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K@ ^EG W@K^GN Z^C^GZ NKZ^]KJ^ JFW]^@F]^EG]@ NKZ^]KJ^ FO ^GUCZ
NCIICZ NK_KZKF@
JK^[ FO NCIICZ, §§Xick`tkoo, §
§ v. § Jkvki Cjtkf` @f. :237-J_-=8?;-D
§NGI^C CK]IK@GZ, K@J., ZFW^E\GZ^ § CK]IK@GZ JF., _K]LK@ CAG]KJC §K@J., CAG]KJC@ CK]IK@GZ, K@J., §W@K^GN CK]IK@GZ, K@J., ZGCXF]^ §
CK]IK@GZ, K@J., W@K^GN Z^C^GZ §NGXC]^AG@^ FO §^]C@ZXF]^C^KF@, c`n ^EG §OGNG]CI C_KC^KF@ § CNAK@KZ^]C^KF@, §
§Ngog`nc`ts. §
AGAF]C@NWA FXK@KF@ C@N F]NG]
^eg Jfurt ks csdgn my Xick`tkoo Jkty fo Nciics, Ngog`nc`t Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs
Jf., c`n Ngog`nc`t Ngitc Ckr Ik`gs, K`j. tf lrc`t c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`, gcje pcrty
rgqugstk`l nkoogrg`t rgikgo. ^eg ofiifwk`l aftkf`s crg mgofrg teg Jfurt2 (3)
Ngog`nc`t Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs Jf.‛s _grkokgn Cppikjctkf` ofr ^gapfrcry ]gstrck`k`l
Frngr, Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf`, c`n Xgrac`g`t K`bu`jtkf` Clck`st Ngitc Ckr Ik`gs,
K`j. (Nfj. 38)4 (=) Xick`tkoo Jkty fo Nciics‛ _grkokgn Jrfss-Aftkf` ofr T^gapfrcry
]gstrck`k`l FrngrQ (Nfj. @f. =8)4 c`n (:) Ngog`nc`t Ngitc Ckr Ik`gs, K`j.‛s
Gagrlg`jy Aftkf` ofr c ^gapfrcry ]gstrck`k`l Frngr c`n c Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf`
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 3 fo >= XclgKN
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Clck`st Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs Jf. (Nfj. @f. ==). ^eg Jfurt egin c` gvkng`tkcry
egcrk`l (’k`bu`jtkf` egcrk`l‑) f` tegsg pg`nk`l aftkf`s ofr k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo f`
Zgptgamgr =5-:8, =837. ^eg Jfurt ecs jcrgouiiy jf`skngrgn teg aftkf s̀, teg
rgspf`sgs, teg rgpikgs, suppfrtk`l cppg`nkjgs, pigcnk`ls, cppikjcmig icw, c`n gvkng`jg
foogrgn ct teg k`bu`jtkf` egcrk`l. Mgjcusg teg gquktcmig ocjtfrs rgictgn tf k`bu`jtkvg
rgikgo wgkle egcvkiy k` ocvfr fo Ngitc c`n `ft Zfutewgst, teg Jfurt egrgmy L]C@^Z
Ngitc‛s aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` c`n NG@KGZ teg aftkf` ofr k`bu`jtkvg
rgikgo okign my Zfutewgst. ^eg Jkty rgqugsts c`y f`g fo sgvgrci citgr`ctkvg ofras fo
k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo k`jiunk`l teg rgikgo rgqugstgn my Ngitc. Mgjcusg teg gquktcmig ocjtfrs
cisf wgkle k` ocvfr fo teg Jkty, teg Jfurt L]C@^Z teg Jkty‛s aftkf`.
K. Ocjtuci c`n Xrfjgnurci Mcjdlrfu`n
Ekstfry fo Ifvg Okgin c`n ^eg \rklet Cag`nag`t
Ifvg Okgin Ckrpfrt (’Ifvg Okgin‑) wcs frklk`ciiy jf`strujtgn cs c W`ktgn Ztctgs
Cray ckrmcsg nurk`l \frin \cr K. Xick`tkoo Jkty fo Nciics (’Jkty‑) ecs fw`gn c`n
fpgrctgn Ifvg Okgin sk`jg 3;=5. K` teg 3;?8s, teg ogngrci lfvgr`ag`t frngrgn teg
jktkgs fo Nciics c`n Ot. \frte tf ngskl`ctg f`g ckrpfrt orfa wekje ogngrciiy rgluictgn
ckr jcrrkgrs jfuin sgrvg mfte jktkgs. ^eg jktkgs wgrg u`cmig tf clrgg f` teg ngskl`ctkf`
fo gktegr Ifvg Okgin fr teg ckrpfrt k` Ot. \frte cs teg ckrpfrt tf sgrvg mfte jktkgs. Mut
teg jktkgs nkn clrgg tf jf`strujt c `gw ckrpfrt, Nciics-Ot. \frte K`tgr`ctkf`ci Ckrpfrt
(’NO\ Ckrpfrt‑), wekje uitkactgiy fpg`gn k` 3;. Gvgry ogngrciiy jgrtkokgn ckrik`g
teg` fpgrctk`l ct Ifvg Okgin c`n teg Ot. \frte ckrpfrt clrggn tf rgifjctg tegkr
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg = fo >= XclgKN
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fpgrctkf`s tf NO\ Ckrpfrt. Ct tect tkag, Ngog`nc`t Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs Jfapc`y
(’Zfutewgst‑) oigw f`iy wktek` teg Ztctg fo ^gxcs, sf kt wcs `ft c ogngrciiy jgrtkokgn
ckr jcrrkgr. Citefule teg ftegr ckrik`gs igot Ifvg Okgin, Zfutewgst jf t̀k`ugn kts ^gxcs-
f`iy oiklet fpgrctkf`s orfa Ifvg Okgin.
