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n Imperative An Imperativeto Innovate to Innovate

Sustainable Journalism Training

in Central and Eastern Europe

Final Report to the Knight Foundation





An Imperative to Innovate

Sustainable Journalism TrainingSustainable Journalism Trainingin entral and Eastern Europein Central and Eastern Europe

inal Report to the Knight oundationFinal Report to the Knight Foundation

Research Team

Aaron Presnall eam Lead

Marius DragomirJeremy DrukerIvan Godarsky

Rasto KuzelMarek Mracka

Robert OrttungEmanuel Rauta



An Imperat ive to Innovate Sustainable Journalism Training in Central and Eastern Europe

June

2007

copy 2007 Jefferson Institute all rights reserved

No parts o this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any orm or by anymeans without permission in writing rom the Jefferson Institute

For electronic copies o this report visit wwwjeffersoninstorg Limited print copies arealso available o request a copy send an e-mail to publicationsjeffersoninstorg

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



June

2007

Table of Contents

Key Findings 1

Introduction 3

Call to Action 3

Window of Opportunity 5

ime of Change 5

Outline of the Report 6

I Building Market Democracy Trough Media Development 9

Free Media Promote Democratization 11

Media Promote Accountability and Reduce Corruption 13

II Journalism raining Centers in Media Development 15

Purposes of the Existing Centers 16

Arguments for Maintaining Such Centers 16

Criticisms of Existing Centers 16 Arguments for Ending Funding to Such Centers 17

Weak Environment for Endowments in Eastern Europe 17

III Journalism raining Activities Currently Under Way 19

A Hungary 20

B Romania 23

C Te Czech Republic 24

D Slovakia 28

IV Models of Sustainable Journalism raining 31

A Generate Local Income from Fee-based raining and Media-

Related Activities 32

B Cross-subsidize Local Operations with Revenue from

International raining 34

C Focus on Niche Reporting 35




June

2007


V Recommended ActionPromoting ransformational Change 37

Opportunity in a Challenge 40

A Grant Capital Balkan rust for Democracy 41 B Loan Capital Media Development Loan Fund 43

Conclusions 45

List of Interviews 47

Czech Republic 47

Hungary 49

Romania 50

Slovakia 51

United Kingdom 52 USA 53



1

June

2007

1 Democratization will fail unless bolstered by strong independent media

2 raining is a necessary but insufficient element o building mediaraining needs are highly context-driven and ofen best perormed inthe workplace itsel

3 Media training centers unded mainly by oreign grants played an

important role in the early transition period o Central and EasternEurope

4 Under current conditions it makes little sense to und media trainingcenter endowments non-program related activities or permanentcenters

5 Innovative sustainable market-driven journalism training is oundin all our countries o Central and Eastern Europe we examinedCzech Republic Slovakia Hungary and Romania

6 Successul strategies or sustainable journalism training in EasternEurope include

deg generating local income rom ee-based training and media-relatedactivities

deg cross-subsidizing local training with revenue rom internationaltraining

deg ocusing on niche reporting

Key Findings



An Imperat ive to Innovate Sustainable Journalism Training in Central and Eastern Europe2

June

2007


7 Donor coordination in media development is weak Innovative newapproaches could a) reduce administrative burdens on donor staff

and b) signi1047297cantly increase responsiveness to small grant seekers

8 Tere are viable unctioning models or pooling public and privateEuropean and US donor resources or regranting and lending tosupport innovation in training and transormational change o mediain Eastern Europe Tese models include the Media DevelopmentLoan Fund and the Balkan rust or Democracy

9 Te greatest missed opportunity or improved donor cooperation

is between Anglo-Saxon donors and North European donors Sincemany o the aid organizations based in these countries do not have adedicated department or media development a private oundationcould provide the necessary permanent contact or all interested insupporting media development projects

0 Private oundations have an opportunity to serve as a transorma-tional catalyst or the construction o a large multilateral public-private re-granting or lending vehicle or support o journalism develop-

ment in Central and Eastern Europe

1

Te International Center for Journalists environmental reporting workshop in Georgia



3

June

2007

IntroductionSerious efforts at media development have been underway since the allo the Berlin Wall in 1989 and in some cases even earlier USAID orexample opened its 1047297rst radio station in Liberia in 1985 Despite theselong-running efforts today there is still a great need or media develop-ment assistance Efforts at democratization will fail unless bolsteredby strong independent media Although conditions are difficult thereare many opportunities or moving orward

Call to Act ion

In its 2007 report on Freedom in the World Freedom House noted adecline in reedom o expression and reedom o the press as one o themain characteristics o the worldwide trend o ldquoreedom stagnation andpushback against democracyrdquo1 Tis trend affected both democraciesand non-democratic regimes particularly those seeking to eliminateor marginalize independent voices No region o the globe was sparedthere were crackdowns in Venezuela Sri Lanka China Iran Zimbabweand Russia Tese governments use a variety o tactics to pressure themediabull Discouraging businesses rom advertising in certain mediabull Denying licensesbull Imposing state takeoversbull Complicating access to paper and other production supply bull And 1047297ling criminal libel charges against journalists

1

Arch Puddington ldquoFreedom in the World 2007 Freedom Stagnation Amid PushbackAgainst Democracyrdquo presentation at Johns Hopkins University January 17 2007




June

2007

Along with corruption and efforts to undermine the rule o law effortsto squash the press are among the main impediments to promoting de-

mocracy

In the past media developers claimed success in helping to overthrowdictators Growing glasnost in the ormer Soviet Union helped bringdown that authoritarian regime2 In recent years media activists havecontributed to removing corrupt and authoritarian regimes in SerbiaGeorgia and Ukraine3 Earlier successes include press victories in un-dermining the PRI one-party monopoly in Mexico

Incumbent authoritarian leaders have noticed these patterns and havesought to limit the role o the press in their societies Russia has beenone o the largest recipients o media development aid4 but PresidentVladimir Putin rolled back many o the gains achieved in the 1990swith actions speci1047297cally aimed at limiting the range o motion or inter-national media development support Non-democratic Central Asianleaders have drawn similar lessons

Iraq represents the low point o international work or independent me-

dia development Against the broader backdrop o the ailure o USefforts to promote democracy in Iraq there is a backlash in many Iraqicommunities against any US-unded project work US efforts at mediadevelopment have been no exception In particular the scandal aroundthe Lincoln Grouprsquos efforts to plant stories in the Iraqi media makingthem look like local content has caused problems or media develop-ment proessionals working in Iraq Iraqi citizens saw that the LincolnGrouprsquos efforts were sponsored by the US government and are now in-creasingly suspicious o all US government-backed activity in mediadevelopment5

2 Krishna Kumar Promoting Independent Media Strategies for Democracy AssistanceBoulder Lynne Rienner Publishers 2006 p 5

3 David Anable ldquoRole o Georgiarsquos Media - and Western Aid - in the Rose RevolutionrdquoJoan Shorenstein Center on the Press Politics and Public Policy 2006-3 p 27

4 Russia has had more money pumped into media development than any other countryin the world Interview with Peter Graves

5 Interview with a credible inormed source



5

June

2007

Window of Opportunity

Despite these setbacks and problems there is a window o opportunity

or media development aid now because many countries in Arica andAsia can no longer afford to subsidize the media even i that means los-ing control o the media In Vietnam or example Te Minister o In-ormation recently reported that he has six hundred newspapers to undand he can no longer bear the cost6 Te political leaders in Vietnamwant to maintain control o the media but realize that it is too expensiveor them to do so As a result they want to set the media up as busi-nesses but the Minister pleaded ldquowe are araid we donrsquot know whatto dordquo Tis environment might provide

excellent conditions or innovative mediadevelopment proessionals to work A-rica is also ripe or change as many o thegovernments there can no longer afford tosupport their state media and must look atnew models

At the same time historical efforts at media development in Eastern Eu-rope are just beginning to blossom into locally sel-sustaining initiatives

ndash offering models or learning and replication in more troubled coun-tries Even with the numerous challenges involved media developmentis one o the most promising areas in the 1047297eld o democracy buildingMost importantly unlike many other orms o democracy assistancenew media organizations have the potential to be sel-supporting7

Time of Change

Unlike some aspects o international development independent me-dia development has only gained real momentum in the past 20 yearsWhen the Cold War ended media development providers began expan-sion in earnest making up their approaches as they went sometimesgetting stuck in ruts o unquestioning repetition Tere are still ew in-ternational measures or the success o the various programs Numericalmeasures tend to originate rom the media development work in Centraland Eastern Europe Tose efforts such as IREXrsquos media sustainability

Introduction



Unlike many other forms ofdemocracy assistance new

media organizations have the potential to be self-supporting




June

2007


index could be improved and expanded worldwide In Europe and theUnited States top-1047298ight journalism schools and proessional journalism

organizations have existed or more than a century In many parts o theworld those organizations are only now being started

