JP 3-33 Joint Force Capabilities - DTIC · Performing Organization Name(s) and Address(es) ......

13 October 1999

Joint ForceCapabilities

Joint Publication 3-33

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Report Date 13 Oct 1999

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Title and Subtitle Joint Forces Capabilities Joint Publication 3-33

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Performing Organization Name(s) and Address(es) Office of the Director Joint Chiefs of Staff PentagonWashington D.C 20318-0400

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Supplementary Notes The original document contains color images.

Abstract

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Number of Pages 96

Joint Publication 3-33, “Joint ForceCapabilities,” describes the capabilitiesand competencies provided to a jointforce by Service component forces,functional combatant commands, andDepartment of Defense and other Federalagencies.

JP 3-33 is unique in that it is the first jointpublication to include expandedinformation in a searchable compact disk-read only memory format. This featurewill allow joint force commanders andstaffs to rapidly ascertain which UnitedStates assets are available, and mostsuited, to accomplish specific missions.Moreover, JP 3-33 will facilitate jointforce responsibilities in both the deliberateand crisis action planning processes, aswell as in the development ofcomprehensive joint training and exerciseprograms.

Commanders must be familiar with the contents of this publication and bring it tobear during joint and multinational operations. Please ensure the widest distributionof this and other joint publications, and promote their use at every opportunity.

HENRY H. SHELTONChairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

PREFACE

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1. Scope

This publication integrates existing jointand Service doctrine into a single publicationthat addresses fundamental principles anddoctrine concerning joint force capabilities.It presents considerations and options thatjoint force commanders (JFCs) can employin planning and executing operations. Itincludes detailed information in a compactdisk-read only memory for the joint forceplanner’s use relative to the contributions ofthe Services, functional combatantcommands, and major Department of Defenseand Federal agencies to joint operations.

2. Purpose

This publication has been prepared underthe direction of the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrine to governthe joint activities and performance of theArmed Forces of the United States in jointoperations and provides the doctrinal basis forUS military involvement in multinational andinteragency operations. It provides militaryguidance for the exercise of authority bycombatant commanders and other JFCs andprescribes doctrine for joint operations andtraining. It provides military guidance for useby the Armed Forces in preparing theirappropriate plans. It is not the intent of thispublication to restrict the authority of the JFCfrom organizing the force and executing themission in a manner the JFC deems mostappropriate to ensure unity of effort in theaccomplishment of the overall mission.

3. Application

a. Doctrine and guidance established inthis publication apply to the commandersof combatant commands, subunifiedcommands, joint task forces, and subordinatecomponents of these commands. Theseprinciples and guidance also may apply whensignificant forces of one Service are attachedto forces of another Service or whensignificant forces of one Service supportforces of another Service.

b. The guidance in this publication isauthoritative; as such, this doctrine will befollowed except when, in the judgment of thecommander, exceptional circumstancesdictate otherwise. If conflicts arise betweenthe contents of this publication and thecontents of Service publications, thispublication will take precedence for theactivities of joint forces unless the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally incoordination with the other members of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, has provided morecurrent and specific guidance. Commandersof forces operating as part of a multinational(alliance or coalition) military commandshould follow multinational doctrine andprocedures ratified by the United States. Fordoctrine and procedures not ratified by theUnited States, commanders should evaluateand follow the multinational command’sdoctrine and procedures, where applicable.

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Preface

JP 3-33

Intentionally Blank

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. v

CHAPTER IOVERVIEW

• The Changing World Environment............................................................................ I-1• Effect on Military Operations.................................................................................... I-1• Joint Forces............................................................................................................... I-2

CHAPTER IISERVICE CAPABILITIES AND ORGANIZATION

• General.................................................................................................................... II-1• US Army ................................................................................................................. II-1• US Marine Corps..................................................................................................... II-5• US Navy.................................................................................................................. II-7• US Air Force.......................................................................................................... II-10• US Coast Guard..................................................................................................... II-12

CHAPTER IIIFUNCTIONAL COMBATANT COMMANDS

• General.................................................................................................................. III-1• United States Transportation Command................................................................. III-2• United States Space Command............................................................................... III-3• United States Special Operations Command........................................................... III-6• United States Strategic Command......................................................................... III-10

CHAPTER IVINTERAGENCY COORDINATION

• General.................................................................................................................. IV-1• DOD and Federal Agency Capabilities................................................................... IV-2• National and DOD Intelligence Organizations........................................................ IV-2• DOD Organizations............................................................................................... IV-5• Federal Agencies.................................................................................................... IV-7• International, Private Voluntary, and Nongovernmental Organizations................. IV-10

CHAPTER VCD-ROM OVERVIEW

• General................................................................................................................... V-1• CD-ROM Organization........................................................................................... V-1

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Table of Contents

JP 3-33

• UJTL Menu............................................................................................................ V-1• Capability Menu.................................................................................................... V-15• Operator’s Instructions........................................................................................... V-15• Additional Instructions and Help............................................................................ V-15

APPENDICES

A References........................................................................................................ A-1B Administrative Instructions................................................................................ B-1

GLOSSARY

Part I Abbreviations and Acronyms................................................................... GL-1Part II Terms and Definitions.............................................................................. GL-4

FIGURES

I-1 Technology: The Double-Edged Sword......................................................... I-2III-1 US Transportation Command Capabilities.................................................. III-3III-2 US Space Command Capabilities............................................................... III-5III-3 US Special Operations Command Principal Missions................................. III-7III-4 Special Operations...................................................................................... III-8IV-1 National and Department of Defense Intelligence Organization Support..... IV-3IV-2 USAID/OFDA Responsibilities.................................................................. IV-9V-1 Logic Hierarchy.......................................................................................... V-2V-2 Operational Level Tasks.............................................................................. V-3V-3 OP 1, “Conduct Operational Movement and Maneuver,” First Screen......... V-4V-4 OP 1, “Conduct Operational Movement and Maneuver,” Second Screen..... V-4V-5 OP 1.5, “Control or Dominate Operationally Significant Area”................... V-5V-6 OP 1.5.2, “Gain and Maintain Maritime Superiority in Theater of

Operations/JOA”....................................................................................... V-6V-7 Naval Tactical Force Organization, First Screen.......................................... V-7V-8 Naval Tactical Force Organization, Second Screen...................................... V-7V-9 Naval Tactical Force Organization, Third Screen......................................... V-8V-10 Surface Warfare Forces, First Screen........................................................... V-9V-11 Surface Warfare Forces, Second Screen....................................................... V-9V-12 Surface Warfare.......................................................................................... V-10V-13 Aircraft Carriers — CV, CVN.................................................................... V-10V-14 Nimitz Class, First Screen.......................................................................... V-11V-15 Nimitz Class, Second Screen...................................................................... V-12V-16 F-14 Tomcat, First Screen........................................................................... V-13V-17 F-14 Tomcat, Second Screen...................................................................... V-13V-18 Sparrow Missile, First Screen..................................................................... V-14V-19 Sparrow Missile, Second Screen................................................................. V-14

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCOMMANDER’S OVERVIEW

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The Armed Forces of theUnited States arereorienting their efforts tomeet future needs.

Today’s commanders mustbe adaptive.

Overview

Discusses the Effects of a Changing World Environment onUS Military Operations

Explains Service Capabilities and Organizations

Provides Information on Functional Combatant Commands

Discusses the Contribution of Department of Defense andFederal Agencies to the Joint Task Force

Sets Forth the Function of the Enclosed Compact Disk-ReadOnly Memory (CD-ROM)

While the likelihood of global war has diminished since theend of the Cold War, the United States continues to maintainvigilance in areas critical to national interests. Efforts ofthe Armed Forces of the United States include facing significantchallenges with respect to supporting joint force operationsacross the range of military operations, maintaining trainingand readiness at the highest levels, coordinating andcooperating with other Services and nations, exploitingopportunities of the information revolution, and preparing forfuture operations. Commanders today must orchestratecombined arms operations across the dimensions of air, land,sea, space, and time. In the future, closer coordination andcooperation between the Services and with other nations willassume even greater importance than they have today. Futurejoint and multinational forces will require compatible andcomplementary systems and doctrine that complement thoseemployed by other Services, multinational forces, and nationalagencies, including non-Department of Defense (DOD)government agencies.

The campaign plan at theater or joint task force (JTF) level,and operation plan at JTF level, are key command andcontrol instruments used by commanders. One fundamentalpurpose of such plans is to achieve synchronized employmentof all available land, sea, air, special operations, and space

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Executive Summary

JP 3-33

The Armed Forces of theUnited States arecomposed of the US Army,

US Marine Corps,

US Navy,

US Air Force,

forces, as well as the capabilities provided by supportingcombatant command and Defense and other agencies. Jointforce commanders (JFCs) must be familiar withcapabilities and limitations of their component forces andintegrate and synchronize operations in such a manner as toapply force from different dimensions to shock, disrupt, anddefeat opponents.

The Army is the nation’s decisive land warfare force. Theability of Army forces to compel, deter, reassure, or support asan instrument of national policy and objectives is directlyrelated to the quantity of force it is able to apply. The Army isa rapidly deployable, versatile, capabilities-based forcecontributing light, heavy, and special operations forces (SOF)to the JFC. The Army provides a full range of militarycapabilities and responses to achieve strategic militaryobjectives. The Army’s contribution to the JFC is the powerto exercise direct, sustained, and comprehensive control overthe land, its resources, and its peoples.

The Marine Corps maintains a unique capability inexpeditionary operations that provides a wide range of powerprojection options in support of vital US interests. Additionally,Marine Corps maritime prepositioning force employmentoptions offer a rapid global response, timely buildup of combatpower, enhanced tactical mobility, and an increased measureof combat sustainability.

The Navy is organized, trained, and equipped to provide forcesto promote and defend US national interests by maintainingmaritime superiority, contributing to regional stability, andconducting operations on and from the sea. Navy forcesaccomplish these tasks through deterrence operations whilemaintaining warfighting readiness through continued forwardpresence, exercising a robust sealift capability, and developinginteroperability with the other Services. In addition to theseNavy capabilities, naval forces (including Marine Corps andCoast Guard forces) are capable of seizing or defendingadvanced naval bases and conducting land operations essentialto the prosecution of the maritime portions of campaigns.

The Air Force is the nation’s preeminent source of integratedair and space power. The Air Force’s ability to project powerrapidly, persistently, and with precision is its most uniquecontribution to the joint force. The Air Force is organized,trained, and equipped to defend the United States through

Service Capabilities and Organization

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Executive Summary

control and exploitation of air and space. Speed, flexibility,and the global nature of its reach and perspective distinguishthe Air Force’s execution of its core competencies. In additionto global attack and precision engagement capabilities, the AirForce enhances the joint force’s overall warfightingeffectiveness by providing air and space superiority: rapidglobal mobility; agile combat support; air and spaceintelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; and informationsuperiority.

As a Military Service, the US Coast Guard providescapabilities that are complementary to the other Services andessential in support of the national security and militarystrategies. In addition to its national defense role, the CoastGuard, as part of the Department of Transportation, performsthree other major roles — maritime safety, maritime lawenforcement, and maritime environmental protection. TheCoast Guard’s authority to enforce statutory law is uniqueamong the Military Services.

United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM).The Commander in Chief, USTRANSCOM (USCINCTRANS)is the single manager of defense common-user transportationboth in peace and in war. USTRANSCOM is a functionalcombatant command with the following transportationcomponent commands: Air Mobility Command, MilitaryTraffic Management Command, and Military SealiftCommand. Through these commands, USCINCTRANSprovides strategic air, land, and sea transportation, includingcommon-user terminal services, to deploy, employ, and sustainmilitary forces to meet national objectives. USCINCTRANSoversees a global transportation planning and executionsystem supported by communication and computer networks.The command moves troops, equipment, and supplies andcontinues to transport materiel and personnel to deployed forcesfor as long as necessary.

United States Space Command. Military space operationsand their resultant impact on military operations are anevolving, integral part of the modern battlespace. Spaceforces provide a means to exploit and, if required, control spaceto assist in the successful execution of national security strategy,national military strategy, and joint force operations.

United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM).Special operations (SO) are a form of warfare characterized

and US Coast Guard.

One or more functionalcombatant commands arelikely to be involved inevery phase of anoperation.

Functional Combatant Commands

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Executive Summary

JP 3-33

by a unique set of objectives, weapons, and forces. While SOFcan conduct missions across the range of military operations,they normally focus on strategic and operational objectives.USSOCOM includes all active and reserve SOF (except forMarine Corps Reserve Civil Affairs Groups) stationed in theUnited States. USSOCOM is also responsible for providingtrained and combat-ready SOF to geographic combatantcommanders and, when directed by the National CommandAuthorities, for exercising command of selected SO missions.

United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM).USSTRATCOM brings together the planning, targeting, andwartime employment of all Air Force and Navy strategicnuclear forces and/or capabilities under one commander. Thesestrategic forces include Air Force heavy bombers and land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles as well as Navy ballisticmissile submarines. The mission of USSTRATCOM is toposture strategic forces in a manner to deter a militaryattack on the United States, US forces, and its allies.

As missions have become more diverse since the end of theCold War, the frequency and level of interagencycoordination and cooperation have expanded to include awide range of federal, state, local, private, and internationalorganizations. Operations such as peacekeeping,counterproliferation, consequence management, drugenforcement, disaster relief, and foreign humanitarianassistance require close cooperation and interaction among acontinually changing field of players. The JTF can capitalizeon the capabilities of these organizations to accomplish itsmission more effectively and, conversely, agencies(particularly private voluntary organizations [PVOs] andnongovernmental organizations [NGOs]) may depend on themilitary for support or protection to accomplish their goals.

US forces seldom operate in isolation and their capabilitiesare enhanced when they interact with a variety of DOD andother Federal agencies. DOD and national-level intelligenceagencies and organizations include the Defense IntelligenceAgency, National Security Agency and/or Central SecurityService, Central Intelligence Agency, and National Imageryand Mapping Agency as well as the intelligence divisions ofthe Department of State and the Military Services. Theseagencies continually gather information and publishintelligence reports assessing emerging world situations. Manyof these reports are available to the JFC and subordinates

Nonmilitary organizationsprovide valuableknowledge, expertise, andunique capabilities inmany situations andremote regions of theworld.

The joint forcecommander and staffshould be familiar with thecapabilities of theseorganizations in order tocapitalize on theirpotential contributions asforce multipliers.

Interagency Coordination

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Executive Summary

throughout the planning process. The JFC should have anunderstanding of the capabilities of these national-levelintelligence agencies and their collection, processing, analysis,reporting, dissemination, and direct support functions. Othersupporting DOD organizations include the JointCommunications Support Element, Joint Spectrum Center,Defense Information Systems Agency, Defense LogisticsAgency, and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Federalagencies include the Department of State, National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration, Federal EmergencyManagement Agency, United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment and/or US Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance,Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Drug EnforcementAdministration.

International organizations are organizations with globalinfluence, such as the International Committee of the RedCross. “NGO” refers to transnational organizations of privatecitizens that maintain a consultative status with the Economicand Social Council of the United Nations (UN). NGOs maybe professional associations, foundations, multinationalbusinesses, or simply groups with a common interest in foreignhumanitarian assistance activities (development and relief).NGOs are predominantly national or international nonprofitcitizens voluntary organizations. They are involved in suchdiverse activities as education, technical projects, relief, andrefugee development programs. PVOs are private, normallyUS-based nonprofit organizations involved in humanitarianefforts including (but not limited to) relief, development,refugee assistance, environment, public policy, or globaleducation. The UN is a voluntary association of sovereigncountries which have committed themselves to internationalpeace and security.

The CD-ROM provides user-friendly information thatbridges the gap between general JTF planning and theavailable specific capabilities and options from each Service,functional combatant command, the Department of Defenseand other Federal agencies possess. The menus are structuredon the Universal Joint Task List (UJTL) and the capabilitiesof the Services to perform activities or processes that the JTFmust accomplish to execute assigned missions. Although theUJTL describes all three levels of war (strategic, operational,and tactical) by task, this CD-ROM focuses on theoperational level of war, which is the focal point for a JTF.The tasks in the UJTL are founded on joint tactics, techniques,

Most nongovernmentaland private voluntaryorganizations areextremely dedicated andcapable of providingspecific humanitarianrelief tasks.

The compact disk-readonly memory is designed toexpand and elaborateupon the spectrum of jointtask force capabilities.

CD-ROM Overview

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Executive Summary

JP 3-33

and procedures. The CD-ROM UJTL menu is organizedby task and related JTF-desired operational capabilities.

This publication integrates existing joint and Service doctrineinto a single publication that addresses fundamental principlesand doctrine concerning joint force capabilities. It presentsconsiderations and options JFCs can employ in planning andexecuting operations. It includes detailed information in a CD-ROM for the joint force planner’s use relative to thecontributions of the Services, functional combatant commands,and major DOD and Federal agencies to joint operations.

CONCLUSION

mission-oriented professionals who canmanage a variety of capabilities to provideeffective forces for national security.

2. Effect on Military Operations

“We must recognize the chiefcharacteristic of the modern era — apermanent state of what I call violentpeace.”

Admiral James D. WatkinsChief of Naval Operations, 1982-1986

a. The highest priority of US militarystrategy was to deter a nuclear attack againstthe United States and its allies. However,realities of the post-Cold War geopoliticalenvironment propelled a comprehensivereshaping of US national military strategythat now relies heavily on power projectionforces.

b. Commanders today must orchestratejoint operations across the dimensions of air,land, sea, space, and time. To prevail in thismultidimensional battlespace, commandersmust harness sophisticated informationtechnology. A commander who makes andimplements sound decisions faster than anadversary — operating inside the opponent’sdecision and execution cycle — increases therelative tempo of operations and leveragescapabilities of both maneuver and firepower.This ever-increasing advantage in relativecombat power can prove decisive.

c. As technology advances, the conductof warfare will continue to change. Eachadvance in information technology will help

CHAPTER IOVERVIEW

I-1

1. The Changing WorldEnvironment

a. While the likelihood of global war hasdiminished since the end of the Cold War, theUnited States continues to maintainvigilance in areas critical to nationalinterests. Many factors undermine regionalstability including proliferation of advancedweapon technology, international criminalcartels, environmental degradation, resourcescarcity, militant religious fundamentalism,breakup of multi-ethnic nations, state-sponsored terrorism, and drug trafficking.

b. Throughout the world at any given time,there are numerous border disputes andethnic and religious conflicts that threatenpeace and stability. Economic competitionbetween countries and blocs grows moreaggressive, and environmental crises, whichcould lead to famine and disease, quietly festerin many regions of the world. Any or all ofthese may ultimately require a wide range ofUS military responses from disaster reliefto large-scale combat operations.

c. The Armed Forces of the UnitedStates are reorienting their efforts to meetfuture needs. These efforts include facingsignificant challenges with respect tosupporting joint force operations across therange of military operations, maintainingtraining and readiness at the highest levels,coordinating and cooperating with otherServices and nations, exploiting opportunitiesof the information revolution, and preparingfor future operations. All of these challengesare interrelated and require skilled,

“Of the four wars in my lifetime, none came about because the United Stateswas too strong.”

Ronald ReaganPresident of the United States of America, 1981-1989

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Chapter I

JP 3-33

US forces improve command and control(C2) capability. This improvement enablescommanders to:

• Form a more complete picture of thebattlespace;

• Generate faster decision cycles;

• Maneuver rapidly in time and space; and

• Be increasingly flexible in the applicationof combat power.

d. Commanders and staffs must guardagainst captivation by a purely technologicalview of C2 that reflects only the quantity ofinformation. Sound judgment andunderstanding of enemy doctrine,organization, leadership, and systemsshould be used in planning and operating thisincreasingly complex C2 system to ensurecommanders can rapidly make and implementsound decisions throughout the totalbattlespace (see Figure I-1).

e. In the future, closer coordination andcooperation between the Services, national

agencies, and with other nations willassume even greater importance than theydo today. Future joint and multinationalforces will require compatible systems anddoctrine that complement those employedby other Services, multinational forces, andnational agencies, including non-Departmentof Defense (DOD) government agencies.

3. Joint Forces

“As we consider the nature of warfarein the modern era, we find that it issynonymous with joint warfare.”

