry oatcake. We all ate in the same room and all went up a common staircase to our bed-chamber; all the all went up a common staircase to our bed-chamber; all the boys slept in one chamber, all the girls in another. We slept boys slept in one chamber, all the girls in another. We slept three in one bed. The girls' bedroom was of the same sort three in one bed. The girls' bedroom was of the same sort as ours. There were no fastenings to the two rooms; and no as ours. There were no fastenings to the two rooms; and no one to watch over us in the night, or to see what we did. one to watch over us in the night, or to see what we did.

How was health damaged?How was health damaged?

AccidentsAccidents DeformitiesDeformities HoursHours PunishmentPunishment FoodFood PollutionPollution

AccidentsAccidents

Frequent and horrific.Frequent and horrific. Workers were not compensated and Workers were not compensated and

were abandoned immediately.were abandoned immediately. Hospitals saw thousands of injuries Hospitals saw thousands of injuries

and visitors to England were appalled and visitors to England were appalled at the sight of legless and armless at the sight of legless and armless people in the streetspeople in the streets

Accident AccountAccident Account

(1) Dr. Ward from Manchester was interviewed about (1) Dr. Ward from Manchester was interviewed about the health of textile workers on 25th March, 1819.the health of textile workers on 25th March, 1819.

When I was a surgeon in the infirmary, accidents were very When I was a surgeon in the infirmary, accidents were very often admitted to the infirmary, through the children's often admitted to the infirmary, through the children's hands and arms having being caught in the machinery; in hands and arms having being caught in the machinery; in many instances the muscles, and the skin is stripped down many instances the muscles, and the skin is stripped down to the bone, and in some instances a finger or two might be to the bone, and in some instances a finger or two might be lost. Last summer I visited Lever Street School. The number lost. Last summer I visited Lever Street School. The number of children at that time in the school, who were employed in of children at that time in the school, who were employed in factories, was 106. The number of children who had factories, was 106. The number of children who had received injuries from the machinery amounted to very received injuries from the machinery amounted to very nearly one half. There were forty-seven injured in this way. nearly one half. There were forty-seven injured in this way.

DeformitiesDeformities

Parliament reactsParliament reacts

Because of the events and conditions Because of the events and conditions that you have seen, England’s that you have seen, England’s Parliament reacted by setting up a Parliament reacted by setting up a commission to look into the situationcommission to look into the situation

Michael Sadler heads up the Michael Sadler heads up the commissioncommission

Hours/PunishmentHours/Punishment On 16th March 1832 Michael Sadler introduced a Bill in Parliament that On 16th March 1832 Michael Sadler introduced a Bill in Parliament that

proposed limiting the hours of all persons under the age of 18 to ten hours proposed limiting the hours of all persons under the age of 18 to ten hours a day. After much debate it was clear that Parliament was unwilling to pass a day. After much debate it was clear that Parliament was unwilling to pass Sadler's bill. However, in April 1832 it was agreed that there should be Sadler's bill. However, in April 1832 it was agreed that there should be another parliamentary enquiry into child labour. Sadler was made another parliamentary enquiry into child labour. Sadler was made chairman and for the next three months the parliamentary committee chairman and for the next three months the parliamentary committee interviewed 48 people who had worked in textile factories as children. interviewed 48 people who had worked in textile factories as children. Sadler discovered that it was common for very young children to be Sadler discovered that it was common for very young children to be working for over twelve a day. working for over twelve a day.

Lord Ashley carried out a survey of doctors in 1836. In a speech he made in Lord Ashley carried out a survey of doctors in 1836. In a speech he made in the House of Commons he argued that over half of the doctors interviewed the House of Commons he argued that over half of the doctors interviewed believed that "ten hours is the utmost quantity of labour which can be believed that "ten hours is the utmost quantity of labour which can be endured by the children" without damaging their health. However, Lord endured by the children" without damaging their health. However, Lord Ashley admitted that some doctors that came before his committee did not Ashley admitted that some doctors that came before his committee did not believe that long hours caused health problems. believe that long hours caused health problems.