Media developers have aced a variety o conditions in the different re-gions where they work In Central and Eastern Europe and the ormerSoviet Union the physical equipment was in place or mass media tounction and the population was educated Yet journalists needed new values knowledge and skills i they were to be independent Te taskwas to improve the level o journalism and ree it rom state or business

group domination In the Americas there was also a physically-devel-oped media but the task again was to develop the ethic o journalismas the air accurate contextual search or the truth capable o inquiryindependent o political or economic power But in Arica and Asia itwas ofen necessary to establish media outlets rom scratch O coursethese characterizations only apply in a general sense and it is necessaryto examine the situation in each individual country

o ocus our project we looked in detail at our countries in Central and

Eastern Europe the Czech Republic Slovakia Hungary and RomaniaTese counties were chosen because Knight Foundation was active inthem during the last 15 years

Tis study aims to offer a modest contribution to the larger global effortto re1047298ect upon and improve independent media development to takeaccount o initial experiences and act on innovative opportunities ormoving orward

Outline of the Report

Our analysis will proceed along the ollowing lines First it will showhow media development promotes market-based democracy Secondit examines the particular role o Central and East European journalisttraining centers in media development Tird we broaden the scopebeyond 1047297xed training centers and look at the ull range o journalismtraining activities in Central and Eastern Europe We then highlightseveral current models o sustainability or media training Finally we

make suggestions or how donors might more effectively approach theenvironment in Central and Eastern Europe and elsewhere



7

June

2007

IBuilding Market Democracy Through Media

Development

Effective media help build economically sel-sustaining democracies byreducing a societyrsquos inormation transaction costs Cheaper inormation

means more inormation on more themes is accessible to more citizensMore inormed decisions are on balance better decisions8

From a governmentrsquos point o view there are three key sets o relationsin any democratic or democratizing state between government andprivate interests (ldquoregulationrdquo) between politicians and bureaucrats(ldquooversightrdquo) and between citizens and government (ldquoaccountabilityrdquo)9 Te key commodity in each o these transactions is inormation Gov-ernment needs inormation to understand the interests and activitieso regulated industry Politicians need inormation on the effectivenessand methods o bureaucrats in carrying out political objectives Voters

8 World Bank Institute Te Right to ell Washington DC World Bank 2002

9 Adam Przeworski ldquoTe State in a Market Economyrdquo in Joan Nelson and Charles illy

eds ransforming Post-Communist Political Economies ask Force on Economies inransition National Academy Press 1997 pp 411-432




June

2007

need inormation to discover what their political leaders are doing andwhat alternatives exist to current leaders and policies Te ree market

itsel inhales and exhales inormation with consumers and share-hold-ers using the constant 1047298ow o it to evaluate market conditions and makedecisions on buying equity goods and services

Without development o strong independent media efforts to promotedemocratization will ail Media serve as the engine or inorming deci-sion in ree societies When that engine breaks down access to inorma-tion or the average citizen ades to a smaller and smaller circle around

the individual and decisions are no longer in-

ormed while small circuits o political andeconomic monopolists will hoard inormationto advantage their own choices at the expenseo others10 In regulation oversight and ac-countability governance becomes dominatedby these closed inormation monopolies at the

expense o the average citizen who is less and less empowered with thetools o choice

In transitioning countries the demand or inormation is even higherthan usual11 Tis is primarily because o the increased uncertainty inthese environments where the rules o the game governing the politi-cal and economic systems are in 1047298ux Ofen not only is the identity outure political leaders in question but also the amount o power theseleaders will wield and the relationships among political institutions Assuch the media plays an even more critical role in transition countriesas citizens struggle against political and economic groupings generallymore interested in consolidating their grip on the new order than inconsolidating democracy

10 Irina Olimpieva Oleg Pachenkov and Lubov Ejova with Eric Gordy ldquoInormalEconomies o St Petersburg Ethnographic Findings o the Cross-Border raderdquoWashington DC Jefferson Institute 2007

11 Katrin Voltmer and Rudiger Schmitt-Beck ldquoNew Democracies without CitizensMass Media and Democratic Orientations - A Four Country Comparisonrdquo in Katrin

Voltmer ed Mass Media and Political Communication in New Democracies Londonand New York Routledge 2006 pp 228-245

Without developmentof strong independentmedia efforts to promotedemocratization will fail



9

June

2007

Free Media Promote Democratization

It is well documented that democracy requires an independent and

well-unctioning media to ensure ree and air elections a thriving civilsociety and the maintenance o the rule o law Unortunately scholarsanalyzing the processes o transition to democracy in which societiesmove rom authoritarian systems to ones that are more open and inclu-sive have so ar paid little attention to the role that independent jour-nalists play

Yet research shows that access to larger amounts o inormation com-bined with rising education levels can change the way citizens think

and behave12

Newspapers physical and electronic are much more e-ective mobilizers than television and one o the most robust 1047297ndingsin media theory is that newspaper reading is strongly associated withpolitical engagement13 Since reading a newspaper is a much more activeprocess than watching television newspapers tend to draw people intothe political process in a way that television does not However evenpeople who are not avid newspaper readers and are not interested inpolitics can learn passively through the enormous expansion o inor-mation sources and habitual exposure provided by living in a rich media

environment14

Media development promotes democratization because independentmediabull Inorm and educate peoplebull Connect democratic orces in a society bull Articulate and debate grievances among the populationbull Help political parties and other leaders de1047297ne programs

I Building market democracy through media development

12 Kenneth Newton ldquoMass Media Effects Mobilization or Media MalaiserdquoBritish Journal of Political Science 29 1999 577-599 GE

13 Roderick P Hart ldquoCitizen Discourse and Political Participation A Surveyrdquo in W LanceBennet and Robert M Entman Mediated Politics Communication in the Future ofDemocracy NY Cambridge University Press 2001

14

Cliff Zukin and Robin Snyder ldquoPassive Learning When the Media Environment is theMessagerdquo Public Opinion Quarterly 48 1984 pp 630 GE




June

2007

By playing these important social roles independent media weaken au-thoritarian rule Tere are many empirical cases to support this claim

Growing glasnost in the ormer Soviet Union helped bring down thatauthoritarian regime15 Likewise aggressive independent media playeda signi1047297cant role in replacing authoritarian leaders in Mexico SerbiaUkraine and Georgia

Given these successul experiences mucho the analysis o media development isnow ocused on promoting transitionsrom authoritarian to democratic rule

Mapping Media Assistance de1047297nes thetypes o media aid needed in our stageso transition (pre-transition primary

transition secondary stage latemature stage)16 USAIDrsquos Krishna Ku-mar likewise proposes that uture media aid ocus on ldquoclosed and semi-democraticrdquo regimes17 But media developers in closed (and closing)regimes ace increasingly difficult scenarios Seeing what independentmedia can do to a regime in need o change existing and emerging au-thoritarian governments will no longer welcome the arrival o media

development assistance rom outside the country

Tere are times when media outlets are strong but the news itsel is notindependent Tese conditions typically prevail when the state managesto maintain a controlling stake or the ownership o the main mediacompanies is concentrated in just a ew private hands In these condi-tions the media ofen re1047298ect the interests o their owners rather thanproviding an objective assessment o and or society In these condi-tions a plurality o media sources becomes important with each sourceoffering a sliver o the story echnologies that would rapidly bring suchplurality should be encouraged

15 Krishna Kumar Promoting Independent Media Strategies for Democracy AssistanceBoulder Lynne Rienner Publishers 2006 5

16 Monroe E Price Bethany Davis Knoll and Daniel De Luce Mapping MediaAssistance February 1 2002 p 3 httppcmlpsoclegoxacukarchiveMappingMediaAssistancepd

17 Kumar chap 10

Access to larger amountsof information combinedwith rising education levelscan change the way citizensthink and behave



11

June

2007


Media Promote Accountability and Reduce Corrupt ion

Te role o an independent media in orcing down the levels o corrup-

tion is clear More open inormation on markets (and correspondinglyewer opportunities or arbitrage with closed pools o inormation) andincreased public accountability o bureaucrats and politicians yields re-duced corruption Te World Bank sees the media as a crucial tool inpromoting societyrsquos ability to hold governments accountable in order toreduce the level o corruption18

Extensive academic research demonstrates that a ree media is stronglycorrelated with less corruption19 Brunetti and Weder show that a ree

press effectively deters corruption20

Not only is there a correlation be-tween more press reedom and less corruption this study shows thatcausality runs rom press reedom to less corruption Lederman Loay-za and Reis-Soares likewise show that press reedom cuts corruption21 Adsera Boix Payne show that the more newspapers there are per per-son the less corruption there is22

Government aid dollars and private investment both grow in value asthe societies receiving them become less corrupt and thus more efficient

at grappling with difficult challenges

18 Strengthening Bank Group Engagement on Governance and AnticorruptionSeptember 8 2006

19 Johann Gra Lambsdorff ldquoConsequences and Causes o Corruption - What do weknow rom a cross-section o countriesrdquo Diskussionsbeitrag Nr V-34-05 httpwwwwiwiuni-passaude1047297leadmindokumentelehrstuehlelambsdorffdownloadsCorr_Reviewpd

