Date post: | 11-Oct-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | vkguptajss |
View: | 113 times |
Download: | 0 times |
0
JSS UNIVERSITY
SRI SHIVARATHREESHWARA NAGAR
MYSORE 570 015
REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS
Revised Regulations - 2012
BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (B.PHARM) COURSE
March- 2012
1
JSS University Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar
Mysore 570 015
Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm) course
REGULATIONS
These regulations shall be called as The Regulations for the B. Pharmacy Degree course of the J.S.S. University, Mysore.
They shall come into force from the Academic Year 2012 - 2013.
The regulations framed are subject to modifications from time to time by the authorities of the university
Minimum qualification for admission to the course
1. Candidates who have passed two year P.U.C./P.D.C/H.S.C (10+2) examination or an equivalent examination of any approved Board or university with not less than 40% marks in any
combination comprising Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics (PCM) or Physics, Chemistry and
Biology (PCB) or Physics, chemistry, mathematics and Biology (PCMB)
Note: In respect of candidates who have taken P.C.M.B. Combination the aggregate of P.C.M. or
P.C.B. whichever is higher shall be considered for the purpose of admission.
2. In case of students belonging to SC/ST/or Category-I, the minimum percentage of marks for admission to B. Pharm Course shall be not less than 35% in P.D.C. any combination comprising
Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics (PCM) or Physics. Chemistry and Biology (PCB) or
Physics, chemistry, mathematics and Biology (PCMB).
3. Candidates who have passed D.Pharm course with not less than 50% aggregate, from an institution, approved by Pharmacy Council of India shall be eligible to this course and shall be
admitted directly to II B. Pharm course.
Duration of the course
The course of study for B.Pharm shall extend over a period of four academic years and three
academic years for those admitted to second B. Pharm directly. The curricula and syllabi for the course
shall be prescribed from time to time.
Medium of Instruction and Examinations
Medium of Instruction and Examination shall be English.
Working days in the academic year
Each academic year shall consist of not less than 200 working days.
2
Attendance and Progress
A candidate is required to put in at least 80% attendance in theory and practical subjects separately.
The candidate shall complete the prescribed course satisfactorily to be eligible to appear for the respective
examinations.
Course of study
The course of study for B.Pharm I, II, III and IV year shall include the respective Theory & Practical
subjects as given in Table - I, II, III and IV respectively. The number of hours to be devoted to each
theory and practical subject in an academic year shall not be less than that shown in Table - I, II, III and
IV.
Academic Work
A regular record of attendance both in Theory and Practical shall be maintained by the teaching staff
of respective subjects.
Internal Assessment Marks:
Theory: Three sessional examinations evenly spread during the academic year shall be conducted by the
constituent colleges. The average marks of the best two examinations shall be computed out of a
maximum of 30 marks and shall constitute the sessional award in theory. Provided further the colleges
may conduct one special theory sessional examination towards the end of the academic session for those
who might have missed any one of the regular sessional examination on genuine grounds.
Practical: Students are expected to perform the experiment listed in the respective syllabus. The number
of experiments is also listed. Marks shall be awarded out of a maximum of 10 to each of the practical
exercise and an average of those shall be computed out of maximum of 10 marks. In addition, three
practical examinations evenly spread during each academic year shall be conducted. The average marks
of the best of two practical examinations shall be computed out of a maximum of 20 marks. A total of 30
marks shall constitute the sessional award in practical. While awarding the sessional marks for practical
experiments, the following considerations should be taken into account.
1. Preparation of the candidate.
2. Manipulative skills.
3. Results of the experiment.
4. Knowledge of the experiment
5. Viva voce pertaining to the experiments only.
The college shall maintain the sessional books of the students and the record of sessional award of
the students. A regular record of both theory and practical class work and sessional examinations
conducted in an institution imparting the course shall be maintained for each student in the institution.
Marks shall be awarded as per the schemes given in Tables - V, VI, VII and VIII.
Conditions under which candidates are permitted to appear for annual university examination
The candidates are required to score a minimum of 50% marks in each of the subjects (Theory and
practicals separately) in the sessional examination to be eligible to appear for annual university
examination in the respective subject.
3
University Examinations
1. Every year there shall be an examination to examine the students.
2. Each examination will be held twice every year. The first examination in a year shall be the annual examination and the second examination shall be supplementary examination.
3. The examinations shall be of written and practical (including oral nature) carrying maximum marks for each part of a subject as indicated in Tables - V, VI, VII and VIII.
Question Pattern
Long Essay 2/3 = 2 x 15 = 30 marks
Short Essay 6/8 = 6 x 5 = 30 marks
Short Answers 5/7 = 5 x 2 = 10 marks
-----------------------
Total 70 marks
-----------------------
Criteria for pass
a) Candidates who have secured a minimum of 50% marks in the Theory (including sessionals) and Practical (including sessionals) separately in any subject or subjects shall be declared to have
passed in that subject/s and exempted from appearing in that subject/s at subsequent examination.
b) Theory and Practical of a particular subject are considered as individual subjects for the purpose of pass criteria.
c) Those candidates who fail in one or more subjects shall have to appear only in the subject so failed, in the subsequent examinations.
Conditions under which candidates are permitted to proceed to next higher class:
a) Candidates of I B.Pharm are permitted to carry not more than any two subjects (Two Theory/ Two Practicals/ One theory & one practical of same or different subjects), to II B. Pharm and appear for
II B.Pharm examination concurrently along with failed subjects of I B.Pharm. However, these
candidates have to pass all the failed subjects of I B.Pharm to become eligible to proceed to III
B.Pharm.
b) Similarly, candidates of II B.Pharm who have completely passed all the subjects of I B.Pharm but have failed in II B.Pharm are permitted to carry not more than any two subjects (Two Theory/
Two Practicals/ One theory & one practical of same or different subjects), of II B.Pharm to III
B.Pharm and appear for III B.Pharm concurrently along with failed subjects of II B.Pharm.
However, these candidates have to pass all the failed subjects of II B.Pharm to become eligible to
proceed to IV B.Pharm.
c) Candidates of III B.Pharm who have completely passed all the subjects of II B.Pharm but have failed in III B.Pharm are permitted to carry not more than any two subjects (Two Theory/ Two
Practicals/ One theory & one practical of same or different subjects), to III B.Pharm and appear for
IV B.Pharm examination concurrently along with failed subjects of III B.Pharm and he/she has
satisfactorily completed the project in the IV B. Pharm.
.
4
Declaration of class
Class shall be awarded at the end of I, II, III and final year of B.Pharm examination as shown below:
1) Distinction 75% and above
2) First Class 60% and above and less than 75%
3) Second class 50% and above and less than 60%
The result of the successful candidate shall be classified at the end of the final year examination on the
basis of the aggregate of all subjects, theory and practicals, secured by the candidate in the I to IV year
examinations and completes the course in four years, as indicated below.
I Class : 60% and above
II Class : 50%-59%
Candidate securing aggregate of 75% or above marks and have passed in all the subjects in a year in first
attempt shall be declared to have obtained Distinction.
Project Work
All the students must submit a short report on a project study undertaken in any of the following
subjects:-
i. Pharmaceutics ii. Pharmaceutical Chemistry iii. Pharmacognosy iv. Pharmacology v. Pharmacy Practice
The project shall be carried out under the guidance of a teacher in the College. The project shall be carried
out either individually or in groups not exceeding 5 in number. The project report shall be submitted in
triplicate (typed copy not exceeding 25 pages).
The project will be evaluated by the examiner at the time of the Practical examination (Final Year)
appointed by the University. The projects shall be evaluated by qualitative grading as Excellent / Good /
Average. The evaluation of the project report shall not be considered for the purpose of pass/class/rank,
but grading shall be included in the Mark Sheet of the Final B. Pharm Course.
Industrial Tour
Candidates studying in final year of the course shall visit several Pharmaceutical manufacturing houses as
a supplement to their academic training and submit a report to the satisfaction of the Head of the
institution where he/she has studied.
Practice School and Industrial training
During III B Pharm and IV B Pharm course, every candidate shall be exposed to Pharmaceutical
Manufacturing operation / research activities for a period of not less than 300 hrs. As a part of this
training, candidates during the III B Pharm course shall be exposed to unit operations in the
college/industry by the industrial experts for a period of 150 hrs and the remaining 150 hrs in
pharmaceutical manufacturing units/ research laboratories during IV B Pharm.
5
Award of Ranks
Ranks and Medals shall be awarded on the basis of aggregate of all the four university examinations.
However, candidates who fail in one or more subjects during the B.Pharm courses shall not be eligible for
award of ranks.
