JournalistsExposed the truthEarly 1900’s Upton SinclairIda TarbellThe Jungle Food, Inc.FDA

The JungleMuckrakerMeat packing industryBook led to legislationFDAFDRFood Inspection ActPure Food and Drug Act

Exposed unfair business practices in the oil industry

Investigative journalistRockefellersStandard OilTeacherMuckrakerWrote “The History of Standard Oil”

Settlement house Chicago Ellen Gates Starr founded this Helped refugees First of its kind Apartments for immigrants / women

Proposed law that comes from the people

Does not come from lawmakers Progressive Era Legislative measure Has to go through legislative process Can be added to legislation as a

referendum

Where a proposed bill can be voted on by the people

Gave people more say in government Used in some cases to recall

government officials

To remove a public official from office Vote of the people not the government Usually voted on in a referendum 20 states had adopted referendum,

recall, and/or initiative procedures by 1920

Part of political reforms of the Progressive Era

17th amendment People voted for senators No longer appointed by state

legislatures 1912 People have more say in federal

government Part of the Progressive Era

Segregation laws in the south New way of enslaving African-

Americans without “slavery” Black codes Got rid of all blacks’ rights Mostly aimed at keeping blacks from

voting Led to the Freedmen’s Bureau

1896 segregation in public places is legal

Established “separate but equal” clause

Second major racial Landmark Supreme Court case

Last 60 years until Brown v. Board of Education

Enforced judicial review

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Racial equality Founded in 1909 Booker T. Washington Non-violent means to equality

Lead to immigration restrictions Nativism Chinese-Exclusion Act Low wage jobs Quota system Nationalism Continues into today

Prohibited all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials from entering the US

1882 Limited the number of Chinese

immigrants Discrimination in the Railroad industry

America wanted to free Cuba from Spanish control

Triggered by the sinking of the USS MaineTreaty of Paris ended it in 1898Rough RidersAmerica gained the PhilippinesTeddy Roosevelt“Big Stick” PolicyShowed America as a major world power

Expand the size of the nation under imperialism

Manifest Destiny (economically) Hawaii, Philippines, etc. Alaska Increase military strength Puerto Rico

Led by Aguinaldo Revolt against the US Revolting against annexation by the

US Revolt was stopped by US US did not annex the Philippines

Extension of the Monroe DoctrineWe would protect the western

hemisphere against European interference

1904Spread democracyWorld policeOur right to protect economic interest by

military intervention if necessary

aided in trade between coastsConnected the Atlantic and the PacificOpened in 1914 Gave it back to Panama eventuallyBuilt by USHelped Panamanians gain freedom from

ColombiaTook 10 years51 miles long

Attempt to stay out of international wars

Lend-Lease Act Isolationism Not successful

Use of subs against non-military vessels

Lusitania WWI German U-boats TOTAL WAR Caused US to enter the war (one

reason)

Movement of African-Americans from South to North

During WWI Following the jobs Growth of cities in the north Harlem Renaissance Early 20th century

Law against speaking out against the war effort

Passed along side the Alien and Sedition Acts

1917 Jailed and fined for speaking out Determined unconstitutional because

it went against 1st amendment

American Railroad Union Wanted skilled workers Leader of the democratic socialist

party Ran for president from jail Arrested for protesting the war

Prohibition 1919 Led to speakeasies Led to bootlegging Gangs, organized crime (MOB) Later repealed by 21st amendment Al Capone

Women’s right to vote 1920 Result of women involvement in WWI Seneca Falls Convention Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony

Woodrow Wilson’s plan to make peace after WWI

Congress did NOT agree to join the League of Nations

Opposed by nations that wanted to punish Germany for WWI

Established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace

Mostly European First attempt at Global Peace

keeping body Henry Cabot Law US did not join

Economic and political system based on a one party government (totalitarianism)

China Russian Revolution 1917 and the

creation of the USSR Everyone is equal Red Scare

Government control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth

Communism Lite Economic system opposite of

capitalism

Fear of the spread of communism after WWI

After the Bolshevik Revolution Resulted in immigration legislation Communist political party was

formed in US Share Our Wealth program - Huey

Long

Immigrants were required to pass literacy tests

Quota system 1921 Fear of communism Ellis and Angel Island Gentlemen’s Agreement Southern and Eastern European

Immigrants

1920’s brought families togetherEntertainmentNewsAdvertisingRoaring TwentiesPresidential ElectionsFireside talks“War of the Worlds”

1920’s = silent movies and black/white

EntertainmentCharlie ChaplinBuster KeatonWizard of OzNew era of movie starsInfluenced fashionClara Bow