20 A Brunetti and B Weder ldquoA Free Press is Bad News or Corruptionrdquo Journal of PublicEconomics 877-8 2003 1801-1824

21 D Lederman N Loayza and R Reis-Soares ldquoAccountability and CorruptionPolitical Institutions Matterrdquo World Bank Working Paper no 2708 2001 Sung comesto a similar conclusion See HE Sung ldquoA Convergence Approach to the Analysis oPolitical Corruption A Cross-National Studyrdquo Crime Law and Social Change 38 22002 137-160

22 A Adsera C Boix M Payne ldquoAre You Being Served Political Accountability and

Quality o Governmentrdquo Inter-American Development Bank Research Department Working Paper 438 Washington 2000




June

2007




13

June

2007

Journalism Training Centers in Media Development

II

Journalism training provided through donor-sponsored centers such asthose established by the Independent Journalism Foundation in Central

and Eastern Europe has played a key role in media development Bytraining tens o thousands o journalists in a variety o topics journal-ism training made numerous contributions since the collapse o com-munism Tese journalists now have training in the role o independentaccurate contextual inormation in ree markets and liberal democra-cies By providing better inormation sources and increasing inorma-tion 1047298ows journalism training helped develop more robust civil societ-ies

But in 2007 nearly 20 years afer the all o the Berlin Wall there is aquestion o whether it makes sense to continue unding such centers inCentral and Eastern Europe i they are not able to generate their ownunds independently Tis raises related questions o what the purposeo the centers should be and the different ways such centers supportthemselves worldwide

Te ollowing points highlight eedback rom top US and European

donors implementers and analysts in the 1047297eld o independent mediadevelopment




June

2007

Purposes of the Exist ing Centers

bull rain journalists in the basic process o act-based reporting

bull Set high media standards or social responsibilitybull rain media managers with the skills necessary to run a business e-ectively (Te success o a media outlet can depend more on the advertising department than the caliber o the journalists)

bull Educate the general public and the political leadership in the bene1047297tso a consumer and legal environment that supports good indepen-dent journalism

bull each technical skills (operating cameras etc)bull rain staff how to best take advantage o the latest developments in

Internet technologybull rain journalists how to change traditional media to meet newneeds

Arguments for Maintaining Such Centers

bull Tere is a constant demand or training to educate young people whoare entering the 1047297eld o journalism

bull Many universities in Eastern Europe are still teaching old methodsand education reorm within these institutions will be very slow in

comingbull o be done correctly training must be organized locally

Criticisms of Existing Centers

bull oo ofen only a small group o journalists are being trained and itcan be those who need it least -- namely individuals who are betternetworked speak English or other Western languages etc

bull Programs are not long-term A ldquoparachuterdquo approach o trainers com-ing through town rarely meets local needs

bull Doing is the best way to learn raining works best when it is involvesmaterial that will actually appear as news Tus the best trainers o-ten are internal to news organizations Indeed many private mediaoutlets have developed their own training programs

bull Journalism training alone is not really sufficient A variety o politi-cal market and proessional institutions must support independent journalism

bull Tere is duplication because o a lack o coordination in journalism

training Among donors ldquoed uprdquo was not an uncommon phrase



15II Journalism Training Centers in Media Development

June

2007

Arguments for Ending Funding to Such Centers

bull Afer years o core support programs are not sel-sustaining

bull It is better to support a diversity o approaches to journalism train-ing and media development rather than centralize in one approachthrough one center

bull Long-term support creates complacency Endowments were consis-tently critiqued by donors and implementers alike as eliminating theimperative to innovate

Weak Environment for Endowments in Eastern Europe

With the exception o the Czech Republic the use o endowments to

provide sustainable investment income to NGOs is not common in theregion Tis is or a variety o reasons which vary country by countrybut they requently includebull High minimum values or establishing an endowmentbull Restrictions on investments outside o the country and to very low

yield investmentsbull axation o capital gains and exchange rate gainsbull Limitations prohibiting the contracting o proessional 1047297nancial in-

stitutions to handle investments and provide consulting services

bull Shallow and poorly regulated national 1047297nancial markets or stocksand bonds

In sum we advise against providing und-ing or endowments or core operations opermanent centers at this time In condi-tions where the needs o the journalistcommunity are constantly changing thepriority should be on long-term sourceso 1047297nance or innovative programmingnot on unding permanent centers

Te priority should be onlong-term sources of 1047297nance

for innovative programmingnot on funding permanent

centers




June

2007




17

June

2007

IIIJournalism Training Activi ties Currently Under Way

While the methodologies o media training in Central and Eastern Eu-rope in the 1990s may have less utility today there are ew who wouldargue that the media in Central and Eastern Europe is in a 1047297nished state

o development Many problems persist and while there is variationcountry by country some o the recurrent themes arebull Journalist communities are still relatively weak characterised by a

lack o middle-aged journalists poor standards o journalism and alow level o journalism training in the countryrsquos journalism schoolsand universities

bull Media outlets hire journalists without proper education Years otheoretical studies at universities leave most young journalists un-prepared or the practical aspects o the job In addition journalistschange jobs very ofen

bull Proessional and ethical standards are still low Tis can lead to over-sensationalism o news Te ldquotabloidizationrdquo o the media is ar moreevident in the print sector but the television news is ofen ldquotabloid-izedrdquo too In addition journalists are not immune to or ully pre-pared to resist commercial or political pressures

bull Apart rom a ew exceptions there is a general lack o enterprisinginvestigative or explanatory journalism ndash instead o investigating the

causes and roots o the problem journalists preer to hunt or scan-dals




June

2007

bull Print and broadcast media markets are ofen relatively small withadvertising revenues concentrated in the capital Media organizations

ofen devote too much attention and too many resources to the politi-cal capital and ail to cover regionallocal news effectivelybull Central and Eastern Europe has journalistic celebrities but not elites

capable o mentoring a next generation o journalists or mobilizingbroader social energy or improved journalism

bull Tere is no organized dispassionate way o evaluating independentmedia laws and independent media sustainability Politicians tend totackle media issues in ldquocrisis moderdquo

Clearly the working conditions or journalists in Central and EasternEurope remain difficult Nevertheless we identi1047297ed a number o innovative journalist training programs currently underway o survey the1047297eld we looked at our countries the Czech Republic Slovakia Hun-gary and Romania In all our countries the Knight Foundation wasamong the supporters o what were once our Centers or IndependentJournalism In two o the countries the Czech Republic and Slovakiathe centers closed Te Romanian and Hungarian centers have decidedto go on their own splitting rom their ounding group the Indepen-

dent Journalism Foundation At the same time the hundreds o millionso dollars in ldquosof moneyrdquo or Central and Eastern European indepen-dent media development which or so many post-Soviet years pouredin rom USAID and European government sources is now pointed else-where

As we examined journalism training in these our countries we con-sidered which o their lessons might apply to the hundred or so similarindependent journalism training centers worldwide

A Hungary

About 60 institutions provide either journalism education media train-ing or communication studies Tirty are higher education institutionsPrivate ventures or proessional associations generally own or controlthe other groups Fee-based training is growing



19

June

2007

III Journalism Training Activities Currently Under Way

For example the Budapest School of Communication which had its 1047297rstgraduating class in 2005 has both undergraduate and graduate courses

that predominantly ocus on media relations rather than on journalismTe school also hosts a third program our-semesters long on proes-sional training currently geared towards V journalism Te program isrun in cooperation with the Hungarian public service V station MVStudents study sociology media studies law economics and televisionproduction Te students are taught skills such as editing and V journal-ism Tey are gaining some o their experience in MVrsquos studios

Te Budapest-based King Sigismund College a private institution o-

ers media classes in addition to other subjects such as human resourcemanagement business management 1047297nance and accounting or politi-cal studies Te college offers BA degrees in media and communicationIts communication and media studies degree is a six-semester programwith specializations in business and international and public communi-cation Te curricula includes classes on psychology sociology politicalscience philosophy linguistics legal and economic studies communi-cation research writing and presentation skills I the press and othermedia multimedia and network communication public relations etc

Te college also offers non-degree certi1047297cates in media and communi-cation studies which is a 1047297ve-semester program aimed at preparing stu-dents to work with media businesses and cultural institutions as mediaspecialists

Another model of media education in Hungary is the Nepszabadsag

Ringier Journalism School Tis is a private school run by the Swisspublisher Ringier which operates Hungaryrsquos Nepszabadsag daily Teschool is an accredited one-year program focused more on hands-ontraining Te school prepares students to work for print media Tenewspaper tries to keep the best students but the print market is satu-rated and many graduates never work as journalists

Communication and journalism in general are now popular college ma- jors in Hungary Many students do not intend to work as journalistsTey are more interested in getting training and knowledge to work in

marketing or public relations where media jobs pay more Still some dohope to work as journalists Tey say journalism carries a reputation o