Moreover, the candidates should have completed the B. Pharm course in minimum prescribed number of
years, (four years) for the award of Ranks.
Award of degree
Candidates who fulfill the requirements mentioned above will be eligible for award of degree during the
ensuing convocation.
Duration for completion of the course of study
The duration for the completion of the course shall be fixed as double the actual duration of the course
and the students have to pass within the said period, otherwise they have to get fresh Registration.
Revaluation I Retotalling of answer papers
There is no provision for revaluation of the answer papers of failed candidates in any examination.
However, the failed candidates can apply for retotalling.
Re-admission after break of study
Candidate who seeks re-admission to the course after break of study has to get the approval from the
university by paying a condonation fee.
No condonation is allowed for the candidate who has more than 2 years of break up period and he/she has to rejoin the course by paying the required fees.
6
Courses of study for B. Pharm
Table I: First year B. Pharm
Sl No Subjects Theory
hours / week
Practical
hours / week
1.1 Human Anatomy & Physiology 3 3
1.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry I 3 3
1.3 Physical Pharmaceutics 3 3
1.4 Biochemistry 3 3
1.5 Pharmacognosy 3 3
Total number of Working hours 15 15
Grand Total 30 hours
Table II: Second year B. Pharm Sl No Subjects Theory
hours / week
Practical
hours / week
2.1 Pharmaceutics 3 3
2.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry II 3 3
2.3 Industrial Pharmacognosy 3 3
2.4 Biostatistics & Computer applications 3 3
2.5 Social Pharmacy and Behavioral Science 3 ---
2.6 Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence 3 ---
Total number of Working hours 18 12
Grand Total 30 hours
7
Table III: Third year B. Pharm
Sl No Subjects Theory
hours / week
Practical
hours / week
3.1 Medicinal Chemistry -I 3 3
3.2 Pharmacology I 3 3
3.3 Pharmaceutical Engineering 3 3
3.4 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 3 3
3.5 Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance 3 --
3.6 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics 3 --
Total number of Working hours 18 12
Grand Total 30 hours
Table IV: Fourth year B. Pharm
Sl No Subjects Theory
hours / week
Practical
hours / week
4.1 Medicinal Chemistry -II 3 3
4.2 Pharmacology II 3 3
4.3 Formulative and Industrial Pharmacy 3 3
4.4 Instrumental Methods of Analysis 3 3
4.5 Pharmacy Practice 3 --
4.6 Pharmaceutical Marketing and
Management
3 --
Total number of Working hours 18 12
Grand Total 30 hours
8
Scheme of Study and Examination
Table V: First year B. Pharm course
Sl.
No.
Subject Theory Examination
Total
Marks
Practical Examination
Total
Marks
Sessional Annual Sessional Annual
Duration
(Hrs)
Marks Duration
(Hrs)
Marks Duration
(Hrs)
Marks Duration
(Hrs)
Marks
1.1 Human Anatomy &
Physiology
1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
1.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry -I 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
1.3 Physical Pharmaceutics 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
1.4 Biochemistry 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
1.5 Pharmacognosy 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
Total 500 500
Grand Total 1000
Table VI: Second year B. Pharm course
Sl.
No.
Subject Theory Examination
Total
Marks
Practical Examination
Total
Marks
Sessional Annual Sessional Annual
Duration
(Hrs)
Marks Duration
(Hrs)
Marks Duration
(Hrs)
Marks Duration
(Hrs)
Marks
2.1 Pharmaceutics 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
2.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry II
1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
2.3 Industrial Pharmacognosy 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
2.4 Biostatistics & Computer
applications
1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
2.5 Social Pharmacy and
Behavioral Science
1.5 30 03 70 100 No Practical
2.6 Pharmaceutical
Jurisprudence
1.5 30 03 70 100 No Practical
Total 600 400
Grand Total 1000
9
Table VII: Third year B. Pharm course
Sl.
No.
Subject Theory Examination
Total
Marks
Practical Examination
Total
Marks
Sessional Annual Sessional Annual
Duration
(Hrs)
Marks Duration
(Hrs)
Marks Duration
(Hrs)
Marks Duration
(Hrs)
Marks
3.1 Medicinal Chemistry I 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
3.2 Pharmacology I 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
3.3 Pharmaceutical Engineering 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
3.4 Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology
1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
3.5 Pharmaceutical Quality
Assurance
1.5 30 03 70 100 No Practical
3.6 Biopharmaceutics &
Pharmacokinetics
1.5 30 03 70 100 No Practical
Total 600 400
Grand Total 1000
Table VIII: Fourth year B. Pharm course
Sl.
No.
Subject Theory Examination
Total
Marks
Practical Examination
Total
Marks
Sessional Annual Sessional Annual
Duration
(Hrs)
Marks Duration
(Hrs)
Marks Duration
(Hrs)
Marks Duration
(Hrs)
Marks
4.1 Medicinal Chemistry II 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
4.2 Pharmacology II 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
4.3 Formulative and Industrial
Pharmacy
1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
4.4 Instrumental Methods of
Analysis
1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100
4.5 Pharmacy Practice 1.5 30 03 70 100 No Practical
4.6 Pharmaceutical Marketing and
Management
1.5 30 03 70 100
Total 600 400
Grand Total 1000
10
11
COURSE CONTENTS
First year B. Pharm
Sl.
No. Subjects
Theory
hours / week
Practical
hours / week
1.1 Human Anatomy & Physiology 3 3
1.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry I 3 3
1.3 Physical Pharmaceutics 3 3
1.4 Biochemistry 3 3
1.5 Pharmacognosy 3 3
Total number of Working hours 15 15
Grand Total 30 hours
12
1.1 Human Anatomy and Physiology
THEORY 75 Hrs (3Hrs/Week)
Scope: This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure and functions of the
various systems of the human body. It also helps in understanding both homeostatic mechanisms and
homeostatic imbalances of various systems of the body. Since a medicament, which is produced by the
pharmacist, is used in various disease conditions to correct the abnormal functioning of the body systems,
the basic knowledge of this subject is must for a student to understand how drugs act on various
systems/organs in correcting the disease state of organs/systems. Thus it becomes a prerequisite subject
for the pharmacy course.
Objectives: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
Understand the gross morphology, structure and functions of various organs of the human body.
Understand the various homeostatic mechanisms and their imbalances.
Identify the various tissues and organs of different systems of human body.
Perform the hematological tests like blood cell counts, haemoglobin estimation, bleeding/clotting
time etc and also record blood pressure, ECG, heart rate, pulse and respiratory volume.
Appreciate coordinated working pattern of different organs of each system
Appreciate the interlinked mechanisms in the maintenance of normal functioning (homeostasis) of
human body.
Lecture wise programme:
Topic Hrs
1. Introduction
Definition, scope of anatomy and physiology, description of body and basic
terminologies.
1
2. General anatomy and physiology
Cell, cell junctions, transport mechanisms, homeostasis, ion channels, cell
communication and signaling pathways.
4
3. Tissues
Definition, classification of tissues, their location, characteristics and Functions.
4
4. Human skeleton
Structure, composition, classification and function of bones. Identification and few
salient features of important bones of axial and appendicular skeleton.
Classification of joints, types of movements.
2
5. Body fluids and blood
Body fluids, composition and functions of blood, haemopoiesis, mechanism of
coagulation, bleeding and clotting disorders, blood grouping and its significance,
blood transfusion, lymphatic system and reticuloendothelial system. Definitions of
Anemia, Hemophilia, leukemia and lymphoma.
7
6. Cardio Vascular system
Anatomy and physiology of heart, blood circulation, cardiac output, cardiac cycle,
heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, heart sounds. Definitions of
8
13
hypertension, hypotension, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, angina, myocardial
infarction, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia.
7. Digestive system
Gross anatomy of G.I. Tract and its physiology with special reference to liver,
pancreas and stomach, digestion, absorption, movements of intestine. Definitions
of peptic ulcer, colorectal cancer, hepatitis.
7
8. Respiratory system
Anatomy of respiratory tract, mechanism of respiration, regulation of respiration
lung volumes and capacities, transport of oxygen and carbondioxide, artificial
respiration, resuscitation methods. Definitions of hypoxia, asphysia, bronchial
asthma. COPD.
6
9. Urinary system
Structure and functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation,
micturition reflex and acid base balance. Definitions of renal calculi, urinary tract
infection, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, nephritis.
4
10. Reproductive system
Structure and function of male and female reproductive system, sex hormones,
physiology and menstruation, coitus, fertilization, spermatogenesis, oogenesis,
pregnancy and parturition.
7
11. Endocrinology
Introduction, chemistry and action of hormones, basic anatomy and physiology of
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pancreas, local hormones. Definitions
of disorders of these glands.
