Jucks SARP

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NASA AtmosphericComposition Research

Ken JucksProgram Manager, NASA Upper Atmosphere

Research Program

Student Airborne Research Program

July 13, 2009


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What defines Atmospheric Composition?What defines Atmospheric Composition?

3 All the stuff in the atmosphere that has an impact on human lives.

u The basic gases involved biological and anthropogenic processes (O2,CO2, N2O, CH4, CFCs, hydrocarbons, pollutants (NO, Ozone).

u The gases that are secondary products from chemistry that involves the

above gases (NO2, OH, HO2, O3,..)

u Aerosols (condensed gases, dust, organic reactants, sea salt, etc.)

u

Water in ALL its forms (gas, liquid, ice)!

3 The atmospheric constituents that constrain the radiative balance

of the atmosphere (i.e. climate forcing)

u Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, CFCs, etc.)

u Water in ALL its formsu Aerosols

2


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How is atmospheric research done atHow is atmospheric research done at

NASA?NASA?

3 Atmospheric Composition is divided up into 4 programs

u Upper Atmosphere Research Programu Tropospheric Chemistry Program

u Radiation Science Program

u Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program

3 Research is performed along the following lines:u Satellite observations of the atmosphere (Much more later)

u Airborne observations of the atmosphere (what you are here to learn

about!)

u Other suborbital observations of the atmosphere (sonde balloones and

LARGE high altitude balloons)u Ground based observations of the atmosphere.

u Modeling and data analysis studies using and/or tying togetherALL the

above observations.

3


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Upper Atmosphere Research ProgramUpper Atmosphere Research Program

3 Concentrates on observations that augment the satellite

observations of ozone and the composition of the stratosphere andupper troposphere.

3 High altitude airplane observations of O3, CFCs, water vapor, other

source gases that can deplete ozone, and the reactive free radicals

that directly react with ozone.

3 Higher altitude large balloon observations making similarmeasurements.

3 Ground based observations that provide the long term records of

ozone, ozone depleting substances, and reactive radicals.

3 Other observations that validate the satellite observations from the

Aura satellite.

3 Laboratory studies that help to interpret the observations from all of

the above.

4


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Ozone and ChlorineOzone and Chlorine

3In 1974, Richard Stolarski and Ralph Cicerone, then at

the University of Michigan, suggest that chlorine couldalso catalytically destroy ozone in the stratosphere. They

had been studying, for NASA, the possible impacts of solid

rocket propellants such as used by the Space Shuttle.

Stolarski Cicerone

Cl + O3 -> ClO +O2

ClO + O -> Cl + O2

Net: O + O3 -> 2O2


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AAOE: 8/23/87 & 9/16/87 Data:AAOE: 8/23/87 & 9/16/87 Data:

The Smoking GunThe Smoking Gun


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15x103

1 0

5

Altitude

(m

)

30252015

Total O rganic Brom ine (pm ol /mo l)

< > 20151050

Lat i tude

Tropical surface to stratosphere profile of

ozone-depleting bromine source gases

From NASA DC-8 and WB-57

Tropical surface sources of

short-lived organic bromine

Elevated levels above 20 ppb in

upper troposphere are a sign of

convective transport.

Decreasing levels signify

Transport through TropicalTropopause Layer (TTL)


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ER-2

track

H2O rh%

Ice: mg/m3ER2: Cloud Physics Lidar (upper)

WB57: In situ data (lower)

T (K)

supersat

O3

WB57

alt

Ice

Probing of a tropical subvisible cirrus layer with two planes during TC4


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High Altitude Balloon FlightsHigh Altitude Balloon Flights

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High Altitude Balloon DataHigh Altitude Balloon Data

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Examples of photochemistry studies from balloon dataExamples of photochemistry studies from balloon data

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AGAGE is distinguished

by its capability to

measure over the globe at

high frequency almost all

of the important speciesin the Montreal Protocol

to protect the ozone layer

and almost all of the

significant non-CO2 gases

in the Kyoto Protocol to

mitigate climate change.

Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment and Affiliated

Networks

The AGAGE, and its predecessors (the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment, ALE,

and the Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment, GAGE) have been measuring the

composition of the global atmosphere continuously since 1978.

SOGE: System for Observation of HalogenatedGreenhouse Gases in EuropeNIES: National Institute for EnvironmentalStudies, Japan

SNU: Seoul National University, Korea.AGAGE WEB SITE athttp://agage.eas.gatech.edu

The ALE/GAGE/AGAGE stations occupy

coastal & mountain sites around the world

chosen to provide accurate measurements

of trace gases whose lifetimes are long

compared to global atmospheric circulation

times.


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Tropospheric Organic Chlorine


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Network for the Detection of

Atmospheric Composition Change


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Satellite Measurements:

HALOE derived Cl. The solid

black line is the UNEP baseline

scenario lagged 5.3 years.

Ground-based Remote Sensing:Jungfraujoch Station Cl derived

from the summation of column

HCl, ClONO2, and modeled

background ClO.

Ground-based In Situ:

AGAGE data

Russell and Anderson, 2005)

Cl Time Series for 55 km, Column and Surface

S


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Radiation Sciences ProgramRadiation Sciences ProgramUnderstanding Electromagnetic Radiation in the Earth SystemUnderstanding Electromagnetic Radiation in the Earth System

Scientific Foci: Aerosols; optical properties

(microphysical and chemistry), sources,

transport, sinks, distribution

Clouds; optical properties (cirrus particle

shape), distribution, cloud meteorology

Aerosol Cloud Interactions; aerosol

impact on clouds and cloud properties

Radiative Transfer; emphasize 3D RT as

it relates to the effect of clouds on

radiative flux and remote sensing


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Projects typically funded in RSP: Analysis and modeling of satellite remote sensing and

other data (e.g., MODIS, MISR, OMI, CALIPSO,CloudSAT, Glory, )

Network measurements of radiation, aerosols andclouds for scientific investigations and satellitecalibration and validation

Field campaigns to measure aerosols, clouds andradiation (e.g., TC-4, ARCTAS, MACPEX, )

Laboratory studies to refine understanding of aerosoland cloud properties and the processes controllingthem

RSP funded tasks


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Th D i At h


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The Dynamic Atmosphere:

AERONET-Defining Aerosol Optical Properties


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Status:12 active sites

6 planned sites (in preparation)

6 proposed sites (funding dependent)12 short-term field campaigns

1 ocean cruise (two cruises pre-dating MPLNET are available)

Accomplishments: MPLNET has generated and contributed to over 30 peer reviewed

publications since 2000. Validation & algorithm development for ICESat & TOMS. CALIPSO pending. Cooperation with AERONET, modeling, and satellite groups led to

formulation of new Synergy Tool (online aerosol database)

Goddard team + 13 Partners compose MPLNET:NASA LaRC

NOAA ESRL

Naval Research Lab - MontereyJapans National Institute of Polar Research

Spains Instituto Nacional de Tcnica Aeroespacial - INTA

4 US Universities

2 Korean Universities

1 Taiwan University

1 Chinese University other partners pending

Objective: Long-term, local - regional - worldwide aerosol and cloud profile

observations using common instrument & data processing in a federated network

active sites

field campaigns

planned sites

proposed sites

former campaign, permanent site planned

former campaign, permanent site proposed

* Most sites are co-located with AERONET

* Campaigns utilize SMART-COMMIT and/or

MAARCO platforms

* line denotes research cruise

http://mplnet.gsfc.nasa.gov


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Observations of Saharan Dust Transport

Reid et al., JGR, 2003: Puerto Rico Dust Experiment (PRIDE) in 2000

Pink dots indicate Marine Boundary Layer heights from nearby radiosonde

Aerosol & Cloud Extinction Profiles km-1

MPLNET Level 3 DataCabras Island Site

A l S Pl Ph i l Ch t i tiA l S Pl Ph i l Ch t i ti


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Aerosol Source Plume Physical CharacteristicsAerosol Source Plume Physical Characteristics

from MISR Space-based Multi-angle Imagingfrom MISR Space-based Multi-angle Imaging

From: R. Kahnet al.JGR2007 Wildfire smoke plumes tend to concentrate in layers of high relative atmospheric stabilitylayers of high relative atmospheric stability.

