907REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

defective child by Dr. Hamilton C. Marr and in that on thecriminal child by Dr. William C. Sullivan, but the importanceof the subject appears to us to demand more preferentialconsideration. In the opening chapter Dr. E. W. Hopecontributes a very valuable article on the relations of the

public services to the treatment of defective children. Thewide experience of the author of this article in connexionwith the practical solution of the problem involved entitleshis contribution to the most respectful consideration. In

Liverpool, where he exercises jurisdiction as medical officerof health and chief medical officer to the Education Com-mittee, much pioneer work has already been done in

municipal organisation generally, and more particularlywith respect to those branches of the public service whichare concerned with the medical supervision of youngchildren up to the end of school age. In London, wherethe medical inspection of school children has now reacheda really high standard of development, it is unfortunatethat there is practically no correlation with the equallyimportant supervision of the child under school age. The

last-named work has been undertaken in particular instancesby voluntary organisations, and the recent circular of theLocal Government Board (Maternity and Child Welfare)empowers local authorities to undertake schemes for co-

ordinating this work. In London there arises the difficultythat the circular does not provide for correlating the workalready done by the London County Council with that ofthe local authorities-viz., the public health authoritiesof the component boroughs. The whole question of theorganisation of our available resources for dealing with

the problems of the State control of the defective childdeserves even fuller consideration than Dr. Hope has metedout to it in his introductory chapter. Dr. Kelynack deservesthe thanks of all those interested in the subject of thedefective child for bringing much valuable information intoan available form for the general as well as the specialreader.

JOURNALS.

Journal of Anatomy and Physiolo.qy. Conducted by Pro-fessor ALEX. MACALISTER, Professor ARTHUR THOMSON,Professor ARTHUR KEITH, and Professor ARTHUR ROBINSON.Vol. L. Third Series, Vol XI., Part 4. July, 1916.London : Charles Griffin and Co. Anrual subscription, 21s.post free.-This, the final part of the fiftieth volumeof the journal, cannot be described as a particularlyinteresting number, since so much of it is devoted to therecording of isolated anomalies. Mr. F. A. Hepworthdescribes an unusual peritoneal sac which, lying upon theleft side of the abdominal cavity, contained the bulk ofthe coils of small intestine.-Dr. Martin R. Chase recordsa case of congenital deficiency of the pericardium whichaffected the left side of the parietal portion of the peri-cardium.-Dr. Edward Reynolds gives details of three casesof reappearance of ovarian peritoneal sacculation in thehuman female, such cases being in some respects reversionsto the primitive condition of a well-developed bursa ovarica.-Captain John T. Morrison, R.A.M.C., contributes a shortillustrated account of a palmaris longus muscle with a

reversed belly, forming an accessory flexor muscle of thelittle finger.-Dr. James F. Gemmill and Mr. James Stewartillustrate and describe a case of omphalopagous twins in thehuman suhject. The visceral conditions in these twins are ofconsiderable interest and are well illustrated. The figure ofthe external appearance of the specimen is not so satisfactoryand it is strangely reminiscent of a sixteenth century wood-cut.-Two papers of a rather wider interest are those byDr. Jose Martins Barbosa on the structure of the lung ofDelphinus delphis and Dr. H. Leighton Kesteven on therelation of the amphibian parasphenoids.-The issue containsthe index of Vol. L.

Indian J01I,rnal of Medical Researoh. Vol. IV., No. l.-The first of th 13 articles in this number of the .To-urnal isby Mijor D. McCay. LM S., professor of physiology in theCalcutta Medical College, in conjunction with three othercollaborators-namely, Assistant Surgeons Rai BahadurS. C. Banerjee, Assistant Professor, Lal Mohan Ghosal, andMadan Mohan Dutta, demonstrators in the physiologicaldepartment of the Medical College. It is entitled"Observations on the Sugar of the Blood and the Sugarin the Urine in Varying Conditions of Health in the