7
12. Nervous system
a. Definition and classification nervous system.
b. Neurons and properties of nerve fibers, neuroglia.
c. Synapses, neurotransmitters its receptors and neurohumoral transmission.
d. Meninges, ventricles of the brain and CSF.
e. Anatomy and functions of cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem (pons,
medulla and mid brain), hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia.
f. Spinal cord- structure and reflexes.
g. Cranial nerves- names and their functions.
h. Definitions of stroke, Alzheimers disease, brain tumor, epilepsy,
Parkinsons disease, psychosis, anxiety, depression.
i. Autonomic nervous system-Anatomy and functions of sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system. Definitions of Raynauds phenomenon,
autonomic dysreflexia.
11
13. Sense organs
Introduction to special senses. Anatomy and physiology of eye, ear, skin, nose and
tongue. Disorders related to sense organs. Definitions of cataract, glaucoma, sight
disorder, deafness, Otitis media, vertigo.
5
14. Skeletal muscle
Physiology of muscle contraction, definition of myasthenia gravis.
2
14
1.1 Human Anatomy and Physiology (Practical)
Practical: 3 Hrs/week
Title of the experiment Experiments
1. Study of compound microscope. 1
2. Microscopic study of different tissues. 1
3. Identification of bones 1
4. Study of nervous, digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive
systems and special senses with the help of models, charts and specimens.
7
5. Blood experiments:
a. General blood collection techniques
b. Study of appliances used in hematological experiments
c. Determination of total Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) count
d. Determination of White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) count
e. Determination of platelet count
f. Estimation of hemoglobin
g. Estimation of Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC)
h. Estimation of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
i. Determination of Blood groups.
j. Determination of Bleeding and Clotting time
k. Demonstration/Determination of different hematological parameters by
using analytical instruments.
8
6. To record human heart rate, pulse rate and ECG 1
7. To study the effect of posture and exercise on blood pressure 1
8. Recording of human body temperature and Body Mass Index (BMI). 1
9. Determination of tidal volume & vital capacity. 1
10. Study of pregnancy diagnosis test 1
11. Experiments on electrophysiology of nerve and heart using computer assisted
models
2
Recommended Books
1. Essentials of Medical Physiology by K. Sembulingam and P. Sembulingam.
2. Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness by Kathleen J.W. Wilson.
3. Physiological basis of Medical Practice-Best and Tailor.
4. Text book of Medical Physiology-Guyton and Hall.
5. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora Grabowski.
6. Human Physiology (vol 1 and 2) by Dr. C.C. Chatterrje
7. Textbook of Human Histology by Inderbir Singh
8. Textbook of Practical Physiology by C.L. Ghai
9. Practical workbook of Human Physiology by K. Srinageswari and Rajeev Sharma.
15
1.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry -I
THEORY 75 Hrs (3Hrs/Week)
Scope: This subject consists of two sections. The organic chemistry section deals with classification and
nomenclature of organic compounds, structural isomerism, intermediates forming in reactions, important
physical properties, reactions and methods of preparation of compounds. The syllabus also emphasizes on
mechanisms and orientation of reactions. The analytical chemistry section designed to enable the students
to have fundamental knowledge of volumetric analysis and determination of impurities in
Pharmaceuticals.
Objectives: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
write the structure, name, type of isomerism of the organic compound
write the reaction, name the reaction and understand orientation of reactions
account for reactivity/stability of compounds,
identify/confirm the organic compound
know the principle of volumetric analysis of drugs.
Lecture wise programme:
Section A: Organic Chemistry 45 hrs
General methods of preparation, General reactions of compounds marked* to be explained.
To emphasize on definition, types/ classification, mechanisms, uses/applications, examples,
differences
Topics Hrs
1 Classification /Nomenclature/ Isomerism
a. Classification of organic Compounds
b. Common and IUPAC systems of Nomenclature of organic compounds
c. Structural Isomerisms in organic compounds
10
2 Alkanes*/Alkenes*/ Conjugated dienes*
a. SP3 hybridization in alkanes, Halogenation of alkanes.
b. i. Stabilities of alkenes, SP2 hybridization in alkenes,
ii. E1 and E2 reactions kinetics, order of reactivity of alkyl halides,
rearrangement of carbocations, Saytzeffs orientation, evidences. E1
verses E2 reactions, Factors affecting E1 and E2 reactions.
iii. Ozonolysis, electrophilic addition reactions of- alkenes,
Markownikoffs orientation, free radical addition reactions of alkenes,
Anti Markownikoffs orientation.
c. Stability of conjugated dienes, Diel-Alder, electrophilic addition, free
radical addition reactions of conjugated dienes, allylic rearrangement
12
3 Cyclo alkanes*
Stabilities Baeyers strain theory, limitation of Baeyers strain theory, Coulson
and Moffitts modification, Sachse Mohrs theory (Theory of strainless rings)
3
16
4 Alkyl halides*
a. SN1 and SN2 reactions-kinetics, order of reactivity of alkyl halides,
stereochemistry and rearrangement of carbocations.SN1
versus SN2
reactions, Factors affecting SN1 and SN
2 reactions
b. Nucleophilic substitution versus elimination reactions
5
5 Alcohols* 3
6 Carbonyl compounds* (Aldehydes and ketones)
Electromeric effect, aldol condensation, crossed aldol condensation, cannizaro
reaction, crossed cannizaro reaction, benzoin condensation, perkin condensation,
Knoevenagel reaction, reformatsky reaction.
6
7 a) Carboxylic acids*
Acidity of carboxylic acids, effect of substituents on acidity, inductive effect
b) Carboxylic acid derivatives*
6
Section B: Analytical Chemistry 30 Hrs
8 Errors:
Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimisizing errors, accuracy,
precision and significant figures.
2
9 Impurities:
Source and effect of impurities in pharmacopoeial substances, importance of limit
test, general principle and procedures for limit test, limit test for chloride, sulphate,
Iron, Arsenic, Lead and heavy metals.
6
10 Fundamentals of volumetric analysis:
Theories of Acid-Base indicators and methods of expressing concentrations.
Primary and secondary standard. Preparation and standardization of various
molar/normal solutions like oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid,
sodium thiosulphate, sulpuric acid, potassium permanganate, iodine and ceric
ammonium sulphate solution.
4
11 Acid base titration:
Classification, estimation of strong, weak, very weak Acids and Bases
2
12 Non-aqueous titration:
Introduction, solvents, classification with examples
3
13 Principles of redox titrations:
Concept of oxidation and reduction. Redox reactions, strength and equivalent
weights of oxidizing and reducing agents, theory of redox titrations, cerimetry,
Iodimetry, Iodometry, bromometry.
4
14 Complexometric titrations:
Classification with examples, Metal ion indicator, mechanism.
3
15 Principles of precipitation titrations:
Different methods- Mohr's, Modified Mohr's, Volhard's, Modified Volhard's,
Fajans methods with example.
3
16 Gravimetry: Introduction and steps involved in gravimetric methods of analysis 3
17
1.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry -I (Practical)
Practical: 3 Hrs/week
Title of the experiment Experiments
1 Systematic qualitative analysis of unknown organic compound/s for preliminary
tests
1
2 Systematic qualitative analysis of unknown organic compound/s for preliminary
and Lassaigns tests.
2
3 Systematic qualitative analysis of unknown organic compound/s for functional
group (for preliminary / Lassaigns / solubility / functional group tests )
Following classes of compounds may be analysed
Phenols, amide/ urea, carbohydrate, amine, carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone,
alcohol, carboxylic acid ester, hydrocarbon, halohydrocarbon, nitrocompound,
anilide
7
4 Determination of melting and boiling points of organic compounds 1
5 Systematic qualitative analysis of unknown organic compound for functional
group and identification of the organic compound
1
6 Preparation of suitable solid derivatives from organic compounds 1
7
Systematic qualitative analysis of unknown organic compound for Functional
group, its identification and confirmation of identification
1
8 Introduction to the use of molecular models
Students to prepare the ball and stick molecular models using lugs , tubes,
plastic sticks, balls etc individually and to explain the formation of bonds , bond
angles, hybridization (example- Methane, Ethane, Ethene, Acetylene, Benzene
etc )
1
9 Limit tests:
Chloride, Sulfate, Iron, Heavy metals and Arsenic
5
10 Assay of the following compounds:
a. Ammonium chloride-acid base titration (Formal titration)
b. Ferrous sulphate- Redox titration- Cerimetry
c. Copper sulphate- Redox titration - Iodometry
d. Calcium gluconate-complexometry
e. Hydrogen peroxide- Redox titration -Permanganometry.
f. Sodium benzoate-nonaqueous titration
g. Sodium chloride-Modified Volhard's method
7
18
Recommended Books
1. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd
2. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar , Volume-I
3. Textbook of Organic Chemistry by B.S. Bahl & Arun Bahl.
4. Organic Chemistry by P.L.Soni
5. A.H.Beckett & J.B. Stenlake's -Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry Vol I & II, Stahlone Press of
University of London, 4th edition.
6. Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic analysis by Vogel
7. Bentely and Driver's Textbook of Pharmaceutical chemistry
8. Analytical chemistry principles by John H. Kennedy.
9. I.P.1985 ,1996, 2008 Govt. of India, Ministry of Health
10. Practical Organic Chemistry by Mann and Saunders.
11. Vogels text book of Practical Organic Chemistry
12. Advanced Practical organic chemistry by N.K.Vishnoi.
13. Introduction to Organic Laboratory techniques by Pavia, Lampman and Kriz.
19
1.3 Physical Pharmaceutics
THEORY 75 Hrs (3Hrs/Week)
Scope: The course deals with the various physical, physicochemical properties and principle involved in
formulations of dosage forms. Theory and practical components of the subject help the student to get a
better insight in to various areas of formulation research and development and stability studies of
pharmaceuticals.
Objectives: Upon the completion of the course student shall be able to
Understand various physicochemical properties of drug molecules in the designing the dosage
form
Know the principles of chemical kinetics & to use them in assigning expiry date for formulation
Demonstrate use of physicochemical properties in evaluation of dosage forms.
Appreciate physicochemical properties of drug molecules in formulation research and
development
Lecture wise programme:
Topic Hrs
1. Physicochemical properties of drug molecules: Refractive index, optical
rotation, dielectric constant, dipole moment, dissociation constant, determinations
and applications
6
2. Solubility of drugs
Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility
& Scatchard-Hildebrand equation, solubility parameters, solvation & association,
quantitative approach to the factors influencing solubility of drugs, Dissolution &
drug release, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility of gas in liquids,
solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions) Raoults law, real
solutions, azeotropic mixtures, fractional distillation. Partially miscible liquids,
Critical solution temperature, and applications
10
3 pH, buffers and Isotonic solutions: Sorensens pH scale, pH
determination(electrometric and calorimetric), applications of buffers, buffer
equation, buffer capacity, buffers in pharmaceutical and biological systems,
buffered isotonic solutions
6
3. Surface and interfacial phenomenon
Liquid interface, surface & interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement
of surface & interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid
interfaces, surface active agents, HLB classification, solubilisation, detergency
adsorption at solid interface.
6
20
4. Micromeretics
Particle size and distribution, average particle size, number and weight distribution,
particle number, methods for determining particle size, optical microscopy,
sieving, sedimentation measurement, particle shape, specific surface, methods for
determining surface area, permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders,
porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow properties.
7
5. Rheology
Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature on
viscosity, Non-Newtonian systems- plastic, pseudoplastic and dilatants systems.
Thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling
ball, rotational viscometers.
6
6. Drug stability
Reaction kinetics: zero, pseudo-zero, first & second order, units of basic rate
constants, determination of reaction order. Physical and chemical factors
influencing the chemical degradation of pharmaceutical product: temperature,
solvent, ionic strength, dielectric constant, specific & general acid base catalysis,
light. Simple numerical problems.
10
Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis &
oxidation.
Accelerated stability testing in dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
7. Colloidal dispersions
Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics, size & shapes of
colloidal particles, classification of colloids & comparative account of their general
properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties. Effect of electrolytes on
colloids, coacervation, peptization & protective action.
8
8. Coarse dispersion
Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions,
formulation of suspensions, emulsions and theories of emulsification. Physical
stability of emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of
emulsions, phase equilibria and emulsion formulation, special emulsion systems,
semisolids and gels.
10
9. Complexation and protein binding
Metal complexes, organic molecular complexes, inclusion compounds, methods of
analysis, protein binding, complexation and drug action, crystalline structures of
complexes and thermodynamic treatment of stability constants.
6
21
1.3 Physical Pharmaceutics (Practical)
Practical: 3 Hrs/week
Title of the Experiments Experiments
1. Determination of dissociation and Pka
values. 1
2. Determination of % composition of sodium chloride in the given
unknown solution by CST
1
3. Determination of partition coefficient of iodine distributed between
carbon tetrachloride and water
1
4. Determination of partition coefficient of benzoic acid distributed
between benzene and water
1
5. To determine the solubility of drug at room temperature and express
the solubility in different concentration expressions
1
6. Determination of surface of given liquids by drop count and drop
weight method
1
7. Determination of surface of given liquids by capillary rise method 1
8. Determination of HLB value of ester surfactant by saponification
method
1
9. Determination of critical micellar concentration of surfactants 1
10. Determination of Freundlich and Langmuirs constants for adsorption
of acetic acid on charcoal.
1
11. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using
microscopic method.
1
12. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using sieving
method
1
13. Determination of derived properties of powders like bulk density, true
density and porosity, compressibility of powders.
1
14. To determine the angle of repose and flow rate of granules. 1
15. Determination of viscosity of liquid using ostwalds viscometer 1
16. Determination of viscosity of liquid using falling sphere viscometer 1
17. Determination of half life, rate constant in first order reaction. 1
18. Determination of half life, rate constant in second order reaction(a=b) 1
19. To study the influence of temperature on the rate of reaction. 1
20. To Study of different types of colloids and their properties. 1
21. Preparation of various types of suspensions and determination of their
sedimentation parameters.
1
22. Preparation and stability studies of emulsions. 1
23. To determine the stability constant and donor acceptor ratio by
solubility method.
1
24. To determine the stability constant and donor acceptor ratio by
distribution method.
1
25. To determine the stability constant and donor acceptor ratio by pH
titration method.
1
22
Recommended Books
1. Physical pharmacy by Alfred Martin
2. Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
3. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.
4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1 to 3, Marcel
Dekkar Inc.
6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms disperse systems, volume 1, 2, 3.
Marcel Dekkar Inc.
7. Laboratory manual of physical pharmaceutics, C.V.S.Subramanyam, J. Thimma setty
23
1.4 Biochemistry
THEORY 75 Hrs (3Hrs/Week)
Scope: Biochemistry deals with complete understanding of the molecular levels of the chemical process
associated with living cells. The scope of the present course is providing biochemical facts and the
principles to understand metabolism of nutrient molecules in physiological and pathological conditions,
which can help to understand the mechanism of drug action and fundamental changes occur in diseases.
Objectives:
Upon completion of course student shell able to
Understand the catalytic role of enzymes, importance of enzyme inhibitors in design of new drugs,
therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes.
Understand the metabolism of nutrient molecules in physiological and pathological conditions.
Understand the genetic organization of mammalian genome, functions of DNA and RNA in
protein synthesis.
Understand the principles of organ functions tests and their clinical significances
Lecture wise programme:
Topics Hrs
1 Introduction to biochemistry:
a. Cell organelles and its biochemical functions
b. Transport process across the cell membranes
03
2 Bioenergetics:
a. Concept of free energy: determination of free energy from equilibrium constant;
Redox potential.
b. Energy rich compounds; Definition, classification and Production and biological
significance of ATP and cyclic AMP
04
3 Enzymes
a. Definition; Nomenclature; IUB classification
b. Properties of enzymes
c. Factor affecting enzyme activity
d. Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Line Weaver Burke plot)
e. Enzyme inhibitors with examples
f. Mechanism of enzyme action and theories of enzyme action
g. Allosteric enzymes, Enzyme induction and repression
h. Isoenzymes and their diagnostic applications
i. Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes
j. Coenzymes Structure and biochemical role
13
24
4 Biological oxidation
a. Enzymes and co-enzymes involved in Biological oxidation.
b. Electron transport chain (its mechanism and role).
c. Oxidative phosphorylation (its mechanism) and substrate level phosphorylation
d. Inhibitors ETC and Uncouplers or inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation
04
5 Carbohydrate metabolism
a. Definition, classification, chemistry and biological role of carbohydrates
b. Glycolysis energetics and significance
c. Citric acid cycle- energetics, amphibolic nature, anaplerosis and significance
d. HMP shunt and its significance
e. Glycogen metabolism ( Glycogenolysis and glycogenesis) and its regulation
f. Gluconeogenesis and its significance
g. Various shuttle systems and its significance: glycerol phosphate & malate - aspertate
h. Uronic acid pathway and its significance
i. Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
j. Disorders of Carbohydrate metabolism: Diabetes mellitus, glycogen storage diseases
12
6 Lipid metabolism
a. Definition, classification, chemistry and biological role of lipids
b. -Oxidation of saturated (Palmitic acid) and unsaturated fatty acids(linolinic acid)
c. Ketone bodies metabolism (Ketogenesis and ketolysis) ketosis and ketoacidosis
d. De novo Biosynthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid)
e. Metabolism of cholesterol (Biosynthesis and degradation)
f. Biosynthesis and significance of Phospholipids
g. Disorders of lipid metabolism: Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis and fatty liver
10
7 Amino acid metabolism
a. Definition, classification and biological role of amino acids
b. General reactions of amino acid metabolism: Transamination, deamination &
decarboxylation.