Harlem RenaissanceLouis ArmstrongFlappersLouisianaImprov1920sNew OrleansCharleston

Revival of African-American culture and art

Langston Hughes Didn’t last long Ended by Great Depression Louis Armstrong

African American author during the Harlem Renaissance

Poet Russian friend (communist) Wrote about the troubles of being

African-American

Famous musician during the Harlem Renaissance

Trumpet New Orleans Chicago jazz musician

Composers and lyricists Sub-genre of Jazz movement Irving Berlin Manhattan and other parts of New

York City Place of music

Playwright and composer Wrote “White Christmas” and “God

Bless America” Part of “Tin Pan Alley” Movement Publisher 150 songs

Henry Ford1920sSped up productionMade cars affordableCheaper laborContributed to

urbanizationAssembly lineLed to

overproduction

Faster, more economic, efficient way of production

Model T Interchangeable parts Eli Whitney Cotton gin

Black Tuesday 10/29/1929 Contributing factor of the Great

Depression Caused by buying on margin Caused closing of banks Risky bank loans

Extended economic recession

HoovervillesNew DealFDR1929-194025% unemploymentHighest suicide rateGlobal effect

After WWI Inflation Over-production Under consumption Use of credit Wages not increasing

Farming over-production Drought West 1930s AAA – Led to farmers moving to California Not using crop rotation Over grazing Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New

Mexico

Thought Hoover was the cause of the Great Depression

Shantytowns Unemployed, homeless people All over the US Named after president Hoover

Part of the New Deal Dams and bridges along the

Tennessee River Valley Created jobs Provided electricity 1933 Provided economic development in

the Tennessee Valley

Roosevelt 1934-1935 Great depression Court Packing Bill Social Security TVA CCC AAA FDIC

Collective bargaining Re-established the NIRA promoted labor unions Limited ways employers could react to labor

unions Established in 1935 Protected workers’ rights Better hours - higher wages Can’t fire people for being in a union

Growth of cities Machines were used more Major changes in agriculture, manufacturing,

mining, and transport Hand tools were used less Change in social and economic organization People got factory jobs Mass production Assembly line Henry Ford

New Deal Retired, elderly, disabled Most costly part of the New Deal Increased taxes Guaranteed retirement for some Still exists today Helped families with disabled children 1935 FDR

Social reformer Accepted blacks into the White House Advocate for civil rights FDR’s wife Roosevelt’s eyes and ears Women’s rights Children’s advocate

Socialist “Share Our Wealth” U.S. senator Supported social programs Thought the New Deal was not enough Turned against Roosevelt Communist Very popular Assassinated

Came from nationalism / isolationism Foreign policy of the late 1930s and early 1940s Prevented the US from being drawn into war 1935 No sale of weapons to countries that were at war Loosened by the Lend-Lease Act

Roosevelt’s attempt to pack the Supreme Court so the New Deal could not be challenged

Addition of 6 new members Did not pass!!! 1937 Wanted younger more liberal people on the court

Key Civil Rights leader before and during WWII Won Roosevelt’s support for equality in the

workforce (war industries) Founded brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Negotiated with Roosevelt about civil rights and

workers’ rights Stopped march on DC because of Roosevelt’s

executive order about hiring practices

December 7, 1941 Triggered American involvement in WWII Bombing by Japan Sneak attack Hawaii Main targets were saved because they were out

to sea Ninja skills

Camps for Japanese Americans Fear of spies Germans, Italians Holding people without cause Mostly in the west Violates civil rights During WWII here in the US

Assemble troops for war Private sector switches to wartime manufacturing Getting troops and supplies ready for war Happened very quickly after Pearl Harbor DRAFT Pulled a lot of people out of school Women to work More people volunteered than were drafted

Rationing Recycling drives

o Rubbero Scrap metal

Save supplies for troops Coupons War bonds Increased Patriotism

Gas Food items (coupon books)

o Sugaro Coffeeo Meat

Pantyhose Rubber

Way around the Neutrality Acts Allowed US to aid countries that were essential to

the safety of the USA! Loophole in Neutrality Acts Lend arms to Great Britain in return for some

small islands and being able to set up military bases

1941

Turning point of WWII in the Pacific Japanese plans were decoded and they lost Americans intercepted Japanese fighter planes Sunk 4 Japanese Aircraft Carriers Japanese never recovered after this June 1942

6-6-44 Normandy beaches Lots of troops Largest beach landing in history Bloodiest, longest battle of WWII largest use of paratroopers in combat 20,000 Largest US involvement in the War in Europe Dwight D. Eisenhower Operation Overlord Sneak Attack