Bengali." The observations were made in the course ofan inquiry into the causes of the prevalence of diabetes inIndia under the direction of the Scientific Advisory Boardand at the expense of the Indian Research Fund Association.It appears that the Bengali, even when not luxuriously fed,owing to the highly carbonaceous diet on which he lives,reveals a higher sugar content of the blood than the European,that this excessive sugar floating in the blood, so long asordinary health conditions obtain as regards absorption,assimilation, and oxidation, gradually leads to a depositionof fat unless the extra sugar of the blood be got rid of bymeans of ordinary physiological activities of the body, mus-cular exercise, body-heat, and so on. As the energetic youthfulperiod of life passes increase occurs in the percentage ofsugar of the blood, and further storage of fat follows. This

goes on until a time comes when the hyperglycaemia becomesso marked that the threshold stimulus for the kidneys ispassed and these organs begin to excrete sugar to such anextent that even the ordinary clinical tests for glycosuria areobtained. To make matters worse, not infrequently "thesugar-sodden system of the successful survivor in the struggleof life gives his remaining powers of carbohydrate utilisationa knock-out blow by the consumption of large quantities ofsweetmeats." Among the poorer working-class of Bengalis,energetic and lean, the administration of relatively largeamounts of glucose has little or no effect in raising the sugarcontent of the blood, whereas in the fat and indolent exactlythe opposite conditions obtain.-Dr. M. B. Soparkar. of theBombay Bacteriological Laboratory, discusses the cultivationof the tubercle bacillus directly from sputum and from post-mortem material. -The fallacies of certain modifications of theWassermann reaction due to variation in complement areconsidered in a brief article by Major H. C. Brown, I.M.S.,and Dr. K. R. K. lyengar, of the Central Research Institute,Kasauli.-In continuation of previous work on the same

subject, Captain J. Morison, I. M.S., and Assistant SurgeonE. C. R. Fox contribute another report on the detection ofthe origin and mode of spread of an epidemic, and dealingwith diarrhoea, dysentery, and cholera occurring in Poona,illustrated by a series of tables, charts, and maps.-A paper byMajor Clayton Lane, I. M.S., on the Genus Dacnitis, Dujardin,1845, is illustrated by excellent plates.-Lieutenant-ColonelJ. W. Cornwall, I.M.S., of the Pasteur Institute of SouthernIndia, Coonoor, supplies an interesting contribution to thestudy of kala-azar, in continuation of his previous investiga-tions. In the present paper he deals with the question, Canthe Bug Transmit the Infection of Kala-azar ? and this heanswers, as a result of his experiments, in the negative.All attempts to make bugs infected with leishmaniatransfer the infection by biting, either to a sterile culturemedium or to animals, failed. Cimex rotundatus cannottransmit either kala-azar or oriental sore by biting; andConorhinus rubrofasciatus is not concerned in the spread ofkala-azar ; viable forms of L donovani and L. tropica arenot passed in the fasces of Cimex rotundatus.-Major S. R.Christophers, I.M.S., describes a new anopheline with

unspotted wings from Mesopotamia, and Mr. P. R. Awati,medical entomologist, furnishes another instalment of hisStudies in Flies, with contributions to the study of specificdifferences in the genus Musca, dealing on this occasionwith "structures other than genitalia."-Of two articlesby Dr. Agnes Scott, one is a Contribution to the

Study of Osteomalacia in India, and the other on theCalcium Content of the Urine and Blood, with specialreference to its Variation in the Condition of Osteomalacia.-The Experimental Production of Congenital Goitre isconsidered by Major R. McCarrison, whose former workon this subject is well known. Details are given ofthe experimental production of congenital goitre in goats,illustrated with several plates. His former conclusions wereconfirmed that this form of goitre is due to the action onthe foetal thymid of toxic substances derived from thematernal intestine. These substances are the products ofmicro-organisms, originating in fsecally contaminated soil,which are conveyed to man and animals by infected foodand water.-The concluding article of the number deals withmalaria in Muscat, and is from the pen of Major CliffordA. Gill, I M.S. ; it is illustrated by several plates and maps,and gives the experience of the author while attached to

troops engaged in guarding Muscat from a threateneddescent of Arab tribesmen. He discusses fully both thecurative and preventive aspects of malaria in this region.