JP 1, Joint W arfare of the ArmedForces of the United States

a. The campaign plan at theater or jointtask force (JTF) level, and operation plan(OPLAN) at JTF level, are key C2instruments used by commanders. One ofthe fundamental purposes of such plans is toachieve synchronized employment of allavailable land, sea, air, special operations, andspace forces as well as capabilities providedby supporting combatant commands andDefense and other agencies. To achieve thisgoal, commanders and staff must understand

Figure I-1. Technology: The Double-Edged Sword

TECHNOLOGY: THE DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD

Emerging communications, computer, and reconnaissancetechnology is revolutionizing the commander's ability tomaintain situational awareness and command forceseffectively.

Gaining information superiority will give commanders asuperior view of the battlespace, while the adversary stillstruggles to peer through an opaque lens.

But the same technology and information that gains superiorsituational awareness can create new vulnerabilities andcenters of gravity that potential adversaries could exploit forcombat advantage.

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Overview

not only US Service capabilities andlimitations but also how the Servicesinterrelate at the theater and JTF levels.

b. The goal of synchronized employmentis to effectively use each participating elementagainst the highest priority mission and toachieve the highest possible level of synergyamong all participating elements. When theuse of military force is authorized by theNational Command Authorities (NCA), thegoal of synchronized employment is to applyoverwhelming force at designated decisivepoints. Joint forces containing a wide arrayof military power should be utilized againstthe most important objectives. It is thisoverwhelming application of military forcethat will take the initiative from opponentsand ultimately defeat them in combat orachieve other end states as required.

c. Joint force commanders (JFCs) mustbe familiar with capabilities and limitationsof their component forces. They mustintegrate and synchronize operations in sucha manner as to apply force from differentdimensions to shock, disrupt, and defeatopponents. Selecting the right mix of forcesto attain the desired end state is morechallenging today than ever before. This isthe result of three factors:

• Reduction in forces;

• Rapid advances in technology; and a

• Wide range of potential missions.

d. Today’s commanders must beadaptive. They must be prepared to assumenonstandard missions for which there is noprecedent or experience on which to rely andwhich do not fit perceived ideas of militaryoperations. These could range from foreignhumanitarian assistance (FHA), disaster relief,and refugee operations to peace enforcementand United Nations (UN) peacekeepingoperations. Such missions are particularlychallenging considering the speed with whichthey may occur, the probability of intenseworld media coverage, and the geopoliticalenvironment in which the JTF will operate.In many scenarios, the JTF will interact withnon-DOD agencies and local governments ona daily basis.

e. The remainder of this publicationaddresses the capabilities of the Services,functional combatant commands, and majorDOD and Federal agencies, as well as selectednon-DOD agencies. The publication alsoprovides an overview of the enclosed compactdisk-read only memory (CD-ROM).

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Chapter I

JP 3-33

TIME AND DECISIONMAKING

Throughout history, nations that successfully coordinated simultaneous landand sea actions won their battles. Those that did not, lost. Although the ancientscoordinated forces on land and sea, modern military planners must also dealwith air and space. These new media change the situation quantitatively, notqualitatively. Multi-Service coordination still seeks to solve problems revealedwhen Pericles balanced his naval and land forces to defend Athens. SinceAthens fought Sparta, technological advances have greatly reduced the timeavailable for military decisionmaking. In the age of sail, governments hadmonths to decide how to coordinate land and sea responses to military threats.With modern weapons and communications, the luxury of time has virtuallydisappeared. The pace of events requires rapid and more effectivedecisionmaking. Lacking time and facing critical decisions, military plannerswho know their history can base their choices on useful knowledge.

“It is too late to learn the technique of warfare when military operations arealready in progress, especially when the enemy is an expert at it.”

“A single unwise tactical move by a soldier on patrol can instantly change thecharacter of an operation and when broadcast by the ever present media pool,can also affect strategic considerations.”

SOURCE: Kenneth AllardSomalia Operations: Lessons Learned

CHAPTER IISERVICE CAPABILITIES AND ORGANIZATION

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1. General

a. The US Army, US Marine Corps, USNavy, US Air Force, and US Coast Guardcomprise the Armed Forces of the UnitedStates. Although each Service has its owndistinct history, lineage, traditions,organizational structure, and equipment, theauthority for each comes from the UnitedStates Code (USC). Title 10, USC, delineatesthe functions and responsibilities of the Army,Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force, while title14, USC, addresses the Coast Guard. TheNCA issued additional guidance and theServices produced individual Servicedocuments that refine their specificorganizations and concepts of operation.These Service documents, coupled with DODand joint publications and directives,provide the framework within which theServices operate.

Per title 10, the Goldwater-Nichols Actof 1986, it is responsibility of the Army,Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force toorganize, train, equip, and provide forcesand capabi l i t ies to combatantcommanders to conduct joint operations.It is the combatant commanders’responsibility to employ these forces incombat.

b. This chapter provides an overview ofthe capabilities and organization of theServices. It is not intended to be a definitiveplanner’s guide to Service capabilities but

“Our military forces are one team — in the game to win regardless of whocarries the ball. This is no time for ‘Fancy Dans’ who won’t hit the line withall they have on every play, unless they can call the signals. Each player onthis team — whether he shines in the spotlight of the backfield or eats dirt inthe line — must be an all-American.”

General Omar N. Bradley, USAStatement to the House Armed Services Committee, 19 October 1949

rather a summary of the broad capabilitiesand organization each Service provides tonational defense. Additional information ispresented in the accompanying CD-ROM,which provides specific details of Servicecapabilities (to include weapon systemscapabilities), organization, and forces.

2. US Army

“The Army is the Nation’s historicalforce of decision — the force ofnecessity. We provide uniquecapabilities and staying power to thewarfighting CINCs. Our superior landcombat force, our logisticalsustainability, communications,intelligence, tactical psychologicaloperations, civil affairs, SOFcapabilit ies and military policeoperations are critical in war andessential to win the peace. The Armywill always fight as part of a joint and/or combined team.”

General Dennis J. Reimer, USAChief of Staff, US Army

1995-1999

a. General. The Army is the nation’sdecisive land warfare force. The ability ofArmy forces to compel adversaries, deteraggression, reassure allies and friends, andprovide support to the nation as aninstrument of national policy and objectivesis directly related to the quantity of force it isable to apply. The Army is a rapidlydeployable, versatile, capabilities-based

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Chapter II

JP 3-33

force contributing light, heavy, and specialoperations forces (SOF) to the JFC. TheArmy provides a full range of militarycapabilities and responses to achieve strategicmilitary objectives. The Army’s contributionto the JFC is the power to exercise direct,sustained, and comprehensive control overthe land, its resources, and its peoples.

b. Capabilities

• Army forces accomplish assigned missionsworldwide across the full range of militaryoperations. These missions areaccomplished through the execution of fourgeneral types of military actions: offensive,defensive, stability, and support. Byserving as the primary land element of ajoint and multinational force, Army forcesapply military power in a mannerdesigned to gain and exploit freedom ofaction. Whether fighting a large,mechanized enemy, an elusive insurgency,or the effects of a natural disaster, theArmy’s constant aim is to seize theinitiative , maintain momentum, andexploit success in order to control thenature, scope, and tempo of an operation.

• When applying combat power in hostilesi tuat ions, Army uni ts s t r ike

simultaneously throughout thebattlespace to control, neutralize, ordestroy objectives. Army units useinformation dominance, precision fires,dominant maneuver, full-forceprotection, and focused logistics toconduct distributed, simultaneous,precise operations at a tempo and levelof intensity enemy forces cannot match.This destroys the enemy’s ability toconduct coordinated, effect iveoperations.

• Army operations exhibit rapiddeployment, decisive application offorces, and the staying power necessaryto achieve long-term success.

c. Organization

• The Army is a Total Force of echelonedActive and Reserve Component (RC)organizations and groupings, eachdesigned toward a specific function ormission. Each sequentially largerorganization, whether combat, combatsupport (CS), or combat service support(CSS), possesses greater capability forboth sustained and independentoperations. This echeloned organizationprovides commanders with great

Army M1A1 main battle tank

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flexibility in selecting the appropriateforce for a full range of militaryoperations.

• Army warfighting forces are modular indesign and are deployed in highlytailorable force packages that usecombat, CS, and CSS organizations tofulfill desired operational and strategicobjectives. This tailoring process maycontinue to be refined as the missionprogresses.

•• Combat forces are units and soldierswho close with and destroy enemy forcesor provide maneuver and firepower onthe battlefield. Combat branches of theArmy include Air Defense Artillery,Armor, Aviation, Field Artillery, Infantry,Special Operations Forces, and combatengineers.

•• CS forces include units and soldiersthat provide critical combat supportfunctions in conjunction with combatunits and soldiers to secure victory. Theyinclude the Chemical Corps, MilitaryPolice, Military Intelligence, SignalCorps, and civil affairs (CA) andpsychological operations (PSYOP) unitsof the Special Forces.

•• CSS units perform the essentialfunctions, activities, and tasks necessaryto sustain all elements of operating forcesin theater at all levels of war. Theyinclude the Army Medical Department,Transportation Corps, Judge AdvocateGeneral Corps, Acquisition Corps,Ordnance Corps, Quartermaster Corps,Finance Corps, Adjutant General Corps,Chaplain Corps, and some types ofengineer and aviation units.

• The broad array of Army capabilities areecheloned to perform diverse tactical andoperational functions. These functionsvary with the type of unit and particularlyat echelons above corps, with theorganization of the theater, the nature ofthe conflict, and the number of friendlyforces committed to the effort.

•• Army Service Component Command.The Army service component command(ASCC) has both support and operationalresponsibilities. The ASCC commanderis responsible to the combatantcommander for recommending how USArmy forces should be allocated andemployed and exercises administrativecontrol of the Army force, to includelogistics. Title 10 USC responsibilitiesinclude requirements to organize, equip,train, and maintain Army forces in thetheater and to provide support to otherServices in accordance with executiveagent responsibilities.

Army infantryman

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•• Numbered Armies. There arecurrently three numbered armies formedby ASCC in coordinat ion withcombatant commanders as intermediateheadquarters between the JFC andmultiple corps. They are normallyconstituted from existing Army assetsand structured to meet specificoperational requirements. In joint andcombined operations, subordinate unitsof numbered armies may include unitsof other Services or multinational forces.When the numbered army is the largestformation in a theater of war, itscommander may be designated the jointforce land component commander andmay design and direct land operations forthe entire theater. Numbered armies areprimarily operational headquarters. Theymay establish priorities for CSS amongtheir subordinate forces but CSS isnormally provided by the ASCC. Incontingency operations to a non-developed theater, the numbered armymay assume responsibility for the logisticsupport of Army forces in the field. Insuch an operation, the numbered armywould require the assignment of supportorganizations from the ASCC.

•• Army Corps. The Army has fourcorps headquarters (HQ), that areorganized to control two to five divisionseach. A corps is the deployable level ofcommand required to synchronize andsustain combat operations. Corps aretailored to specific missions by theassignment of subordinate organizations.Corps HQ are the most likely Army unitto be designated as a JTF HQ. They rangein size from 35,000 to more than 125,000personnel and are normally commandedby lieutenant generals.

•• Army Division. The next lowerechelon is the division. The Army has10 active divisions — one airborne, oneair assault, two light infantry, and six

heavy (armored and mechanized)divisions and eight National Guarddivisions. Divisions consist of threebrigades of either pure or task-organizedinfantry, mechanized infantry, or armorunits. Divisions also include organicartillery, air defense, aviation,communications, engineers, intelligence,military police, and logistics units.Divisions are normally commanded bya major general. They range in size from8,000 to 16,000 soldiers, depending onthe type of division. While divisionsperform major tactical level operations,they require some degree of externalsupport from corps and theater logisticsassets. A majority of the Army’s corpsand theater logistics capabilities arelocated in the RC.

•• Echelons Below Division. Echelonsbelow division (brigade, battalion, andcompany) are the organizational buildingblocks of land forces whether uniquelyArmy or part of a JTF. These lower unitsare structured, equipped, and trained forspecific functions and are suited for forcepackaging. This allows considerableflexibility in shaping a force for combatand is particularly valuable in meetingnonstandard missions such as FHA ordisaster relief. In addition to thedivisional forces, the Army has twoactive armored cavalry regiments and 15RC brigades — one armored cavalryregiment, seven mechanized infantry, andseven infantry.

•• Army Special Operations Forces.The Army provides fully trained andready SOF to US Special OperationsCommand (USSOCOM) for use by thegeographic combatant commanders,subordinate joint force commanders, andUS ambassadors. Army SOF consists offive active special forces groups, two RCspecial forces groups, a Ranger regiment,a special operations support command

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with logistics and signal capabilities; anda special operations aviation regiment.Additionally, the Army possesses bothactive and RC PSYOP and CA units.

d. Specific Army capabilities (to includeweapons capabilities) and organizations arepresented in the accompanying CD-ROM.

3. US Marine Corps

“Today, Marines are serving in everytime zone around the world. On theaverage, about a third of our battalionsand squadrons are deployed at anygiven time. From Rwanda, to Somalia,to Haiti, to Bosnia, whenever andwherever America decides to ‘send inthe Marines,’ they are ready.”

General Charles C. Krulak, USMCCommandant, US Marine Corps,

1995-1999

a. General. The Marine Corpsmaintains a unique capability inexpeditionary operations that provides awide range of power projection options insupport of US interests. Additionally,Marine Corps maritime pre-positioningforce (MPF) employment options offer arapid global response, timely buildup of

combat power, enhanced tactical mobility,and an increased measure of combatsustainability.

b. Capabilities. The US Marine Corpsprovides the joint force with uniquecapabilities and expertise. It is focused onexpeditionary operations and trained toconduct forcible entry from the sea withcombined arms forces. Sea-based operationsenable the Marine Corps to provide landforces with fires, logistics, intelligence,communications, and other support fromships.

c. Organization

• Marine Corps operating forces areorganized into Marine air-ground taskforces (MAGTFs). MAGTFs providecrisis response options that can betailored to meet any situation. MAGTFspossess organic CSS and are self-sustaining. MAGTFs range in size fromMarine expeditionary force (MEF)through Marine expeditionary unit(special operations capable) (MEU[SOC])to the special purpose MAGTF.MAGTFs are capable of missions acrossthe full range of military operations,including forcible entry and seizing

Marine infantry

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lodgments for the introduction ofreinforcements. They can deploy byNavy amphibious ships or Air Forcestrategic airlift.

• The organization and structure of aMAGTF always includes a commandelement (CE), ground combat element,aviation combat element, and combatservice support element (CSSE). Thisstructure is readily adaptable to formingthe core of a JTF.

• MEFs are the largest standingMAGTFs. They consist of a CE and oneor more Marine divisions, Marine aircraftwings, and force service support groups.A n o m i n a l M E F c o n s i s t s o fapproximately 46,000 Marine and Navypersonnel and is normally commandedby a lieutenant general. There are threestanding MEFs in the Marine Corps.

• The MEU(SOC) is the standard forward-deployed Marine expedit ionaryorganization. Each MEU(SOC) is task-organized for specific missions. and isself-sustaining for 15 days. MEU(SOC)sundergo intensive predeploymenttraining and are augmented with selectedpersonnel and equipment to enhance

capabilities such as specializeddemolition operations, clandestinesurveillance and reconnaissance, raids,and in-extremis hostage recovery. AMEU(SOC) is commanded by a coloneland consists of approximately 2,000Marines and sailors.

•• A nominal MEU(SOC) is organizedwith the following components: astanding CE; an infantry battalionreinforced with artillery, reconnaissance,engineer, armor, assault amphibian units;a reinforced helicopter squadron withtransport, utility, and attack helicopters,a detachment of vertical and/or shorttakeoff and landing fixed-wing attackaircraft; other detachments as required;and a task-organized CSSE.

• Air contingency Forces (ACFs) aredesignated alert forces capable ofdeploying by strategic airlift on shortnotice. Lead elements of an ACF candeploy within 16 hours of notification.Unlike other MAGTFs, the ACF does nothave a forcible entry capability; itrequires a secure airfield to offload.

• Special purpose MAGTFs are formedon an “as needed” basis to accomplish

Marine amphibious assault

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forces. They routinely practice reserveintegration plans to augment or reinforcecrisis response missions, and to add combatpower for operations, particularly at the highend of the conflict spectrum. DuringOperation DESERT STORM, for example,53 percent of the Selected Marine CorpsReserve end strength was activated.

e. Specific Marine Corps capabilities (toinclude weapons capabilities) and organizationare presented in the accompanying CD-ROM.

4. US Navy

“The strength in joint operations andjointness as an entity is that everybodybrings their own core competenciesand core capabilities to the table or tothe operation, and you pick from thosethe strengths you need to meld togetherfor whatever specific task you’re askedto carry out.”

Admiral Jay L. Johnson, USNChief of Naval Operations

a. General. The Navy is organized,trained, and equipped to provide forces topromote and defend US national interests bymaintaining maritime superiority ,contributing to regional stability , andconducting operations on and from the sea,and providing logistic support to otherforces. Navy forces accomplish these tasksthrough deterrence operations whilemaintaining warfighting readiness throughcontinued forward presence, exercising arobust sealift capability, and developinginteroperability with the other Services. Inaddition to these Navy capabilities, naval forces(including Marine Corps and Coast Guardforces) are capable of seizing or defendingadvanced naval bases and conducting landoperations essential to the prosecution of themaritime portions of campaigns.

specific, usually short term, missions.Special purpose MAGTFs contain thesame elements as other MAGTFs, butare typically smaller than a Marineexpeditionary unit.

• All MAGTFs have the capability toperform a wide range of enabling actions.Enabling actions refers to thosepreparatory actions taken by the MAGTF— either afloat or ashore — to facilitatethe introduction of follow-on forces, toset the stage for subsequent decisiveactions, or to aid the eventualaccomplishment of the mission.

• The MPF provides an added dimensionin mobility, readiness, and globalresponsiveness. The MPF programinvolves 13 specially designed ships thatare organized into three squadrons.These squadrons are strategicallypositioned around the globe and reduceMAGTF response time from weeks todays by prepositioning the bulk ofequipment and 30 days supplies for a17,300 Marine force. Personnel andselected equipment can be airlifted quicklyto an objective area to join with the MPFequipment at a secure site. Equipment andsupplies can also be selectively offloadedto support smaller MAGTFs.

• The chemical/biological incidentresponse force is a national asset,manned by the Marine Corps, with thecapabil i ty to rapidly deploy tochemical or biological incidents. It isdesigned to assist the on-scenecommander by providing initial post-incident consequence management.

d. The Marine Corps Reserve, comprisedof a division, an air wing, a force supportgroup, and two CA groups, is closelyintegrated with the active duty Marine Corps

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• Naval forces are ready, flexible, self-sustaining, and mobile, therebypermitting these forces to beexpeditionary in nature. Navalexpeditionary forces are cohesive andboth strategically and tacticallymobile. These task-organized, forward-deployed forces can execute a broadrange of options initiated from the sea.Options range from what has become theNavy’s day-to-day employment —forward presence, FHA, and peacetimeoperations — to fighting in regionalconflicts.

• The US Navy employs surface,subsurface, land, and air forces in such amanner as to exploit the strengths andminimize the weaknesses of each. Thismethodology has led to the integratedemployment of surface, subsurface, land,and air forces operating with the commonobjective of gaining advantage over anenemy by enhancing offensivecapabi l i t ies whi le decreasingindividual vulnerabilities through mutualsupport. For example, both ships andsubmarines may furnish covertsurveillance, intelligence collection, andinsertion of SOF, offering a unique

capability in addition to their more typicalsurface and undersea warfare missions.

b. Organization

• During routine operations, US Navyforces operate as part of a numberedfleet, that is permanently associated witha geographic region. The US Navy iscomposed of five numbered fleets: 2ndand 6th Fleets in the Atlantic Ocean andMediterranean Sea, 3rd and 7th Fleets inthe Pacific and Indian Oceans, and 5thFleet in the Arabian Gulf and Sea. Withineach fleet, naval forces organize forcombat as task forces, task groups, taskunits, and task elements. A task force isa grouping of units — temporary, semi-permanent, or a component of anumbered fleet — formed for the purposeof carrying out a specific operation,mission, or task. Task groups, units,and elements are progressively smallersubcomponents of a task force andnormally have correspondingly narrowermissions assigned to them.