Russia against Germany Germans retreated to the west to surrender to GB

and France 1945 Hitler did not leave Berlin

o Committed suicide and killed his dog and wife killed herself

Berlin was divided between France, Russia, GB, and USA

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Manhattan Project Los Alamos Decision made by Truman Fat Man Little Boy Ended WWII in the Pacific Einstein Enola Gay Started the Cold War

Test site of the Atomic Bomb New Mexico Manhattan Project location Radiation fallout Very secret

Code name for atomic bomb testing and development

Albert Einstein Los Alamos, New Mexico Indirect cause of the Cold War and increased

tensions with USSR Building of the Atomic Bomb Very secret

1947-1951 Economic aid to European countries under threat

from the Soviets Led to the Berlin Airlift Plan to reconstruct European economies after

WWII Made Russia angry Fighting the spread of communism

Prevent the spread of communism Offspring of the Truman Doctrine Foreign policy after WWII and throughout the Cold

War Cause of US involvement in Korea and Vietnam Prevent the domino effect / theory

Offered military as well as economic aid Aimed at protecting the world against the Domino

Theory of the spread of communism Issued by President Truman 1947

38th parallel – divides North and South Korea 1950-1953 US and other UN countries fought with South

Korea against North Korea and China No real change because of outcome US and South winning until China came to the aid

of North Korea Fighting the spread of communism

Between the communists and nationalists Mao Ze Dong Ho Chi Minh Communism is established in China 1944-1947

Red Scare “Witch hunt” for communists The Crucible Begun by Senator Joseph McCarthy Accusations were mostly unfounded Early 1950’s Black listed many celebrities Eventually faded out

Fidel Castro Brought communism VERY close to home Allied with the Soviet Union Bay of Pigs Led to the Cuban missile crisis Most of the revolutionaries weren’t Cuban

One of JFK’s biggest mistakes Lacked full support of the U.S. government Did NOT work 1961 CIA did not have enough information about

resistance Ended friendly relations between the US and

Cuba Led by Cuban refugees

Missiles in Cuba aimed at the United States Capable of reaching as far as Seattle 1962 Closest we have ever come to nuclear war 13 Days Peak of the Cold War Soviet Union presence in Cuba for offensive

purposes

US eventually pulled out Tet Offensive Agent orange Charlie Student Protests Across the Universe First US involvement in war that was not

considered a US victory Vietcong huge anti-war movement

January 1968 10 month long offensive against the South

Vietnamese and the US Ended attrition Surprise attack by the Vietcong Won the war for North Vietnam

Population increase SEX Big impact on Social Security 1945-1965 Peak was in 1957 – 4 million babies were born Lack of education Soldiers getting back from the war

Long Island First suburb, led to more suburbs around the

country Mass production of housing New York Led to need for Highway Act William Levitt

Result of increase in suburbs Transport military equipment Connect all major US cities Eisenhower 1956

First televised presidential debate Influenced popular opinion Women voted for JFK Kennedy was more appealing to the people JFK was coached on appearance and body

language JFK had more charisma Nixon had more foreign policy knowledge 1960 election

Caused sympathy for the movement Angered Americans witnessing violence Caused more awareness Led to legislation about Civil Rights and individual

liberties

Personal Computer Beginnings of cell phones APPLE Free-standing public telephone booth Entertainment

Russian satellite Space race Increased Cold War Tensions 1957 First artificial satellite Americans became fearful of spies Eisenhower

First African-American baseball player in the major league

Played for the Brooklyn Dodgers First African American inducted into the baseball

hall of fame Broke the color barrier for all professional sports

33rd president Acknowledged Israel as a sovereign nation Issued the Truman Doctrine FDR’s vice president 1945-1953 Chose to use the atom bomb

Separate but equal clause is not constitutional Integrated schools Led to the Civil Rights Act 1954 Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson Third major landmark Supreme Court Case

dealing with race Under the Warren Court

Civil rights leader Letter from Birmingham Jail Assassinated in Memphis 1968 Preacher Non-violent I Have a Dream Very young African-American activist

MLK, Jr. Garnered support for non-violent protests Now is the time! Asking for support from white southern Christian

leaders Call to Action for people to be non-violent

Washington, D.C. 250,000 people present MLK, Jr. Blacks and whites unite 1963 Lincoln Memorial

Segregation in all public facilities illegal Fed. Gov’t power to enforce school desegregation Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Ended literacy tests Provided federal registrars in areas blacks had

been kept from voting

Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953-69) Impact compared to John Marshall Desegregation (Brown v. Board of Education) Protected defendant’s rights Miranda v. Arizona; Gideon v. Wainwright; Baker

v. Carr; etc.