c. Urea cycle and its metabolic disorders
d. Metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids their metabolic disorders
e. Catabolism of tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and their metabolic disorders
f. Synthesis and significance of biological substances; creatine, histamine, 5-hydroxy
Tryptophan (5-HT), dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline
g. Metabolism of Heme and its disorders Porphyriaas, hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice
11
8 Nucleic acid metabolism
a. Definition, chemistry and biological role of nucleosides, nucleotides
b. Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
a. Catabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
b. Disorders of nucleotide metabolism: Gout disease
04
25
9 Replication and Protein synthesis
a. Organization of mammalian genome
b. Structure of DNA and significance as genetic material
e. RNA, structure, types and significance in protein synthesis
f. DNA replication, types and details on semi conservative model
g. Mutation and consequences of mutation
h. DNA Damage and repair mechanism
i. Transcription or RNA synthesis
j. Genetic code
k. Translation or Protein synthesis and its regulation and inhibition
08
10 Clinical biochemistry
a. Role of the kidney: routine performed Laboratory tests (serum creatinine, creatinine
clearance, serum urea and serum uric acid )
b. Liver functions: Metabolic, synthetic, excretion & detoxification. Tests to evaluate the
liver functions
c. Composition and significance of lipoproteins; Lipid profile tests
05
26
1.4 Biochemistry (Practical)
Practical: 3 Hrs/Week
Title of Experiment Experiments
I Qualitative tests for biomolecules
1. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates
2. Qualitative analysis of Proteins
6
II Liver functions tests
1. Determination of Serum Glutamate Oxoloacetate Transaminase
2. Determination of Serum Glutamate Pyrvuate Transaminase
3. Determination of blood and urine sugar to asses metabolic function
4. Determination of serum calcium
4
II Kidney functions tests
1. Qualitative analysis of urine for normal constituents
2. Qualitative analysis of urine for abnormal constituents
3. Determination of serum total proteins
4. Determination of blood creatine
5. Determination of urine creatinine
6. Determination of blood urea
6
IV Lipid profile tests
1. Determination of serum cholesterol
2. Determination of serum triglycerides
2
V Determination of enzyme activity and study the factors effect of enzyme
activity
1. Determination of Salivary amylase activity
2. Study the effect of pH on salivary amylase activity.
3. Study the effect of Temperature on Salivary amylase activity.
4. Study the effect of substrate concentration on salivary amylase
activity.
4
VI Demo experiment on determination of biochemical parameter in blood
using auto analyzer
1
27
Recommended Books
1. Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger.
2. Harpers Biochemistry by Robert K. Murry, Daryl K. Granner and Victor W. Rodwell.
3. Biochemistry by Stryer.
4. Biochemistry by D. Satyanarayan and U.Chakrapani
5. Textbook of Biochemistry by Rama Rao.
6. Textbook of Biochemistry by Deb.
7. Outlines of Biochemistry by Conn and Stumpf
8. Practical Biochemistry by R.C. Gupta and S. Bhargavan.
9. Introduction of Practical Biochemistry by David T. Plummer. (3rd Edition)
10. Practical Biochemistry for Medical students by Rajagopal and Ramakrishna.
11. Practical Biochemistry by Harold Varley.
12. Laboratory manual of Biochemistry by Pattabiraman and Sitaram Acharya
28
1.5 Pharmacognosy
THEORY 75 Hrs (3Hrs/Week)
Scope: To learn and understand the cultivation and production of crude drugs and their usefulness.
Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to
Know the advances in the cultivation and production of drugs
Know the evaluation techniques for the herbal drugs.
Lecture wise programme:
Topic Hrs
1. Definition, History, present status, future scope & Development of
Pharmacognosy
2
2. Classification of crude drugs: Alphabetical, Morphological, chemical,
taxonomical, pharmacological and chemotaxonomy
5
3. Cultivation, collection, processing & storage of crude drugs
General principle of cultivation & collection of crude drugs
Advantages & disadvantages of cultivation.
Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants
Soil & soil fertility
Plant hormones & their applications.
Processing, storage & preservation of crude drugs.
10
4. Quality Control of Crude Drugs: Different method of Adulteration of crude drugs
and their evaluation. Using various methods like Organoleptic, Microscopic,
Physical, Chemical, Biological and Quantitative microscopy
4
5. Conservation of medicinal plants 2
6. Detailed study of the following crude drugs with specific emphasis on source,
cultivation, collection, preparation, storage, diagnostic characters
applicable, constituents, chemical tests, substitutes, adulterants and uses.
a. Carbohydrates: Agar, Gum Acacia, Gum tragacanth, Honey, Isapghol,
Bael
b. Tannins: Black Catechu, Myrobalan, Pale catechu and Arjuna.
c. Lipids: Castor oil, Wool fat, Bees wax, Cod liver oil, Olive oil,
Sesame oil and Chaulmoogra oil
d. Proteins: Gelatin and spirulina
e. Volatile oils: Mentha, Coriander, Cinnamon, Clove, Fennel,Cardamom,
Lemon grass oil, Sandal wood, Lehsun
f. Saponins: Dioscorea, Gokhru, Liquorice, Ginseng, Centella
g. Cardio active sterols: Digitalis, Squill, Stropanthus
h. Anthraquinones: Aloes, Senna, and Rhubarb,
35
29
i. Alkaloids: Areca, Lobelia, Belladonna, Berberis, Datura, Opium,
Ergot, Rauwolfia, Adathoda, Pilocarpus,Kurchi, Punarnava, Sankupusphi,
Ephedra.
j. Resins: Guggul, Garcinia,Balsam of Tolu, Benzoin, Balsum of Peru,
Asafoetida, Turmeric and Ginger, Shellac
7. Tumor inhibitors: Taxol, Vinca and Podophyllum 5
8. Anti hepatotoxic and oral hypoglycemic agents: Phyllanthus, Gymnema 4
9. Plant fibers used as surgical dressings: Cotton, Jute, Flax, silk, wool and rayon.
Sutures surgical catguts and ligatures.
5
10. Pharmaceutical aids: Talc, Bentonite, Kaolin, Kieselguhr 3
1.5 Pharmacognosy (Practical)
Practical: 3Hrs/Week
Title of Experiments Experiments
1 Microscopical and powder microscopical characters of the following drugs:
Cinchona, Cinnamon, Senna, Digitalis, Rauwolfia, Liquorice, Ipecac,Clove,
Ephedra, Kurchi, Fennel and Coriander
12
2 Study of Morphology of drugs:
Strophanthus, Squill, Rhubarb, Cascara, Liquorice, Senna, Cinchona, Ipecac,
Rauwolfia, Nuxvomica, Vinca, Aconite, Kurchi, Ephedra, Fennel, clove
5
3 Analysis of crude drugs by chemical tests:
i) Asafoetida (ii) Benzoin (iii) Acacia (iv)Agar (v) Gelatin (vi) Aloes vii) Honey
vii)Shark liver oil viii) Castor oil
5
4 Distillation of volatile oils 1
5 Determination of foaming index 1
6 Determination of moisture content of crude drugs 1
Recommended Books
1. Pharmacognosy: V.E.Tyler. Lynn. R. Brady, James E. Robgers.
2. Text book of Pharmacognosy by T.E.Wallis.
3. Study of crude drugs by Iyenger.
4. Powder crude drugs by Iyenger
5. Chemistry of organic natural products vol. I and II by O.P. Agarwal.
6. Practical pharmaceutical chemistry by Backett and Stanlake
7. Indian herbal pharmacopoeia and British herbal pharmacopoeia
8. Anatomy of crude drugs by M.A. Iyengar
9. Text book of Pharmacognosy Ed.3-C.K. Kokate.
10. Pharmacognosy Pharmacobiotechnology- James Bobbers, Marilyn K, Speedice & V E.Tylor.
30
Second year B. Pharm
Sl.