Children who were late for work were severely punished. If children arrived Children who were late for work were severely punished. If children arrived late for work they would also have money deducted from their wages. late for work they would also have money deducted from their wages. Time-keeping was a problem for those families who could not afford to buy Time-keeping was a problem for those families who could not afford to buy a clock. In some factories workers were not allowed to carry a watch. The a clock. In some factories workers were not allowed to carry a watch. The children suspected that this rule was an attempt to trick them out of some children suspected that this rule was an attempt to trick them out of some of their wages. of their wages.

Prison inmatePrison inmate

PunishmentsPunishments

Children were whipped, or dunked in Children were whipped, or dunked in buckets of cold water for basic buckets of cold water for basic offenses.offenses.

Girls were often chained together like Girls were often chained together like prisoners to keep them attempting to prisoners to keep them attempting to escape.escape.

If you attempted to run away or were If you attempted to run away or were caught as a runaway, you could be caught as a runaway, you could be put in prison for your offense.put in prison for your offense.

PunishmentPunishment

(2) Jonathan Downe was interviewed by (2) Jonathan Downe was interviewed by Michael Sadler's Parliamentary Michael Sadler's Parliamentary Committee on 6th June, 1832.Committee on 6th June, 1832.

When I was seven years old I went to work When I was seven years old I went to work at Mr. Marshalls factory at Shrewsbury. If a at Mr. Marshalls factory at Shrewsbury. If a child was drowsy, the overlooker touches child was drowsy, the overlooker touches the child on the shoulder and says, "Come the child on the shoulder and says, "Come here". In a corner of the room there is an here". In a corner of the room there is an iron cistern filled with water. He takes the iron cistern filled with water. He takes the boy by the legs and dips him in the cistern, boy by the legs and dips him in the cistern, and sends him back to work.and sends him back to work.

Food – Steak and Lobster?Food – Steak and Lobster? (2) Matthew Crabtree was interviewed by Michael (2) Matthew Crabtree was interviewed by Michael

Sadler's Parliamentary Committee (18th May, 1832)Sadler's Parliamentary Committee (18th May, 1832) I began work at Cook's of Dewsbury when I was eight years I began work at Cook's of Dewsbury when I was eight years

old. We had to eat our food in the mill. It was frequently old. We had to eat our food in the mill. It was frequently covered by flues from the wool; and in that case they had covered by flues from the wool; and in that case they had to be blown off with the mouth, and picked off with the to be blown off with the mouth, and picked off with the fingers, before it could be eaten.fingers, before it could be eaten.

(3) Sarah Carpenter was interviewed by(3) Sarah Carpenter was interviewed by The Ashton The Ashton ChronicleChronicle on 23rd June, 1849. on 23rd June, 1849.

Our common food was oatcake. It was thick and coarse. Our common food was oatcake. It was thick and coarse. This oatcake was put into cans. Boiled milk and water was This oatcake was put into cans. Boiled milk and water was poured into it. This was our breakfast and supper. Our poured into it. This was our breakfast and supper. Our dinner was potato pie with boiled bacon it, a bit here and a dinner was potato pie with boiled bacon it, a bit here and a bit there, so thick with fat we could scarce eat it, though we bit there, so thick with fat we could scarce eat it, though we were hungry enough to eat anything. Tea we never saw, were hungry enough to eat anything. Tea we never saw, nor butter. We had cheese and brown bread once a year. nor butter. We had cheese and brown bread once a year. We were only allowed three meals a day though we got up We were only allowed three meals a day though we got up at five in the morning and worked till nine at night. at five in the morning and worked till nine at night. 