Provided a defendant with the right to a lawyer being present when questioned by police

Nov. 22, 1963 Dallas, Texas Lee Harvey Oswald Warren Commission – concluded Oswald was lone

assassin

President Lyndon Johnson Goal: Provide domestic programs that eliminated

poverty & racial injustice Food Stamp Act; Medicare; Medicaid; Elementary

& Secondary Education Act

Party of Great Society Provided health insurance for 65 and older

January, 1968 Surprise attacks by Vietcong of South Vietnam’s

provincial capitals and American bases Destruction seen on TV in U.S. – convinced many

Americans war would be difficult to win Further split support for war

April, 1968 Memphis, Tennessee Killed by James Early Ray Led to riots all over the U.S.

June, 1968 Los Angeles, California Shot & killed by Arab nationalist Sirhan Sirhan

who disliked Kennedy’s support of Israel

Chicago Antiwar protesters outside the convention – led to

violence when police became involved Televised as a “police riot” Dem. Party greatly divided at the time

Southern Christian Leadership Conference Led by MLK Jr. Organized ministers & churches to coordinate

peaceful protests in the struggle for civil rights

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Emerged from student organized protests – Sit-in

in Greensboro, NC Sit-ins; Freedom rides Later, become more focused on black power

1960s The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan –

encouraged middle class women to seek professional careers in addition to filling the traditional “roles”

Campaign for Equal Rights Amendment Accomplished changes in attitudes & hiring

practices Moved into professions previously dominated by

males ERA defeated by conservatives

NOW Adopted activist tactics similar to civil rights

movement Pushed for Equal treatment of women, especially

for job opportunities

Led by Cesar Chavez Organized strikes & boycotts to improve

conditions for farm workers (many were Hispanic Americans)

Increased compensation, collective bargaining rights, etc.

1st Earth Day – 1970 Growing concern over air & water pollution,

destruction of natural environment. Clean Air Act Environmental Protection agency created Endangered Species Act Began to regulate toxic substances, dumping of

waste, protect environment, etc.

Rachel Carson Expose of pesticides Led to Clean air & water laws

Republican Presidential candidate 1964 (Lost to LBJ)

Struck down many state laws that prohibited abortions –violation of women’s right to privacy

Challenged admission policy of medical school Supreme Court ruled that race can be considered

in admission, but racial quotas were unconstitutional

Détente- period of improved relations between USSR & US – easing of tensions

Nixon visit significant in improving relations with Communist China

President Carter organized a meeting at Camp David in Maryland

Israeli Prime Minister Begin & Egyptian President Anwar Sadat

Negotiates framework of peace settlement between two countries

Egypt becomes 1st Arab nation to recognize Israel; Israel withdraws from Sinai territory

Ayatollah Khomeini & Islamic fundamentalists overthrow shah (whose policy of westernization had angered many Iranians)

Ayatollah halted oil production – causing worldwide shortage

Iranian militants seize U.S. embassy in Tehran Oppose Carter allowing former Shah into U.S. for

cancer treatment Revolutionaries also want to break U.S.

interference in their region Hold more than 50 members of staff hostage for

444 days

Supply-side economics Tax cuts & reduction in government spending

leads to increased spending by private sector – more jobs, production & prosperity

“Trickle-down” economics – wealthy prosper and their increased spending benefits middle class and poor

Reagan administration sells weapons to Iran to help fight Iraq

Use money to fund the Contras in Nicaragua to help try to overthrow the government

Televised the congressional investigation – led to a momentary popularity drop for Reagan

Gorbachev Glasnost Perestroika Independence of satellite states – Hungary,

Poland, Czech Berlin Wall down

Eliminated trade barriers between Canada, United States & Mexico

House of Reps vote to impeach on counts of perjury & obstruction of justice (lying about personal life)

Senate trial does not uphold either charge Damaged Clinton’s reputation

2000 presidential race of Bush & Gore Came down to Florida’s 25 electoral votes Democrats ask for recount b/c of punch card

errors Bush v. Gore: Supreme Court overrules Florida

court’s demand for recount – Equal Protection clause

Bush is President

Response to attacks on Sept. 11, 2001 Targets Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda in

Afghanistan Gain power in Afghanistan, pushing Al-Qaeda into

mountains Remains unstable b/c of Taliban insurgency &

tribal conflicts

Claim Iraq had not complied with many U.N. resolutions – specifically having WMDs

Launch air attacks March, 2003 End Saddam Hussein’s dictatorship in less than 4

weeks Criticism and division of support when no WMDs

found Violence continues