• The use of a carrier battle group(CVBG) in a power projection role isthe centerpiece of the Navy’s operational

Navy aircraft carriers on patrol

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philosophy. Surface action groups(SAGs), while not a substitute forCVBGs, a lso o f fe r a un iqueoperational capability. SAG air defenseand naval surface fire support capabilitiesare particularly valuable in satisfyingmany of the warfighting requirementspresented by combat and potentialcombat situations such as forcible entryoperations, sustained operations ashore,strikes, raids, and peace enforcement.

• Warships and naval aircraft actingalone or in small groups are capableof performing missions in informationcollection, enforcement of sanctions and/or maritime interception operations,sustainability of forces afloat or ashorein remote locations, convoy protectionof sealift assets in transshipment and inonload and/or offload, neutralization ofseaborne mines, and covert surveillance.Mobile teams are organized for thepurposes of protection, providingmedical facilities, and diving and salvage.

• Providing sea-based support is aunique capability of the Navy. It allowsthe JFC flexibility and capability inconducting joint combat, FHA, disaster

relief, noncombatant evacuation, andother operations. Sea-basing, seaechelon, and building up forces ashoreare three basic approaches used tosupport joint operations from the sea.The ability to provide sea-based supportenhances the power projection andenabling force capabilities inherent inUS naval operations.

• Naval special warfare (NSW) units areorganized, trained, and equipped toconduct special operations in maritimeand riverine environments. They aredeployed in small units worldwide insupport of fleet and national operations.The combat forces comprising NSWinclude six sea-air-land teams (SEALs),three special boat units, and two SEALdelivery vehicle teams.

c. Naval Reserve structure providesadditional capability in a wide range of navalactivities including mobile inshore underseawarfare, logistic support, and fixed- androtary-wing aviation.

d. Specific Navy capabilities (to includeweapons capabilities) and organization arepresented in the accompanying CD-ROM.

Attack submarine

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5. US Air Force

“The global nature of modern air andspace power also incorporates thespeed with which we project power —the ability to respond quickly to a crisis.In other words, it is the combination ofspeed, range, precision and lethalitythat makes airpower such a powerfulforce.”

General Ronald R. FoglemanUSAF Chief of Staff, US Air Force,

1994-1997

a. General. The Air Force is the nation’spreeminent source of integrated air and spacepower. The Air Force’s ability to projectpower rapidly, persistently, and with precisionanywhere on the globe is its most uniquecontribution to the joint force. It is organized,trained, and equipped to defend the UnitedStates through control and exploitation of

air and space. The Air Force develops,trains, sustains, and integrates theelements of air and space power to produceair and space superiority, global attack, rapidglobal mobility, precision engagement,information superiority, and agile combatsupport. These six core competencies are tiedtogether with global awareness and C2.Speed, flexibility, and the global nature of itsreach and perspective distinguish the AirForce’s execution of its core competencies.Additionally, the Air Force is trained andequipped to conduct air and missile defense,airspace control operations, strategic attackof enemy centers of gravity, airlift, aerialrefueling, air interdiction of enemy air, land,and naval forces and communications, closeair support, intelligence, surveillance andreconnaissance, electronic warfare, specialoperations, rescue and recovery, PSYOPsupport, weather services, and air logisticsupport to the Army and other forces. Thespeed, range, flexibility, and precision ofair and space forces enable the JFC to masseffects throughout the battlespace. AirForce air mobility capabilities, which includeair refueling, airlift, and air mobility support,allow Air Force elements to self-deployrapidly and directly to worldwide contingencyoperations. Most air and space forces arecapable of performing multiple tasks andmay be employed at any level of war.

b. Organization. The US Air Force isstructured to support joint and combinedcombat operations throughout the range ofmilitary operations.

• The numbered air force (NAF) is thesenior warfighting echelon of the AirForce. A NAF conducts operations withassigned and attached forces under acommand element. When participatingin a joint operation, the tasked NAF willprovide Air Force forces to the JFCwithin the framework of an air and spaceexpeditionary task force (ASETF).The ASETF is a deployed NAFF-15C provides air superiority

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headquarters, or command echelonimmediately subordinate to a NAFheadquarters, with assigned and attachedoperating forces and appropriatecommand and control.

• In a joint operation which includes AirForce forces, a Commander, Air ForceForces (COMAFFOR) will bedesignated. The COMAFFORcommands all Air Force forces assignedor attached to the Air Force componentcommand. The COMAFFOR may bedual-hatted as the joint force aircomponent commander (JFACC). Spaceforces deployed to a theater of operationnormally will be a separate organizationassigned directly to an ASETF or in-placeNAF, but could be assigned to an airexpeditionary wing (AEW).

• Air Expeditionary Force (AEF). AEFsare wings, groups, or squadrons attachedto an ASETF or in-place NAF. Air Forcedeployable units are organized intopackages composed of active component,Air National Guard, and Air ForceReserve units that comprise a mixtureof weapon systems and capabilities.When tasked, these may be deployed inwhole or in part as a tailored package to

provide the ASETF or in-place NAF thespecific capabilities and assets that theJFC requires. Deployed wings, groups,and squadrons will be designatedexpeditionary from the time they areattached until no longer attached. Thebasic fighting unit of the Air Force isthe squadron. Squadrons are configuredto deploy and employ in support of crisisaction requirements. Squadrons are notdesigned to conduct independentoperations but rather to interact withother squadrons to achieve the synergyneeded to conduct sustained and effectiveoperations. While the basic fighting unitis a full squadron, smaller operationsmay require only a contingent from asquadron. In such cases, the attachedsquadron segment is designatedexpeditionary.

• Air Expeditionary Group (AEG). TheAEG is an independent group attachedto an ASETF or in-place NAF. Normally,the COMAFFOR exercises operationalcontrol (OPCON) of the AEG. It is thelowest command echelon of AEFsreporting directly to the COMAFFOR.The AEG is composed of a portion ofthe wing command element and oneor more operational squadrons.

F-16 on patrol

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d. Specific Air Force capabilities (toinclude weapons capabilities) andorganization are presented in theaccompanying CD-ROM.

6. US Coast Guard

“The Coast Guard has fundamentaland enduring roles in support of theNational Security Strategy and NationalMilitary Strategy. The future is likely tobring unfamiliar multipolar andasymmetric threats to the maritimeregion. The Coast Guard will remain aflexible and reliable instrument of policyto address these challenges. Whetherpeacetime, crisis, or war, the CoastGuard will be ready to work in concertwith the Department of Defense, topartner with other agencies, and tooperate with friendly or allied forces.”

Admiral James M. Loy, USCGCommandant, US Coast Guard

a. General. The US Coast Guard is aMilitary Service and a branch of the ArmedForces of the United States at all times.Located within the Department ofTransportation, it is specifically authorized toassist the Department of Defense inperformance of any activity for which theCoast Guard is especially qualified. As oneof the five Services, the Coast Guard performsthe same common Service functions andsupports the National Security Strategy,National Military Strategy, and the combatantcommanders. National defense is one of thefour major roles of the Coast Guard. The otherthree are maritime safety, maritime lawenforcement, and maritime environmentalprotection. Within these roles, the CoastGuard provides unique capabilities essentialto the United States.

b. During deployment and redeploymentoperations for the joint force, the Coast Guardcan provide force protection of militaryshipping at US seaports of embarkation and

Elements from the wing are required toprovide C2 for expeditionary groupssince Air Force groups are organizedwithout significant staff support.

• Air Expeditionary Wing. The AEW,normally commanded by a brigadiergeneral, is a wing, or a portion of a wing,attached to an ASETF or in-place NAF.The ASETF or in-place NAF commanderexercises OPCON of the AEW. AnAEW is normally composed of thewing command element and severalgroups. When possible, the AEW isformed from units of a single wing.

• Multiple AEW Employment. TheASETF may grow to include severalwings at geographically separatelocations and encompass the full rangeof air and space power. This includesorganic sustainment and the capability toplan and execute operations across therange of military operations.

• Air Force special operations forces(AFSOF), as the Air Force element ofSOF, are structured with three specialoperations wings, two special operationsgroups, and a special tactics group toprovide to USSOCOM aerial mobility,surgical firepower, tanker support, andspecial tactics units. AFSOF normallyact in concert with Army and Navy SOFand supports activities ranging fromcombat operations of relatively limitedduration to the longer term materiel andadvisory support of foreign governmentsand military services.

c. Air Force Reserve and Air NationalGuard units are integrated into all aspectsof Air Force operations and provideadditional resources for unique missions,including weather reconnaissance, PSYOP,and aerial spraying, as well as providing thestrategic interceptor force.

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overseas ports of debarkation by conductingport security and harbor defense operationswith port security units and patrol craft. Majorcutters are deployed to participate in maritimeinterception operations to enforce sanctionsagainst another nation and to conductpeacetime engagement activities. Port safetyresponsibilities in the continental UnitedStates (CONUS) include the establishment,certification, and supervision of ammunitionloading operations. In addition, the CoastGuard’s role in licensing additional merchantmariners to serve expanded defense shippingneeds is integral to the mobilization process.The Coast Guard is unique among the Servicesin that it has statutory law enforcementauthority. This capability can add a flexibledimension to operations.

c. Organization

• The Coast Guard is organized into threelevels above the individual unit.

•• Area. There are two areas, theAtlantic Area and the Pacific Area,commanded by vice admirals. Areas arean organizational element equivalent toUS Navy fleets. The areas are the CoastGuard’s primary link to the Navy

components of unified commands.Major cutters and aircraft report directlyto the area commanders.

•• District. At the next lower level arenine numbered districts commanded byrear admirals. Groups, Marine SafetyOffices, air stations, and major buoytenders are operational units which reportdirectly to the district commander.

•• Port Level. (1) Group. Groups arenamed geographically and include smallboat stations, patrol boats, aids tonavigation teams, and other units whichperform one or more missions. (2)Marine Safety Office. Marine safetyoffices are field units tasked to carry outnumerous federal responsibilitiesensuring the safe and efficient use of thenation’s ports and waterways. The CoastGuard executes these port responsibilitiesthrough the Captains of the Ports(COTPs) who are designated by theCommandant, US Coast Guard, to directlaw enforcement activities and enforceregulations. Within their jurisdictions,COTPs enforce port safety, port security,and maritime environmental protectionregulations including protection and

Port security boat on patrol

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security of vessels, harbors, waterfrontfacilities, and anchorages. The COTPis authorized to provide necessarysecurity in response to a threat orsituation when those with primaryresponsibility fail to provide, or areincapable of providing, proper protectionfor a vessel or waterfront facility. TheCOTP chairs the Port ReadinessCommittee which is composed ofrepresentatives from federal agenciesand public or private port owners andoperators. Upon activation of a MaritimeDefense Zone, a US Navy componentresponsible for naval coastal defenses, aCOTP may become a commander in thatorganization. This “dual hat” authorityand responsibility provides a uniquecommand capability: a militarycommander with law enforcementauthority who is not subject to the PosseComitatus Law. This designation in USports capitalizes on the COTP’sauthority and established relationshipwith the local maritime community andPort Readiness Committees involved incontingency planning. (3) Activities.The activities commander carries out thefunctions of both a group and MarineSafety Office.

• Statute provides that the entire CoastGuard becomes a specialized servicein the Navy when directed by thePresident or upon a formal declarationof war by the Congress. The Presidentmay transfer an appropriate number ofCoast Guard assets to the Navy. At anytime, the Coast Guard also may assist theNavy without transferring forces byattaching units to a Navy command, withthe gaining commander exercisingOPCON over the attached units.

• The Coast Guard and Navy cooperatein naval coastal warfare missions.Coast Guard cutters and patrol boats maybe deployed to conduct naval coastal

warfare missions. The Coast Guard hasseveral port security units (PSUs) that areself-contained and can be deployed onshort notice for port operations, security,and defense within ports, harbors, andharbor approaches. PSUs normallyoperate with US Navy Mobile InshoreUndersea Warfare Units. The CoastGuard also contributes to harbordefense command units (HDCUs).HDCUs are C2 staffs tailored to thespecific operational environment.

• All PSUs are reserve units and are theonly reserve units in the Coast Guard.All other selective reservists areindividual mobilization augmenteesassigned to active Coast Guard units ordetached to another Service, such as thoseCoast Guard personnel assigned toHDCUs.

Coast Guard cutter on patrol

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d. US Coast Guard search and rescueexperts provide the world’s best maritimerescue and coordination services. TheCoast Guard also is the lead maritime lawenforcement agency for alien migrantinterdiction operations, fisheries compliance,and interdiction of illegal drugs and the co-lead agency for air interdiction. Coast Guardcutters and aircraft spend a significant portion

of their underway time and flight hoursengaged in drug interdiction activity . CoastGuard cutters and Coast Guard LawEnforcement Detachments aboard Navy shipsregularly board, search, and seize ships.

e. Specific Coast Guard capabilities (toinclude weapons capabilities) and organizationare presented in the accompanying CD-ROM.

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Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER IIIFUNCTIONAL COMBATANT COMMANDS

III-1

1. General

a. JFCs capitalize on the power inherentin joint operations by synchronizing thecomplementary warfighting capabilities of allthe Services and supporting commands into aunified effort. The key to warfightingsuccess is the synchronized employment ofland, air, sea, special operations, and spaceforces that provide the joint force with a widerange of operational and tactical options. Thegoal is to increase the total effectiveness ofthe joint force, not necessarily to involve allforces or to involve all forces equally.

b. One or more functional combatantcommands are likely to be involved in everyphase of an operation. They support the jointforce through a geographic combatantcommand by providing such capabilities as:

“For it is not profusion of riches or excess of luxury that can influence ourenemies to court or respect us. This can only be effected by fear of ourarms.”

Vegetius De Re Militari, circa 4th century

• Intertheater transportation;

• Communications;

• Missile warning;

• Reconnaissance, surveillance, andintelligence;

• Navigation support:

• Weather support; and

• Direct action against the adversary.

c. JFCs and their staffs must be familiarwith the capabilities of these organizationsto effectively integrate their contribution intoan operation.

Military Sealift Command Maritime Pre-positioning Ship

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2. United States TransportationCommand

“When the National CommandAuthorities direct employment ofmilitary forces, whether with clenchedfist or open hand, the United StatesTr a n s p o r t a t i o n C o m m a n d(USTRANSCOM) is involved.”

General Robert L. Rutherford, USAFCommander in Chief

United States TransportationCommand, 1994-1996

a. The Commander in Chief, USTransportation Command (USCINCTRANS)is the single manager of defense common-user transportation both in peace and inwar. The US Transportation Command(USTRANSCOM) is a funct ionalcombatant command with the followingtransportation component commands.

• Air Mobility Command (AMC)

• Military Traffic Management Command(MTMC)

• Military Sealift Command (MSC)

b. Through these commands, USCINCTRANSprovides strategic air, land, and seatransportation , including common-userterminal services, to deploy, employ, andsustain military forces to meet nationalobjectives. Geographic combatantcommanders coordinate movementrequirements and required delivery dateswith USCINCTRANS who, with thetransportation component commands,provides a complete movement system fromorigin to the theater ports of debarkation and(by request of and in coordination with thecombatant commander) from there to the finaldestination. USTRANSCOM also providesliaison officers to all geographic combatantcommanders to assist in coordination ofstrategic mobility issues that may arise.Representatives and liaison officers fromAMC, MTMC, and MSC address specifictransportation functions under the control ofUSTRANSCOM and may be included on ageographic combatant command staff tofacilitate the movement of forces into adesignated operational area.

C-17 Globemaster III transport

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“Nine times out of ten an army has beendestroyed because its supply lineshave been severed.”

General Douglas MacArthurRemarks to the Joint Chiefs of Staff,

1950

c. USCINCTRANS oversees a globaltransportation planning and executionsystem supported by communication andcomputer networks. The command movestroops, equipment, and supplies and continuesto transport materiel and personnel todeployed forces for as long as necessary.USTRANSCOM normally will focus on thefirst 3 to 7 days of strategic air movementand 30 days of sea movement, includingCONUS surface movement to aerial andseaports of embarkation. Additionally,USTRANSCOM provides a central point ofcontact for agencies preparing to support thedeployment (see Figure III-1).

For detailed instructions on how to requestmovement via USTRANSCOM, see DODR e g u l a t i o n 4 5 0 0 . 9 - R , “ D e f e n s eTransportation Regulation,” Parts 1-4.

3. United States SpaceCommand

“Today, we are the world’s mostpowerful space force; however, we arein a shifting environment where spaceoperations are becoming ever morevital to US and global economies, andmilitary space capabilit ies arebecoming increasingly indispensable toUS national security. Space power isinextricably linked to military operationson land, sea, and in the air. Key militaryfunctions have already migrated tospace — intelligence, surveillance, andreconnaissance; ballistic missiledetection and early warning; weaponsguidance; position location;communications; and environmentalmonitoring. Space is truly the fourthmedium of military operations andrepresents to our terrestrial warfightersthe ultimate high ground.”

General Howell M. Estes, IIICommander in Chief, United

States Space Command 1996-1998

a. Military space operations and theirresultant impact on military operations are anevolving, integral part of the modernbattlespace. Space forces provide a means

Figure III-1. US Transportation Command Capabilities

US TRANSPORTATION COMMAND CAPABILITIES

On-line status of transportation operations

Strategic movement control

Single contact for all strategic movement requirements

Facilitate hand-off from strategic to theater for joint task forcepersonnel, equipment, and sustainment

Transportation intelligence

Joint Operation Planning and Execution System andpredeployment training

Augmentation for the joint movement center

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to exploit and control space to assist in thesuccessful execution of national securitystrategy, national military strategy, and jointforce operations. Space systems also provideforce multipliers that are increasinglyimportant for sustaining an effective level ofdefensive capability as overall US militaryforce structure is downsized and restructured.Space systems offer global coverage and thepotential for real time and near real timesupport to military operations (see FigureIII-2).

b. US Space Command (USSPACECOM)conducts joint space operations in support ofthe following mission areas.

• Space force enhancement —supporting the NCA, warfighters, andothers with services and products fromspace

• Space control — ensuring friendly useof space while denying it to adversaries

• Space support — launching andoperating satellites

Military space doctrine is addressed in JP3-14, “Joint Doctrine; Tactics, Techniques,and Procedures for Space Operations.”

c. Space force enhancement operationsare space operations conducted in concert withother forces that provide products and servicesto multiply joint force effectiveness. Theycontribute directly to a joint force effort ,and provide advantages by increasing theJFC’s battlespace awareness and moderatingthe negative effects of friction encounteredby forces in combat.

d. Space control operations providefreedom of action in space for friendlyforces while denying it to an adversary. Theobjectives of space control are to 1) surveilspace to maintain situation understanding, 2)protect critical friendly space systems fromhostile actions, 3) prevent unauthorized accessto, and exploitation of US and allied spacesystems, and 4) negate hostile space systemsthat place US and allied interests at risk.

e. Space support consists of operations thatdeploy, sustain, or augment space assets.The objective is assured access to spacethrough space launch, satellite operations,and servicing and recovering on-orbit assets.Although conducted predominantly by theCommander in Chief, USSPACECOM(USCINCSPACE) and subordinatecommanders, space support may beperformed by the supported JFC by

Defense Support Program satellite

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managing apportioned military satellitecommunications assets and providing securityfor forward-deployed space forces.

“Communications dominate war;broadly considered, they are the mostimportant single element in strategy,political or military.”