No. Subjects
Theory
hours / week
Practical
hours / week
2.1 Pharmaceutics 3 3
2.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry II 3 3
2.3 Industrial Pharmacognosy 3 3
2.4 Biostatistics & Computer applications 3 3
2.5 Social and Behavioral Science 3 --
2.6 Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence 3 --
Total number of Working hours 18 12
Grand Total 30 hours
31
2.1 Pharmaceutics
THEORY 75 Hrs (3Hrs/Week)
Scope: This course is designed to impart a fundamental knowledge on the art and science of formulating
different dosage forms. It prepares the students for most basics of the applied field of pharmacy.
Objectives: Upon the completion of the course the student should be able to:
Know the formulation aspects of different dosage forms
Do different pharmaceutical calculation involved in formulation
Formulate different types of dosage forms
Appreciate the importance of good formulation for effectiveness
Lecture wise programme:
Topic Hrs
1 Historical back ground and development of profession of pharmacy
History of profession of Pharmacy in India in relation to pharmacy education,
industry and organization, Pharmacy as a career, Pharmacopoeias: Introduction to
IP, BP, USP and extra pharmacopoeia. Salient features of Indian Pharmacopoeia.
05
2 Dosage forms
Introduction to dosage forms, classification and definitions
Prescription: Definition, significance, parts and handling of Prescription.
Posology: Definition, Factors affecting dose selection. Calculation of doses for
infants & children based on age, body weight and body surface area.
05
3 Pharmaceutical Calculations: Weights and measures Imperial & Metric
system, Calculations involving percentage solutions, alligation, proof spirit and
isotonic solutions.
06
4 Powders and Granules: Definition, classification, advantages and disadvantages,
Particle size analysis, Flow characteristics, quality control tests, simple &
compound powders official preparations, insufflations, dusting powders, eutectic
mixtures, effervescent powders and effervescent granules.
Granules: definition, methods of granulation (wet, dry, spray drying, RMG, roller
compaction, high shear mixer granulators), granulation process validation, scaleup
considerations (dissolution testing requirement; size, equipment and process
change; reporting requirements), regulatory issues in granulation processes,
Pellets: Definition; rationale for pelletization; manufacturing considerations-
equipments and methods used (coating pan, FBP, extrusion spheronisation);
formulation variables.
04
04
04
5 Liquid Dosage forms: Classification, Advantages & Disadvantages. General
formulation aspects including adjuvants like Vehicles, Organoleptic additives &
Stabilizers.
02
32
Monophasic Dosage forms:
Study of Monophasic liquids - Definition, formulation and official examples of
gargles, mouthwashes, Throat paint, Eardrops, Nasal drops, Liniments and lotions,
Enemas, collodions, Syrups, Elixirs and solutions.
Biphasic dosage forms:
Suspensions: Definition; advantages and disadvantages; classification; Diffusible
and indiffusible suspensions; Formulation & official examples; Flocculated and
Deflocculated suspension; Surfactants employed (anionic, non-ionic, cat ionic and
additional surfactants); nano suspensions; reconstitutional suspensions; parenteral
suspensions; aerosol suspensions; rheology of suspensions and emulsions.
Emulsions: Definition, classification, test for the identification of type of
emulsion, emulsifying agents, Methods of preparation & stability problems
cracking, creaming and phase inversion; self emulsifying drug delivery systems;
emulsions for ocular delivery of drugs, multiple emulsions.
03
06
06
6 Semisolid dosage form: Definition, types, mechanism and factors affecting drug
penetration, General formulation of ointments, creams, pastes and gels, their
evaluation and packing, ophthalmic ointments and gels; in situ gels
05
7 Suppositories: Definition, types, advantages and disadvantages, types of bases,
method of preparation, Displacement value & its calculations, packaging and
evaluation.
05
8 Extraction: Definition, study of different extraction processes - Expression,
Infusion, Decoction, Maceration, Percolation & Soxhelation. Examples of tinctures
and extracts.
06
9. Surgical aids
Surgical dressings, sutures, ligatures and preparation of surgical catgut.
04
10 Incompatibilities: Definition, Physical, Chemical and Therapeutic
incompatibilities, reasons and correction of incompatibilities.
04
11. Introduction to novel dosage forms and drug delivery technologies
Ocular drug delivery, transdermal drug delivery, nasopulmonary drug delivery,
colon specific drug delivery, bioadhesive and mucoadhesive systems,
gastroretentive systems, microspheres, microparticles, iontophoresis, osmotic
pumps, oral inhalations, IUDs, ophthalmic inserts, liposomes, implants,
autoinjection systems
06
33
2.1 Pharmaceutics (Practical)
Practical: 3Hrs/week
Title of the Experiments No of classes
1. Syrups
a) Simple syrup
b) Chlorpheniramine maleate syrup
2
2. Elixirs
a) Piperazine citrate elixir
b) Paracetamol paediatric elixir
2
3. Solutions
a) Strong solution of ammonium acetate
b) Cresol with soap solution
2
4. Suspensions
a) Calamine lotion
b) Magnesium hydroxide mixture
2
5. Emulsions
a) Castor oil emulsion
b) Liquid paraffin emulsion
2
6. Powders and Granules
a) Eutectic powder
b) Effervescent granules
c) Granule preparation-Wet granulation
d) Granule preparation-dry granulation
e) Pellets preparation-extruder spherinizer/ FBP
5
7. Suppositories
a) Boric acid suppository
1
8. Semisolids
a) Sulphur ointment
b) Cold cream
c) Vanishing cream
d) Bentonite Gel
e) In situ gel preparation
5
9. Gargles and Mouth Washes
a) Potassium chlorate gargle
b) Any antiseptic mouth washes
2
10. Tinctures
a) Orange tincture
b) Compound Benzoin tincture
2
34
Recommended Books
1. H.C. Ansel et al, Pharmaceutical Dosage form and Drug delivery system, Lippincott Williams and
Walkins, New Delhi, 7th Edition, 2000.
2. Carter S.J., Cooper and Gunns-Dispensing for Pharmaceutical students, CBS publishers, New
Delhi 12th Edition. 2000.
3. M.E. Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Science& Dosage Form Design, Churchill Livingstone,
Edinburgh, 2nd Edition, 2002.
4. Indian pharmacopoeia and British pharmacopoeia.
5. Theory and practice of Industrial pharmacy by Lachmann.
6. Alfonso R. Gennaro Remington: The science and practice of pharmacy, Vol I and Vol II,
Lipponcott Williams, 20th edition, 2000.
7. Carter S.J., Cooper and Gunns-Tutorial pharmacy, CBS Publications, New Delhi, 6th edition,
2000.
8. E.A. Rawlins, Bentleys text book of Pharmaceutics, English language Book Society, 8th edition,
1997.
9. Isaac Ghebre Sellassie: Pharmaceutical; Pelletization Technology, Marcel Dekker, INC, New
York, 1989.
10. Dilip M. Parikh: Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, Marcel Dekker, INC,
New York, 1997.
11. Francoise Nieloud and Gilberte Marti-Mestres: Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Suspensions,
Marcel Dekker, INC, New York, 2000.
35
2.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry - II
THEORY 75 Hrs (3Hrs/Week)
Scope: The subject deals with structure, stability and reactivity of organic compounds. It emphasizes on
mechanisms and orientation of reactions. The syllabus includes physical properties of organic compounds
and named reactions. This course also deals with stereo chemical aspects of organic compounds and
stereo chemical reactions.
Objectives: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
write the structure, name, the type of isomerism of the organic compound
write the reaction, name the reaction and understand orientation of reactions
understand the stereo chemical aspects of organic compounds and reactions
know and account for stability/reactivity/orientation
Lecture wise programme:
Topics Hrs
Note: To emphasize on definition, types/ classification, mechanisms, examples, uses/ applications,
differences.
1 Benzene and its derivatives
a. Analytical/ synthetic/ other evidences in the derivation of structure of benzene.
Orbital picture, resonance in benzene, aromatic characters, Huckels rule
Reactions of benzene nitration, sulphonation, halogenation- reactivity, friedel crafts
alkylation- reactivity, limitations, friedel crafts acylation.
Substituents,effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation of mono substituted
benzene compounds towards electrophilic substitution reactions.
b. Aryl halides
Nomenclature,General methods of preparation, General reactions of - Aryl
halides,Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions (Bimolecular nucleophilic
substitution and Benzyne- mechanisms), effect of substituents on reactivity towards
nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions
c. Phenols - Nomenclature,General methods of preparation, General reactions, Acidity
of - phenols, effect of substituents on acidity
d. Amines
Nomenclature,General methods of preparation, General reactions,
Basicity of - aromatic amines, effect of substituents on basicity, comparision
with aliphatic saturated amines, synthetic uses of diazonium salts
18
2 Polynuclear hydrocarbons:
Synthesis , reactions and medicinal uses of of following compounds/ derivatives -
Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene. Diphenylmethane and Triphenylmethane.