June

2007

a ldquohighly intellectualrdquo proession Hungarian culture places a high valueon intellectual pursuits ndash yielding substantial non-material income to

young journalists who might otherwise 1047297nd insufficient returns on therelatively meager wages

Te training provided by proessional associations is not well regardedby journalists in Hungary Te oldest and best-known media trainingprogram in the country the Baacutelint Gyoumlrgy Uacutejsaacutegiacuteroacute Iskola run by theAssociation o Hungarian Journalists (MUacuteOSZ) is a private course orwhich trainees have to pay But many journalists and media experts saythat the level o this training is ldquovery lowrdquo Te MUacuteOSZ is an ldquoossi1047297edrdquo

institution many report but it has the merit o promoting various train-ing programs through its website which boasts a large number o visi-tors

Te Roma Press Center (RPC) was ounded in December 1995 withthe aim o bettering the coverage o Roma-related news in the Hun-garian media Te center has published over 2000 news items and 500eatures that were then transmitted to the Hungarian media or pub-lishing Almost 80 percent o these articles appeared in the mainstream

Hungarian media

Te center recently became more active in training but these trainingprograms were carried out mostly by partner organizations For ex-ample the center has historically cooperated with the Budapest Centerfor Independent Journalism (CIJ) and or the last two years with thePrague-based OL with the 1047297nancial support o the Open Society In-stitute It launched in 1996 a media internship program with the CIJthrough which every year some ten Roma with higher education wereplaced as interns in various radio and V stations in Hungary Manyo them managed to become part o the staff afer their internship wasover Such interns were employed by nationwide private V stationssuch as RL Klub V2 or the public service station MV Te aim oOLrsquos project is to improve the general reporting and writing skills oRoma journalists as well as to train them to write or an internationalaudience such as OLrsquos



21

June

2007


B Romania

In Romania there is a very energetic 1047297eld in media development with an

active network o several established NGOs who have advocated sincethe mid-1990s or the reedom o the Romanian Press Among these aew offer a mix o services including both advocacy or the media andtraining o the media Romania also exhibits a very healthy ee-basedmarket or quality journalism training

Established in 1994 the Center for Independent Journalism is ahighly respected media institute Hundreds o journalists participatedin courses and meetings organized by CIJ on a large array o subjects

news editing interviewing techniques specialized reporting investiga-tions online journalism radio journalismand legislation Many o the CIJ trainersare drawn rom the Romanian Centre forInvestigative Journalism which gathersreelance journalists who can not publishtheir investigations anywhere else so pub-lish instead on the organizationrsquos websiteCIJ also participated in cooperative advocacy campaigns on issues re-

lated directly to the media Most prominently CIJ and the RomanianMedia Monitoring Agency advocated or the adoption o the reedomo inormation act and government transparency laws Te Media Mon-itoring Agency is a watchdog whose goal is to improve the quality o theRomanian media and Romanian democracy

Freedom House Romania an independent indigenous spin-off romthe US-based parent organization is also very active in journalismtraining FH projects in Romania have a very high reputation amongRomanian journalists Although the annual core 1047297nancing rom theUnited States has ended Freedom House Romania has managed to or-ganize local trainings with private or matching unds Contributionsrom the US embassy in Romania are matched by large corporations tocover some o the costs o the training but FH Director Cristina Gusethalso insists that participants pay a tuition ee or the courses she orga-nizes FH Romania has several private sector clients and the requests arerequent Guseth is con1047297dent that the current demand or journalism

training in Romania is greater than the supply

Freedom Housersquos Guseth isbetting on private funding

or private matching funding




June

2007

Bradut Ulmanu a trainer or News In and director o Start Mediaagrees that the demand or journalism training is high His company

Start Media has contracts with several media outlets to provide train-ing in-house on request and this seems to work very well Recently theywon a 300000 Euro project or a consortium o local media to producea Printing Style Guide or local editors Regarding the news agency hesays that NEWS IN is the only Romanian press agency with a trainingdepartment but he admits that it lacks the resources to run as proes-sionally as he would like

Interestingly media management in Romania is much more open to

training that is offered as a technical service rather than the trainingoffered by organizations with strong advocacy roles In general this re-1047298ects an attitude about journalism training in many developed coun-tries that such training should be by journalists or journalists and thatpeople with stories to tell or advocacy to sell should come into the news-room through the ront door not try coming in through the back

Building on this pattern Freedom Housersquos Guseth is betting on privateunding or private matching unding She says that the media outlets in

Romania will only be convinced to train journalists through a servicemarket strategy and that pro bono continuous training is ofen receivedwith skepticism by wary corporate actors Guseth argues that to chargeor the trainings provided is a matter o credibility and trust in yourproducts

Itrsquos not realistic to be dependent on foreign funding A trainingcenter can be sustainable Regarding the foreign funding thebest solution is the competitive grant You get lazy if someonesponsors you continuously I have a project from the US Em-bassy in Bucharest in which I train journalists at the local levelbut I donrsquot have a pro1047297t Next time Irsquoll organize the training onthe participantrsquos fees which will cover all the costs

C The Czech Republic

Very ew organizations in the Czech Republic train proessional jour-nalists Ofen those doing the training at one organization are unawareo training at another organization Tere is a general lack o publicity

about training a lack o cooperation among organizations and an over-all paucity o training Unlike many other countries in Central and East-



23

June

2007


ern Europe there is no NGO exclusively oriented toward media issuessuch as training and proessional development in the Czech Republic

Nevertheless the Czech Republic has recently sparked some o the moreexciting innovations in journalism training

One o the most promising initiatives is the recently established Insti-tute of Regional Journalism a partnership between the Brno Depart-ment o Media Studies and Journalism (part o the Faculty o SocialStudies) and the publisher Vltava-Labe-Press (VLP) VLP a Czech com-pany that owns over 100 regional publications is in turn owned byVerlagsgruppe Passau a German publisher o regional titles and Rhe-

inisch-Bergische Druckerei-und-Verlagsgesellschaf another Germanpublisher which owns the Czech daily Mladaacute fronta Dnes VLP undsthe Institute whose main mission is the systematic education o jour-nalists in the local and regional newsrooms o VLP publications

Te Institute provides long-term training or VLP employees ellow-ships or aculty to provide training in regional newsrooms a studentinternship program at local and regional newsrooms a regional presslibrary and support in journalism instruction at the Faculty o Social

Studies Under the ellowship program instructors spend a week in lo-cal newsrooms working with individual editors as well as the entire edi-torial team Te instructor then prepares a 1047297nal report with recommen-dations or improvements Four such ellowships took place in 2005and two in 2006

Te Institute also runs two- and three-day ldquoweekendrdquo courses in Brnotargeting certain groups o VLP employeesbull Editors-in-chie o local publications on topics such as evaluating

themes and events agenda-setting news value organizing and run-ning a newsroom and time management (three courses in 2005 serv-ing 39 editors)

bull editors on topics such as editing texts layout work with photos (sixcourses in 2006 58 editors) and

bull new employees who just joined the newsroom on basic topics such assearching or and evaluating themes and events work with sourceswriting taking photos (three courses in 2006 36 participants)




June

2007

Special events also occasionally take place In January 2006 or examplea lecturer rom Munich spoke at a two-day seminar or regional and lo-

cal editors-in-chie on new newsroom methods in local journalism Teevent was co-sponsored by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation A coner-ence in February 2007 looked at regional journalism in the Europeancontext and brought many oreign guests Importantly the Institute oRegional Journalism does not train people outside o VLP

ransitions Online23 is an international publishing and media devel-opment organization based in Prague and registered as a Czech non-pro1047297t non-governmental civic association Its mission is to improve the

proessionalism independence and impact o the news media in the 28post-communist countries o Central and Eastern Europe the Balkansand the ormer Soviet Union While OL is most widely known or its journalism particularly its on-line magazine training activities account

or 80 o its organizational revenue

Historically most o OLrsquos training worktargeted journalists rom the rest o Cen-tral and Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Regular workshops take place in Pragueon themes such as new media and covering EU integration but only in-clude a handul o Czechs each year Since 1999 OL has presented hala dozen training courses exclusively targeting Czechs with unds romPrague-based embassies and the European Commission supportinginitiatives on topics such as covering EU integration and investigativereportingcorruption Te Unidea Foundation o the Italian Unicreditgroup unded a week-long course in March 2007 or young journalistsand journalism students on the uture o the media with a special em-phasis on new media Several Czech reporters have received on-the-jobtraining as correspondents or OLrsquos Internet magazine In addition theorganization runs a cross-regional training program or young Roma journalists supported by the Network Media Program o the Open So-ciety Institute In its third year the program has included several Czechsand offered an internship to one o them

23

Full disclosure requires us to note that Jeremy Druker a member o the research teamor this study is the executive director o OL