RADM Alfred Thayer MahanThe Problem With Asia, 1900

f. Other USSPACECOM missions includeproviding integrated threat warning andattack assessment for the North AmericanAerospace Defense Command, advocatingspace requirements of other combatantcommands, planning for future ballisticmissile defense forces and current andfuture space-based collection systems;serving as the single point of contact formilitary space operation matters, to includesatellite communications, providing militaryrepresentation to US national, commercial,and international agencies for mattersrelating to military space operations;planning and implementing security

assistance relating to military spaceoperations; providing military assessments,coordination, and planning in support of theNational Military Strategy; and providing themilitary point of contact for countering theproliferation of weapons of mass destruction(WMD) in space. The Space OperationsCenter (SPOC), USSPACECOM is the singlepoint of contact for assessing spacecapabilities. Combatant commanders,subordinate JFCs, and Services can accessthis information from the SPOC via theGlobal Command and Control System.

g. The supported commander is anintegral part of military space operationsplanning and actively participates in makingspace part of the joint operation or campaignplan. Space capabilities, includingnonmilitary systems, should be integrated intoexisting offensive and defensive operationsand plans for future events. In particular, itis normally incumbent upon the supportedcommand to provide ground-basedequipment which is required to receive,process, and disseminate products provided

US SPACE COMMAND CAPABILITIES

Global positioning and navigation support

Environmental monitoring (weather, surface conditions)

Intertheater and intratheater communications

Space and terrestrial intelligence, surveillance, andreconnaissance

Ballistic missile warning

Space launch and satellite control

Space support teams

Figure III-2. US Space Command Capabilities

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4. United States SpecialOperations Command

“SOF must be a full-spectrum, multi-mission force providing acomprehensive set of capabilities tothe nation. We must continue tooperate effectively in joint, combined,and interagency environments yetmust transcend these traditionalparameters to fuse all of America’spolit ical, military, economic,intellectual, technical, and culturalstrengths into a comprehensiveapproach to future challenges.”

General Peter J. SchoomakerCommander in Chief, United

States Special OperationsCommand

a. SOF are organized, trained, andequipped specifically to accomplish thenine principal missions listed at FigureIII-3.

b. Designated SOF include thefollowing.

• US Army. Special Forces, Ranger,special operations (SO) aviation(rotary-wing), PSYOP and CA units.

by space forces, or to use space platforms forcommunications. For example, space forcesmay provide missile warning informationfrom space-based surveillance systems, butthe supported command must receive thisinformation, integrate it with other warningand surveillance information, and use theinformation in support of effective missiledefense operations. Finally, USCINCSPACEmay request support from the JFC in theprosecution of space control operationsagainst terrestrial targets. The JFC andcomponent commanders (particularly theJFACC) should therefore consider spacesuperiority objectives during campaignplanning.

h. USSPACECOM, its components, andother organizations field space supportteams (SSTs) to assist commanders inplanning for, integrating, and using supportfrom space. JFCs and their componentsshould request SST support early in theplanning process to ensure effective andefficient use of available space assets.

Details on specific SST support capabilitiesand request procedures are found in JP 3-14,“Joint Doctrine; Tactics, Techniques, andProcedures for Space Operations.”

Titan IV launch vehicle

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• US Navy. SEALs , SEAL deliveryvehicle teams, special boat units, andpatrol coastal ships.

• US Air Force. SO fixed-wing androtary-wing squadrons, special tacticssquadrons, a foreign internal defense(FID) squadron, and a combat weathersquadron.

c. SO are a form of warfarecharacterized by a unique set of objectives,weapons, and forces. While SOF canconduct missions across the range of militaryoperations, they normally focus on strategicand operational objectives. PSYOP and CAforces are an exception; they normally operateat all levels of war simultaneously in supportof a JFC’s campaign plan in war, a geographiccombatant commander’s overt peacetimeplan, or a US Ambassador’s plan in peacetime.SOF are not a substitute for conventionalforces but a complementary adjunct tocapabilities inherent in those forces.

Depending upon requirements, SOF canoperate independently or in conjunctionwith conventional forces. Operating as anindependent force, the special skills inherentin SOF offer an adaptable military responseto situations or crises that requires tailored,precisely focused application of power (seeFigure III-4). The demands of SO requireforces with attributes that distinguish themfrom conventional forces. Commandersshould be familiar with these characteristicsto ensure that missions assigned to SOF arecompatible with their capabilities.

For more detailed discussion of SO doctrineand missions, see JP 3-05, “Doctrine forJoint Special Operations.”

d. While SOF provide unique, versatile,and flexible forces designed primarily toaccomplish these missions, conventionalassets may be required to provide logisticsupport. The inherent capabilities of SOFalso make them suitable for employment in a

Figure III-3. US Special Operations Command Principal Missions

US SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMANDPRINCIPAL MISSIONS

Direct action

Special reconnaissance

Foreign internal defense

Unconventional warfare

Combatting terrorism

Psychological operations

Civil affairs

Counterproliferation of weapons of mass destruction

Information operations

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range of collateral SO activities such ascoalition support, counterdrug andcountermine activities, humanitarianassistance, security assistance, and combatsearch and rescue. All of these missions maybe conducted in an operational environmentrequiring forcible entry, where SOFcapabilities make them especially useful inshort-term and/or limited-scope missions.

e. USSOCOM exercises combatantcommand (command authority) of all activeand reserve SOF, US Army PSYOP, and CAforces (except for Marine Corps Reserve CA

Groups) stationed in the United States.Accordingly, USSOCOM also is responsiblefor providing trained and combat-readySOF to the geographic combatantcommanders and, when directed by theNCA, exercising command of selected SO.

f. Special Operations Command andControl. SOF are most effective when fullyintegrated into a campaign plan (peacetimeor war). Given the ability of SOF to operateunilaterally, independently as part of theoverall campaign, or in support ofconventional forces, effective integration is

Figure III-4. Special Operations

SPECIAL OPERATIONS

Conducted in war and peace

Independent or integrated with conventional operations

Targeted on strategic and operational level operations

Frequently shaped by political-military considerations

Conducted in war and peace

Independent or integrated with conventional operations

Targeted on strategic and operational level operations

Frequently shaped by political-military considerations

Special operations forces

III-9


dependent on a robust C2 structure.Successful execution of SO requirescentralized, responsive, and unambiguousC2. The limited window of opportunitynormally associated with the majority of SOFmissions, as well as the sensitive nature ofmany of these missions, requires a C2structure that is, above all, responsive to theneeds of the operational unit. SOF C2 istailored for each specific mission or operation.

g. Theater Special OperationsCommand (SOC). To provide the necessaryunity of command, each geographiccombatant commander has established asubunified command to serve as thefunctional SO component for the theater.The theater SOC performs broad continuousmissions uniquely suited to SOF capabilitiesthat are of operational and strategicimportance to the geographic combatantcommander. The theater SOC commandernormally exercises OPCON of all assignedSOF in theater with the exception of NSWunits organic to CVBGs and amphibiousready groups and PSYOP forces.

h. The theater SOC commander has twoprincipal roles:

• Theater SO Advisor; and

• Joint Forces Special OperationsComponent Commander, whendesignated

“The mind of the enemy and the will ofhis leaders is a target of far moreimportance than the bodies of histroops.”

Brigadier General S. B. Griffith II,USMC (Introduction to Mao Tse-

Tung on Guerrilla W arfare), 1961

i. Joint Special Operations Task Force(JSOTF). When required, the JFC mayestablish a JSOTF. A JSOTF is a temporaryjoint SOF command formed to conduct SOin a specific theater of operations or toaccomplish a special operation or prosecuteSO in support of a theater campaign or otheroperations. The JSOTF may haveconventional units assigned or attached tosupport the conduct of specific missions.

j. PSYOP and CA Forces. Althoughdesignated as SOF, command relationshipspertaining to PSYOP and CA forces arestructured to support both SO andconventional forces.

• The broad range of PSYOP activities(conducted across the strategic,

Sea-air-land team

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direct access to the JFC. CA forcesnormally are attached to supported units.

For further discussion of C2 for CAforces, see JP 3-57, “Doctrine for JointCivil-Military Operations.”

5. United States StrategicCommand

“The end of the Cold War saw thelessening of one form of threat toAmerica’s security, but recent yearshave continued to reveal newchallenges. America’s goals of securityand stability are being achieved. If weare to continue to meet those goals inan uncertain world, America mustremain strong so that its forces candeter threats to our vital interests. AtUS Strategic Command, peace is stillour profession, and the strength of ourdeterrent forces remains the backboneof that peace.”

General Eugene E. Habiger, USAFCommander in Chief, United States

Strategic Command, 1996-1998

a. US S t r a t e g i c C o m m a n d(USSTRATCOM) brings together theplanning, targeting, and wartimeemployment of all Air Force and Navystrategic nuclear forces and/or capabilities

operational, and tactical levels with therequirement to fully integrate withinteragency activities as well as withconventional forces) mandates thatPSYOP relationships be distinct fromother SO activities. The focus ofPSYOP is broader than just thosefunctions conducted by the theater SOC,and its C2 must be such that it providesboth direct access to the JFC and fullintegration at all levels. C2 of PSYOPforces is normally executed by theestablishment of a joint PSYOP taskforce (JPOTF) directly under the JFC.

For further discussion of C2 for PSYOPforces see JP 3-53, “Doctrine for JointPsychological Operations.”

• CA forces also support the overallcampaign of the geographic combatantcommander. CA forces may beemployed in all stages of an operationand must be fully integrated withinteragency as well as DOD activities atall levels of warfare. Effectivecoordination with local and host nation(HN) authorities as well as privatevoluntary organizations (PVOs) andnongovernmental organizations (NGOs)requires a C2 structure which permits

B-52 heavy bomber

III-11


under one commander. These strategic forcesinclude Air Force heavy bombers, aerialtankers, and land-based intercontinentalballistic missiles (ICBMs) and Navy fleetballistic missile submarines (SSBNs).

b. The mission of USSTRATCOM is toposture strategic forces in a manner todeter a military attack on the United States,US forces, and its allies. Should deterrencefail, strategic forces will be employed whendirected by the NCA and authorized by thePresident. Additionally, USSTRATCOMconducts worldwide airborne reconnaissanceand surveillance in support of strategic forceemployment, ensures effective command,control, communications, computers, andintelligence (C4I) for strategic forceemployment, and provides support to othercombatant commanders.

c. The Triad continues to be thefoundation of the US national strategy ofdeterrence. The Triad consists of SSBNs,ICBMs, and long-range bombers. Eachcomponent or leg of the Triad providesdifferent capabilities and strengths, presentingany enemy with three unique threats tocounter.

d. SSBNs are considered the mostsurvivable leg of the Triad. This is due tothe submarine’s great mobility and ability todisappear into the ocean’s depths. Thesubmarine’s Trident missiles possess a globaltargeting capability. SSBNs are constantlyon patrol, with each patrol area totaling morethan one million square miles.

e. ICBMs are a cost-effective,continuous alert force. ICBMs can provideimmediate reaction and are able to placewarheads on specified targets within 30minutes of notification. The ICBM forceconsists of Minuteman III and Peacekeepermissiles located at various bases in CONUS.

f. The bomber fleet is a visible, flexible,and recallable strategic asset. B-52s havebeen the backbone of America’s long-rangebomber force for more than 30 years and willcontinue to provide a lethal and crediblestandoff capability with air launched cruisemissiles. The B-2, with advanced avionicsand superior stealth, provides the capabilityto penetrate air defenses and eliminateeffective retaliation, thereby providing astrong, effective deterrent and combat force.

g. To ensure constant communication withforces in time of national emergency,USSTRATCOM uses both ground and airC2 assets. The USSTRATCOM CommandCenter is a ground facility which transmitsemergency action messages to the Triad. C2aircraft are able to communicate with any legof the Triad at any time. These aircraft

Trident missile

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include the Navy E-6 TACAMO (“Takecharge and move out”) and the NationalAirborne Operations Center E-4B. Inaddition to these aircraft, USSTRATCOMhas a self-contained, ground mobile HQthat can operate anywhere and assumestrategic C2 responsibilities.

h. Upon request, USSTRATCOM providesgeographic combatant commanders with ateam of advisors skilled in nuclear planningand coordination. This theater planningresponse cell advises and assists the geographiccombatant commander in crisis action planningand acts as a liaison between the geographiccombatant commander and USSTRATCOM.

interagency operations lies in the disparityof organizations and their respectivecapability, authority, objectives, andorganization. In an effort to reconcile thisdisparity, Presidential Decision Directive(PDD) 56, “Managing Complex ContingencyOperations,” attempts to integrate allcomponents of a US response to a crisis byaccelerating interagency planning. The goalof the planning is to identify appropriateagencies’ missions and tasks as well as criticalfunding. Additionally, the planning facilitatescoordination mechanisms at the operationallevel. PDD 56 drives US Government (USG)agencies to institutionalize what we havelearned. The overall purpose is to achieveunity of effort among USG agencies andinternal organizations engaged in complexcontingency operations.

“The challenge, not only to the Nation’sleadership but to commanders at alllevels, is to recognize the resources toapply to a problem and to bring theseto the interagency table. Our effortsmust be coordinated despitephilosophical and operationaldifferences separating agencies. Anatmosphere of cooperation canultimately contribute to unity of effort.Pursuit of consensus in the interagencyprocess should be viewed as a means— not an end to the process.Interagency success, therefore, shouldnot compromise the authority, roles orcore competencies of individualagencies.”

JP 3-08, Interagency CoordinationDuring Joint Operations

CHAPTER IVINTERAGENCY COORDINATION

IV-1

1. General

a. The Armed Forces have a longassociation with other agencies of thefederal government, notably the CentralIn te l l igence Agency (CIA) , DrugEnforcement Administration (DEA), andDepartment of State (DOS). However, asmissions have become more diverse since theend of the Cold War, the frequency and levelof interagency coordination andcooperation have expanded to include awide range of federal, state, local, private, andinternational organizations. Operations suchas peacekeeping, counterproliferation,consequence management, drug enforcement,disaster relief, and FHA require closecooperation and interaction among acontinually changing field of players. Thesenonmilitary organizations provide valuableknowledge, expertise, and uniquecapabilities in many situations and remoteregions of the world. The JTF can capitalizeon the capabilities of these organizationsto accomplish its mission more effectively,and conversely, the agencies, particularly PVOand NGO, may depend on the military forsupport or protection to accomplish theirgoals.

b. The trend and importance of DODinvolvement in the interagency process atthe operational level is on the rise. A broadrange of government and nongovernmentalorganizations, both domestic and foreign,have major responsibilities and competencieswhich may enhance achievement of USnational policy objectives. The challenge of

“America’s forces must in the future be capable of operating in, andcontributing toward, three distinct policy environments: joint military; theinteragency process; and multinational efforts.”

ADM Paul David MillerUSN

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3. National and DODIntelligence Organizations

“Information is a commodity, but it isnot a consumable; its value increaseswith the number of people who haveaccess to it.”

Vice Admiral Arthur K. Cebrowski,Joint Staff J-6, May 1995

a. Gaining intelligence dominance of thebattlespace is a critical factor in operationalsuccess. Gaining and maintaining thisintelligence dominance enhances the JFC’sflexibility by opening additional operationaloptions. Additionally, timely intelligence mayreduce risk by identifying adversarycapabilities, vulnerabilities, and intentions.

b. National assets such as surveillanceand reconnaissance satellites, previouslyconsidered principally in a strategic context,have become an increasingly importantadjunct to JTF operations. (Specificapplications are listed in Figure IV-1.) DODand national-level intelligence agencies andorganizations include the Defense IntelligenceAgency (DIA), National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS), CIA,and the National Imagery and MappingAgency (NIMA) as well as the intelligencedivisions of the DOS and Military Services.These agencies continually gather informationand publish intelligence reports assessingemerging world situations. Many of thesereports are available to the JFC andsubordinates throughout the planning process.The JFC should have an understanding ofthe capabilities of these national-levelintelligence agencies and their collection,processing, analysis, production, reporting,dissemination, and direct support functions.All-source intelligence that is current andreadily available offers the JFC theinformation needed to develop plans andconduct contingency operations.

For a detailed discussion of interagencycoordination, refer to JP 3-08, “InteragencyCoordination During Joint Operations.”

“Whether military forces are involvedin the detention of migrants inGuantanamo Bay, countering the flowof drugs from Latin America, stoppinga tyrannical invader in the Middle East,providing humanitarian assistance to astorm-ravaged populace, or makingpeace on the Horn of Africa, successwill depend to a large extent on ourability to blend and engage all elementsof national power. Interagencycoordination forges the vital l inkbetween the military link of that powerto the economic, polit ical anddiplomatic, and informational entities ofthe US Government and othernongovernmental agencies effectively.Successful interagency coordinationenables these agencies to mount acoherent and efficient, collectiveoperation.”

JP 3-08, Interagency CoordinationDuring Joint Operations

2. DOD and Federal AgencyCapabilities

The United States is prepared for a widerange of contingency operations in supportof national interests. These operationsinclude, among others, smaller-scalecombat operations, multilateral peaceoperations, noncombatant evacuationoperations, counterproliferation, consequencemanagement, and FHA and domestic supportoperations. US forces are capable ofresponding quickly to, and operatingeffectively in, all of these operations.However, US forces seldom operate in isolationand their capabilities are enhanced when theyinteract with a variety of DOD and other Federalagencies. The JFC and staff should befamiliar with the capabilities of theseorganizations in order to capitalize on theirpotential contributions as force multipliers.

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See JP 2-0, “Doctrine for IntelligenceSupport to Joint Operations,” JP 2-01, “JointIntelligence Support to Military Operations,”and JP 2-02, “National Intelligence Supportto Joint Operations,” for more detailedinformation.

c. Joint Staff Director for Intelligence(J-2). The Joint Staff J-2 is responsible forworking with the other national-levelorganizations to obtain intelligence forjoint operations. Unless otherwisedetermined, the Joint Staff J-2 is the channelthrough which national agencies are tasked.This support is in addition to arrangementswhich may be established for direct supportby those agencies to the joint commands.

d. Defense Intelligence Agency

• DIA ensures that expeditious, tailored,all-source intelligence collection,processing, analysis, production, anddissemination support is provided to

DOD entities. This support includesselected intelligence planning,programming, and policy functions insupport of conventional, special, andnuclear operations; collection andcollection management support; andanalysis for strategic warning, order ofbattle, threat, counterintelligence (CI),and medical, scientific and technical,current , est imat ive, and targetintelligence.

• DIA capabilities include the following.

•• Establishing standards of capabilityand interoperability for joint andService intelligence activities.

•• Coordinating p lann ing andprogramming of inte l l igenceresources, including those for selectedautomated data processing systems,telecommunications, andsurvivability.

Figure IV-1. National and Department of Defense Intelligence Organization Support

NATIONAL AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEINTELLIGENCE ORGANIZATION SUPPORT

Intelligence is used in:Intelligence is used in:

Developing strategy

Determining objectives

Determining deception objectives

Planning operations

Conducting operations

Evaluating the effects of operations

Developing strategy

Determining objectives

Determining deception objectives

Planning operations

Conducting operations

Evaluating the effects of operations

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security (encompassing computersecurity and communications security)for the conduct of military operations inaccordance with tasking, priorities, andstandards of timeliness assigned by theSecretary of Defense. NSA also respondsto changing and time-sensitive SIGINTrequirements to support militaryoperations both in wartime and militaryoperations other than war. Additionally,it supports US military operations inconventional and SO missions, developscryptologic support plans to operationand campaign plans, and providesSIGINT support in informationoperations.

“Nothing is more worthy of the attentionof a good general than the endeavourto penetrate the designs of the enemy.”

Niccolo Machiavelli:Discourses, 1517

• NSA/CSS can provide JFCs withtailored analytical and operationalsupport through the NSA/CSS elementof a NIST.

g. Central Intelligence Agency. The CIAprovides positive support to jointoperations.

• The Director of Central Intelligence(DCI) has assets that may be relevantin supporting joint operations. TheDCI directs major technical intelligencecollection systems that service bothstrategic and operational intelligencerequirements. The DCI also hasresponsibility for coordinating HUMINTactivities and CI operations outside theUnited States.

• When requested by the Department ofDefense and approved by the DCI, theCIA can provide JFCs with tailoredanalytical and operational supportthrough the CIA element of a NIST. It

•• Reviewing p r o p o s e d D O Dintelligence programs to ensureinteroperability and feasibility ofrequirements.

•• Providing DOD management ofcollection activities (e.g., humanintelligence [HUMINT], measurementand signature intelligence, and open-source intelligence).

•• Planning a n d d e v e l o p i n gimplementing instructions to provideintelligence support to joint organizationsacross the range of military operationswith emphasis on special operations,crisis response, and war.