908 THE CONTROL OF THE FOOD SUPPLY.

THE CONTROL OF THE FOOD SUPPLY.

THE new Regulations made by Order in Council for thecontrol of the food-supply of the country were published inthe London Gazette of Friday, Nov. 17th. Under themextensive powers are conferred on the Board of Trade forthe control, manufacture, sale, and use of food. The Ordertakes the form of additions to the Regulations under theDefence of the Realm Consolidation Act, 1914. By thenew Regulations the Board of Trade receives powers anddiscretion to make Orders of any general, special, or localnature to maintain the food supply of the country, whileobtaining punitive powers against those who fail to complywith any of the Provisions of the Regulations.The first seven Provisions, which fall under the additional

Regulation 2. F., have the following bearing with referenceto any article of commerce the maintenance of which is heldby the Board of Trade to be "important as being part ofthe food supply of the country or as being necessary for thewants of the public or for the wants of any section of thepublic

I. A. person shall not wigte or unnecessarily destroy any article towhich this provision is applied.

II. and III. Where the order applying these provisions to any articlespecifies the purposes for or manner in which the itrticle is to be usedor contains my directions or regulations as to the manufacture or pro-duction .)f the article, a person shall not (subject to any conditionscontained in the order) use or manufacture the article otherwise.IV. and V. 4Vhers the order oont-uas any directions or regulations as

to the mode of sale or distribution of the ar’.icle or as to market opera-tions, with t view to securing that the available supply of the article isput to its best use throughout the country or in any locality and withno unreasonable inflation of price, all persons concerned in the saleor d stribution of the article shall comply with the directions or

regulations.VI. A. person shall not (subject to any exceptions contained in the

order applying this provision) directly or indirectly sell or offer for saleany article to which this provision is applied at a price exceeding bymore than the amount named in the order the oorrespfm ting price ofthe article at a dite specified in the order (the corresponding price to besettled in case of difference by the B lard ot Trade) ; and wh’-1re the con-sideration for any sale or offer consists wholly or partly of any condi-tions made or offered to be made in connexion with the transaction, oris otherwise not of a pecuniary character, the vtlue of the considerationor such part thereof as is n)t of a pecuniary character. shall. for thepurposes of this provision, be taken into account in determining theprice of the article.VII. All persons owning or having power to sell or dispose of any

article to which this provision is applied or any stocks thereof shall,if required by the Board of Trade, place at the disposal of the Boardthe article, or the whole or any paro of the stocks thereof as may berequirei by the Board on such terms as the Board may direct. andshall deliver to the Board or to any perion or persons named by themthe article or stocks in such quantities and at such times as the Boardmay require.Such compensation shall be paid for any article or stock so

requisitioned as shall, in default of agreement, be determined bythe arbitrati ’n o’ a single arbitrator appointed in manner provided bythe or ier applying this provision ; but in determining the amount ofthe compeasation the arbitrator shall htve regard to the cost of pro-duction of the article and to the ailotvtnoe of a reasonable profitwithout necessarily taking into consideration the market price of thearticle at the time.

An addition to the Regulations, 2. G., deals with the returnsof stocks and prices ; this gives the Board of Trade powerswith respect to any article of commerce to obtain a return asto the stocks of the article held, or consigned to, or underorder to a manufacturer. The Board can also demand fromhim information a to his contracts, prices paid or received,cost of production of the article in question, and the namesof his clients. For the purpose of testing the accuracy ofthe returns an authorised officer of the Board may enter anypremises of the manufacturer, or of any one dealing with thearticle, who has failed to make a demanded return, and mayinspect and examine books on the premises, as far as mayappear necessary. Refusal to make a return, falsely answer-ing any question, or obstructing the authorised officer of theBoard of Trade will be made p’’Ill’11 offences. Unfair

publicity is guarded against, the disclosure of informationobtained under the new Regulations being a summary offenceagainst the Regulations.