OL courses generate incomeby attracting paying students

from around the globe



25

June

2007


OL expanded its business model in 2005 - previously reliant on a com-bination of grants subscriptions advertising article syndication and

product sales - to include for-pay journalism courses apping into anun1047297lled niche in the university education market these courses havegenerated signi1047297cant income through attracting paying students fromall corners of the globe Te target audience has been university-levelstudents in North America and Western Europe though OL has alsomanaged to attract both graduate students and working professionalsTe price of the course has included tuition housing half-board andcultural events OL has also been able to offer many scholarships forparticipants from its coverage region (both from separate grants and

through half-scholarships effectively ldquosubsidizedrdquo by the full tuitions)generating a much more international 1047298avor and great value as a studentexchangenetworking experience Tese activities generate surplus rev-enue that can then cross-subsidize training focused on local journalists

People in Need (PIN) is a Czech organization that provides relie aidand development assistance while working to deend human rights anddemocratic reedom At home People in Need administers social in-tegration programs in the Czech Republic and Slovakia and provides

inormative and educational activities PIN is one o the largest orga-nizations o its kind in post-communist Europe and has administeredprojects in 37 countries during the past 14 years

PIN runs topic-based training or media representatives covering issuesimportant to the organization such as development cooperation mi-gration issues and the origins o poverty-stricken ghettos in the CzechRepublic For the most part unding comes rom various Czech govern-ment sources

One o the most effective initiatives has been the PIN program to sendup to six journalists a year to the developing world to countries such asKenya Vietnam and Malawi Co-unded with the journalistsrsquo media or-ganizations the program requires participants to produce at least threestories on development topics in their own media and one in anothermedia ldquoUsually the journalists get really attracted to the theme aferseeing it with their own eyesrdquo said PINrsquos Jana Mračkovaacute One partici-

pant ended up starting his own regular column called ldquoTird Worldrdquo inthe countryrsquos leading business newspaper




June

2007

Private or state schools organizing occasional training or proessional journalists include the Faculty of Social Sciences at Charles University

in Prague and the Higher College of Journalism (VOŠP) also based inPrague Czech Government unds 1047297nance these activities Such instruc-tion tends to be basic and ocused on building entry-level skills or theproession Sometimes higher education institutions organize trainingldquoorderedrdquo by publishers Te Czech Center for Media Studies o theCharles University Media Department has done this with the organiz-ing company arranging participation o their journalists From time totime VLP has ordered training courses rom the Center usually or thenorthern ldquodivisionrdquo o VLP (UstiLiberec) and usually or young jour-

nalists just hired by VLP who donrsquot have much i any experience (theocus is on basic news skills working with sources and ethics) Usually12-16 participants take part in seminars that last two-and-a-hal-days

D Slovakia

O the our countries surveyed Slovakia has the weakest environmento indigenous training or journalists Te last large media center inSlovakia the Center or Independent Journalism (CIJ) was closed inMarch 2004 Established in 1993 the center played a critical role in the

early period o transition to democracy It offered at least two things notavailable at the state journalism aculty during those times ndash ree accessto the Internet and other technical equipment and experience (via a di-erent program the Knight International Journalism Fellowships) onhow to conduct journalism in a democratic society It also provided anopportunity or those journalists who lost their jobs to work as reelanc-ers using the equipment and other acilities o the center

Since CIJ closed training has been predominantly organized and con-ducted by the media itsel According to a survey conducted in 2006 bythe Slovak Syndicate o Journalists there is a gradual decline in the per-centage o journalists with a college education (especially among young journalists under the age o 30) Nevertheless the survey reported that journalists o all age groups understand the importance o lielong edu-cation and especially want to increase their knowledge in the Slovaklanguage oreign languages (mainly English) and new technologies



27

June

2007


e private media most active in training are also those which are themost profitable andthose where readership is most sensitive to the qual-

ity and accuracy of reporting such as business weeklies ose workingin the sphere of business and economy need precise and good informa-tion ndash and they are ready to pay for it e business weekly Trend andthe private news agency SITA which generates most of its profits from awire service focusing on business and the economy are both very activein providing continuing professional training to their journalists

Other examples of continuing local training in Slovakia includebull e Slovak Syndicate of Journalists conducts sporadic trainings fo-

cusing on improving language skills of journalistsbull Academia Istropolitana NOVA a private school organizes courses

in journalism the first program was launched in 1999 with most of its graduates entering marketing

bull MEMO 98 is a specialist media institution with a focus on mediamonitoring Along with TOL and the Unicredit Foundation Memo98has organized a training program for journalists and advanced jour-nalism students in Slovakia

bull e civic association Fair-Play Alliance has launched an investigative

journalism training program for students of journalism e programoffers an overview of information tools sources public administra-tion legislative processes access to information and public controlAt the same time training participants are able to gain practical skillswhile investigating a story for a few months

bull e civic association EsFem conducts some training programs onwomen in the media




June

2007


Te International Center for Journalists Seminar on Environmental Coverage in Azerbaijan



29

June

2007

IVModels of Sustainable Journalism Training

Sustainability is a key challenge or all media training projects No do-nor public or private wants to und a speci1047297c project inde1047297nitely Local

media needs local support and so does local media training

Te United States itsel is a bad example o this practice Here the newsindustry spends relatively little on the training o its own people ndash KnightFoundation studies say at most 7 percent o payroll goes to trainingwhen other industries in the US spend an average o 24 percent opayroll and knowledge-based industries spend as much as 7 percentraining is expected to increase at news organizations that want to adaptto the digital revolution but there is no projection by any organizationwatching the numbers that the news industryrsquos commitment to trainingin the US will rise any time soon to even an average level Neverthe-less journalists are airly well educated ndash because o a combination oincreasing education leisure time or sel-training and ellowships andother opportunities offered by private oundations

Outside o the developed world both educational systems and phil-anthropic traditions are weak It can be difficult to get local donors to

support projects that started with international support Independent journalists are watchdogs over local government and by de1047297nition




June

2007

that eliminates at least some local leadership support So the localismo journalism training is delayed using the excuse that the Central and

Eastern European economy is simply too weak

Yet empirical evidence rom the 1047297eld shows many sel-sustaining train-ing programs Tey were not always prominent and came in manyorms But they did 1047297nd places in the market Tese programs were builtin close and continuing cooperation and communication with the lo-cal and international media industry and are considered useul by bothmedia managers and journalists

While ofen small and at early stages in their development these mar-ket-niche programs represent an exciting trend toward sel-sufficiencyin Central and East European journalism training Moreover they rep-resent an opportunity or donors to support advancing the capacities othese local innovations or sel-sustainability and might come to yieldlessons or supporting sustainable training in other regions as well

While each country observed has its particular unique characteristics anumber o thematic patterns emerged that transcended geography We

ound at least three innovative and consistently successul strategies orsustainability

bull generate local income rom ee-based training and media-re-lated activities

bull cross-subsidize local training with revenue rom internationaltraining and

bull ocus on niche reporting

A Generate Local Income from Fee-Based Training and Media-

Related Activities

Freedom House Romania has embraced and excels at ee-based localtraining Tey argue that charging a ee or training is the best way toevaluate the utility o the training delivered and to assure responsivenessto journalistsrsquo changing needs Implicitly this means that the substanceand timing o the training delivered is demand-driven rather than driv-en by donor interests or unding cycles In Hungary the Nepszabad-sagRingier Journalism School King Sigismund College and Budapest

School o Communications ollow a similar pattern



31

June

2007

IV Models of Sustainable Journalism Training

Te Czech Institute o Regional Journalism is an interesting variationon this theme whereby mature corporate actors establish and directly

1047297nance training capacity in-country to support their own staff develop-ment

Successul ee-based training is also ound outside the our countrieso Knightrsquos historical ocus In Bulgaria the IREX spin-off is now a me-dia training NGO called the Broadcast raining Center and operatesunder the leadership o Petko Georgiev Tis institute is now basicallysustainable with a little support rom USAID money24

Te keys to success here arebull A dynamic leader at the head o office Georgiev in Bulgaria and Gus-eth in Romania have extensive knowledge o their media communityand are able to convince editors and journalists o the services thattheir organizations can provide Tese leaders are generally very e-ective at diversiying their revenue sources with additional supportrom several international donors (generally EU Member countryembassies in-country)25

bull Te presence o successul media outlets with strong oreign direct

investment (FDI) For example NepszabadsagRingier covers train-ing costs in Hungary Verlagsgruppe Passau a German publisher oregional titles and Rheinisch-Bergische and Druckerei- und Ver-lagsgesellschaf invest in training in the Czech Republic while BBbacked by Rupert Murdochrsquos News Corp pays to have its journaliststrained at the Bulgaria center

bull Te competitive media market has weeded out the outlets that do nothave a chance o survival

bull A technical and needs-based ocus to training rom technical skills ocamera work to investigative reporting techniques

bull A hands-on practical approach to learning by doing ndash with trainingon the job or in new but live settings


25 Other examples o successul leaders are Ioana Avadani the director o the Center or

Independent Journalism in Romania and Daud Kattob who has set up the Ammannetradio network in Jordan