8
3 Reactions of synthetic importance
a. Catalytic hydrogenation, metal hydride reduction, Clemmensen reduction, Meerwein
Pondorff Verley reduction, Birch reduction, Wolff kishner reduction.
8
36
b. Oppenauer-oxidation, Dakin reaction.
c. Beckmanns rearrangement, Schmidt rearrangement.
d. Claisen-Schmidt Condensation
4 Stereo isomerism:
a. Optical isomerism
i. Optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso
compounds
ii. Elements of symmetry, chiral, achiral- molecules
iii. DL system of nomenclature of optical isomers,
sequence rules,
RS system of nomenclature of optical isomers
iv. Reactions of chiral molecules
v. Racemic modification, resolution of racemic mixture.
vi. Asymmetric synthesis- partial, absolute
b. Geometrical isomerism
i. Nomenclature of geometrical isomers (Cis Trans, EZ, Syn Anti systems)
ii. Methods of determination of configuration of geometrical isomers.
c. Conformational isomerism in alkanes, Cyclopentane, Cyclohexane.
d. Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) - conditions for optical
activity.
e. Stereospecific and stereoselective reactions
18
5 Heterocyclic compounds:
a. Nomenclature.
b. Synthesis ,reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds /derivatives
i. Pyrrole/Furan/Thiophene - Relative aromaticity, reactivity, Basicity of pyrrole,
ii. Pyrazole/ Imidazole/ Oxazole/ Thiazole.
iii. Pyridine/ Quinoline/ Isoquinoline/ Acridine/ Indole. Basicity of pyridine
c. Synthesis and medicinal uses of following compounds / derivatives - Pyrimidine/
Purine.
15
6 Fats and Oils.
a. Fatty acids- Reactions
b. Hydrolysis, hydrogenation, saponification and rancidity- of oils, drying oils.
c. Analytical constants Acid value, saponification value, ester value, iodine value,
acetyl value, Reichert Meissl (RM) value significance and principle involved in the
determination.
8
37
Pharmaceutical Chemistry II (Practical)
Practical: 3 Hours/Week
Title of the experiment Experiments
I Quantitative determination of following classes of organic compounds
( including standardization of reagents)
1. Alcohol by acetylation method.
2. Carbonyl compound by hydroxyl amine hydro chloride method.
3. Carboxylic acid by acid base method.
4. Ester by hydrolysis method.
5. Amino acid by formal titration method
6. Aldehyde by sodium sulfite sulphuric acid method.
7. Acetone by Sodium hypo iodite method.
8. Phenol by bromination method.
( Students to carry out Minimum of seven Quantitative
determination experiments)
7
II Determination of following oil values (including standardization of
reagents)
1. Acid value.
2. Saponification value.
3. Iodine value by pyridine bromide method.
4. Iodine value by iodine mono chloride method.
( Students to carry out Minimum of three determination of oil value
experiments)
3
III Preparation of homocyclic compounds. ( Students to prepare
Minimum of six homocyclic compounds listed below )
1. Benzanilide/Phenyl benzoate/Acetanilide from Aniline/ Phenol
/Aniline by acylation reaction.
2. 2,4,6-Tribromo aniline/Para bromo acetanilide from Aniline/
Acetanilide by halogenation (Bromination) reaction.
3. 5-Nitro salicylic acid/Meta di nitro benzene from Salicylic acid /
Nitro benzene by nitration reaction.
4. Benzoic acid from benzyl chloride by oxidation reaction.
5. Benzoic acid/Salicylic acid from alkyl benzoate/ alkyl salicylate
by hydrolysis reaction.
6. 1- Phenyl azo -2- napthol from aniline by diazotization and
coupling reactions.
6
38
IV
Preparation of heterocyclic compounds. (Students to prepare
Minimum of Five heterocyclic compounds listed below or any other
heterocyclic compounds)
1. Benzimidazole from ortho phenylene diamine.
2. 2,3diphenyl quinoxaline from benzil
3. Benzotriazole from ortho phenylene diamine by diazotization.
4. 2-phenyl indole from acetophenone.
5. 3-methyl 1-phenyl pyrazol-5-one from ethylacetoacetate
5
V Separation of binary mixture of organic compounds 2
VI Stereo modeling of enantiomers, diastereoisomers, anomers, epimers
meso compounds, geometrical isomers, conformational isomers (chair,
boat, twist conformers of cyclohexane and substituted cyclohexane),
biphenyl compounds etc.
2
Recommended Books
1. Organic chemistry by I. L. Finar, Volume-I & II.
2. A text book of organic chemistry Arun Bahl , B.S.Bahl.
3. Heterocyclic Chemistry by Raj K. Bansal
4. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd
5. Heterocyclic Chemistry by T.L.Gilchrist
6. Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry by AI Vogel, Part- III, Quantitative Organic
Analysis.
7. Practical Organic Chemistry by Mann and Saunders.
8. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Volume- I & II by Beckett and J. B.Stanlake
9. Indian Pharmacopoeia
10. Vogels text book of Practical Organic Chemistry
11. Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry by N. K. Vishnoi
39
2.3 Industrial Pharmacognosy
THEORY 75 Hrs (3Hrs/Week)
Scope: To learn and understand the techniques involved in the herbal drug, cosmetic preparation and their
standardization
Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to
know the modern extraction techniques, characterization and identification of the herbal drugs
understand the preparation and development of herbal drugs as per GMP guidelines
Lecture wise programme:
Topics Hrs
1 Modern methods of extraction, application of latest techniques like
Spectroscopy, chromatography and electrophoresis in the isolation, purification
and identification of crude drugs.
11
2 a) Introduction to plant biochemistry with special reference to basic metabolic
pathways.
b) Introduction to biogenesis of secondary metabolites like Atropine,
Ergotamine, Morphine and Steroidal glycosides.
c) Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of
Biogenetic studies.
08
3 A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on
medicinal and aromatic plants in India.
02
4 Industrial production and estimation of the following phytoconstituents:
Forskolin, Sennoside, Artemisinin, Diosgenin,, Tropane alkaloids.,
Curcumin,Rutin, Phyllanthin, Asiaticoside, Andrographolides and Gymnemic
acid
10
5 Herbal formulation development and standardization
a) Preparation, stability testing of Herbal extracts and formulations
b) Role of Herbs in Cosmetics
Hair care preparation - Henna, Amla, Hibiscus
Skin Care preparation Aloe vera, Turmeric, Sandal wood
c) Neutraceuticals
10
6 WHO Guidelines for the assessment of Herbal Medicine and Cosmetics 02
7 a) Basic principles involved in the alternative system of medicine viz.
Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy
b) Preparation and standardization of Ayurvedic formulations i.e.
Aristas, Asawas, Ghutika,Churna, Leha and Bhasma.
07
8 Plant Toxins and adverse drug reactions:
Natural allergens, Hallucinogens, Teratogens.
06
9 Plant tissue culture:
Historical development, nutritional requirements, growth and their
maintenance, applications of plant tissue culture and types of cultures related to
cell suspension culture, callus culture, hairy root culture and protoplast culture
07
40
10 Enzyme Biotechnology
Introduction, general methods of isolation, purification and application of
immobilized enzymes.
Biological sources, methods of preparation, chemical nature and uses of:
a. Papain b. Pepsin c. Trypsin d. Pancreatin e. Asparaginase, urokinase
07
11 a) Herb-Drug interaction
b) Edible Vaccine
02
2.3: Industrial Pharmacognosy (Practical)
Practical: 3 Hours/Week
Title of the experiment Experiments
1 Exercise involving isolation of active principles
a. Caffeine - from tea dust.
b. Curcumin from turmeric
c. Berberine from Berberis
d. Andrographolide from Kalmegh
e. Diosgenin from Dioscorea
f. Phyllanthin from Phyllanthus neruri
g. Piperine from Pepper
h. Hespiridin from orange peel
08
2 Separation of amino acids by Paper chromatography 1
3 TLC analysis of extracts 1
4 Determination of
a. Moisture content (Loss on drying)
b. Extractive values
c. Ash values
d. Swelling factors
4
5 Preparation and standardization of Ayurvedic formulations 1
6 Preparation of herbal cosmetics 1
7 Demonstration of experiments in column chromatography 1
8 Demonstration of experiments in plant tissue culture. 1
Recommended Books
1. Pharmacognosy by Trease and Evans 14th and 15th edition. 2. Pharmacognosy Pharmacobiotechnology- James Bobbers, Marilyn K, Speedice & V.E. Tylor. 3. Herbal Drug Industry R.D.Chowdary. 4. The formulation and preparation of cosmetic, fragrances and flavours. 5. Remingtons Pharmaceutical sciences. 6. WHO Guidelines website http:/www/who.int/druginformation 7. Standardization of botanicals. 8. Quality Control Herbal Drugs - Pulok K.Mukherjee. 9. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry I edition, vol- l &II by Vinod. D. Rangari 10. Practical Pharmacognosy, III edition, C.K. Kokate.