\kte teg g`cjtag`t fo teg Ckrik`g Ngrgluictkf` Cjt fo 3;
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Cagrkjc` Ckrik`gs (’Cagrkjc`‑) f` Buiy 33, =88? (’Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t‑).
Kapfrtc`t tgras fo teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t k`jiung teg ofiifwk`l2
3. C rgnujtkf` k` teg tftci `uamgr fo lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin orfa := tf =8.
=. C prfekmktkf` fo teg sumnkvkskf` fo c lctg k` c`y ofra, k`jiunk`l teg usg foecrnstc`ns wekje pgrakt c` ckrik`g tf ’lrfu`n ifcn/u`ifcn‑ tegkrpcssg`lgrs.
:. ^eg ciifjctkf` fo 3? ’prgogrg`tkci usg‑ lctgs tf Zfutewgst, twf ’prgogrg`tkciusg‑ lctgs tf Cagrkjc`, c`n twf ’prgogrg`tkci usg‑ lctgs tf GxprgssBgt Ckrik`gs, K`j..
>. C ikaktctkf` f` oiklet fpgrctkf`s tf teg efurs fo ?288 c.a. tf 33288 p.a.
7. C prfekmktkf` fo k`tgr`ctkf`ci oiklets frklk`ctk`l orfa Ifvg Okgin.
K` cnnktkf` tf tegsg tgras, teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t rgogrs tf teg pfsskmkikty fo c
`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g sggdk`l spcjg tf fpgrctg ct Ifvg Okgin u`ngr teg `gw lctg
ikaktctkf`s2
^f teg gxtg`t c `gw g`trc`t jcrrkgr sggds tf g`tgr Ifvg Okgin,teg Jkty fo Nciics wkii sggd vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` orfa ktsgxkstk`l jcrrkgrs tf cjjfaafnctg teg `gw g`trc`t sgrvkjg. Ko teggxkstk`l jcrrkgrs crg `ft cmig fr crg `ft wkiik`l tf cjjfaafnctg teg`gw g`trc`t sgrvkjg, teg` teg Jkty fo Nciics clrggs tf rgqukrg tegsecrk`l fo prgogrg`tkci igcsg lctgs, pursuc`t tf Nciics‛ gxkstk`l igcsgclrggag`ts.
^eg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t nfgs `ft ngok`g teg tgra ’prgogrg`tkci usg‑ gvg` tefule kt
ks usgn k` tect clrggag t̀. Ct teg tkag fo teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t, tergg ckrik`gs ecn
Igcsg Clrggag`ts wkte teg Jkty tf usg Ifvg Okgin lctgs c`n spcjg. (^egsg ckrik`gs
wkte Igcsg Clrggag`ts crg rgogrrgn tf egrgk` cs ’Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs‑.) W`ikdg teg
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg > fo >= XclgKN
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Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t, teg Igcsg Clrggag`t nfgs ngok`g teg tgra ’prgogrg`tkci usg‑ cs
agc`k`l teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ecs prkacry, mut `ft sfig, usg fo teg igcsgn spcjg.
Cotgr teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t wcs ofracikzgn, teg pcrtkgs prgsg`tgn tegkr
clrggag`t tf Jf`lrgss cs teg jfiicmfrctkvg ifjci goofrt ofr rgofrak`l c`n/fr rgpgcik`l
teg \rklet Cag`nag`t. Zgvgrci, tefule `ft cii, prfvkskf`s fo teg Okvg Xcrty
Clrggag`t wgrg uitkactgiy k`jfrpfrctgn k`tf teg \rklet Cag`nag`t ]gofra Cjt
(’\C]C‑), wekje fookjkciiy rgpgcign teg \rklet Cag`nag`t weg` kt wcs cnfptgn f`
Fjtfmgr 3:, =88?4 mut ack`tck`gn teg if`l-nkstc`jg oiklet rgstrkjtkf`s orfa Ifvg
Okgin ofr gklet afrg ygcrs u`tki Fjtfmgr =83>. Bust cs k` teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t,
\C]C cnnrgssgn `gw g`trc`t ckrik`gs `ggnk`l spcjg tf fpgrctg ct teg `fw lctg
rgstrkjtgn Ifvg Okgin, spgjkokjciiy prfvknk`l tect, ’TtQf cjjfaafnctg `gw g`trc`t ckr
jcrrkgrs, teg jkty fo Nciics secii ef`fr teg sjcrjg rgsfurjg prfvkskf` fo teg gxkstk`l Ifvg
Okgin igcsgs.‑ (Gapecsks cnngn.) ^eg sumstc`tkvg prfvkskf`s rgluictk`l oiklets k` c`n
fut fo Ifvg Okgin wgrg k`jfrpfrctgn k`tf \C]C. ^eg prfvkskf`s fo teg Okvg Xcrty
Clrggag`t wekje wgrg `ft k`jfrpfrctgn k`tf c`n cnfptgn my \C]C crg skapiy
jf`trcjtuci fmiklctkf`s mgtwgg` teg okvg pcrtkgs tect crg k`ngpg`ng`t fo \C]C, c`n
nf `ft k`jiung Ngitc.