PollutionPollution

As you can imagine, with all the wool, As you can imagine, with all the wool, cloth and machinery, the air was full cloth and machinery, the air was full of dust and debrisof dust and debris

““Mill Fever” became a sickness that Mill Fever” became a sickness that many workers would get – headaches many workers would get – headaches and general sickness for no apparent and general sickness for no apparent reasonreason

Lung diseases such as tuberculosis, Lung diseases such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, and asthma were commonbronchitis, and asthma were common

(3) Frank Forrest, (3) Frank Forrest, Chapters in the Chapters in the Life of a Dundee Factory BoyLife of a Dundee Factory Boy (1850) (1850)

About a week after I became a mill boy, About a week after I became a mill boy, I was seized with a strong, heavy I was seized with a strong, heavy sickness, that few escape on first sickness, that few escape on first becoming factory workers. The cause of becoming factory workers. The cause of the sickness, which is known by the the sickness, which is known by the name of "mill fever", is the name of "mill fever", is the contaminated atmosphere produced by contaminated atmosphere produced by so many breathing in a confined space, so many breathing in a confined space, together with the heat and exhalations together with the heat and exhalations of grease and oil and the gas needed to of grease and oil and the gas needed to light the establishment.light the establishment.

IllnessIllness

Is there a defense for these Is there a defense for these practices?practices?

Consider these remarks from Consider these remarks from prominent politicians and business prominent politicians and business leaders of the time.leaders of the time.

Weigh their evidence with the Weigh their evidence with the previous slides to help you answer previous slides to help you answer the prompt presented to you at the the prompt presented to you at the beginning. beginning.

PausePause Look at the data that you have so far in this Look at the data that you have so far in this

process.process. What does it tell you about the prompt?What does it tell you about the prompt? Write a thesis sentence about the prompt.Write a thesis sentence about the prompt. The next three slides are evidence against The next three slides are evidence against

prohibiting children from factories. prohibiting children from factories. Consider them seriously before making a Consider them seriously before making a

final decision.final decision. For For eacheach document, write down how this document, write down how this

might influence your decision (DO NOT might influence your decision (DO NOT DISMISS THEM OUT OF HAND)DISMISS THEM OUT OF HAND)

(1) William James, speech, House of (1) William James, speech, House of Commons (16th March, 1832)Commons (16th March, 1832)

I have no doubt that the right honourable I have no doubt that the right honourable member (Michael Sadler) is actuated by the best member (Michael Sadler) is actuated by the best intentions and motives, but I think that the course intentions and motives, but I think that the course which he pursues will fail in attaining the object which he pursues will fail in attaining the object which he has in view. Undoubtedly the system which he has in view. Undoubtedly the system which is pursued in these manufactories relating which is pursued in these manufactories relating to the working of young children is a great evil; to the working of young children is a great evil; but it appears to me that the remedy which the but it appears to me that the remedy which the honourable gentleman proposes to apply is worse honourable gentleman proposes to apply is worse than the disease. There appears to me to be only than the disease. There appears to me to be only a choice of evils - the children must either work or a choice of evils - the children must either work or starve. If the manufacturer is prevented working starve. If the manufacturer is prevented working his mill for more than a certain number of hours his mill for more than a certain number of hours together, he will often be unable to execute the together, he will often be unable to execute the orders which he may receive, and consequently, orders which he may receive, and consequently, the purchaser must go to foreign countries for a the purchaser must go to foreign countries for a supply. The result will be that you will drive the supply. The result will be that you will drive the English capitalist to foreign countries, where English capitalist to foreign countries, where there is no restrictions upon the employment of there is no restrictions upon the employment of labour and capital. labour and capital.

(1) William Bolling, speech, House of (1) William Bolling, speech, House of Commons (9th May, 1836)Commons (9th May, 1836)

I mistrust interference on behalf of the poor which I mistrust interference on behalf of the poor which the poor are themselves to pay for. Let the the poor are themselves to pay for. Let the question be presented honestly and fairly. Let the question be presented honestly and fairly. Let the parents of factory children know that the parents of factory children know that the diminishing the hours of daily toil must diminish diminishing the hours of daily toil must diminish the amount of weekly pay. Certainly, there are the amount of weekly pay. Certainly, there are cases of hardship and oppression, but I dislike all cases of hardship and oppression, but I dislike all cases of legislative interference between master cases of legislative interference between master and man - between parent and child. And, and man - between parent and child. And, moreover, all such interference would be moreover, all such interference would be unsuccessful. Your laws to regulate wages, and unsuccessful. Your laws to regulate wages, and hours of labour, and conditions of contract for hours of labour, and conditions of contract for work - they are merely cobwebs broken through work - they are merely cobwebs broken through at will - because it is the interest of master and at will - because it is the interest of master and servant that they should be broken. Cultivate servant that they should be broken. Cultivate commerce with all the nations of the world; this commerce with all the nations of the world; this will raise wages and will prevent the necessity for will raise wages and will prevent the necessity for exhausting labour.exhausting labour.