•• Providing DOD participation in thenational intelligence support teams(NISTs) which are deployed to JTFsupon request to facilitate flow ofintel l igence between supportedcommanders and Washington, DC.

e. US Defense Attaché Office (USDAO).The USDAO is an organization of Serviceattachés and is operated by the DIA. Thedefense attaché is normally the senior Serviceattaché assigned to an embassy. Attachésinteract with national defense officials ofthe HN at various levels and in manycapacities. Attachés also serve theAmbassador and coordinate with, andrepresent, their respective MilitaryDepartments on Service matters. The attachésassist the FID program by exchanginginformation with the combatant commander’sstaff on HN military, social, economic, andpolitical issues.

f. National Security Agency/CentralSecurity Service

• The NSA/CSS, which includes theService cryptologic elements and the USCryptologic System, provides signalsintelligence (SIGINT) and information

IV-5


also can augment existing CIArepresentation to the National MilitaryJoint Intelligence Center and/or to thejoint intelligence center and/or jointintelligence support element. Toprovide intelligence to the military andfacilitate communication, the CIA hasestablished an Office of MilitaryAffairs under the direction of theAssistant Director of CentralIntelligence for Military Support.

h. National Imagery and MappingAgency. NIMA provides timely, relevant, andaccurate imagery, imagery intelligence(IMINT) , and geospatial information insupport of national security objectives. NIMAmanages national imagery collectionrequirements, establishes policy and guidance,and manages the acquisition, development,sustainment, and retirement of components ofthe imagery and mapping architecture. NIMAprovides national-level exploitation,reporting, and IMINT products in supportof the Military Services, unified commandsand national and defense policymakers.NIMA also develops and maintains plans toensure geospatial information and services(GI&S) to joint forces under crisis andwartime conditions to include executing plansand procedures for increased collection,production, and distribution of GI&S. NIMAobtains and uses the best informationavailable, whether from commercial,government, or other sources and can provideJFCs with tailored support through the NIMAelement of a NIST.

4. DOD Organizations

a. Joint Communications SupportElement (JCSE). The JCSE is a uniquecommunications organization undercommand of US Atlantic Command, butoperationally controlled by the Chairman ofthe Joint Chiefs of Staff. Headquartered atMacDill Air Force Base, Florida, the JCSEconsists of an active duty element of

approximately 500 personnel and two AirNational Guard Joint CommunicationsSupport Squadrons. The JCSE can providetactical communications support for twosimultaneously deployed JTFs and JSOTFs.The JCSE is staffed with personnel from allServices and is equipped with a wide array oftactical and commercial communicationsassets that may be tailored to meet a varietyof contingency missions.

b. Joint Spectrum Center (JSC). Themission of the JSC is to ensure the DOD’seffective use of the electromagnetic spectrumin support of national security and militaryobjectives. The JSC serves as the DOD focalpoint for electromagnetic spectrummanagement matters in support of the unifiedcommands, Military Departments, andDefense agencies in planning, acquisition,training, and operations. The JSC serves asthe DOD focal point for supporting thespectrum supremacy aspects of informationoperations. Data bases maintained by the JSCprovide electronic warfare (EW) plannerswith information covering communications,radar, navigation aids, broadcast,identification, and EW systems operated byDOD, other USG departments and agencies,and private businesses or organizations. TheJSC also provides foreign command, control,and communications frequency and locationdata. Information from these data bases isavailable on a quick reaction basis in a varietyof formats and media to support EW plannersand electromagnetic spectrum managers. TheJSC has designated augmentation teams thatcan be deployed to unified commands,subordinate component commands or JTFswhen requested. The teams can also serve ason-site advisors and assistants inelectromagnetic spectrum managementmatters as required. Additionally, the JSCmaintains rapid deployment teams that areable to quickly locate and identify interferencesources. These teams recommend technicaland operational fixes to resolve identifiedinterference sources.

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c. Defense Information Systems Agency(DISA). DISA is the central manager of thedefense information infrastructure (DII)and is responsible for planning, developing,integrating, and supporting C4I needs ofthe NCA and unified commands under allconditions of peace and war. DISA performsthe day-to-day mission of exercisingmanagement control and technical directionof the DII. The DII is defined as the web ofcommunications networks, computers,software, data bases, applications, data,security services, and other capabilities thatmeet the information processing andtransport needs of DOD users in peace andin all crisis, conflict, humanitarian support,and wartime roles. The DII supportsnational security emergency preparednesstelecommunications functions of the NationalCommunications System.

d. Defense Logistics Agency (DLA).Through the Defense Logistics SupportCommand, DLA provides integratedmateriel management of wholesalesubsistence, clothing and textiles, bulk andpackaged pe t ro leum p roduc ts ,construction materiel, medical supplies,and consumable repair parts for theServices. Effective April 1998, DLA assumeddistribution responsibility from NIMA for allhard-copy geospatial information. DLA is theDOD agent for disposal and reutilization,to include hazardous materiel. The DefenseContract Management Command providesworldwide contract administration services intimes of peace, crisis, and war, to includeadministration for logistics civil augmentationprogram contracts. DLA participates fullyin the deliberate planning process andexercises its responsibilities by advising theJoint Staff and recommending resourceallocations and production priorities whenappropriate. DLA conducts a logisticssustainability analysis of the combatantcommanders’ OPLANs. During contingenciesand upon request of the supportedcommander, DLA provides tailored DLA

Contingency Support Teams to supportmission needs across the breadth of DLAactivities.

e. Defense Threat Reduction Agency(DTRA). DTRA provides nuclear and otherspecial weapons expertise to joint operations,with emphasis on technical and operationalsupport. Specific capabilities include thefollowing.

• Nuclear Stockpile Support. Assist theJFC to ensure the reliability, safety,security, use control, surety, andexplosive ordnance disposal of nuclearweapons, weapons technical inspections,quality assurance, and logisticsmanagement support.

• Emergency Response. Support JFCresponse to radiological accidents andother nuclear-related incidents.

• Planning Support. Assist JFCoperational planning against biological,nuclear, chemical, and other specifiedadvanced weapons facilities. Thisspecifically includes technical supportand products for target planning againsthardened targets to include employingcomputerized models to assess andmanage consequences of an attack onWMD facilities.

• Survivability Assessments. Assist theJFC in identifying and assessing thevulnerabilities of JFC-designatedfacilities (especially hardened facilities),forces, and other assets. Estimate C4Icapabilities in environments disturbed bynuclear weapons and other WMD effects.

• Defense Nuclear Advisory Team(DNAT). Upon request of the geographiccombatant commander, a team ofspecialists from DTRA and the ArmedForces Radiobiology Research Instituteprovide support to the geographic

IV-7


combatant commander and JTF in theorganization, C2, communications,public affairs, legal, health physics,radiation medicine, and site remediationaspects of a nuclear weapon accident orincident or other radiological event.Requests for DNAT support go from thegeographic combatant commander,through the National Military CommandCenter, to the DTRA Operations Center.The DNAT deploys within 4 hours ofnotification.

5. Federal Agencies

a. Department of State

• Security Assistance Organization(SAO). SAO is the most important FID-related military activity under thesupervision of the Ambassador. The SAOreports to the US Ambassador and assistsHN security forces by planning andadministering the military aspects of asecurity assistance program. SAO alsohelps the Country Team communicateHN assistance needs to policy and budgetofficials within the USG. In addition, theSAO provides oversight of training andassistance teams temporarily assigned toassist the HN. The SAO is limited by lawfrom giving direct training assistance,which is normally provided through specialteams and organizations assigned toperform limited tasks for specific periods(e.g., mobile training teams, technicalassistance teams, and quality assuranceteams).

• Country Team. The Country Teamconcept establishes in-country,interdepartmental coordinationprocedures among key members of theUnited States Diplomatic Mission. Thecomposition of a Country Team varieswidely, depending on the decision of theChief of Mission (COM), the local

situation, and the number and levels ofUS departments and agencies present.The principal military members of aCountry Team are the Defense Attachéand the chief of the SAO. Although nota member of the diplomatic mission, theUS area military commander (thecombatant commander or a subordinate)may be requested to participate or berepresented in meetings conducted by theCountry Team. Given the highly politicalnature of many peace operations,Country Team coordination isgenerally extensive, often assuming theform of policy control. This coordinationis intended to facilitate unity of effort andreduce independent, disjointedinformational or military initiatives.

JP 3-07.1, “Joint Tactics, Techniques,and Procedures for Foreign InternalDefense (FID),” contains more details.

• Foreign Emergency Support Team(FEST). The FEST is a DOS-led, rapidlydeployable, interagency team of expertsfrom the US counterterrorismcommunity. The FEST may includerepresentatives from any agency of theUSG and may be deployed by dedicatedDOD airlift when an internationalterrorist incident involves US interests.Its purpose is to assist the USAmbassador and HN in dealing with theincident. The FEST provides theambassador with an integrated team ofexperts to coordinate USG on-scenesupport. Normal FEST organizationincludes personnel from the DOS,Department of Defense, Federal Bureauof Investigation (FBI), and theintelligence community. Unique crisesmay require expert representation fromother organizations such as the FederalAviation Administration, Department ofEnergy, or consequence managementresponse team (CMRT).

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• Consequence Management ResponseTeam. The DOS-led CMRT advises theCOM and provides the HN technicalassistance on mitigating effects of aserious nuclear, biological, chemical, orWMD incident on the affected populace.When requested by the COM, the CMRTdeploys on short notice to assess HNemergency needs, magnitude of thedamage, and available internationalresources. Af ter developing aconsequence management response plan,the CMRT will act as liaison between theCOM and organizations responding tothe crisis.

• United States Information Agency(USIA). Operating as the United StatesInformation Service overseas, USIA hasprimary interest in the dissemination ofinformation and related materialsabout the United States to countriesthroughout the world. The USIA tracksforeign press and media coverage and canassist in publicizing US military andcivilian achievements in a given foreigncountry. JTF and USIA informationalefforts, therefore, should be mutuallysupportive. USIA can provide importantinput to the JTF regarding theimplications of foreign opinion. As theJFC’s subordinate joint task forceresponsible for conveying selectedinformation to the people in the JTF’soperational area, the JPOTF cancoordinate with USIA and other USGinformation agencies to ensure a unified,coherent effort in communicating withthe people and governments of thecountries within the JTF’s operationalarea.

For more detail see JP 3-53, “Doctrinefor Joint Psychological Operations.”

b. National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA). NOAA conducts

research, makes predictions, and gathersdata about the environment. NOAAcapabilities include weather forecasting,collecting satellite images of global weatherpatterns, and interfacing with an internationalsearch-and-rescue satellite system that assistsin locating downed pilots and mariners indistress.

c. Federal Emergency ManagementAgency (FEMA). FEMA develops andcoordinates national policy and programs, andfacilitates effective emergency managementduring all phases of national security andcatastrophic emergencies. FEMAcoordinates Federal, state, and local resourceson issues of national security emergencypreparedness, including mobilizationpreparedness, civil defense, continuity ofgovernment, and technological disasters,within the United States and its territories andpossessions.

JP 3-07.7, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, andProcedures for Domestic SupportOperations,” provides additionalinformation on the relationship of theDepartment of Defense and FEMA in planningand executing domestic support operations.

d. United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID) and Office of ForeignDisaster Assistance (OFDA)

• USAID/OFDA administers thePresident’s authority to coordinate theprovision of assistance in response todisasters, as declared by the Ambassadorwithin a foreign country or higher DOSauthority. USAID/OFDA also has theauthority to provide assistance,notwithstanding any other provision oflaw. This authority allows USAID/OFDA to expedite assistance at theoperational and tactical levels through theuse of NGOs and PVOs and other sourcesof relief (see Figure IV-2).

IV-9


• Disaster Assistance Response Team(DART). The DART provides specialiststrained in a variety of disaster relief skillsto assist US Embassies and USAIDmissions with the management of theUSG response to disasters. DARTscoordinate their activities with the foreigncountry, PVO, NGO, internationalorganizations (IOs), UN, other assistingcountries, and US military assetsdeployed to the disaster area. Thestructure of a DART is dependent on thesize, complexity, type, and location of thedisaster, and the requirements of USAIDand/or Embassy and the host country.The DART is organized andsupervised by a DART team leaderselected by OFDA. The team leaderreceives a delegation of authority fromand works directly for the OFDAAssistant Director for Disaster Responseor higher designee.

e. Federal Bureau of Investigation. TheFBI investigates violations of certain federalstatutes, collects evidence in cases in whichthe United States is or may be an interested

party, and performs other duties imposedby law or Presidential directive. The FBI alsomaintains liaison posts abroad in a numberof foreign countries in its effort to quellorganized crime, drugs, foreign CI, whitecollar crime, terrorism, and violent crime.

f. Drug Enforcement Administration.The DEA is the primary narcotics lawenforcement agency of the USG. It has 19domestic field divisions and at least one officelocated in each state. Overseas, DEAmaintains 70 offices staffed by over 300Special Agents and 130 support personnel in50 foreign countries. DEA’s mission is toenforce the controlled substances laws andregulations of the United States and to bringto the criminal and civil justice systems thoseorganizations, and principal members oforganizations, involved in the growing,manufacturing, or distribution of controlledsubstances appearing in or destined for illicittraffic within the United States.

g. Public Health Service (PHS). Theprimary mission of the PHS is the oversightof health, biomedical research, and

Figure IV-2. USAID/OFDA Responsibilities

USAID/OFDA RESPONSIBILITIES

Organizing and coordinating the total US Governmentdisaster relief response

Responding to mission requests for disasterassistance

Initiating the necessary procurement of supplies,services, and transportation

Coordinating assistance efforts with operational-level nongovernmental and private voluntaryorganizations

Organizing and coordinating the total US Governmentdisaster relief response

Responding to mission requests for disasterassistance

Initiating the necessary procurement of supplies,services, and transportation

Coordinating assistance efforts with operational-level nongovernmental and private voluntaryorganizations

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simply groups with a common interest inFHA activities (development and relief).NGOs are predominantly national orinternational, nonprofit citizen’s voluntaryorganizations. They are involved in suchdiverse activities as education, technicalprojects, relief, and refugee developmentprograms. Examples of NGOs include, butare not limited to, religious, peace,disarmament, and human rights groups. Inthe international community, the term “NGO”often is used for both NGOs and PVOs.

c. Private Voluntary Organizations.PVOs are private, normally US-based,nonprofit organizations involved inhumanitarian efforts including, but notlimited to, relief, development, refugeeassistance, environment, public policy, orglobal education.

d. Most NGOs and PVOs are extremelydedicated and capable of providing specifichumanitarian relief tasks. They generallyprecede military forces into an operationalarea and maintain political neutrality.However, they often lack the resources toovercome terrain obstacles, or specializedequipment for complex emergencies. Theefforts of PVOs and NGOs normally arecoordinated by UN agencies, such as theDepartment of Humanitarian Affairs or HighCommissioner for Refugees. The JTF mayestablish liaison with the overall UNcoordinating agency by establishing a civil-military operations center (CMOC).

e. The purpose of the CMOC is tocoordinate and assist US and multinationalforces with IOs, NGOs, PVOs, and HNagencies and authorities. The CMOCprovides access for nonmilitary agenciesdesiring help and coordination with militaryforces. The CMOC also provides both accessand civil-military operations-relatedinformation to and from nonmilitaryorganizations operating away from the

emergency medical response for the nation.PHS has responsibility for coordination ofhealth and medical preparedness for domesticdisaster response. This role includes medicalresponse to domestic terrorism and the useof chemical or biological weapons. The PHSconsists of approximately 6,000 medical,nursing, and health care professionals underthe direction of the US Surgeon General. Intime of war or emergency involving nationaldefense, the PHS commissioned corps canbe militarized by Presidential ExecutiveOrder.

6. International, PrivateVoluntary, andNongovernmentalOrganizations

a. International Organizations. IOs aregenerally categorized as eithergovernmental or nongovernmental.International governmental organizations,such as the International TelecommunicationsUnion and the International Civil AviationOrganization, are created by internationalagreements among states. On the other hand,NGOs such as the International Committeeof the Red Cross are not created byinternational agreement, but generallycomposed of private individuals ororganizations.

“By melding the capabilities of themilitary and the NGOs and PVOs, youhave developed a force multiplier.”

Ambassador Madeleine AlbrightUS Representative to the

United Nations, 1993-1997

b. Nongovernmental Organizations.NGOs refer to transnational organizationsof private citizens or organizations thatmay maintain a consultative status with theEconomic and Social Council of the UN.NGOs may be professional associations,foundations, multinational businesses, or

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military HQ. The CMOC is mission-orientedand staffed appropriately.

“What’s the relationship between ajust-arrived military force and theNGOs and PVOs that might have beenworking in a crisis-torn area all along?What we have is a partnership. If youare successful, they are successful;and, if they are successful, you aresuccessful. We need each other.”

GEN J. M. Shalikashvili, USAChairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff, 1993-1997

f. There are literally hundreds of NGOsand PVOs operating around the world. Thenumber fluctuates as organizations areformed to meet the needs of a particular crisiswhile other organizations are dissolved forlack of interest or resources. The dynamicsare further complicated by a regional orgeographic focus of many of theorganizations as well as diversity in thepolitical and social positions they may hold.Some NGOs and PVOs may be wary ofcooperating with military authorities for fearthey will be perceived as supporting a militarysolution or as having taken sides.

g. The JFC must evaluate the situationto determine which private agencies areoperating in the area and to what degree theyare willing to cooperate, support, and besupported by the JTF. This may be moredifficult than it sounds — in Somalia alone,there were 78 private organizationscontributing relief support.

“By 1993, there were more than 100such groups (NGOs and PVOs) inCambodia. Some had been there forten years; for much of that time theyconstituted the only foreign presencein the country.”

COL K. Farris, USAUN Transitional Authority

in Cambodia

For detailed information on government,NGO, and PVO capabilities, and how theJTF can interface with and employ thecomplementary capabilities of theseorganizations, see JP 3-08, “InteragencyCoordination During Joint Operations.”

h. United Nations. The UN is avoluntary association of sovereigncountries that have committed themselvesto international peace and security. The UNis not chartered to intervene in the internalaffairs of any country. The primary purposeof the UN is to maintain peace and securitythroughout the world and to develop friendlyrelations among nations.

i. US military forces may be directlyinvolved in UN operations under twoprovisions of the UN Charter.

• Chapter VI, “Pacific Settlement ofDisputes.” This chapter gives the UNauthority to mediate internationaldisputes between states andrecommend terms of settlement. Itestablishes a series of procedures thatmay be used in seeking to secure thepeaceful settlement of disputes.

• Chapter VII, “Action With Respect toThreats to the Peace, Breaches of thePeace, and Acts of Aggression.” Thischapter gives the UN the authority to usearmed force to maintain or restoreinternational peace and security. Itestablishes procedures that may be usedwhen a situation has passed the stage ofa dispute and has become a threat topeace, a breach of the peace, or an act ofaggression.

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Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER VCD-ROM OVERVIEW

V-1

1. General

a. The CD-ROM is designed to expandand elaborate upon the spectrum of JTFcapabilities outlined in this publication. Itbridges the gap from general JTF planning toachieve assigned objectives to the specificcapabilities and options which the Services,functional combatant commands, and DODand other Federal agencies possess in orderto accomplish these mission areas.

b. Information in the CD-ROM isorganized along the task descriptionsestablished by CJCSM 3500.04A, “UniversalJoint Task List” Version 3.0, dated 13September 1996 and JP 5-0, “Doctrine forPlanning Joint Operations.” It can be accessedby either the Universal Joint Task List (UJTL)or capabilities menus, or through use of thesearch mode.

2. CD-ROM Organization

a. The menus are structured on theUniversal Joint Task List (UJTL) and thecapabilities of the Services to performactivities or processes that the JTF mustaccomplish to execute assigned missions.

b. Although the UJTL describes all threelevels of war (strategic, operational, andtactical) by task, this CD-ROM focuses onthe operational level of war, which is thefocal point for a JTF. Strategic levels areaddressed when national strategic capabilitiesor assets may be made available to a JTF.Tactical levels are addressed as a resultantfactor of operational decisions.

c. The tasks in the UJTL are foundedon joint tactics, techniques, and procedures(JTTP). This does not mean that the UJTL

is doctrine, but rather the names anddefinitions of the tasks in the UJTL weredeveloped, as much as possible, using jointdoctrine and associated JTTP as the primarysource. Thus the UJTL provides a means oflisting and describing the capabilityrequirements of combatant commanders.