41
2.4 Biostatistics and Computer applications
THEORY 75 Hrs (3Hrs/Week)
Scope: This subject deals with the introduction to computers, M.S. Word, M.S. Excel, Computer
graphics, operating system, softwares, Net-work, Internet, Computer application in clinical studies.
Biostatistics deals with the Frequency distribution, Graphics, Measures of central tendency, Correlation,
Regression, Probability theory, Sampling technique, Sample, Parameter, Statistics, Students t-test and
Pharmaceutical examples.
Objectives: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
know the operation of M.S. Word, M.S. Excel, M.S. Access
know the various application of computers in pharmacy
know the various statistical technique to solve statistical problems
solve statistical problems by using Excel
appreciate various applications of software packages in Pharmacy
Appreciate statistical techniques in solving the problems.
Lecture wise programme:
Topics Hrs
Section A: Biostatistics
01 Frequency distribution: Definition, Types of frequency distribution,
Cumulative frequency
Graphical Representation: Histogram, frequency polygon, frequency curve,
Semi logarithmic graph, ogive.
06
02 Measures of central tendency : Average, Types of averages - Mean, Median,
Mode, Harmonic mean, Geometric mean, Quartile, deciles, percentile -
Pharmaceutical examples
08
03 Measures of dispersion : Dispersion, Range, quartile deviation, mean
deviation, standard deviation, Variance, coefficient of variation, application
of coefficient of variation in pharmacy, skewness, Kurtosis, coefficient of
skewness, Pharmaceutical problems
08
04 Correlation : Definition, Types of correlation, Karl Pearsons coefficient of
correlation, Rank difference method, Correction of tied ranks, Multiple
correlation - Pharmaceuticals examples
05
05 Regression: Curve fitting by the method of least squares, fitting the lines y= a
+ bx and x = a + by, fitting the curve y = abx , fitting exponential curve,
Multiple regression, standard error of regression, difference between
regression and correlation Pharmaceutical Examples
05
06 Probability : Trial, event, sure event, random event, Sample space, Definition
of probability, mutually exclusive events, Independent event, Laws of
Probability - simple problems, Binomial distribution, Normal distribution,
Poissons distribution, properties - problems
06
42
07 Sample, Population, large sample, small sample, Null hypothesis, alternative
hypothesis, sampling, essence of sampling, types of sampling, Error-I type,
Error-II type, Standard error of mean (SEM) - Pharmaceutical examples
05
08 T- distribution : t-test between the means of Population and sample, Pooled
t-test, students t-test, Pharmaceutical examples
04
Section B: Computer Science
09 Number system: Binary number system, Decimal number system, Octal
number system, conversion decimal to binary, binary to decimal, octal to
binary etc, binary addition, binary subtraction First complement, second
complement method, binary multiplication, binary division
05
10 Over view of computers, Generation of computers, Types of computers
Mini, Micro, Super computer, digital, analog and hybrid computers, input
devices, output devices, input/output devices Floppy disk, CD-ROM, Pen
drive, Monitor, Printers, types of printers-Impact and Non impact printers,
08
11 Algorithm and flow chart Pharmaceutical problems 02
12 Hardware, software , types of softwares System, application, Custom
software
02
13 Operating system, Types of Operating systems 02
14 Computer Network LAN, WAN, MAN, Internet, Intranet, WWW 02
15 Programming languages Machine language, Assembly language, High level
languages
01
16 Introduction to M.S. Office M.S. Excel, M.S. Access-operators and
Expression
03
17 Application of computers in Pharmacy Drug information storage and
retrieval, Pharmacokinetics, Drug design, Crude drug identification, Hospital
and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical analysis
03
43
2.4: Biostatistics and Computer applications (Practical)
Practical: 3 Hrs/week
Title of the Experiments Experiments
1. Introduction to M.S. Word, Mail Merge, Table Handling 2
2. Introduction to Excel - Graphs Histogram, Bar, Line, Pie etc 1
3. Introduction to mathematical functions and Statistical functions - Sum,
Average, Exponential, Logarithm, Round, Power , If and Else - logical
function
2
4. Calculation of Averages using excel - Mean - Individual, discrete and
continuous series
1
5. Calculation of Median and Mode using Excel - Discrete and continuous
series
1
6. Calculation of Geometric mean, Harmonic mean using Excel -
Individual, Discrete and continuous series
1
7. Calculation of mean deviation by direct and shortcut method using
Excel - Individual, Discrete and continuous series
1
8. Calculation of Standard deviation and coefficient of variation by direct
method using Excel - Individual, Discrete and continuous series
1
9. Calculation of Standard deviation and Coefficient of variation by
shortcut method using Excel - Individual, Discrete and continuous
series
1
10. Calculation of coefficient of correlation by direct , shortcut method and
Rank difference method using Excel
1
11. Multiple correlation problem 1
12. Calculation of coefficient of Skewness using Excel 1
13. Calculation of Kurtosis using excel 1
14. Formation of linear regression equation calculation of predicted values 1
15. Binomial distribution , Poissons distribution problems Using excel 1
16. t-test Problem to know the significance difference between population
and sample mean Using excel
1
17. Pooled t-test Problem to know the significance difference between
means of two Samples Using excel
1
18. Students t-test Problem to know the significance difference between
means of Control and treatment group Using excel
1
19. Student t-test from correlation coefficient and regression coefficient 1
20. Introduction to Access - Creating database, Creating table, designing
table creating forms
1
21. Writing programme to generate labels of different formulation using
access
1
22. Operating statistical software 1
23. Introduction to Power point Slides Preparations 1
44
Books Recommended
1. Pharmaceutical Statistics - By Sanford Bolton Third/Fourth Edition
2. Comdex Computer Course Kit - Vikas Guptha
3. Fundamental of Statistics - S.C.Guptha
4. Practical Problems in Statistics D.N.Elhance and Veen Elhance
5. Microsoft Office Access 2003 - Cary N.Prague, Michael R.Irwin
6. Statistics - Kapoor
7. Fundamental of Statistics - S.N.Guptha
8. Methods in Biostatistics B.K.Mahajan
45
2.5. Social Pharmacy and Behavioral Science
THEORY 75 Hrs (3Hrs/Week)
Scope: Social Pharmacy and Behavioral Science course will prepare the young pharmacy student to fit
into the social role as Pharmacist. Interaction of pharmacist with doctors, nurses, dentists, physiotherapists
and other health workers is to develop team spirit in pharmacist. Rational drug use and essential drugs
concepts can be realized with meaningful interaction of pharmacists with other health care providers. At
the end of this course the student will get the soft skills set to work cohesively with the team as a team
player and will add value to the pharmaceutical business.
Objectives:
Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
Understand the behavioral needs for a Pharmacist to function effectively in the areas of pharmaceutical Operation
Communicate effectively ( Verbal and Non Verbal)
Effectively Manage the team as a team player
Manage the time effectively
Develop Leadership Qualities and Essentials
Topics Hrs
1. Social Pharmacy and Behavioral Science
The Concept and context of social pharmacy
02
2. Pharmacy Profession a) Introduction to profession of Pharmacy b) Pattern of entry and employment in pharmacy c) Employment position and job responsibilities of a pharmacist d) Role of pharmacist in health care e) Pharmacy ethics
10
3. Professionalization of community pharmacy a) Introduction professional status of community pharmacy b) Patients medication records and pharmacists extended role c) Health screening services in community pharmacy
08
4. Role of hospital pharmacist in a hospital a) Introduction b) Manufacturing, purchasing, inventory management, distribution and
promoting the rational view of medicine
c) Definition and concept of clinical pharmacy
15
5. Time Management a) Value of Time
b) How to Track the action items
c) Goal setting
d) Using SMART Objective concept
e) Goals, Tasks, Sub Tasks
f) Resource Management
g) Mile Stone, Mapping and Gantt chart application
10
46
6. Preparing for an Interview a) Creating an Effective CV (Objective Setting, Skills, how to prepare the
content, Describing Self, Summarizing the Education and Self, Selling
your Experience, Deciding on looks, Getting it Right)
b) Define the purpose of the interview
c) Preparation of STP, PDCA
d) Improving the delegation
e) Dress Code and Code of Conduct
f) Dos and Donts
g) Style of communication
h) Attitude Vs Skills
i) Co