Xfst-\C]C Jec`lgs
Jgrtck` jec`lgs tf teg frklk`ci prgogrg`tkci lctg csskl`ag`ts ecvg fjjurrgn sk`jg
teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t wcs g`tgrgn k`tf c`n \C]C wcs g`cjtgn. ^egrg wgrg
tergg ckrik`gs wekje g`tgrgn k`tf Igcsg Clrggag`ts wkte teg Jkty ofr ’prgogrg`tkci
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 7 fo >= XclgKN 8
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usg‑ fo teg =8 lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin„GxprgssBgt Ckrik`gs, K`j. (’GxprgssBgt‑), Cagrkjc`,
c`n Zfutewgst. K` =885, teg GxprgssBgt lctgs wgrg cjqukrgn my Jf`tk`g`tci Ckrik`gs,
c`n teg` my Ngog`nc`t W`ktgn Ckrik`gs, K`j. (’W`ktgn‑) cs pcrt fo kts agrlgr wkte
Jf`tk`g`tci. \kte teg agrlgr, W`ktgn mgjcag fmiklctgn cs c sujjgssfr tf c Zkl`ctfry
Ckrik`g rglcrnk`l cii fmiklctkf`s u`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t ofr tefsg twf lctgs.
Cagrkjc` ks stkii c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g, mut k` Acy =83>, Ngog`nc`t _krlk` Cagrkjc,
K`j. (’_krlk`‑) sumigcsgn Cagrkjc`‛s twf lctgs pursuc`t tf c ogngrci nkvgstkturg frngr
rgictgn tf teg Cagrkjc` c`n W.Z. Ckrwcys agrlgr wekje mglc` k` =83: c`n wcs
cpprfvgn k` =83>. ^eks cjtkf` googjtkvgiy rgafvgn Cagrkjc` Ckrik`gs orfa oiyk`l fut
fo Ifvg Okgin. (Zfutewgst c`n Ngitc mfte sfulet tefsg twf Cagrkjc` lctgs nurk`l
teg nkvgstkturg prfjggnk`ls c`n mfte wgrg rgbgjtgn my teg Ngpcrtag`t fo Bustkjg c`n
teg ogngrci jfurt.) _krlk` teg` g`tgrgn k`tf c lctg usclg clrggag`t wkte Ngog`nc`t
Zgcpfrt Ckrik`gs ciifwk`l kt tf fpgrctg twf oiklets nckiy orfa _krlk`‛s twf lctgs.
Zfutewgst jf`tk`ugs tf ecvg c Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte teg Jkty ofr prgogrg`tkci usg fo
3? lctgs.
^gras c`n Xrfvkskf`s fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t
^eg tgras fo gcje Igcsg Clrggag`t ofr lctgs mgtwgg` teg Jkty c`n teg rgspgjtkvg
Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g crg gssg`tkciiy kng`tkjci, cjjfrnk`l tf teg Jkty. ^eg Zkl`ctfry
Ckrik`g ecs gktegr gxjiuskvg usg fr prgogrg`tkci usg fo kts igcsgn spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin, cs
ngsjrkmgn k` teg Igcsg Clrggag`ts. ’Gxjiuskvg usg‑ pgrtck`s tf tect igcsgn spcjg tect
teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ecs teg sfig rklet tf usg. ’Xrgogrg`tkci usg‑, f` teg ftegr ec`n,
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg ? fo >= XclgKN 3
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cppikgs tf tefsg igcsgn spcjgs wegrg teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ks jf`skngrgn teg prkacry,
mut `ft sfig, usgr. W`ngr gcje Igcsg Clrggag`t, `f Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ecs gxjiuskvg
usg fo c`y lctg, f`iy prgogrg`tkci usg. ^egrg ks gxjiuskvg usg igcsgn spcjg ct Ifvg
Okgin4 mut, tegrg crg `f gxjiuskvg usg lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin.