June

2007

B Cross-Subsid ize Local Operations with Revenue from

International Training

During the past few years OL has expanded its business model to includefor-pay journalism courses apping into an un1047297lled niche in the universityeducation market these courses generate signi1047297cant income by attractingpaying students from all corners of the globe Te revenue generated fromthese courses is in excess of costs and can be used to cross-subsidize lesseasily 1047297nanced local operations including training of local journalists

Te target audience has been university-lev-el students in North America and Western

Europe though OL has also managed toattract both graduate students and work-ing professionals Te most frequently runcourse has been one on international report-

ing whereby participants spend ten days learning how to be foreign cor-respondents receiving practical training from people who work as foreignreporters for major US and European media Te courses which alsohave included writing exercises (ldquogoing on assignmentrdquo in Prague) haveoffered numerous tips on how to get started gain freelance assignments

and stay safe in dangerous settings Tis past winter OL cooperated withDow Jones to offer a course on international 1047297nancial reporting led by atop Dow Jones editor In the coming summer OL will once again offerthe foreign correspondent course but will be experimenting with two newcourses investigative reporting (led by the editorial director of the SanFrancisco-based Center for Investigative Reporting) and new media tech-niques (led by OLrsquos new media director) In the near future OL plans toexplore the possibility of paid distance-learning courses

An interesting value added o these offerings is their connection with aproessional media institution including access to OL editors trainersand correspondents rom around the region Te OL on-line magazine- with its large international audience - provides both a ocal point orrecruitment efforts and a showcase or the best work o student traineesCourse participants have a chance to work afer their courses as internsat OL or elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe and to work on realstories with OL correspondents Following the completion o the sum-

mer 2005 course or example two participants traveled into the region(Serbia and Belarus) where they reported stories with the assistance o

Self-sustaining training programs are not always prominent and come inmany forms



33

June

2007


OL correspondents Tese stories as well as several o those writtenin Prague were published on the OL website At the conclusion o the

winter 2006 course two participants one rom the UK and one romMacedonia perormed internships at OL

C Focus on Niche Reporting

EsFem in Slovakia ocuses its journalism training on women in the me-dia while the Czech-based People in Need ocuses training on mediacoverage o third world countries Tese organizations are not devotedto media development per se but rather are theme-centered organiza-tions which recognize the value o journalism in improving the avail-

ability o inormation on their niche Tere is a delicate balance betweentranserring technical skills and impartial topic knowledge to journal-ists so that they might more effectively cover a theme and seeking to use journalists as a tool to tell a preconceived story or advocate on behalo a theme Nevertheless these proessional organizations understandthe risk and recognize that in order to be effective their training mustremain technical and inormational in nature Te Roma Press Center in Hungary is a slight variation on the niche

approach in that it is a wholly media-centered organization Like OLRPC produces journalism as well as runs training courses Roma are thesingle largest ethnic minority in Europe but rarely represent more thana small raction o the population in any given country Tis makes rep-resentation in the media extremely difficult despite the Romarsquos overallquite signi1047297cant demographic presence In ten years the center has pub-lished over 2000 news items and 500 eatures Almost eighty percent othese articles appeared in the mainstream Hungarian media

Tis trend o success in niche areas has also caught the attention o someinternational implementing organizations Internews has begun to lookat niches as a way o generating more money to support media develop-ment particularly in the area o health journalism training Te GatesFoundation and USAID have been interested in this approach Teseunding resources are usually negotiated through pools o 1047297nancing re-served or health rather than as media aid per se Tis path is not alwaysthe easiest because health providers ofen want to ldquouserdquo media to carry

their direct education messages rather than to support the education oand development o independent media itsel




June

2007


Anti-corruption is another niche that could provide signi1047297cant undingor media development programs For example the recently-established

Millennium Challenge Corporation is unding journalists in Ukraine toocus on this issue



35

June

2007

VRecommended ActionPromoting Transformational

Change

Independent media is in its own right essential or democratizationMedia training is a critical element o media development and across

many countries there are innovative models or locally sustainable de-mand-driven journalism training Donors can still play a critical roleMost o these local innovations and innovators need seed money to aidtheir pilot projects or to help them move rom pilots to ull-1047298edged pro-ductions Private ldquoangel capitalrdquo is rarely available or enterprises drivenby social value while media development organizations rarely have thecollateral to support bank loan capital Donors 1047297ll that gap with theirinvestment in causes that have social value But their investments cancreate dependence not independence So the question remains givenwhat we know about media development in Central and Eastern Eu-rope how can donors act most effectively

One o the most critical areas or media development is improved co-ordination o donors Donor coordination in media development hasbeen a problem since the outset o the sub1047297eld Tere is effectively nocoordination at the higher level Officials working in organizations likeUSAID have their own interests and must ollow political directives

rom above Tis makes it very difficult or them to coordinate effec-tively with other organizations




June

2007

Moreover there is even very little coordination within the various divi-sions o the State Department and USAID It is easy to see why this is so

just by listing the departments involved in media development Te keymedia developers within State arebull Bureau o Democracy Human Rights and Labor (DRL)bull Office o the Coordinator o US Assistance to Europe and Eurasia

(EURACE)bull Bureau o Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA)bull Bureau o International Inormation Programs (IIP)bull Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI)bull US Embassy public affairs sections

bull Regional bureaus

Te key media developers within USAID arebull Bureau or Democracy Con1047298ict and Humanitarian Assistance

(DCHA)bull Office o Democracy and Governance (DG)bull Office o ransition Initiatives (OI)bull Bureau or Europe and Eurasia (EampE)bull USAID overseas missions26

Internationally a part o this ailure to cooperate lies in the perceptiono differing goals For example European donors avor public broadcastunctions while American donors support development o the com-mercial media sector

Tese perceptions o incompatible goals are ueled by a striking paucityo inormation exchange between actors Tis is largely an organization-al problem Most bi-lateral donors do not have an independent mediadevelopment pillar within their organization Media projects all undera Department or Human Rights or are scattered across many differentdepartments and country missions Different bi-lateral sections ail toshare their best practices or lessons learned Because media develop-

26

US Government Accountability Office ldquoIndependent Media Development AbroadChallenges Exist in Implementing US Efforts and Measuring Resultsrdquo July 2005



37

June

2007

V Recommended ActionPromoting Transformational Change

ment is not a central pillar o activity these agencies do not conductlarger analysis to evaluate what is being done in other countries or the

relative contribution o media to democratization With each unit work-ing independently there is no larger context or development staff train-ing programs

Te ractured nature o independent media development programmingin bi-lateral offices and requent rotations in personnel has also greatlycomplicated proessional networking across the 1047297eld It remains up tothe organizations that ocus solely on media development to do the hardand repetitive work o maintaining proessional associations across the

shifing organizational sands o major donors

Te main current effort to coordinate donor and implementing groupsinternationally is the Global Forum or Media Development (GFMD)Te 1047297rst meeting o the various participants was held in Jordan in 2005Tere are currently 500 organizations and 100 countries involved In-ternews has taken primary responsibility or organizing the leadershipo the GFMD Currently there are a variety o regional orums plannedTe main unding or GFMD is rom the Loadstar Foundation the Na-

tional Endowment or Democracy and the Knight Foundation

Te GFMD is practitioner-led and has ound it hard to establish a sus-tainable unding model As a general rule donors preer to supportprojects rather than events so grant resources or this kind o network-ing are hard to 1047297nd

We ound that the reaction to GFMD is generally positive but those notdirectly involved with it have not heard o it

Tere are a handul o other efforts at coordination Tese includeldquoDrum Beatsrdquo rom Canada a web site sponsored by a variety o undersand containing reports o their own projects news rom the 1047297eld anddiscussions among practitioners IFEX also rom Canada operates asimilar platorm on reedom o expression issues Another effort is IJ-Net a project o the International Center or Journalists which seeks tonetwork individual journalists with resources or developing personal

skills as well as tools or larger activities And News University on the




June

2007

web at newsuorg which places ree journalism training modules in e-learning orm on the web site run by the Poynter Institute the most well

regarded training organization among American journalists

Te National Endowment or Democracyrsquos Center or International Me-dia Assistance is just beginning a series o activities aimed at knowledgesharing between media development actors Tey plan a series o themebased working groups and commissioned discussion papers with theaim o ostering more systematic re1047298ection on the 1047297eld o media devel-opment and to highlight successul and innovative methods

Efforts to coordinate donors at the country level are generally muchmore effective Within individual countries the community o actorsis quite small there are regular social events acilitating easy inormalcommunication and there are immediate shared interests and under-standings o priorities On the other hand this coordination ofen de-pends on personalities and can easily ade as new representatives in thelocal embassies and country donor missions cycle through27

With all o the organizational geographic and personal obstacles as

a general rule donor communication may appear to be the maximumachievable aim But we see it more as a 1047297rst-step We encountered sev-eral efforts that may offer models or more active programmatic col-laboration among US and European public and private donors