3. UJTL Menu

a. The CD-ROM UJTL menu is organizedby task and related JTF desired operationalcapabilities. It includes:

• Conduct Operational Movement andManeuver;

• Develop Operational Intelligence,Surveillance, and Reconnaissance;

• Employ Operational Firepower;

• Provide Operational Support;

• Exercise Operational Command andControl; and

• Provide Operational Protection

b. Subsequent options then sub-dividethese major tasks into appropriatesupporting and enabling tasks, such as,“Conduct Operations in Depth,” “ProvideOperational Aerospace and Missile Defense,”or “Supply Operational Forces,” which mustbe accomplished by the Services, functionalcombatant commands, or Department ofDefense and other Federal agencies, tosuccessfully perform the JTF assignment.Only those supporting and enabling taskswhich a subordinate JTF component wouldbe required to perform are included. Thosefunctions that are clearly the responsibility of

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the JTF staff, such as “Formulate Requestfor Strategic Deployment,” have beenintentionally omitted.

c. The overarching operational conceptin JP 1, “Joint Warfare of the Armed Forcesof the United States,” is that JTFssynchronize the actions of air, land, sea,space, and special operations forces toachieve strategic and operational objectivesthrough integrated, joint campaigns and majoroperations. Accordingly, upon selecting aUJTL supporting or enabling task, options arefurther sub-divided into the five systematiccategories of land, sea, air, special operations,and space forces. These five categories are

divided subsequently by individual Service,functional combatant command, or DOD andother Federal agencies which possess thecapability to accomplish the task, down to thebattalion, squadron, ship level. Principle end-items of equipment and major weaponsystems also are included.

d. Figure V-1 portrays the UJTL logicsteps of a typical hierarchy of informationcontained in the JP 3-33, “Joint ForceCapabilities,” CD-ROM.

e. Using the logic steps described in FigureV-1, when exploring options for gaining andmaintaining maritime superiority, the user

Figure V-1. Logic Hierarchy

LOGIC HIERARCHY

OP 1CONDUCT OPERATIONAL MOVEMENT & MANEUVER

OP 1.5CONTROL OR DOMINATE OPERATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT AREA

OP 1.5.2GAIN & MAINTAIN MARITIME SUPERIORITY

AIR SEA SOLAND SPACE

TFBATTLE GROUP

SUBMARINE

USN

TORPEDOES TRIDENT

COUNTERMEASURES COASTALATTACK BALLISTICCARRIERS

CRUISERS

FRIGATES

DESTROYERS

WEAPONSSYSTEMS

CUTTERS

ICEBREAKERS

WEAPONSSYSTEMS

USN USCG

SURFACE MINE

USN

V-3

CD-ROM Overview

selects OP 1, “Conduct OperationalMovement and Maneuver.” This isaccomplished by moving the cursor to the OP1 button and clicking the left mouse buttononce. The sequence of screens is shown inFigures V-2 through V-19.

f. After reviewing the contents of both OP 1screens by clicking on the NEXT and BACK

buttons, the user selects OP 1.5, “Control orDominate Operationally Significant Area.” Itis not required to view the second OP 1 screen ifthe user is already familiar with the subject; OP1.5 may be selected immediately, if desired. (TheNEXT and BACK buttons work only within aset of screens from the same file. To move backto a previous file, close the current file by clickingthe CLOSE button at the bottom of the screen.)

Figure V-2. Operational Level Tasks

OPERATIONAL LEVEL TASKS

OP 1 Conduct Operational Movement and Maneuver

OP 2 Develop Operational Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

OP 3 Employ Operational Firepower

OP 4 Provide Operational Support

OP 5 Exercise Operational Command and Control

OP 6 Provide Operational Protection

Main Menu

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OP1 CONDUCT OPERATIONALMOVEMENT AND MANEUVER

OP 1.1 Conduct Operational Movement

OP 1.2 Conduct Operational Maneuver

OP 1.3 Provide Operational Mobility

OP 1.4 Provide Operational Countermobility

OP 1.5 Control or Dominate Operationally Significant Area

To dispose joint and/or multinational forces, conventional forces, and special operationsforces (SOF), to impact the conduct of a campaign or major operation by either securingpositional advantages before battle is joined or exploiting tactical success to achieveoperational or strategic results. This activity includes moving or deploying forces foroperational advantage within a theater of operations or a joint operations area andconducting maneuver to operational depths (for offensive or defensive purposes).

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It also includes enhancing the mobility of friendly forces;degrading the mobility of enemyforces; and controlling battlespace on land, on and under sea, in air, or in space.Operational formations are actually composed of tactical forces moving to achieveoperational or strategic objectives. As a shorthand, they are referred to as operationalformations or operational forces. ( [JPs 1, 3-05, 3-05.3, 3-15])JPs 3-0,3-02,4-0,4-01.6

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Figure V-3. OP 1, “Conduct Operational Movement and Maneuver,” First Screen

Figure V-4. OP 1, “Conduct Operational Movement and Maneuver,” Second Screen

V-5

CD-ROM Overview

g. The search is further refined byselecting one of the five subsequent optionsof OP 1.5 such as OP 1.5.2, “Gain andMaintain Maritime Superiority in Theater ofOperations/JOA.”

h. At this point, an option is presented toexamine the contributions of air, land, sea,space, or special operations assets in the

OP 1.5 CONTROL OR DOMINATEOPERATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT AREA

OP 1.5.1 Control Operationally Significant Land Area

OP 1.5.2 Gain and Maintain Maritime Superiority in Theater of Operations/JOA

OP 1.5.3 Gain and Maintain Air Superiority in Theater of Operations/JOA

OP 1.5.4 Isolate Theater of Operations/JOA

OP 1.5.5 Assist Host-Nation in Populace and Resource Control

To dominate or control the physical environment (land, sea, air, and space) whosepossession or command provides either side an operational advantage, or denying itto the enemy. Denial of an operational area can be accomplished either by occupyingthe operationally key area itself or by limiting use or access to the area. For an area orenvironment to be operationally key, its dominance or control must achieve operationalor strategic results or deny same to the enemy. In military operations other than war,control of an operationally significant area also pertains to assisting a friendly countryin populace and resource control. (JPs 1,3-0 )[JP 2-0]

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accomplishment of OP 1.5.2. If sea isselected, the user will be presented a screenthat displays naval tactical organization.Note that on this screen (Figure V-6) the AIRand SEA contain files on gaining andmaintaining maritime superiority. Whileland, space, and special operations cancontribute supporting capabilities in thisarena, those capabilities fall under a different

Figure V-5. OP 1.5, “Control or Dominate Operationally Significant Area”

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UJTL category such as OP 2.2.3, “ProvideOperational Reconnaissance andSurveillance.”

Figure V-6. OP 1.5.2, “Gain and Maintain Maritime Superiority inTheater of Operations/JOA”

OP 1.5.2 GAIN AND MAINTAIN MARITIMESUPERIORITY IN THEATER OF OPERATIONS/JOA

To achieve that degree of dominance in the sea campaign and major battles overopposing forces which permits the conduct of operations by friendly maritime forcesand their related land, sea, air, and special operations forces at a given time and placewithout prohibitive interference by the opposing force in the theater of operations/JOA.(JPs 1,3-0)

AIR LAND SOSEA SPACECLOSE

i. After reviewing the three screens onnaval tactical force organization, theSURFACE option is selected.

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CD-ROM Overview

Figure V-7. Naval Tactical Force Organization, First Screen

Figure V-8. Naval Tactical Force Organization, Second Screen

Naval force structure is concerned with both the proper balance of the total Navy and theproper balance of individual forces assigned to specific roles and tasks in specificgeographic areas. The total fleet inventory is made up of the various categories, classes,and types of ships and craft, and units are aggregated by type in the administrativeorganization of the Navy to facilitate material management. However, the grouping of unitsto achieve the proper balance for specific tactical employment is the purpose of thatelement of the naval force structure called tactical force organization. In the operationalsense, units are tactically deployed in task organizations tailored to the intendedemployment of the force. Because the sine qua non of all Navy missions is sea control, theprincipal task organization must be those established to meet hostile forces in battle at sea.

NAVAL TACTICAL FORCE ORGANIZATION

SURFACE

SUBMARINE

MINE

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BATTLE FORCES

Battle forces are made up of those units designed for combat at sea; that is, the warships:carriers, surface combatants, and submarines. Further, each included battle group mustbe able to perform effectively the full spectrum of at-sea offensive warfare tasks. Thus,as aminimum the battle group would include within its task organization a carrier, surfacewarships,and submarines in direct support.

OTHERTASK FORCES

Although the battle forces are formed for the specific purpose of challenging the enemy'smain combatant force at sea, other (and particularly subsequent) naval tasks may requireother types of ships with other capabilities. Therefore, the underlying concept of navaltactical force organization is to aggregate units of specific warfare capabilities so as toform a structure whose total capability most effectively meets the requirements of theassigned tasks. In naval warfare, as in all combat, economy of force can be as important assufficiency of capability.

BATTLE GROUP

A standing naval task group consisting of a carrier, surface combatants, and submarinesas assigned in direct support, operating in mutual support with the task of destroyinghostile submarine, surface, and air forces within the group's assigned area ofresponsibility and striking at targets along hostile shore lines or projecting fire powerinland.

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Figure V-9. Naval Tactical Force Organization, Third Screen

TASKFORCE

A component of a fleet organized by the commander of a task fleet or higher authorityfor the accomplishment of a specific task or tasks.

TASKGROUP

A component of a naval task force organized by the commander of a task force orhigher authority.

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j. There is a two-screen overview of surfacewarfare forces. US NAVY is selected.

k. At this point, the option to examine thetypes of surface combatants is offered.“CARRIERS” is selected.

V-9

CD-ROM Overview

Figure V-10. Surface Warfare Forces, First Screen

Figure V-11. Surface Warfare Forces, Second Screen

SURFACE WARFARE FORCES

US NAVY

US COAST GUARD

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Some naval platform, such as aircraft and submarines, are designed to accomplish a specificor limited number of naval warfare tasks. Other platforms, such as ships, are generallydesigned to be capable of conducting multiple warfare tasks simultaneously. These tasksinclude undersea warfare, surface warfare, air warfare, strike warfare, amphibious warfare,mine warfare, and supporting warfare tasks such as electronic warfare, command, control,communication and intelligence, special operations, logistics or ocean surveillance.

Surface warfare is directed against enemy warships or merchant ships.

Surface combatants are large, heavily armed surface ships which are designedprimarily to engage enemy forces on the high seas. Surface combatants includecruisers, destroyers, and frigates. Equipped with guns, missiles, torpedoes, andadvanced complex weapon systems such as light airborne multipurpose system(LAMPS) helicopters, they conduct combat operations against submarines, aircraft, andsurface ships at sea and against targets ashore.

Carrier based aircraft can attack enemy surface ships hundreds of miles from the mainforce, well before the enemy ships are within missile firing range.

Aircraft Carriers are ships designed primarily for the purpose of conducting combatoperations by aircraft which engage in attacks against airborne, surface, subsurface andshore targets. Aircraft carriers are able to accommodate a broad range of tasksencompassing anti-air warfare, strike, reconnaissance, air, surface and subsurfacesurveillance, undersea warfare, electronic warfare and logistics. Aircraft carriers canalso accommodate helicopters and vertical/short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft.The carrier's complement of aircraft can be adapted on short notice or on a long term.

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Figure V-12. Surface Warfare

Figure V-13. Aircraft Carriers - CV, CVN

Navy surface warfare operations are conducted and coordinated by the CompositeWarfareCommander for SurfaceWarfare (SUWC).

Surface Warfare operations are conducted to destroy or neutralize enemy naval surfaceforces and merchant vessels. The SUWC, usually located on the aircraft carrier, controlsaircraft and antiship missiles and occasionally ships engaged in antisurface warfare. TheSUWC uses air, surface, and subsurface resources that are under his direct control.Carrier based tactical aircraft, is the primary weapon system for engaging enemy shipping.Aircraft operations include, but are not limited to, antisurface action and anticarrier battlegroup operations, anti-invasion operations, and antishipping operations. He also usesresources from other surface ships and submarines that may be under the primary controlof other missions, unless specific actions and operations are overridden.

SURFACE WARFARE

CRUISERS

FRIGATES

DESTROYERS

CARRIERS

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AIRCRAFT CARRIERS - CV, CVN

Aircraft carriers are the Navy's airports at sea. The aircraft carrier continues to be thecenterpiece of the forces necessary for forward presence. Carriers support andoperate aircraft that engage in attacks on airborne, afloat, and ashore targets thatthreaten our use of the sea; and engage in sustained operations in support of otherforces. Aircraft carriers are deployed worldwide in support of US interests andcommitments. They can respond to global crises in ways ranging from peacetimepresence to full-scale war. Together with their on-board air wings, the carriers havevital roles across the full spectrumof conflict.

General Characteristics

Nimitz Class

Enterprise Class

John F.Kennedy Class

Kitty Hawk Class

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V-11

CD-ROM Overview

l. To find specific carrier capabilities, aclass is selected — “Nimitz Class.” (Anyhighlighted word in the CD-ROM has an

associated file that can be viewed by placingthe cursor on the word and clicking the leftmouse button.)

Figure V-14. Nimitz Class, First Screen

NIMITZ CLASS

Builder:Newport News Shipbuilding Co., Newport News,VA

Power Plant:Two nuclear reactors, four geared steamturbines, four shafts

Length:1040 feet (317 meters)

Flight DeckWidth:252 feet (76.8 meters)

Beam:252 feet (76.8 meters)

Displacement:Approx.97,000 tons(87,300 metric tons) full load

Speed:30+ knots (34.5+ miles per hour)

Aircraft:85F/A-18F-14EA-6BS-3E-2

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Figure V-15. Nimitz Class, Second Screen

Crew:Ship's Company:3,200 - AirWing:2,480

Armament:Four NATO launchers, 20mm CIWS mounts: (3 on Eisenhowerand Nimitz, 4 onVinson and later ships of the class.)

Ships:

USS NIMITZ (CVN-68);Bremerton,WAUSS DWIGHT D.EISENHOWER (CVN-69);Norfolk,VAUSS CARLVINSON (CVN-70);Alameda, CAUSSTHEODORE ROOSEVELT (CVN-71);Norfolk,VAUSS ABRAHAMLINCOLN (CVN-72);Alameda, CAUSS GEORGEWASHINGTON(CVN-73);Norfolk,VAUSS JOHN C.STENNIS (CVN-74);Norfolk,VAUSS HARRY STRUMAN (CVN-75);Norfolk,VA

Sea Sparrow Phalanx

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m. Within this two-screen file, there areadditional highlighted words that allowexamination of the carrier’s specific systems.“F-14” is selected.

n. Specific weapons carried by the F-14 canbe examined by clicking on those highlightedin blue. “Sparrow missile” is selected.

V-13

CD-ROM Overview

Figure V-16. F-14 Tomcat, First Screen

F-14 TOMCATThe F-14 Tomcat is a supersonic, twin-engine, variable sweep wing, two-place fighterdesigned to attack and destroy enemy aircraft at night and in all weather conditions. The F-14 can track up to 24 targets simultaneously with its advanced weapons control system andattack six with Phoenix AIM-54A missiles while continuing to scan the airspace. Armamentalso includes a mix of other air intercept missiles, rockets and bombs. It can also beequipped with the reconnaissance pod.

The Grumman F-14, the world's premier air defense fighter, was designed to replace the F-4 Phantom II fighter (phased out in 1986). F-14s provided air cover for the joint strike onLibyan terrorist targets in 1986. The F-14A was introduced in the mid-1970s.


Function:Carrier-based multi-role strike fighter

Contractor:Grumman Aerospace Corporation

Propulsion:F-14: two Pratt &WhitneyTF-30P-414A turbofan engines with afterburners;F-14B and F-14D: two General Electric F-110-GE-400 augmented turbofan engines withafterburners

TARPS

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Figure V-17. F-14 Tomcat, Second Screen

Thrust:F-14A:20,900 pounds (9,405 kg) static thrust per engine;F-14B and F-14D:27,000 pounds (12,150 kg) per engine

Length:61 feet 9 inches (18.6 meters)

Height:16 feet (4.8 meters)

MaximumTakeoffWeight:72,900 pounds (32,805 kg)

Wingspan:64 feet (19 meters) unswept, 38 feet (11.4 meters) swept

Ceiling:Above 50,000 feet

Speed:Mach 2+

Crew:Two:pilot and radar intercept officer

Armament:Up to 13,000 pounds of AIM-54missile, AIM-7 missile,

AIM-9 missile, air-to-groundordnance ( , , ,

), and one MK-61A1 20mmcannon

Phoenix SparrowSidewinder

MK-82 MK-84 GBU-12GBU-10 Vulcan

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Figure V-19. Sparrow Missile, Second Screen

Figure V-18. Sparrow Missile, First Screen

Services:Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force

A highly maneuverable air-to-air missile with surface-to-air capability. The Navy's AIM-7M SeaSparrow and the Air Force's AIM-7 Sparrow are radar-guided, air-to-air missiles with high explosivewarheads. They have a cylindrical body with four wings at mid-body and four tail fins. The Navyuses the Sea Sparrow version aboard ships as a surface-to-air anti-missile defense. The versatileSparrow has all-weather, all-altitude operational capability and can attack high-performanceaircraft and missiles from any direction. It is widely deployed by US and NATO forces. The SeaSparrow is found aboard many US and NATOsurface warships.

Primary Function:Air-to-air and surface-to-air radar-guided missile

Power Plant:Hercules MK-58 solid-propellant rocket motor

Speed:More than 2,660 mph (4,256 kph)

Range:More than 30 nautical miles (approximately 55 km)

Length:12 feet (3.64 meters)


SPARROW MISSILE

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Diameter:8 inches (20.3 cm)

Wingspan:3 feet 4 inches (one meter)

Warhead:Annular blast fragmentation warhead, 90 pounds (40.5 kg)

LaunchWeight:Approximately 500 pounds (225 kg)

Guidance System: Semi-active on continuous wave or pulsed Doppler radar energy

Aircraft Platforms:Navy: and ;Air Force: and ;Marine Corps:

F-14 F/A-18F-15 F-16

F/A-18

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CD-ROM Overview

o. Having taken the search to this point,the file can be closed using the Windows ToolBar. Each subsequent closing will move backone file along the search path. This procedurewill lead to the original Main Menu.However, at any point in the process, adifferent search path option can be selectedand followed.

4. Capability Menu

A second menu feature allows a search bycapability , such as domestic supportoperations or undersea warfare. With thisoption, the user may bypass the UJTL menupreviously described and search directly fordesired information.

5. Operator’s Instructions

The CD-ROM and loading instructionsare located in a poly sleeve in the back cover

of this publication. The user instructionbooklet is on the CD-ROM. The contents ofthe user instruction booklet include:

a. General information;

b. CD-ROM software;

c. Use of menus; and

d. Advanced search procedures

6. Additional Instructions andHelp

The CD-ROM contains additionalinstruction and software on-line help.Once the software is installed usingprocedures i n the User InstructionBooklet, it is recommended that the useropen the README.PDF file and reviewthe contents.

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APPENDIX AREFERENCES

A-1

The development of JP 3-33 is based upon the following primary references.

1. “National Security Strategy for a New Century,” The White House, 1997.

2. “National Military Strategy of the United States of America,” Joint Chiefs of Staff,1997.

3. CJCSI 3110.01B, “Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan.”

4. CJCSM 3500.04A, “Universal Joint Task List,” 13 September 1996.

5. DOD Regulation 4500.9-R, “Defense Transportation Regulation.”

6. JP 1, “Joint Warfare of the Armed Forces of the United States.”

7. JP 0-2, “Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF).”

8. JP 1-01, “Joint Doctrine Development System.”

9. JP 1-02, “DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.”

10. JP 1-05, “Religious Ministry Support for Joint Operations.”

11. JP 2-0, “Doctrine for Intelligence Support to Joint Operations.”

12. JP 2-01, “Joint Intelligence Support to Military Operations.”

13. JP 2-01.1, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Intelligence Support to Targeting.”

14. JP 2-01.2, “Joint Doctrine and Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures forCounterintelligence Support to Operations.”