Bust cs mfte teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t c`n \C]C rgjfl`kzgn teg ikaktctkf`s
jrgctgn my teg lctg rgstrkjtkf`s, gcje Igcsg Clrggag`t cnnrgssgs teg pfsskmkikty fo
Ifvg Okgin ocjkiktkgs mgjfak`l c ’sjcrjg rgsfurjg‑. ^eg Igcsg Clrggag`t c`tkjkpctgs c
`gw g`trc`t ckr jcrrkgr (’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑) acy sggd tf prfvkng sgrvkjg ct Ifvg
Okgin wkte teg `gw lctg rgstrkjtkf s̀. ]gjfl`kzk`l teg `ggn ofr ’fpg` cjjgss c`n
u`kofra trgctag`t‑, teg Igcsg Clrggag`t lfgs ourtegr c`n prfvkngs c prfjgnurg k`
Zgjtkf` >.8?O weg` cjjfaafnctkf` ks sfulet my c ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g. ^eks
prfjgnurg rgqukrgs teg ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g okrst gxecust cii rgcsf`cmig goofrts tf sgjurg
c vfiu`tcry crrc`lgag`t ofr cjjfaafnctkf`s orfa gcje Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g. Ko teg
]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‛s cttgapt ofr vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` ockis, teg` teg Jkty‛s
Nkrgjtfr fo Cvkctkf` (’Nkrgjtfr‑) wkii `ftkoy gcje Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tect ko c vfiu`tcry
cjjfaafnctkf` ks `ft acng wktek` teg :8-ncy tkag orcag u`ngr gcje Igcsg
Clrggag`t, teg Nkrgjtfr wkii sgigjt f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs tf ouiokii teg
cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst. @ftkjg wkii teg` mg sg`t tf teg sgigjtgn Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g
wekje wkii ecvg 38 ncys tf jfaag`t f` fr nksputg teg Nkrgjtfr‛s jefkjg. ^eg
Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g aust cjjfaafnctg teg ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g u`igss teg Nkrgjtfr
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg < fo >= XclgKN =
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rgsjk`ns eks sgigjtkf`. ^eg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg nfgs `ft spgjkoy fptkf`s fr
rgagnkgs teg ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g aklet ecvg ko teg Nkrgjtfr rgsjk`ns eks sgigjtkf`.
Ngitc‛s Okrst Cjjfaafnctkf` ]gqugst
Mglk``k`l Buiy =88;, Ngitc g`tgrgn k`tf c af`te-tf-af`te sumigcsg wkte
Cagrkjc` ofr pcrtkci usg fo kts twf lctgs, wekje ciifwgn Ngitc tf mglk` sgrvkjg orfa
Ifvg Okgin. Ngitc g`bfygn u`k`tgrruptgn sgrvkjg orfa Ifvg Okgin u`ngr teks af`te-
tf-af`te crrc`lgag`t. Mut Ngitc‛s sgrvkjg wcs picjgn k` bgfpcrny weg` kts af`te-
tf-af`te sumigcsg wkte Cagrkjc` wcs sgt tf g`n f` Fjtfmgr 3=, =83>, teg googjtkvg
nctg fo Cagrkjc ‛̀s nkvgstk`l sumigcsg wkte _krlk` ofr tefsg twf lctgs. Ngitc mglc`
jf`tcjtk`l teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs, cs wgii cs _krlk`, f` Bu`g 3:, =83>, tf rgqugst
vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` ofr kts okvg nckiy oiklets, mut tect goofrt wcs u`sujjgssoui.
K` c igttgr nctgn Buiy 3?, =83>, Ngitc rgqugstgn teg Jkty k`ktkctg teg ac`nctfry fr
ofrjgn cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg sgt ofrte k` gcje Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte teg
Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs. Ofiifwk`l Zgjtkf` >.8?O, Ar. Acrd Nugm`gr (’Ar. Nugm`gr‑),
Nkrgjtfr fo teg Jkty‛s Ngpcrtag`t fo Cvkctkf`, `ftkokgn teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs tect
u`igss Ngitc wcs cjjfaafnctgn wktek` :8 ncys, Ar. Nugm`gr wfuin sgigjt f`g
Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tf jfapiy wkte teg cjjfaafnctkf` frngr. F` Zgptgamgr 35,
=83>, Ngitc k`ofragn Ar. Nugm`gr k` c igttgr tect `f cjjfaafnctkf` ecn mgg`
acng gvg` tefule teg :8-ncy ngcnik`g ecn pcssgn. Ngitc gapecskzgn teg urlg`jy fo
teg sktuctkf` wkte Cagrkjc` tgrak`ctk`l kts clrggag`t wkte Ngitc googjtkvg Fjtfmgr
3=, =83>. Ngitc cisf rgak`ngn Ar. Nugm`gr tect ’teg Ngpcrtag`t fo Cvkctkf` ecs
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 5 fo >= XclgKN :
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prgvkfusiy cssurgn us tect wg wfuin mg cjjfaafnctgn, c`n wg crg rgiyk`l f` tect
jfaaktag`t.‑ \kte `f sumigcsg fr vfiu`tcry fr ofrjgn cjjfaafnctkf` k` picjg,
Ngitc g`tgrgn k`tf tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`ts wkte nkoogrg`t ckr jcrrkgrs ct Ifvg
Okgin ct vcrkfus pfk`ts k` tkag tf g`surg jf`tk`ugn sgrvkjg, cii wekig rgcssgrtk`l kts
cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst tf teg Jkty.