Opportunity in a Challenge

Almost all donors ace pressures to increase grant effectiveness De-mands or administrative efficiency generally prevail even when pro-grammatically it would be smarter or the money to go out in smalleramounts Tus the rise o re-granting projects

Tese re-granting vehicles are ideally suited to serve as cooperativemeeting grounds or pooling public and private European and NorthAmerican resources In the last part o this section we review two excel-lent examples the Balkan rust or Democracy and the Media Develop-ment Loan Fund

27

For example Macedonia bene1047297ted rom a short lived but successul effort at bilateralcoordination at the country level



39

June

2007

A Grant Capital Balkan Trust for Democracy28

Te Balkan rust or Democracy (BD) established in 2003 is a special

$30 million 10-year sinking endowment within the German MarshallFund29 aimed at re-granting to support local efforts toward democrati-zation in Southeast Europe30 BD is a public private partnership pool-ing the resources o US and European governments and US privateoundations It is viewed by many US and European public and private donor actors as an excellent model o rans-Atlantic collaborationamong donors31

Te BD model has many advantages as donors seek to both reduce

administrative costs and increase responsiveness to small grant seekersBD is staffed by locals and physically located in the Balkans keep-ing it highly responsive to local microneeds while BDrsquos thin but proes-sional administrative structure makesit very efficient at micro-granting

Interestingly the BD mandate spe-ci1047297cally excluded support o media development project work As such

BD presents not only a model or cooperation it highlights the emptyspace o donor cooperation on media development


28 Full disclosure requires us to note that the Jefferson Institute has received two smallgrants rom the Balkan rust or Democracy

29 Te German Marshall Fund contributed $10 million in cash and $2 million in-kind

administrative services USAID contributed $11230000 Te CS Mott oundationcontributed $5 million the Greek government $950000 Swedish Sida $900000 theKingdom o the Netherlands $650000 the Rockeeller Brothers Fund $150000 theItalian Foundation Compagnia di San Paolo euro200000 and the Bulgaria ipping PointFoundation $25000

30 Te 10 year timerame on the diminishing endowment is an effort at balancingbetween programming to match the long-term development processes while allowingor shifing donor priorities over time

31 BD received the 2005 Global Development Alliance Excellence Award and is very

highly regarded in USAID as a model o cooperation with private and Europeanpartner donors

One of the most critical areas formedia development is improved

coordination of donors




June

2007

o assure its proximity to grant recipients the BD 1047297eld office is head-quartered in Belgrade Serbia Te office is led by a director with a small

support staff o six all o local origin Grant recipients are located inboth rural and urban areas and a strong emphasis is placed on recipientsrom outside the regionrsquos capital cities

Grants range rom about $5000 to $75000 and over $8 million was dis-tributed by July o 2006 Review and approval o grants under $25000is perormed by a committee o GMF staff and representatives o thedonor organization Grants over $25000 go to the ull GMF board Asa practical matter this means that most grants all under the $25000

mark

Clearly BD does not act as the only player in the sphere o grant mak-ing in support o democratization or Southeast Europe Each o thosewho contributed to establishing the BD endowment continue makingother grants in the region As such ears o creating a single monopolistumbrella donor through which all projects are channeled are unound-ed Instead BD acts as a complimentary vehicle or large donors toissue smaller grants with lower administrative costs Donors are then

reed to ocus on transormational grant opportunities that they are bet-ter suited to meet

An important challenge in making a und like BD in support o me-dia development or Eastern Europe would be to assure its proessionalmanagement GMF played this role or BD

Another important challenge would be to assure that European andAmerican actors eel a joint ownership over the exercise Given thestrong participation o the North European countries in BD theremight be exciting opportunities to take a project o this nature as anopening or improved cooperation with those countries in media development



41

June

2007

B Loan Capital Media Development Loan Fund

Another model o public-private trans-Atlantic donor cooperation

is the Media Development Loan Fund (MDLF) Since inception thisGroup unded 145 projects o 61 clients in 20 countries extending a bitmore than $60 million in loans and other orms o 1047297nancing CurrentlyMDLF extends approximately $12-13 million in loans annually (plannedor 2007) While most loans are between $200000 to $800000 MDLFhas given loans as small as $20000 and as big as $35 million Usually the money is or buying new equipment running a marketingcampaign or other activities designed to increase the outletrsquos pro1047297tabil-

ity MDLF works intensively with each o its clients to build up theirbusiness management skills Te operation usually offers loans wherebanks are unwilling to work with the aim o making its partners bank-able

Currently the MDLF is working with local groups that hand out micro-loans in Russia and Indonesia MDLF lends the groups the capital orloans and works with them to develop a set o criteria or making theloans Te local groups then decide on the recipients and make the loans

themselves Te local groups are driven by the local needs o their mem-bers as well as a strong sense o which local organizations are most reli-able and likely to pay back the loans In Russia MDLF works with theAssociation o Independent Regional Publishers an organization thatrequested this kind o support In Indonesia the local partner is Radio68H one o MDLFrsquos early customers It now has built a network o 400stations and broadcasts 18 hours a day Radio 68H uses the capital tomake loans to their member stations Tese loans are very small ofenor making a modest purchase such as acquiring a computer MDLFconsiders this project an excellent way o pushing things down to thelocal level

MDLF has unding rom OSI the Swedish Development Agency (Sida)the Swiss Development Agency the CS Mott Foundation the MacAr-thur Foundation the Dutch government and the US Department oState Bureau o Democracy Human Rights and Labor





June

2007

In a ascinating innovation MDLF is just beginning to tap into socially-conscious private capital markets MDLF executives are most excited

about their new relationship with the Vontoble Swiss CommercialBank32 Te bank issued a Social Investment Bond allowing MDLF toborrow money at a one percent interest rate Te Swiss government hasguaranteed the loan

On a similar path the Calvert Foundation (set up by the Calvert Fund)issued Community Investment Notes to help 1047297nance MDLF activi-

ties Usually such notes 1047297nance thingslike low-income housing micro-lend-

ing institutions and other non-pro1047297tactivities MDLF issued ldquoFree Press In- vestment Notesrdquo33 Trough these notesindividuals and small companies canloan the group money With this kind osocial investing investors could provide

a minimum o $1000 over a period o 1-10 years at 0-3 percent interestSince there is a 1047297nite amount o money available in the non-pro1047297t worldthese types o activities help to expand the pool o sources available

While MDLF has not quite achieved sel-sustainability itsel it has suc-cess in promoting the sustainability o the clients it works with34 Veryew clients deault and many o them pay off their original loans andreturn or a second or third loan ultimately graduating to bankable or-ganizations

While most views o MDLFrsquos are positive some have pointed out thelimitations o its work It is a very small player and would have to bemuch bigger to have a big impact on the media situation Private und-ing would probably be better mobilized i MDLF could demonstratelarger scale

32 Joanna Chung ldquorsquoSocialrsquo bank will bene1047297t emerging ree pressrdquo Financial imes May 32006

33 erm sheets can be ound here wwwmdlorgenmdl57829

34 MDLF management expects to achieve sel-sustainability in 2008

Re-granting vehicles are ideally

suited to serve as cooperativemeeting grounds for pooling

public and private Europeanand North American resources



43

June

2007


Conclusions

Private oundations have an opportunity to serve as a transormational

catalyst or the construction o a large multilateral public-private re-granting or lending vehicle or support o journalism development inEastern Europe Te Knight Foundation could bring together the mainplayers in the media development 1047297eld and start the process throughwhich they will be able to pool resources to support innovative locally-driven media development projects

o be successul any such effort mustbull Base itsel on a practical model that works

bull Recognize the real pressures o bi-lateral donors or proessionalmanagementbull Leverage the untapped potential o improved cooperation with

Northern European donorsbull Assure a genuine sense o mutual ownership among the contributing

donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic

Jana HecovaacuteProject Coordinator Forum 2000

Jan Jraacutek

Vice-dean of the department of media studies Charles University

Karoliacutena KuncovaacuteCoordinator for Media Issues at the Roma Integration Program PartnersCzech

Jana MračkovaacuteInformation and Media Department Coordinator People in Need

Adeacutela PospiacutechalovaacuteInformation and Media Department Director People in Need

Jan PunčochaacuteřDeputy Chairman Czech Syndicate of Journalists

Ludmila Rakušanovaacuteraining Director Vltava Labe Press




June

2007

Hungary

Peter Bajomi Lazar Media researcher and professor at the King Sigismund College in Buda- pest

Andras DesiForeign editor of Neacutepszabadsaacuteg daily

Kester Eddy Freelance journalist former Budapest Financial imes correspondent for-

mer head of the Hungarian International Press Association (HIPA) which gathers foreign correspondents in Hungary

Peter Molnar Media researcher and professor at CEU

Attila Mong Editor-in-chief of the business monthly Manager Magazin

Ilona MoriczDirector of the Center for Independent Journalism (CIJ) Budapest

Sandor OrbanExecutive director of the South East European Network for Professionalza-tion of Media (SEENPM)