In a third addition to the Regulations, 2. H., the Board ofTrade obtains powers to hold an inquiry with respect to anyspecial case, and can appoint such persons as they mayehoose to hold the inquiry and to take evidence on oath. i

T3ec 6’MoZ 0/’ Afil7o and VoM7’.Two Orders under Regulation 2. F. have already been

made.

The Milk Order, which does not deal with milk prepara-tions or dried or condensed milk, enacts that :-

(1) The price may not be raised above that paid at Nov. 15th, 1916.(2) The price miy not exceed by more than a specified amount the

price in the corresponding month before the war. This amount in thecase of retail milk is 2d per quart. The specified amounts that maybe added to the pre-war price in respect of yhoiesale milk are 6d. perimperial gallon delivered on the premises of the buyer where theconditions of sale inclu fe an obligation to deliver not less than aspecified minimum, and 5d. per imperial gallon in other cases.

The Order, with certain exemptions, comes into force on

Nov. 27th.The Milling Order fixes the following schedule for the

percentage extraction of flours in the United Kingdom :-Per cent. Per cent.

English ............... 76 No. 1 Northern ManitobaChoice Bombay ......... 78 Old Crop ............ 76

Australian....,..,. ", ", 78 No. 2 Northern ManitobaAustralian............... Old Crop ............ 75Blue atem............... 76 No. 3 Northern ManitobaWalla Walla ............ 75 Old Crop ............ 73No. 2 Red Western......... 76 Choice White Karachi...... 75No. 2 Red Winter .... 74 Soft Red Karachi ......... 75No. 2 New Hard Winter Rosafe 62 lb............. 73

(1916) ............... 76 Baril 61 ib............. 74No. 1 Northern Duluth ... 75 Barletta-Russo 61 lb....... 74

The Order comes into force for milling on Nov. 27th, andafter Jan. 1st, 1917, only flour separated according to theschedule may be employed, any appreciable hoarding beingthus prevented.

___________

THE CONTROL OF VENEREAL DISEASES.

Quaaks and the Question of Notification.THE Society of Medical Officers of Health discussed the

problems of prevention of venereal diseases at their meetinglast week. Dr. John Robertson, the President, expressed hisopinion that after a scheme for effective and gratuitoustreatment had been successfully brought into being thequestion of compulsory notification might suitably arise. At

present any form of notification would simply drive thepatient to the quack. Dr. J. J. Buchan, medical officer ofhealth for Bradford, alluded to the alarming prevalence ofquackery in industrial districts and the need for repressivelegislation. He agreed with the President that notificationshould stand over until the campaign was further advanced.

The County of Surrey Salteme.The Surrey County Council authorised its Public Health

Committee last week to proceed with a provisional schemefor the diagnosis and treatment of venereal diseases.It is proposed that (1) all means of diagnosis be pro-vided in the laboratories of certain hospitals in London;(2) means of treatment for most patients residing inthe county be provided in certain hospitals in London,and for the remainder in the Guildford County Hospitaland the Croydon General Hospital if suitable arrange-ments can be made. It is expected that the CountyCouncils of London, Bucks, Essex, Herts, Kent, Middlesex,and Surrey, and the County Borough Councils of Croydon,East Ham, and West Ham will participate in the scheme forthe use of hospitals in London. The preliminary negotia-tions with the hospitals are to be left to the London CountyCouncil. Each authority is to contribute in proportion tothe estimated use of the facilities at the beginning of 1917,payments to be adj usted at the end of the year. The detailsof the scheme itself are still under discussion. The totalcost for the administrative County of Surrey for the first

year is not likely to exceed £5000, of which, of course,f:3750 will be recoverable from the Local GovernmentBoard.

The Dorset County Scheme.The county medical officer is in negotiation with the

committees of the following hospitals with a view to theestablishment of treatment centres :-The County Hospital,Dorchester ; the Royal Hospital, Weymouth ; the RoyalVictoria Hospital, Bournemouth ; the Cornelia Hospital,Poole ; the Yeatman Hospital, Sherborne ; the BridportHospital ; and the Blandford Cottage Hospital.

Mr. T. A. Williams, M.B., C.M. Edin., has beenelected Corresponding Member of the National Academyof Medicine of Rio de Janeiro.