Nurk`l teks tkag, W`ktgn wcs fpgrctk`l f`iy sgvg` nckiy oiklets fut fo kts twf
igcsgn lctgs. F` Zgptgamgr 3;, =83>, Ar. Nugm`gr `ftkokgn W`ktgn k` c igttgr tect
teg Jkty sgigjtgn W k̀tgn tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc f` f`g fo kts lctgs. Ar. Nugm`gr
stctgn tect teg Jkty‛s ngjkskf` wcs mcsgn f` W`ktgn‛s cjtuci lctg usclg ct tect tkag
c`n eg tfin W`ktgn tect teg cjjfaafnctkf` aust mg acng wktek` :8 ncys. ^eg ncy
mgofrg tect `ftkokjctkf`, f` Zgptgamgr 35, =83>, W`ktgn g`tgrgn k`tf c lctg usclg
clrggag`t wkte Zfutewgst ofr kts usg fo W`ktgn‛s twf lctgs f`iy ofr fvgroifw purpfsgs
fr krrgluicr fpgrctkf`s4 W`ktgn jf`tk`ugn tf fpgrctg kts oiklets orfa mfte lctgs.
F` Zgptgamgr =:, =83>, Ar. Mfm Af`tlfagry (’Ar. Af`tlfagry‑), _kjg
Xrgskng`t fo Ckrpfrt Coockrs ofr Zfutewgst, sg`t c igttgr tf Ar. Nugm`gr nksputk`l c`n
nksclrggk`l wkte teg Jkty‛s ngjkskf` tf ofrjg W`ktgn tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc f` tegsg
twf lctgs Zfutewgst ecn jf`trcjtgn tf usg ofr fvgroifw fr krrgluicr fpgrctkf`s. ^f
mfistgr Zfutewgst‛s crluag`t, Ar. Af`tlfagry pfk`tgn tf Zfutewgst‛s rgjg`t lctg
usclg clrggag`t wkte W`ktgn, Zfutewgst‛s fw` ngskrg c`n k`tg`t tf ’rcap up‑ kts
oiklet fpgrctkf`s, c`n eks k`tgrprgtctkf` fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t ic`luclg prfvknk`l
f`iy c` cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgss ofr rgqugsts, mut `ft c` cjtuci rgqukrgag`t fo teg
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg ; fo >= XclgKN >
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Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tf cjjfaafnctg. ^eg `gxt ncy, Zgptgamgr =>, =837, Zfutewgst
JGF Ar. Lcry Dgiiy gackign Ar. CJ Lf`zcigz, Jkty Ac`clgr, tect Zfutewgst wcs
`ft ecppy wkte teg Jkty‛s ngjkskf`2
Kt ecs jfag tf ay cttg`tkf` tect f`jg clck`, cs rgjg`tiy cs teks wggd, Tteg JktyQ ecs tcdg` stgps tf orustrctg c`n kapgng Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs‛ lrfwte c`n sujjgss. Ourtegr, teg TJQkty ecs cjtgn k` cac``gr tect clck` puts us k` cnvgrsg pfsktkf`s iglciiy.
^eg >:-ygcr ekstfry fo Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs ecs mgg` c jf`stc`tstrullig tf fvgrjfag TskjQ wkte teg Jkty fo Nciics.
Ko c`yf`g orfa teg Jkty Ac`clgr‛s Fookjg fr teg Cvkctkf` Ngpt.
ecn cttg`ngn teg prflrca wg efstgn ofr Nciics igcngrs twf wggdsclf ct fur $388 akiikf`+ `gw trck`k`l c`n fpgrctkf`s jg`tgr, tegy wfuin ecvg igcr`gn tect Zfutewgst, mcsgn f` =83: cjjuauictgnnctc2
--lg`grctgn fvgr $> mkiikf` k` ifjci gjf`fakj cjtkvkty--jf`trkmutgn $= mkiikf` tf teg Nciics crgc LNX--ckngn k` teg jrgctkf` fo fvgr ==,888 bfms--pckn $3 mkiikf` k` scicrkgs, wclgs, c`n mg`gokts tf 5,888 Nciicscrgc Gapifyggs--pckn $>= akiikf` k` tcxgs k` teg Nciics crgc--suppfrtgn >=5 ifjci jkvkj c`n jecrktcmig frlc`kzctkf`s wktejcse c`n/fr orgg trcvgi
Cii fo teg cmfvg ecs mgg` cjjfapiksegn wktefut ok`c`jkcik`jg`tkvgs fr tcx cmctgag t̀s csdgn ofr fr foogrgn. K` rgtur`, Nciicsecs, my jefkjg„`ft `gjgsskty, gigjtgn tf rgwcrn jfapgtktfrs tectecvg jf`trkmutgn `ftek`l tf Nciics wekig ng`yk`l Zfutewgst tegfppfrtu`kty tf lrfw orfa Nciics Ifvg Okgin, teg ckrpfrtTZfutewgstQ okrst scvgn orfa gikak`ctkf` my teg TJQkty c`n teg`TZfutewgstQ rgmukit ct `f jfst tf teg jkty.