Peter SzakonyiSenior editor with Magyar Hirlap daily

Eva VajdaFormer professor at CEU now freelance investigative journalist

Romania

Ioana Avadani

Executive Director Center for Independent Journalism Bucharest



47

June

2007

George EneExecutive Director Romanian Press Club

Cristian Ghinea Journalist for Dilema trainer CIJ

Cristian GodinacDirector Media Sind ndash Journalistrsquos Syndicate in Romania

Cristina GusethDirector Freedom House Romania

Razvan MartinProgram Manager Media Monitoring Agency

Bradut UlmanuProfessor of journalism training manager News In press agency DirectorStart Media

Slovakia

Stanislava BenickaProgram Manager NPOA

Pavol DemešDirector for Central and Eastern Europe of the German Marshall Fund

Daniel ForgacReporter ASR news agency

Roman IvantysynProfessor at the Faculty of Marketing Communication FFUK

Miroslava KernovaacuteStaff writer daily SME (special focus on media)

Zuzana KrutkaChairman of the Slovak Syndicate of Journalists

List of Interviews



An Imperative to Innovate Sustainable Journalism Training in Central and Eastern Europe48

June

2007

Zuzana Madarovaacute

Student Faculty of Journalism FFUK

Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay

Media analyst and political scientist

Martin Smatlak

Chief Editor of TV Jojrsquos production department

Pavol Urban

Chief Editor Domestic News Desk SITA

Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk

Director of the Civic association Fair-Play Alliance

United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett

Director POLIS London School of Economics

Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor

Senior Advisor Information and Civil Society Department DFID

Walter Viers

Program Officer CS Mott Foundation



49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello

Senior Public Information and Liasion Officer UNESCO Office in NewYork

Teo Dolan Media Specialist Poverty Reduction amp Economic Management DivisionWorld Bank Institute

Meg Gaydosik Senior Media DevelopmentRights amp olerance Advisor USAID

Emily GeeCoordinator Center for International Media Assistance National Endow-ment for Democracy

Peter GravesExecutive Vice President International Center for Journalists

Adam Kaplan

Media Advisor Office of ransition Initiatives USAID

Krishna KumarSenior Social Scientist USAID

John LangloisSenior Media Advisor USAID

Harlan MandelDeputy Managing Director Media Development Loan Fund

Persephone MielRegional Director Europe and Eurasia Internews

Eric NewtonVice President Knight Foundation

List of Interviews




June

2007

Sina OdugbemiSenior Policy and Strategy Advisor Communication for Governance and

Accountability Program Development Communication Division Exter-nal Affairs Vice Presidency World Bank

Ann OlsonIndependent Media Consultant

William Orme Adviser Independent Media Development Democratic GovernanceGroup Bureau for Development Policy United Nations Development Pro-

gram

Marjorie RouseDirector of Global Initiatives Internews

Marguerite SullivanDirector Center for International Media Assistance National Endow-ment for Democracy

Nancy WardVice President and Managing Director Independent Journalism Founda-tion

Mark WhitehouseDirector Independent Media IREX

JoAnne Sullivan Woolley Director of Development Internews



51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA

The Jefferson Institute is an independent

trans-Atlantic research and education

organization We are inspired by Thomas

Jeffersonrsquos challenge to pursue truth

wherever it may lead and his vision of

foreign policy at its best to prevail through

ideas and commerce

Our mission is simple informing decision

with alternative solutions We produce

and deliver focused original foreign

policy analysis from field-based analytical

teams We build capacity for applied

research in the communities where we

work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3








Research Team








June

2007




ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



June

2007

Table of Contents

Key Findings 1

Introduction 3

Call to Action 3


ime of Change 5











A Hungary 20

B Romania 23


D Slovakia 28










June

2007





Conclusions 45


Czech Republic 47

Hungary 49

Romania 50

Slovakia 51




1

June

2007











Key Findings




June

2007









1




3

June

2007


Call to Act ion


1





June

2007


mocracy











5

June

2007







Time of Change


Introduction








June

2007














7

June

2007


Development










June

2007














9

June

2007





and behave12


environment14





14





June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3






Research Team








June

2007




ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



June

2007

Table of Contents

Key Findings 1

Introduction 3

Call to Action 3


ime of Change 5











A Hungary 20

B Romania 23


D Slovakia 28










June

2007





Conclusions 45


Czech Republic 47

Hungary 49

Romania 50

Slovakia 51




1

June

2007











Key Findings




June

2007









1




3

June

2007


Call to Act ion


1





June

2007


mocracy











5

June

2007







Time of Change


Introduction








June

2007














7

June

2007


Development










June

2007














9

June

2007





and behave12


environment14





14





June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007




ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



June

2007

Table of Contents

Key Findings 1

Introduction 3

Call to Action 3


ime of Change 5











A Hungary 20

B Romania 23


D Slovakia 28










June

2007





Conclusions 45


Czech Republic 47

Hungary 49

Romania 50

Slovakia 51




1

June

2007











Key Findings




June

2007









1




3

June

2007


Call to Act ion


1





June

2007


mocracy











5

June

2007







Time of Change


Introduction








June

2007














7

June

2007


Development










June

2007














9

June

2007





and behave12


environment14





14





June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



June

2007

Table of Contents

Key Findings 1

Introduction 3

Call to Action 3


ime of Change 5











A Hungary 20

B Romania 23


D Slovakia 28










June

2007





Conclusions 45


Czech Republic 47

Hungary 49

Romania 50

Slovakia 51




1

June

2007











Key Findings




June

2007









1




3

June

2007


Call to Act ion


1





June

2007


mocracy











5

June

2007







Time of Change


Introduction








June

2007














7

June

2007


Development










June

2007














9

June

2007





and behave12


environment14





14





June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007





Conclusions 45


Czech Republic 47

Hungary 49

Romania 50

Slovakia 51




1

June

2007











Key Findings




June

2007









1




3

June

2007


Call to Act ion


1





June

2007


mocracy











5

June

2007







Time of Change


Introduction








June

2007














7

June

2007


Development










June

2007














9

June

2007





and behave12


environment14





14





June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



1

June

2007











Key Findings




June

2007









1




3

June

2007


Call to Act ion


1





June

2007


mocracy











5

June

2007







Time of Change


Introduction








June

2007














7

June

2007


Development










June

2007














9

June

2007





and behave12


environment14





14





June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007









1




3

June

2007


Call to Act ion


1





June

2007


mocracy











5

June

2007







Time of Change


Introduction








June

2007














7

June

2007


Development










June

2007














9

June

2007





and behave12


environment14





14





June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



3

June

2007


Call to Act ion


1





June

2007


mocracy











5

June

2007







Time of Change


Introduction








June

2007














7

June

2007


Development










June

2007














9

June

2007





and behave12


environment14





14





June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007


mocracy











5

June

2007







Time of Change


Introduction








June

2007














7

June

2007


Development










June

2007














9

June

2007





and behave12


environment14





14





June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



5

June

2007







Time of Change


Introduction








June

2007














7

June

2007


Development










June

2007














9

June

2007





and behave12


environment14





14





June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007














7

June

2007


Development










June

2007














9

June

2007





and behave12


environment14





14





June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



7

June

2007


Development










June

2007














9

June

2007





and behave12


environment14





14





June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007














9

June

2007





and behave12


environment14





14





June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



9

June

2007





and behave12


environment14





14





June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007










17 Kumar chap 10




11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



11

June

2007



















June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007




13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



13

June

2007


II









June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007





















June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007














centers




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007




17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



17

June

2007












June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007








A Hungary




19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



19

June

2007














June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007






Hungarian media




21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



21

June

2007


B Romania













June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007













23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



23

June

2007















June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007








23






25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



25

June

2007













June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007




D Slovakia






27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



27

June

2007














June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007





29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



29

June

2007










June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007











Related Activities





31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



31

June

2007

















June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007













33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



33

June

2007













June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007






35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



35

June

2007


Change








June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007









26




37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



37

June

2007















June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007










27




39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



39

June

2007




















June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007




mark







41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



41

June

2007












June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007

















43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



43

June

2007


Conclusions






donors





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3





45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



45

June

2007

List of Interviews

Czech Republic


Jan Jraacutek










June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007

Hungary











Romania

Ioana Avadani




47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



47

June

2007







Slovakia







List of Interviews




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007



Juraj Sedlak


Andrej Skolkay


Martin Smatlak


Pavol Urban


Katarina Vajdova

Director of NPOA

Zuzana Wienk


United Kingdom

Charlie Beckett


Eric S Johnson

Internews

Marie Struthers

Program Officer OSI

Eamoinn Taylor


Walter Viers




49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



49

June

2007

USA

Suzanne Bilello






Adam Kaplan







List of Interviews




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007





gram








51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



51

June

2007

List of Interviews




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3




June

2007





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3





310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3



310 9th Street NE

Washington DC 20002

USA







ideas and commerce







work

ISBN 978-86-86975-00-3

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