With buoyancy from a fire or volcanofire or volcano, they can reach stable layers above the boundary layerabove the boundary layer.The MISR plume height measurements can be used in models that predict aerosol transportin models that predict aerosol transport. The GEOS-CHEM ModelingGEOS-CHEM Modeling group at Harvard (J. Logan et al) is investigating this application.

0.0 0.6 1.2 0.0 1.2 2.4 0 5000 10,0001

2

3

4

5

MISR nadir view

Oregon wildfire Sept 04 2003 Smoke & bkgd aerosol amount ~Particle Size Smoke Plume Height

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

MISR Stereo-Derived Smoke Plume Height histograms for five patches, plus model-derived atmospheric stability profile


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CALIPSO Observations All 3 Lidar ChannelsCALIPSO Observations All 3 Lidar Channels

Desert

dust

Biomass

smoke

Cirrus

56.71

32.16

47.85

28.57

39.92

25.78

31.94

23.46

23.93

21.42

15.90

19.55

7.81

17.77

-0.23

16.05

-8.28

14.23

-16.31

12.56

-24.33

10.69

-32.32

8.64

-40.27

6.30

Altitude,

km

Altitude,

km

Altitude,km

Fire locations in southern

Africa from MODIS

10 June 2006

9 June 2006


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Quantitatively calculate intercontinental transport of dust (Kaufman et al.,

2005) or pollution (Yu et al. in preparation)

Observationally-based estimate of aerosol direct radiative effect (Remer and

Kaufman, 2006; Yu et al., 2006; Bellouin et al.2005; Chung et al., 2005)

Observationally-based estimate of oceanic aerosol anthropogenic component

or direct forcing (Kaufman et al. 2006)

Tool for operational air quality forecasts (Al Saadi et al. 2005)

MODIS Aerosol Products View the Global

Aerosol System in an Entirely New Way

Glory Instruments Measure ImportantGlory Instruments Measure Important


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Glory Instruments Measure ImportantGlory Instruments Measure Important

Parameters for Understanding ClimateParameters for Understanding Climate

APS Provides:

Determination of the global distribution of natural andanthropogenic aerosols and clouds with accuracy and

coverage sufficient for significantly improved quantification ofdirect and indirect aerosol climate effects:

Uncertainty in the effect of aerosols on global warmingaccounts for roughly 40 percent of the uncertainty in theradiative forcing function.

Retrieval of aerosol particle microphysical properties byinverting multi-angle and multi-spectral radiance andpolarization measurements will significantly extend the

information content concerning aerosols from multi-spectralinstruments such as MODIS and MISR. TIM Provides:

Continued measurement of the Total Solar Irradiance to determinethe Suns direct and indirect effect on the Earths climate. Total Solar Irradiance with precision of 10 ppm and accuracy of

100 ppm are needed to understand the role of the sun in climatechange and to understand the astrophysics of the nearest star tothe Earth.

Understanding climate variability and change requires measuring:

Aerosol Properties - optical thickness (/2), size (explicit),

shape (new), and refractive index (new)

Total Solar Irradiance

Glory Will Increase Our Understanding of


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Glory Will Increase Our Understanding of

the Earths Energy Budget

warming

cooling

Effective climate forcings (W/m2) (18802003)

Hansen et al., Science

308, 14311435 (2005)

Overlap of TIM Measurements

Enables Long-term Record

Direct/Indirect Aerosol Effects

Are Large and Uncertain

ARCTAS bl f d ll i d


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Analysis of ARCTAS measurements is showing that organic carbon contributessignificantlyto the CCN activity of fresh biomass burning plumes and thatquantifying the water soluble (organic/inorganic) carbon fraction is fundamentalto improved prediction of CCN.