\g tefulet tect cotgr wfrdk`l sf ecrn tf rgsfivg teg ekstfrkjnksputg mgtwgg` Nciics c`n Ot. \frte fvgr fur ckrpfrts c`n teg`k`vgstk`l sf acsskvgiy tf rgk`vg`t Ifvg Okgin tect wg wgrg ok`ciiypcst tegsg cjrkaf`kfus ecrnsekps wkte fur efagtfw`. Cotgr >: ygcrs fo teks, wg ecvg ―Nciics octklug.‛ \g crg afvk`l f` tf ofjus
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 38 fo >= XclgKN 7
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fur jfrpfrctg k`vgstag`ts k` tefsg acrdgts tect picjg c vciug f`tega c`n tegkr jfrpfrctg rgskng`ts.
F` Zgptgamgr =?, =83>, W`ktgn sg`t c igttgr tf teg Jkty fmbgjtk`l tf teg Jkty‛s
rgqukrgag`t tect W`ktgn cjjfaafnctg Ngitc. W`ktgn stctgn mfte fo teg lctgs wfuin
mg ouiiy utkikzgn cs fo Fjtfmgr 3:, =83>, pfk`tk`l tf W`ktgn‛s oiklet fpgrctkf`s c`n
teg rgjg`t lctg usclg clrggag`t wkte Zfutewgst ofr fvgroifw fr krrgluicr fpgrctkf`s
f` tefsg lctgs. W`ktgn sckn tect Ngitc jfuin `ft mg cjjfaafnctgn c`n csdgn teg
Jkty tf rgsjk`n kts nkrgjtkvg. F` Zgptgamgr =, Zfutewgst foogrgn $3=8
akiikf` jcse jf`skngrctkf` ofr teg prgogrg`tkci usg fo mfte W`ktgn lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin,
wekje wcs cjjgptgn my W`ktgn f` Zgptgamgr =;, =83>. ^eg Jkty cjqukgsjgn tf
Zfutewgst‛s ngac`ns f` Zgptgamgr =;, =837, c`n ngjkngn tf rgsjk`n teg Zgptgamgr
3; cjjfaafnctkf` frngr tf mg kapigag`tgn my W`ktgn. K` c igttgr nctgn Zgptgamgr
=;, =83>, teg Jkty `ftkokgn Ngitc tect kt jfuin `f if`lgr mg cjjfaafnctgn f`
W`ktgn‛s lctgs mgjcusg fo W`ktgn‛s rgjg`tiy prfvkngn oiklet sjegnuigs wekje k`jiungn
teg `gw lctg usclg clrggag`t mgtwgg` Zfutewgst c`n W`ktgn.
Ngitc‛s Zgjf`n Cjjfaafnctkf` ]gqugst
Zgjtkf` >.8?O prfvkngs `f fptkf`s fr citgr`ctkvgs ofr c ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g k` teg
jcsg fo teg Nkrgjtfr rgsjk`nk`l eks sgigjtkf`. Cotgr teg Jkty rgsjk`ngn kts frklk`ci
Zgptgamgr 3; cjjfaafnctkf` nkrgjtkvg tf W`ktgn, Ngitc acng c sgjf`n rgqugst ofr
ofrjgn cjjfaafnctkf` wkte teg Jkty. Ngitc sg`t Ar. Nugm`gr c igttgr nctgn Fjtfmgr
=, =837, cssgrtk`l tect teg Jkty ecn ’fmiklctkf`s u`ngr Zgjtkf` >.8? fo teg TIgcsg
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 33 fo >= XclgKN ?
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Clrggag`tQ, teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t, teg Jkty‛s rgjg`t prfaksg tf cjjfaafnctg
Ngitc, kts jfaaktag`t k` kts Ckrik`g Jfapgtktkf` Xic` okign wkte teg TOCCQ. . ., kts
Ckrpfrt Kaprfvgag`t Xrflrca lrc`t cssurc`jgs, c`n Ogngrci icw‑ tf cjt f` Ngitc‛s
cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst c`n ngskl`ctg c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tf secrg kts lctg spcjg wkte
Ngitc f` c afrg pgrac`g`t mcsks. ^eg Jkty mglc` c`ftegr cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgss
f` Ngjgamgr 3, =83>, c`n sg`t c igttgr tf _krlk`, W`ktgn c`n Zfutewgst stctk`l tect
Ngitc‛s cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst ecn trkllgrgn teg ofraci cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgss sgt
fut k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O. ^eg Jkty stctgn tect ko `f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs wfuin
vfiu`tcrkiy cjjfaafnctg Ngitc, teg Jkty wfuin jeffsg f`g tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc.
@f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs foogrgn tf vfiu`tcrkiy cjjfaafnctg Ngitc k` rgspf`sg
tf tect igttgr.