15. JP 2-02, “National Intelligence Support to Joint Operations.”

16. JP 3-0, “Doctrine for Joint Operations.”

17. JP 3-01.2, “Joint Doctrine for Theater Counterair Operations.”

18. JP 3-01.4, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Suppression of EnemyAir Defenses (J-SEAD).”

19. JP 3-01.5, “Doctrine for Joint Theater Missile Defense.”

20. JP 3-02, “Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations.”

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JP 3-33

21. JP 3-03, “Doctrine for Joint Interdiction Operations.”

22. JP 3-05, “Doctrine for Joint Special Operations.”

23. JP 3-05.3, “Joint Special Operations Operational Procedures.”

24. JP 3-05.5, “Joint Special Operations Targeting and Mission Planning Procedures.”

25. JP 3-07, “Joint Doctrine for Military Operations Other Than War.”

26. JP 3-07.1, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Foreign Internal Defense(FID).”

27. JP 3-07.2, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Antiterrorism.”

28. JP 3-07.3, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Peace Operations.”

29. JP 3-07.4, “Joint Counterdrug Operations.”

30. JP 3-07.5, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Noncombatant EvacuationOperations.”

31. JP 3-07.6, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Foreign HumanitarianAssistance” (In Development).

32. JP 3-07.7, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Domestic Support Operations.”

33. JP 3-08, “Interagency Coordination During Joint Operations.”

34. JP 3-10, “Doctrine for Joint Rear Area Operations.”

35. JP 3-10.1, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Base Defense.”

36. JP 3-11, “Joint Doctrine for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) Defense.”

37. JP 3-13.1, “Joint Doctrine for Command and Control Warfare (C2W).”

38. JP 3-14, “Joint Doctrine; Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Space Operations.”

39. JP 3-15, “Joint Doctrine for Barriers, Obstacles, and Mine Warfare.”

40. JP 3-17, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Theater Airlift Operations.”

41. JP 3-50.2, “Doctrine for Joint Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR).”

42. JP 3-51, “Electronic Warfare in Joint Military Operations.”

A-3

References

43. JP 3-52, “Doctrine for Joint Airspace Control in the Combat Zone.”

44. JP 3-53, “Doctrine for Joint Psychological Operations.”

45. JP 3-55, “Doctrine for Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition (RSTA)Support for Joint Operations.”

46. JP 3-56.1 “Command and Control for Joint Air Operations.”

47. JP 3-57, “Doctrine for Joint Civil Military Operations.”

48. JP 3-58, “Joint Doctrine for Military Deception.”

49. JP 3-59, “Joint Doctrine for Meteorological and Oceanographic Support.”

50. JP 4-0, “Doctrine for Logistic Support of Joint Operations.”

51. JP 4-01.1, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Airlift Support to JointOperations.”

52. JP 4-01.2, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Sealift Support to JointOperations.”

53. JP 4-01.3, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Movement Control.”

54. JP 4-01.5, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Water Terminal Operations.”

55. JP 4-01.6, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Logistics Over-the-Shore (JLOTS).”

56. JP 4-02, “Doctrine for Health Service Support in Joint Operations.”

57. JP 4-02.2, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Patient Movement in JointOperations.”

58. JP 4-03, “Joint Bulk Petroleum Doctrine.”

59. JP 4-04, “Joint Doctrine for Civil Engineering Support.”

60. JP 4-06, “Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Mortuary Affairs in JointOperations.”

61. JP 5-0, “Doctrine for Planning Joint Operations.”

62. JP 5-00.2, “Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures.”

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JP 3-33

63. JP 6-0, “Doctrine for Command, Control, Communications, and Computer (C4)Systems Support to Joint Operations.”

64. JP 6-02, “Joint Doctrine for Employment of Operational/Tactical Command, Control,Communications, and Computer Systems.”

65. FM 100-1, “The Army.”

66. FM 100-5, “Operations.”

67. FM 100-7, “Decisive Force: The Army in Theater Operations.”

68. FM 100-10, “Combat Service Support.”

69. FM 100-13, “Battlefield Coordination Detachment (BCD).”

70. FM 100-15, “Corps Operations.”

71. FM 100-16, “Army Operational Support.”

72. FM 100-17, “Mobilization, Deployment, Redeployment, Demobilization.”

73. FM 100-17-3, “Reception, Staging, Onward Movement, & Integration” (InDevelopment).

74. FM 100-34, “Command and Control” (In Development).

75. FM 100-40, “Tactics” (In Development).

76. FM 100-103-2, TACNOTE 3-56.2, FMFRP 5-62, CAF Pam 50-54, “TAGS:Multiservice Procedures for the Theater Air-Ground System.”

77. MCDP 1, “Warfighting.”

78. MCDP 1-1, “Strategy”

79. MCDP 1-2, “Campaigning.”

80. MCDP 1-3, “Tactics.”

81. MCDP 2, “Intelligence.”

82. MCDP 3, “Expeditionary Operations.”

83. MCDP 4, “Logistics.”

84. MCDP 5, “Planning.”

A-5

References

85. MCDP 6, “Command and Control.”

86. MCRP 5-12D, “Organization of Marine Corps Forces.”

87. MCWP 0-1, “Marine Corps Operations.”

88. MCWP 3-1, “Ground Combat Operations.”

89. MCWP 3-2, “Aviation Operations.”

90. “...From the Sea: Preparing the Naval Service for the 21st Century,” Department of theNavy White Paper, 1992.

91. “Forward...from the Sea,” Department of the Navy White Paper, 1994.

92. NDP 1, “Naval Warfare.”

93. NDP 2, “Naval Intelligence.”

94. NDP 3, “Naval Operations” (In Development).

95. NDP 4, “Naval Logistics.”

96. NDP 5, “Naval Planning.”

97. NDP 6, “Naval Command and Control.”

98. AFDD 1, “Air Force Basic Doctrine.”

99. AFDD 2, “Organization and Employment of Aerospace Power.”

100. AFDD 2-1, “Air Warfare” (In Development).

101. AFDD 2-1.1, “Counterair.”

102. AFDD 2-1.2, “Strategic Attack.”

103. AFDD 2-1.3, “Counterland” (In Development).

104. AFDD 2-1.4, “Countersea” (In Development).

105. AFDD 2-3, “Military Operations Other Than War.”

106. AFDD 2-4, “Combat Support” (In Development).

107. AFDD 2-6.1, “Airlift Operations” (In Development).

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JP 3-33

108. AFDD 2-7, “Special Operations” (In Development).

109. AFDD 2-8, “Command and Control” (In Development).

110. COMDTINST M3000.3A, “Coast Guard Capabilities Manual (CAPMAN).”

111. USSOCOM Pub 1, “Special Operations in Peace and War.”

APPENDIX BADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

B-1

1. User Comments

Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication tothe United States Joint Forces Command Joint Warfighting Center, Attn: DoctrineDivision, Fenwick Road, Bldg 96, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-5000. These commentsshould address content (accuracy, usefulness, consistency, and organization), writing,and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent and the Joint Staff doctrine sponsor for this publication is the Director forOperational Plans and Interoperability (J-7).

3. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:

TO: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J7-JDD//

Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans andInteroperability (J-7), JDD, 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon, Washington, DC 20318-7000.

b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff that would change source document information reflected in thispublication, that directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as anenclosure to its proposal. The Military Services and other organizations are requestedto notify the Director, J-7, Joint Staff, when changes to source documents reflected inthis publication are initiated.

c. Record of Changes:

CHANGE COPY DATE OF DATE POSTEDNUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B-2

Appendix B

JP 3-33

4. Distribution

a. Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publicationcenters.

b. Only approved pubs and test pubs are releasable outside the combatant commands,Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any classified joint publication to foreigngovernments or foreign nationals must be requested through the local embassy (DefenseAttaché Office) to DIA Foreign Liaison Office, PSS, Room 1A674, Pentagon,Washington, DC 20301-7400.

c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assignedadministrative support responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 1 November 1988,“Support of the Headquarters of Unified, Specified, and Subordinate Joint Commands.”

By Military Services:

Army: US Army AG Publication Center SL1655 Woodson RoadAttn: Joint PublicationsSt. Louis, MO 63114-6181

Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center2800 Eastern BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21220-2896

Navy: CO, Naval Inventory Control Point700 Robbins AvenueBldg 1, Customer ServicePhiladelphia, PA 19111-5099

Marine Corps: Marine Corps Logistics BaseAlbany, GA 31704-5000

Coast Guard: Coast Guard Headquarters, COMDT (G-OPD)2100 2nd Street, SWWashington, DC 20593-0001

d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications isunrestricted. However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified jointpublications must be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200.1-R.

GLOSSARYPART I — ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

GL-1

ACF air contingency forceAEF air expeditionary forceAEG air expeditionary groupAEW air expeditionary wingAFSOF Air Force special operations forcesAMC Air Mobility CommandASCC Army service component commandASETF air and space expeditionary task force

C2 command and controlC4I command, control, communications, computers, and

intelligenceCA civil affairsCD-ROM compact disk - read only memoryCE command element (MAGTF)CI counterintelligenceCIA Central Intelligence AgencyCMOC civil-military operations centerCMRT consequence management response teamCOM Chief of MissionCOMAFFOR Commander, Air Force ForcesCONUS continental United StatesCOTP captain of the portCS combat supportCSS combat service supportCSSE combat service support element (MAGTF)CVBG carrier battle group

DART disaster assistance response teamDCI Director of Central IntelligenceDEA Drug Enforcement AdministrationDIA Defense Intelligence AgencyDII defense information infrastructureDISA Defense Information Systems AgencyDLA Defense Logistics AgencyDNAT defense nuclear advisory teamDOD Department of DefenseDOS Department of StateDTRA Defense Threat Reduction Agency

EW electronic warfare

FBI Federal Bureau of InvestigationFEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency

GL-2

Glossary

JP 3-33

FEST foreign emergency support teamFHA foreign humanitarian assistanceFID foreign internal defense

GI&S geospatial information and services

HDCU harbor defense command unitHN host nationHQ headquartersHUMINT human intelligence

ICBM intercontinental ballistic missileIMINT imagery intelligenceIO international organization

J-2 Intelligence Directorate of a joint staffJCSE Joint Communications Support ElementJFACC joint force air component commanderJFC joint force commanderJOA joint operations areaJPOTF joint psychological operations task forceJSC Joint Spectrum CenterJSOTF joint special operations task forceJTF joint task forceJTTP joint tactics, techniques, and procedures

MAGTF Marine air-ground task forceMEF Marine expeditionary forceMEU(SOC) Marine expeditionary unit (special operations capable)MPF maritime pre-positioning forceMSC Military Sealift CommandMTMC Military Traffic Management Command

NAF numbered air forceNCA National Command AuthoritiesNGO nongovernmental organizationNIMA National Imagery and Mapping AgencyNIST national intelligence support teamNOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNSA/CSS National Security Agency/Central Security ServiceNSW naval special warfare

OFDA Office of Foreign Disaster AssistanceOPCON operational controlOPLAN operation plan

PDD Presidential Decision DirectivePHS Public Health Service

GL-3

Glossary

PSU port security unitPSYOP psychological operationsPVO private voluntary organization

RC Reserve Component

SAG surface action groupSAO security assistance organizationSEAL sea-air-land teamSIGINT signals intelligenceSO special operationsSOC special operations commandSOF special operations forcesSPOC Space Operations CenterSSBN fleet ballistic missile submarineSST space support team

UJTL Universal Joint Task ListUN United NationsUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentUSC United States CodeUSCINCSPACE Commander in Chief, United States Space CommandUSCINCTRANS Commander in Chief, United States Transportation CommandUSDAO United States Defense Attaché OfficeUSG United States GovernmentUSIA United States Information AgencyUSSOCOM United States Special Operations CommandUSSPACECOM United States Space CommandUSSTRATCOM United States Strategic CommandUSTRANSCOM United States Transportation Command

WMD weapons of mass destruction

aerial port. An airfield that has beendesignated for the sustained air movementof personnel and materiel, and to serve asan authorized port for entrance into ordeparture from the country in whichlocated. (JP 1-02)

air and space expeditionary task force. Adeployed numbered air force (NAF) orcommand echelon immediately subordinateto a NAF provided as the US Air Forcecomponent command committed to a jointoperation. Also called ASETF. (Approvedfor inclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

air expeditionary force. Deployed US AirForce wings, groups, and squadronscommitted to a joint operation. Also calledAEF. (Approved for inclusion in the nextedition of JP 1-02.)

air expeditionary wing. A wing or a wingslice placed under the administrative controlof an air and space expeditionary task forceor air and space task force by Departmentof the Air Force orders for a joint operation.Also called AEW. (Approved for inclusionin the next edition of JP 1-02.)

air interdiction. Air operations conductedto destroy, neutralize, or delay the enemy’smilitary potential before it can be broughtto bear effectively against friendly forcesat such distance from friendly forces thatdetailed integration of each air mission withthe fire and movement of friendly forces isnot required. (JP 1-02)

airspace control. See airspace control in thecombat zone. (JP 1-02)

airspace control in the combat zone. Aprocess used to increase combateffectiveness by promoting the safe,efficient, and flexible use of airspace.Airspace control is provided in order to

prevent fratricide, enhance air defenseoperations, and permit greater flexibility ofoperations. Airspace control does notinfringe on the authority vested incommanders to approve, disapprove, ordeny combat operations. Also calledcombat airspace control; airspace control.(JP 1-02)

air superiority. That degree of dominancein the air battle of one force over anotherwhich permits the conduct of operations bythe former and its related land, sea and airforces at a given time and place withoutprohibitive interference by the opposingforce. (JP 1-02)

air supremacy. That degree of air superioritywherein the opposing air force is incapableof effective interference. (JP 1-02)

amphibious operation. An attack launchedfrom the sea by naval and landing forces,embarked in ships or craft involving alanding on a hostile or potentially hostileshore. As an entity, the amphibiousoperation includes the following phases: a.planning—The period extending fromissuance of the initiating directive toembarkation. b. embarkation—The periodduring which the forces, with theirequipment and supplies, are embarked inthe assigned shipping. c. rehearsal—Theperiod during which the prospectiveoperation is rehearsed for the purpose of:(1) testing adequacy of plans, the timing ofdetailed operations, and the combatreadiness of participating forces; (2)ensuring that all echelons are familiar withplans; and (3) testing communications. d.movement—The period during whichvarious components of the amphibious taskforce move from points of embarkation tothe objective area. e. assault—The periodbetween the arrival of the major assaultforces of the amphibious task force in the

PART II — TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

GL-4 JP 3-33

objective area and the accomplishment ofthe amphibious task force mission. (JP1-02)

area of operations. An operational areadefined by the joint force commander forland and naval forces. Areas of operationdo not typically encompass the entireoperational area of the joint forcecommander, but should be large enough forcomponent commanders to accomplishtheir missions and protect their forces. Alsocalled AO. See also area of responsibility;joint operations area. (JP 1-02.)

area of responsibility. 1. The geographicalarea associated with a combatant commandwithin which a combatant commander hasauthority to plan and conduct operations.2. In naval usage, a predefined area ofenemy terrain for which supporting shipsare responsible for covering by fire onknown targets or targets of opportunity andby observation. Also called AOR. (JP1-02)

battle group. A standing naval task groupconsisting of a carrier or battleship, surfacecombatants, and submarines as assigned indirect support, operating in mutual supportwith the task of destroying hostilesubmarine, surface, and air forces withinthe group’s assigned operational area andstriking at targets along hostile shore linesor projecting fire power inland. (This termand its definition modify the existing termand its definition and are approved forinclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02.)

campaign. A series of related militaryoperations aimed at accomplishing astrategic or operational objective within agiven time and space. (JP 1-02)

campaign plan. A plan for a series of relatedmilitary operations aimed at accomplishinga strategic or operational objective withina given time and space. (JP 1-02)

carrier battle group. A standing naval taskgroup consisting of a carrier, surfacecombatants, and submarines as assigned indirect support, operating in mutual supportwith the task of destroying hostilesubmarine, surface, and air forces withinthe group’s assigned operational area andstriking at targets along hostile shore linesor projecting fire power inland. Also calledCVBG. (Approved for inclusion in the nextedition of JP 1-02.)

civil affairs. The activities of a commanderthat establish, maintain, influence, or exploitrelations between military forces and civilauthorities, both governmental andnongovernmental, and the civilian populacein a friendly, neutral, or hostile area ofoperations in order to facilitate militaryoperations and consolidate operationalobjectives. Civil affairs may includeperformance by military forces of activitiesand functions normally the responsibilityof local government. These activities mayoccur prior to, during, or subsequent to othermilitary actions. They may also occur, ifdirected, in the absence of other militaryoperations. Also called CA. (JP 1-02)

combatant command. A unified or specifiedcommand with a broad continuing missionunder a single commander established andso designated by the President, through theSecretary of Defense and with the adviceand assistance of the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff. Combatant commandstypically have geographic or functionalresponsibilities. (JP 1-02)

combatant commander. A commander inchief of one of the unified or specifiedcombatant commands established by thePresident. See also combatant command.(JP 1-02)

command and control warfare. Theintegrated use of operations security,military deception, psychological

GL-5

Glossary

GL-6

Glossary

JP 3-33

operations, electronic warfare, and physicaldestruction, mutually supported byintelligence, to deny information to,influence, degrade, or destroy adversarycommand and control capabilities, whileprotecting friendly command and controlcapabilities against such actions. Commandand control warfare is an application ofinformation operations in militaryoperations. Also called C2W. C2W is bothoffensive and defensive: a. C2-attack.Prevent effective C2 of adversary forces bydenying information to, influencing,degrading, or destroying the adversary C2system. b. C2-protect. Maintain effectivecommand and control of own forces byturning to friendly advantage or negatingadversary efforts to deny information to,influence, degrade, or destroy the friendlyC2 system. (JP 1-02)

communications intelligence. Technical andintelligence information derived fromforeign communications by other than theintended recipients. Also called COMINT.(JP 1-02)

contingency. An emergency involvingmilitary forces caused by natural disasters,terrorists, subversives, or by requiredmilitary operations. Due to the uncertaintyof the situation, contingencies require plans,rapid response, and special procedures toensure the safety and readiness of personnel,installations, and equipment. (JP 1-02)

counterdrug. Those active measures takento detect, monitor, and counter theproduction, trafficking, and use of illegaldrugs. Also called CD. (JP 1-02)

counterintelligence. Information gatheredand activities conducted to protect againstespionage, other intelligence activities,sabotage, or assassinations conducted by oron behalf of foreign governments orelements thereof, foreign organizations, or

foreign persons, or international terroristactivities. Also called CI. (JP 1-02)

Country Team. The senior, in-country,United States coordinating and supervisingbody, headed by the Chief of the UnitedStates diplomatic mission, and composedof the senior member of each representedUnited States department or agency, asdesired by the Chief of the US diplomaticmission. (JP 1-02)

crisis. An incident or situation involving athreat to the United States, its territories,citizens, military forces, possessions, orvital interests that develops rapidly andcreates a condition of such diplomatic,economic, political, or military importancethat commitment of US military forces andresources is contemplated to achievenational objectives. (JP 1-02)

cutter. 1. In naval mine warfare, a devicefitted to a sweep wire to cut or part themoorings of mines or obstructors; it mayalso be fitted in the mooring of a mineor obstructor to part a sweep. 2. CoastGuard watercraft 65 feet long or larger.(This term and its definition modify theexisting term and its definition and areapproved for inclusion in the next editionof JP 1-02.)

electronic intelligence. Technical andgeolocation intelligence derived fromf o r e i g n n o n - c o m m u n i c a t i o n selectromagnetic radiations emanating fromother than nuclear detonations orradioactive sources. Also called ELINT.See also electronic warfare; intelligence;signals intelligence. (JP 1-02)

electronic warfare. Any military actioninvolving the use of electromagnetic anddirected energy to control theelectromagnetic spectrum or to attack theenemy. Also called EW. The three major