Such improvement in CCN closure theory is critical to reducing uncertainty inprediction of aerosol indirect effects on climate, particularly given expected

changes in biomass burning.

ARCTAS measurements enable fundamentally improvedprediction of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) in biomassburning smoke plumes

10-X underprediction of CCN indicateslarge fraction of organics are watersoluble

Before:


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Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program

Modeling studies using NASA satellite data.

Modeling and analysis of NASA ground, airborne, and balloon

data sets.

Model development to improve atmosphere and climate change

prediction.

All of these studies are to advance the knowledge of the

fundamental processes of the atmosphere and its interaction with

the rest of the Earth Climate system.

GMI Reproduces Ozone Observations inGMI Reproduces Ozone Observations in


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GMI simulated ozone reproduces daily featuresGMI simulated ozone reproduces daily featuresseen by Auras Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) inseen by Auras Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) in

thethe Lower StratosphereLower Stratosphere..

The seasonal cycle variability of AuraThe seasonal cycle variability of Aura

MLS O3 (shaded) is nearly matchedMLS O3 (shaded) is nearly matched

by GMI (red cross-hatched) for 2005.by GMI (red cross-hatched) for 2005.

Mean O3 values track each otherMean O3 values track each other

faithfully (black, MLS; red GMI).faithfully (black, MLS; red GMI).

GMI zonal mean column ofGMI zonal mean column ofTropospheriTroposphericc ozoneozone

nearly matches the Auranearly matches the AuraTroposphericTroposphericcolumn,column,(i.e., the difference between the OMI total ozone(i.e., the difference between the OMI total ozone

column and the stratospheric ozone columncolumn and the stratospheric ozone column

from MLS).from MLS).

GMI Reproduces Ozone Observations inGMI Reproduces Ozone Observations inboth the Stratosphere and Troposphereboth the Stratosphere and Troposphere

DU

DU

J F M A M J J A S O N D

OMI - MLS

2005 GMI

J F M A M J J A S O N D

90

60

300

-30

-60

-90

90

6030

0

-30

-60

-90

Latitude

75

0

75

0

DU

DU


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HIRDLS Cloud ExtinctionHIRDLS Cloud Extinction

HIRDLS, Steve Massie NCAR

April 2007

cloud occurrenceNorthern Winter 2006

cloud extinction

Thin clouds are difficult to detect from space. The first

comprehensive climatology of thin clouds has been

developed with the HIRDLS limb viewing IR radiometer. Tropical thin cirrus are important in controlling climate

change and water vapor in the the stratosphere. Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) are key players in

spring polar ozone depletion.

Comparisons with MLS relative humidity (RHI) andCALIPSO backscatter show good agreement.


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Combining OMI and MODIS allows for:- better estimates of aerosol height- better estimates of aerosol absorption- ability to characterize aerosol

absorption.

0.92

0.860.89

The combination of OMI/MODIS dataenables the determination of singlescattering albedo at 388 nm over 3 dust

regions during Jan 2006 with less certaintythan before combining sensors

Satheesh et al., (2009) JGR

idi l ( b i d


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Aerosol optical depth

Cloudfra

ction

All data

Koren et al. (2008) Science

At low AOD, increasing aerosol

increases cloud fraction via a microphysical pathwayAt high AOD, increasing aerosol decreases cloud fraction via a radiative pathway.

Davidi et al., (submitted toACP)

MODIS AOD

AIRSTemperature

850 mb

925 mb

1000 mb

Combining MODIS aerosol and cloud data with AIRS temperature profilesleads to a semi-quantitative understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions

In upper boundary layer (850 mb)

increasing aerosol increases temp(absorption)At surface (1000 mb) increasing aerosol decreases temperature (mostly from

increasing cloudiness through microphysical pathway.)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50.6

AOD=0.2

700 mb

Note turning point at AOD =


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