^eg Jkty Csds NF^ ofr Luknc`jg f` Cjjfaafnctkf` ]gqugst
F` Ngjgamgr 5 c`n 33, =83>, teg Jkty jf`tcjtgn Ngog`nc`t Ngpcrtag`t fo
^rc`spfrtctkf` (’NF^‑) my pef`g ofr egip c`n luknc`jg f` efw tf ec`nig ckr jcrrkgr
cjjgss ct Ifvg Okgin, spgjkokjciiy cs kt rgictgn tf Ngitc‛s cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst. ^eg
NF^ rgspf`ngn wkte c igttgr nctgn Ngjgamgr 3, futik`k`l wect teg NF^
u`ngrstffn teg Jkty‛s fmiklctkf`s tf mg rglcrnk`l jfapgtktkf` ct Ifvg Okgin.
Zpgjkokjciiy, teg NF^ stctgn tect teg Jkty ecn iglci fmiklctkf`s tf cjjfaafnctg
Ngitc, wekje k`jiungn teg Jkty‛s fmiklctkf`s u`ngr teg ogngrci Jfapgtktkf` Xic`
stctutg c`n cisf teg lrc`t cssurc`jgs teg Jkty acng k` rgictkf` tf lrc`ts u`ngr teg
Ckrpfrt Kaprfvgag`t Xrflrca. ^eg NF^ gapecskzgn teg kapfrtc`jg fo
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 3= fo >= XclgKN
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cjjfaafnctk`l c rgqugstk`l ckrik`g c`n g`surk`l jfapgtktkf` ct teks ’jf`strck`gn‑
ckrpfrt. Cs ofr teg ig`lte fo c`y cjjfaafnctkf`, teg NF^‛s pfsktkf` wcs tect c`
cjjfaafnctgn ckrik`g ’ks g`tktign tf c` f`lfk`l skakicr pcttgr` fo sgrvkjg cs if`l cs
teg jcrrkgr jf`tk`ugs tf fpgrctg teg cjjfaafnctgn oiklets.‑
Zfutewgst‛s Zumigcsg fo W`ktgn‛s ^wf Lctgs ^cdgs Googjt
Citefule `f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs clrggn tf vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctg Ngitc
cotgr Ar. Nugm`gr‛s Ngjgamgr 3 igttgr, teg Jkty jefsg `ft tf sgigjt c`y fo teg ckrik`gs
tf jfapiy wkte teg cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst, gvg` tefule tect cjjfaafnctkf` ks
rgqukrgn u`ngr Zgjtkf` >.8?O=2 ’T^Qeg Nkrgjtfr wkii `ftkoy cii Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs k`
wrktk`l tect ko ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g ks `ft cjjfaafnctgn wktek` tekrty (:8) ncys orfa
teg rgjgkpt fo teg `ftkjg, teg Nkrgjtfr wkii sgigjt f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs tf jfapiy
wkte teg rgqugst ofr cjjfaafnctkf` k` c `f`-nksjrkak`ctfry ac``gr.‑ (Gapecsks cnngn.)
^eg` f` Bc`ucry =5, =837, Zfutewgst g`tgrgn k`tf c Zumigcsg Clrggag`t wkte
W`ktgn ofr Zfutewgst‛s prgogrg`tkci usg fo W`ktgn‛s twf lctgs, wekje ofracikzgn teg
$3=8,888,888 ngci clrggn tf f` Zgptgamgr =;. ^eg W`ktgn Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte
teg Jkty rgqukrgn teg Jkty tf cpprfvg c`y sumigcsg mgofrg tect sumigcsg jfuin tcdg
googjt. F` Bc`ucry =5, teg Jkty jf s̀g`tgn tf tect Zumigcsg Clrggag`t mgtwgg`
W`ktgn c`n Zfutewgst.
^eg Jkty Zggds NF^ Luknc`jg c Zgjf`n ^kag
Citefule teg Jkty rgousgn tf sgigjt c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc, Ar.