(1) Henry Thomas Hope, speech, House of Commons (1) Henry Thomas Hope, speech, House of Commons (16th March, 1832)(16th March, 1832)

It is obvious, that if you limit the hours of labour, you will, to It is obvious, that if you limit the hours of labour, you will, to nearly the same extent, reduce the profits of the capital on nearly the same extent, reduce the profits of the capital on which the labour is employed. Under these circumstances, which the labour is employed. Under these circumstances, the manufacturers must either raise the price of the the manufacturers must either raise the price of the manufactured article or diminish the wages of their manufactured article or diminish the wages of their workmen. If they raise the price of the article the foreigner workmen. If they raise the price of the article the foreigner gains an advantage. I am informed that the foreign cotton-gains an advantage. I am informed that the foreign cotton-manufacturers, and particularly the Americans, tread manufacturers, and particularly the Americans, tread closely upon the heels of our manufacturers. closely upon the heels of our manufacturers.

The right honourable member (Michael Sadler) seems to The right honourable member (Michael Sadler) seems to consider that it is desirable for adults to replace children. I consider that it is desirable for adults to replace children. I cannot concur with that opinion, because I think that the cannot concur with that opinion, because I think that the labour of children is a great resource to their parents and of labour of children is a great resource to their parents and of great benefit to themselves. great benefit to themselves.

I therefore, on the these grounds, oppose this measure. In I therefore, on the these grounds, oppose this measure. In the first place I doubt whether parliament can protect the first place I doubt whether parliament can protect children as effectively as their parents; secondly; because I children as effectively as their parents; secondly; because I am of the opinion that a case for parliamentary interference am of the opinion that a case for parliamentary interference has not yet been made out; and thirdly, because I believe has not yet been made out; and thirdly, because I believe that the bill will be productive of great inconvenience, not that the bill will be productive of great inconvenience, not only to persons who have embarked large capital in the only to persons who have embarked large capital in the cotton manufactures, but even to workmen and children cotton manufactures, but even to workmen and children themselves - that I feel it my duty to oppose this measure.themselves - that I feel it my duty to oppose this measure.

Take actionTake action Now that you’ve seen both sides of the issue, Now that you’ve seen both sides of the issue,

what would you say to Parliament?what would you say to Parliament? Take a look at the initial prompt you were Take a look at the initial prompt you were

given and prepare a one paragraph given and prepare a one paragraph response.response.

First, decide on your opinion/approachFirst, decide on your opinion/approach Next, what evidence are you going to use to Next, what evidence are you going to use to

defend your answer?defend your answer? Finally, what language can you use to Finally, what language can you use to

demonstrate your point. Is there an demonstrate your point. Is there an incentive for Parliament to address this issue incentive for Parliament to address this issue or are you going to appeal to their humanity?or are you going to appeal to their humanity?

Final productFinal product

You will produce a speech to be read in You will produce a speech to be read in Parliament; one copy will be typed for me Parliament; one copy will be typed for me to read, the other will be summarized on a to read, the other will be summarized on a note card for you to refer to in your speechnote card for you to refer to in your speech

Whichever side you choose, you should Whichever side you choose, you should prepare to defend both sides (although prepare to defend both sides (although you are only writing a speech for the side you are only writing a speech for the side you will defend)you will defend)

What do you think and why?What do you think and why?

““Parliament should pass legislation Parliament should pass legislation making it illegal for children under making it illegal for children under the age of twelve to work in textile the age of twelve to work in textile factories.”factories.”