GL-7

Glossary

subdivisions within electronic warfare are:electronic attack, electronic protection, andelectronic warfare support. a. electronicattack. That division of electronic warfareinvolving the use of electromagnetic,directed energy, or antiradiation weaponsto attack personnel, facilities, or equipmentwith the intent of degrading, neutralizing,or destroying enemy combat capability.Also called EA. EA includes: 1) actionstaken to prevent or reduce an enemy’seffective use of the electromagneticspectrum, such as jamming andelectromagnetic deception, and 2)employment of weapons that use eitherelectromagnetic or directed energy as theirprimary destructive mechanism (lasers,radio frequency weapons, particle beams).b. electronic protection. That division ofelectronic warfare involving actions takento protect personnel, facilities, andequipment from any effects of friendly orenemy employment of electronic warfarethat degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendlycombat capability. Also called EP. c.electronic warfare support. That divisionof electronic warfare involving actionstasked by, or under direct control of, anoperational commander to search for,intercept, identify, and locate sources ofintentional and unintentional radiatedelectromagnetic energy for the purpose ofimmediate threat recognition. Thus,electronic warfare support providesinformation required for immediate decisionsinvolving electronic warfare operations andother tactical actions such as threat avoidance,targeting, and homing. Also called ES.Electronic warfare support data can be usedto produce signals intelligence, bothcommunications intelligence, and electronicsintelligence. (JP 1-02)

expeditionary force. An armed forceorganized to accomplish a specificobjective in a foreign country. (JP 1-02)

human intelligence. A category ofintelligence derived from informationcollected and provided by human sources.Also called HUMINT. (JP 1-02)

humanitarian assistance. Programsconducted to relieve or reduce the resultsof natural or manmade disasters or otherendemic conditions such as human pain,disease, hunger, or privation that mightpresent a serious threat to life or that canresult in great damage to or loss of property.Humanitarian assistance provided by USforces is limited in scope and duration. Theassistance provided is designed tosupplement or complement the efforts ofthe host nation civil authorities or agenciesthat may have the primary responsibility forproviding humanitarian assistance. Alsocalled HA. (JP 1-02)

imagery intelligence. Intelligence derivedfrom the exploitation of collection by visualphotography, infrared sensors, lasers,electro-optics, and radar sensors such assynthetic aperture radar wherein images ofobjects are reproduced optically orelectronically on film, electronic displaydevices, or other media. Also calledIMINT. (JP 1-02)

intelligence. 1. The product resulting from thecollection, processing, integration, analysis,evaluation, and interpretation of availableinformation concerning foreign countries orareas. 2. Information and knowledge aboutan adversary obtained through observation,investigation, analysis, or understanding. Seealso communications intelligence; electronicsintelligence; human resources intelligence;imagery intelligence; measurement andsignature intelligence; open sourceintelligence; technical intelligence. (JP 1-02)

interdiction. An action to divert, disrupt,delay, or destroy the enemy’s surface

GL-8

Glossary

JP 3-33

military potential before it can be usedeffectively against friendly forces. See alsoair interdiction. (JP 1-02)

international organizations. Organizationswith global influence such as the UnitedNations and the International Committeeof the Red Cross. Also called IOs. Seealso nongovernmental agencies, privatevoluntary organizations. (This term and itsdefinition modify the existing term and itsdefinition and are approved for inclusionin the next edition of JP 1-02.)

joint force. A general term applied to a forcecomposed of significant elements, assignedor attached, of two or more MilitaryDepartments, operating under a single jointforce commander. (JP 1-02)

joint force air component commander. Thejoint force air component commanderderives authority from the joint forcecommander who has the authority toexercise operational control, assignmissions, direct coordination amongsubordinate commanders, redirect andorganize forces to ensure unity of effort inthe accomplishment of the overall mission.The joint force commander will normallydesignate a joint force air componentcommander. The joint force air componentcommander’s responsibilities will beassigned by the joint force commander(normally these would include, but not belimited to, planning, coordination,allocation, and tasking based on the jointforce commander’s apportionmentdecision). Using the joint forcecommander’s guidance and authority, andin coordination with other Servicecomponent commanders and other assignedor supporting commanders, the joint force aircomponent commander will recommend tothe joint force commander apportionment ofair sorties to various missions or geographicareas. Also called JFACC. (JP 1-02)

joint force commander. A general termapplied to a combatant commander,subunified commander, or joint task forcecommander authorized to exercisecombatant command (command authority)or operational control over a joint force.Also called JFC. (JP 1-02)

joint force special operations componentcommander. The commander within aunified command, subordinate unifiedcommand, or joint task force responsibleto the establishing commander for makingrecommendations on the properemployment of special operations forcesand assets, planning and coordinatingspecial operations, or accomplishing suchoperational missions as may be assigned.The joint force special operationscomponent commander is given theauthority necessary to accomplish missionsand tasks assigned by the establishingcommander. The joint force specialoperations component commander willnormally be the commander with thepreponderance of special operations forcesand the requisite command and controlcapabilities. Also called JFSOCC. (JP1-02)

joint operations. A general term to describemilitary actions conducted by joint forces,or by Service forces in relationships (e.g.,support, coordinating authority), which, ofthemselves, do not create joint forces. (JP1-02)

joint operations area. An area of land, sea,and airspace, defined by a geographiccombatant commander or subordinateunified commander, in which a joint forcecommander (normally a joint task forcecommander) conducts military operationsto accomplish a specific mission. Jointoperations areas are particularly usefulwhen operations are limited in scope andgeographic area or when operations are to

GL-9

Glossary

be conducted on the boundaries betweentheaters. Also called JOA. See also jointspecial operations area. (JP 1-02)

lodgment. A designated area in a hostile orpotentially hostile territory that, whenseized and held, will ensure the continuouslanding of troops and material and providemaneuver space for subsequent operations.(This term and its definition are providedfor information and are proposed forinclusion in the next edition of JP 1-02 byJP 3-18.)

Marine air-ground task force. A taskorganization of Marine forces (division,aircraft wing, and service support groups)under a single command and structured toaccomplish a specific mission. The Marineair-ground task force (MAGTF)components will normally includecommand, aviation combat, groundcombat, and combat service supportelements (including Navy SupportElements). Two types of Marine air-groundtask forces which can be task organized arethe Marine expeditionary unit and Marineexpeditionary force. The four elements ofa Marine air-ground task force are: a.command element (CE)—The MAGTFheadquarters. The CE is a permanentorganization composed of the commander,general or executive and special staffsections, headquarters section, and requisitecommunications and service supportfacilities. The CE provides command,control, and coordination essential foreffective planning and execution ofoperations by the other three elements ofthe MAGTF. There is only one CE in aMAGTF. b. aviation combat element(ACE)—The MAGTF element that is taskorganized to provide all or a portion of thefunctions of Marine Corps aviation invarying degrees based on the tacticalsituation and the MAGTF mission andsize. These functions are air

reconnaissance, antiair warfare, assaultsupport, offensive air support, electronicwarfare, and control of aircraft andmissiles. The ACE is organized aroundan aviation headquarters and varies in sizefrom a reinforced helicopter squadron toone or more Marine aircraft wing(s). Itincludes those aviation command(including air control agencies), combat,combat support, and combat servicesupport units required by the situation.Normally, there is only one ACE in aMAGTF. c. ground combat element(GCE)—The MAGTF element that is taskorganized to conduct ground operations.The GCE is constructed around an infantryunit and varies in size from a reinforcedinfantry battalion to one or more reinforcedMarine division(s). The GCE also includesappropriate combat support and combatservice support units. Normally, there isonly one GCE in a MAGTF. d. combatservice support element (CSSE)—TheMAGTF element that is task organized toprovide the full range of combat servicesupport necessary to accomplish theMAGTF mission. CSSE can providesupply, maintenance, transportation,deliberate engineer, health, postal,disbursing, enemy prisoner of war,automated information systems, exchange,utilities, legal, and graves registrationservices. The CSSE varies in size from aMarine expeditionary unit (MEU) servicesupport group (MSSG) to a force servicesupport group (FSSG). Normally, there isonly one combat service support elementin a MAGTF. (JP 1-02)

measurement and signature intelligence.Scientific and technical intelligenceobtained by quantitative and qualitativeanalysis of data (metric, angle, spatial,wavelength, time dependence, modulation,plasma, and hydromagnetic) derived fromspecific technical sensors for the purposeof identifying any distinctive features

GL-10

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JP 3-33

associated with the target, source, emitter,or sender and to facilitate subsequentidentification and/or measurement of thesame. The detected feature may be eitherreflected or emitted. Also called MASINT.(JP 1-02)

multinational operations. A collective termto describe military actions conducted byforces of two or more nations, typicallyorganized within the structure of a coalitionor alliance. (JP 1-02)

national intelligence support team. Anationally sourced team composed ofintelligence and communications expertsfrom either Defense Intelligence Agency,Central Intelligence Agency, NationalSecurity Agency, National Imagery andMapping Agency, or any combination ofthese agencies. Also called NIST. (JP 1-02)

National Military Joint Intelligence Center.National-level focal point for all defenseintelligence activities in support of jointoperations. Also called NMJIC.(Approved for inclusion in the next editionof JP 1-02.)

national strategy. The art and science ofdeveloping and using the political,economic, and psychological powers of anation, together with its armed forces,during peace and war, to secure nationalobjectives. (JP 1-02)

naval coastal warfare. Coastal sea control,harbor defense, and port security, executedboth in coastal areas outside the UnitedStates in support of national policy and inthe United States as part of this Nation’sdefense. Also called NCW. (JP 1-02)

naval expeditionary warfare. Militaryoperations mounted from the sea, usuallyon short notice, consisting of forwarddeployed, or rapidly deployable, self-sustaining naval forces tailored to achieve

a clearly stated objective. Also calledNEW. (Approved for inclusion in the nextedition of JP 1-02.)

naval surface fire support. Fire providedby Navy surface gun, missile, and electronicwarfare systems in support of a unit or unitstasked with achieving the commander’sobjectives. Also called NSFS. (JP 1-02)

nongovernmental organizations.Transnational organizations of privatecitizens that maintain a consultative statuswith the Economic and Social Council ofthe United Nations. Nongovernmentalorganizations may be professionalassociations, foundations, multinationalbusinesses, or simply groups with acommon interest in humanitarian assistanceactivities (development and relief).“Nongovernmental organizations” is a termnormally used by non-United Statesorganizations. Also called NGOs. See alsoprivate voluntary organizations. (JP 1-02)

open-source intelligence. Information ofpotential intelligence value that is availableto the general public. Also called OSINT.See also intelligence. (JP 1-02)

operational control. Transferable commandauthority that may be exercised bycommanders at any echelon at or below thelevel of combatant command. Operationalcontrol is inherent in combatant command(command authority). Operational controlmay be delegated and is the authority toperform those functions of command oversubordinate forces involving organizing andemploying commands and forces, assigningtasks, designating objectives, and givingauthoritative direction necessary toaccomplish the mission. Operationalcontrol includes authoritative direction overall aspects of military operations and jointtraining necessary to accomplish missionsassigned to the command. Operationalcontrol should be exercised through the

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Glossary

commanders of subordinate organizations.Normally this authority is exercised throughsubordinate joint force commanders andService and/or functional componentcommanders. Operational control normallyprovides full authority to organizecommands and forces and to employ thoseforces as the commander in operationalcontrol considers necessary to accomplishassigned missions. Operational controldoes not, in and of itself, includeauthoritative direction for logistics ormatters of administration, discipline,internal organization, or unit training. Alsocalled OPCON. (JP 1-02)

operational level of war. The level of war atwhich campaigns and major operations areplanned, conducted, and sustained toaccomplish strategic objectives withintheaters or areas of operations. Activitiesat this level link tactics and strategy byestablishing operational objectives neededto accomplish the strategic objectives,sequencing events to achieve theoperational objectives, initiating actions,and applying resources to bring about andsustain these events. These activities implya broader dimension of time or space thando tactics; they ensure the logistic andadministrative support of tactical forces,and provide the means by which tacticalsuccesses are exploited to achieve strategicobjectives. (JP 1-02)

peace enforcement. Application of militaryforce, or the threat of its use, normallypursuant to international authorization, tocompel compliance with resolutions orsanctions designed to maintain or restorepeace and order. Also called PE. (JP 1-02)

peacekeeping. Military operationsundertaken with the consent of all majorparties to a dispute, designed to monitor andfacilitate implementation of an agreement(ceasefire, truce, or other such agreement)and support diplomatic efforts to reach a

long-term political settlement. Also calledPK. See also peace enforcement; peaceoperations. (JP 1-02)

peace operations. A broad term thatencompasses peacekeeping operations andpeace enforcement operations conducted insupport of diplomatic efforts to establishand maintain peace. Also called PO. Seealso peace enforcement. (JP 1-02)

private voluntary organizations. Private,nonprofit humanitarian assistanceorganizations involved in development andrelief activities. Private voluntaryorganizations are normally United States-based. “Private voluntary organization” isoften used synonymously with the term“nongovernmental organizations.” Alsocalled PVOs. See also nongovernmentalorganizations. (JP 1-02)

psychological operations. Plannedoperations to convey selected informationand indicators to foreign audiences toinfluence their emotions, motives, objectivereasoning, and ultimately the behavior offoreign governments, organizations,groups, and individuals. The purpose ofpsychological operations is to induce orreinforce foreign attitudes and behaviorfavorable to the originator’s objectives.Also called PSYOP. (JP 1-02)

reconnaissance. A mission undertaken toobtain, by visual observation or otherdetection methods, information about theactivities and resources of an enemy orpotential enemy; or to secure dataconcerning the meteorological,hydrographic, or geographic characteristicsof a particular area. (JP 1-02)

sea surveillance. The systematic observationof surface and subsurface sea areas by allavailable and practicable means primarilyfor the purpose of locating, identifying anddetermining the movements of ships,

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Glossary

JP 3-33

submarines, and other vehicles, friendlyand enemy, proceeding on or under thesurface of the world’s seas and oceans. Seealso surveillance. (JP 1-02)

signals intelligence. 1. A category ofintelligence comprising either individuallyor in combination all communicationsintelligence, electronic intelligence, andforeign instrumentation signals intelligence,however transmitted. 2. Intelligencederived from communications, electronics,and foreign instrumentation signals. Alsocalled SIGINT. See also communicationsintelligence; electronic intelligence;intelligence. (JP 1-02)

space control operations. Operations thatprovide freedom of action in space forfriendly forces while, when directed,denying it to an enemy, and include thebroad aspects of protection of US and USallied space systems and negation of enemyspace systems. Space control operationsencompass all elements of the space defensemission. (JP 1-02)

special operations. Operations conducted byspecially organized, trained, and equippedmilitary and paramilitary forces to achievemilitary, political, economic, orinformational objectives by unconventionalmilitary means in hostile, denied, orpolitically sensitive areas. These operationsare conducted across the full range ofmilitary operations, independently or incoordination with operations ofconventional, nonspecial operations forces.Political-military considerations frequentlyshape special operations, requiringclandestine, covert, or low visibilitytechniques and oversight at the nationallevel. Special operations differ fromconventional operations in degree ofphysical and political risk, operationaltechniques, mode of employment,independence from friendly support, anddependence on detailed operational

intelligence and indigenous assets. Alsocalled SO. (JP 1-02)

supported commander. The commanderhaving primary responsibility for all aspectsof a task assigned by the Joint StrategicCapabilities Plan or other joint operationplanning authority. In the context of jointoperation planning, this term refers to thecommander who prepares operation plansor operation orders in response torequirements of the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff. (JP 1-02)

supporting commander. A commander whoprovides augmentation forces or othersupport to a supported commander or whodevelops a supporting plan. Includes thedesignated combatant commands andDefense agencies as appropriate. See alsosupported commander. (JP 1-02)

surface action group. A temporary orstanding organization of combatant ships,other than carriers, tailored for a specifictactical mission. Also called SAG.(Approved for inclusion in the next editionof JP 1-02.)

surface warfare. That portion of maritimewarfare in which operations are conductedto destroy or neutralize enemy naval surfaceforces and merchant vessels. Also calledSUW. (Approved for inclusion in the nextedition of JP 1-02.)

surveillance. The systematic observation ofaerospace, surface or subsurface areas,places, persons, or things, by visual, aural,electronic, photographic, or other means.(JP 1-02)

technical intelligence. Intelligence derivedfrom exploitation of foreign materiel,produced for strategic, operational, andtactical level commanders. Technicalintelligence begins when an individualservice member finds something new on

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Glossary

the battlefield and takes the proper stepsto report it. The item is then exploited atsucceedingly higher levels until acountermeasure is produced to neutralizethe adversary’s technological advantage.Also called TECHINT. (JP 1-02)

theater of operations. A subarea within atheater of war defined by the geographiccombatant commander required to conductor support specific combat operations.Different theaters of operations within thesame theater of war will normally begeographically separate and focused ondifferent enemy forces. Theaters ofoperations are usually of significant size,allowing for operations over extendedperiods of time. (JP 1-02)

Triad. The three complementary weaponssystems — ballistic missile submarines,land based intercontinental ballistic missilesand long-range bombers — upon which USstrategic nuclear deterrence rests.(Approved for inclusion in the next editionof JP 1-02.)

unified command. A command with a broadcontinuing mission under a singlecommander and composed of significantassigned components of two or more MilitaryDepartments, and which is established andso designated by the President, through theSecretary of Defense with the advice andassistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefsof Staff. Also called unified combatantcommand. (JP 1-02)

Universal Joint Task List. A menu ofcapabilities (mission-derived tasks withassociated conditions and standards, i.e.,the tools) that may be selected by a jointforce commander to accomplish theassigned mission. Once identified asessential to mission accomplishment, thetasks are reflected within the commandjoint mission essential task list. Also calledUJTL. (Approved for inclusion in the nextedition of JP 1-02.)

wing. 1. An Air Force unit composednormally of one primary mission group andthe necessary supporting organizations, i.e.,organizations designed to render supply,maintenance, hospitalization, and otherservices required by the primary missiongroups. Primary mission groups may befunctional, such as combat, training,transport, or service. 2. A fleet air wing isthe basic organizational and administrativeunit for naval-, land-, and tender-basedaviation. Such wings are mobile units towhich are assigned aircraft squadrons andtenders for administrative organizationcontrol. 3. A balanced Marine Corpstask organization of aircraft groups/squadrons together with appropriatecommand, air control, administrative,service, and maintenance units. Astandard Marine Corps aircraft wingcontains the aviation elements normallyrequired for the air support of a Marinedivision. 4. A flank unit; that part of amilitary force to the right or left of themain body. (JP 1-02)

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JP 3-33

Intentionally Blank

Assess-ments/

Revision

CJCSApproval

TwoDrafts

ProgramDirective

ProjectProposal

J-7 formally staffs withServices and CINCs

Includes scope ofproject, references,milestones, and who willdevelop drafts

J-7 releases ProgramDirective to Lead Agent.Lead Agent can beService, CINC, or JointStaff (JS) Directorate

STEP #2Program Directive

The CINCs receive the JP andbegin to assess it during use

18 to 24 months followingpublication, the Director J-7,will solicit a written report fromthe combatant commands andServices on the utility andquality of each JP and theneed for any urgent changes orearlier-than-scheduledrevisions

No later than 5 years afterdevelopment, each JP isrevised

STEP #5Assessments/Revision

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ENHANCEDJOINT

WARFIGHTINGCAPABILITY

Submitted by Services, CINCs, or JointStaff to fill extant operational void

J-7 validates requirement with Services andCINCs

J-7 initiates Program Directive

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STEP #1Project Proposal

All joint doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures are organized into a comprehensive hierarchy asshown in the chart above. is in the series of joint doctrinepublications. The diagram below illustrates an overview of the development process:

Joint Publication (JP) 3-33 Operations

JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHYJOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY

JP 1-0 JP 2-0 JP 3-0

PERSONNEL

JP 4-0 JP 5-0 JP 6-0

LOGISTICSINTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS C4 SYSTEMSPLANS

JOINTDOCTRINE

PUBLICATION

Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to JointStaff

Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub,makes required changes and prepares pubfor coordination with Services and CINCs

Joint Staff conducts formal staffing forapproval as a JP

STEP #4CJCS Approval

Lead Agent selects Primary ReviewAuthority (PRA) to develop the pub

PRA develops two draft pubs

PRA staffs each draft with CINCs,Services, and Joint Staff

STEP #3Two Drafts

JP 1

JOINTWARFARE

JP 0-2

UNAAF

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