Xgtgr Ecsdgii, teg Csskstc`t Jkty Cttfr`gy, gackign teg NF^ f` Ogmrucry =?, =837,
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 3: fo >= XclgKN 5
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csdk`l ofr ourtegr luknc`jg f` teg Jkty‛s ogngrci c`n iglci fmiklctkf`s c`n cisf teg
prfpgr nurctkf` ofr Ngitc‛s rgqugstgn cjjfaafnctkf .̀ ^eg NF^ sg`t c`ftegr igttgr
tf teg Jkty f` Bu`g 37, =837, clck` gxpick`k`l teg NF^‛s k`tgrprgtctkf` fo teg Jkty‛s
fmiklctkf`s. ^eg NF^ rgktgrctgn tect teg lrc`t cssurc`jgs c`n teg Jfapgtktkf` Xic`
stctutg mfte rgqukrg teg Jkty tf cjjfaafnctg c rgqugstk`l ckrik`g ko c vfiu`tcry
cjjfaafnctkf` jc``ft mg crrc`lgn. ^eg NF^ cisf stctgn tect ’teg Jkty ks rgqukrgn
tf cjjfaafnctg c rgqugstk`l jcrrkgr u`igss Ifvg Okgin‛s ocjkiktkgs crg ouiiy-utkikzgn ct
teg tkag fo teg rgqugst, fr teg skl`ctfry jcrrkgrs ct teg tkag fo teg rgqugst crg sgiik`l
tkjdgts ofr outurg oiklets ouiiy-utkikzk`l teg ocjkiktkgs.‑ ^eg NF^ spgjkokjciiy `ftgn
tect teg Jkty sefuin `ft jf`skngr c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g‛s u`sjegnuign outurg gxpc`skf`
pic`s mgjcusg kt ’acy lkvg c skl`ctfry jcrrkgr teg cmkikty tf mifjd c jfapgtktfr‛s
cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst my ngjknk`l fr cssgrtk`l, cotgr c rgqugst ks acng, tect kt wkii
gxpc`n sgrvkjg.‑ Ok`ciiy, teg NF^ rgstctgn kts pfsktkf` f` teg ig`lte fo
cjjfaafnctkf`, wekje ks tect ’f`jg cjjfaafnctgn ct Ifvg Okgin, ―teg
cjjfaafnctgn jcrrkgr ks g`tktign tf c` f`lfk`l skakicr pcttgr` fo sgrvkjg cs if`l cs
teg jcrrkgr jf`tk`ugs tf fpgrctg teg cjjfaafnctgn oiklets‛ c`n tect ―teg
cjjfaafnctgn jcrrkgr sefuin `ft mg pusegn fut my k`juamg`t jcrrkgrs ct c ictgr
nctg.‛‑ ^eg NF^ jf`jiungn kts rgspf`sg wkte c rgak`ngr tect kt ks teg Jkty‛s
rgspf`skmkikty tf ngjkng efw tf cjt f` Ngitc‛s rgqugst.
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 3> fo >= XclgKN ;
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Jkty fo Nciics Okigs ^eks Icwsukt„’^gii Ws \ect tf Nf!‑
Witkactgiy, `f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs (agc`k`l c` ckrik`g ecvk`l c Igcsg
Clrggag`t wkte teg Jkty ofr usg fo Ifvg Okgin spcjg c`n lctgs) fr _krlk` (ecvk`l c
Zumigcsg Clrggag`t wkte Cagrkjc`) foogrgn tf vfiu`tcrkiy cjjfaafnctg Ngitc c`n
teg Jkty rgousgn tf ofrjg c` cjjfaafnctkf` jeffsk`l `ft tf ofiifw teg luknc`jg teg
Jkty sfikjktgn orfa teg NF^. Ngitc jf`tk`ugn tf fpgrctg oiklets orfa Ifvg Okgin
u`ngr c tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`t wkte W`ktgn tf usg f`g fo kts prgogrg`tkci usg
lctgs ofr 358 ncys tf fpgrctg Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets4 Zfutewgst foogrgn tf ef`fr teg
tgapfrcry 358 ncy lctg usclg clrggag`t cotgr teg googjtkvg nctg fo teg Zumigcsg
Clrggag`t. ^eks tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`t wcs sgt tf gxpkrg f` Buiy ?, =837.
Cs teg gxpkrctkf` nctg iffagn jifsgr, Zfutewgst rgbgjtgn Ngitc‛s rgqugsts tf gxtg`n kt.
Jf`tk`uk`l tf prgss teg cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst wkte teg Jkty, Ngitc tfin teg Jkty kt
wfuin rgousg tf jgcsg fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin f` Buiy
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^]F TskjQ f` Bu`g =:, =837. F` teg scag nctg, Ngitc okign teg pg`nk`l Gagrlg`jy
Aftkf` ofr c ^gapfrcry ]gstrck`k`l Frngr c`n c Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf` Clck`st
Zfutewgst.
^cdk`l k`tf cjjfu`t teg jfapigxkty fo teks jcsg c`n teg kapfrtc`jg fo teks acttgr
tf teg jktkzg`s fo Nciics c`n teg Agtrfpigx, teg Jfurt urlgn teg pcrtkgs tf jfag tf c
tgapfrcry clrggag`t rgictgn tf Ngitc‛s lctg usclg ct Ifvg Okgin k` frngr tf ciifw teg
pcrtkgs cngquctg tkag tf mrkgo teg k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo rgqugsts c`n rgspf`sgs, cs wgii cs
ciifw teg Jfurt tkag tf jf`nujt c egcrk`l. Zfutewgst c`n Ngitc rgcjegn c
tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`t wegrgmy Zfutewgst wfuin pgrakt Ngitc tf jf`tk`ug
fpgrctk`l kts okvg oiklets nckiy u`tki teg Jfurt ruigs f` teg pg`nk`l aftkf`s ofr
k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo. ^eg Jfurt jf`nujtgn c tergg-ncy egcrk`l f` teg aftkf`s f`
Zgptgamgr =5-:8, =837.
KK. Iglci Ztc`ncrn
’‛^eg purpfsg fo c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` ks tf prgsgrvg teg stctus quf c`n teus
prgvg`t krrgpcrcmig ecra u`tki teg rgspgjtkvg rklets fo teg pcrtkgs jc` mg csjgrtck`gn
nurk`l c trkci f` teg agrkts.‛‑ Zgr`c v. ^gx. Ngpt. fo Ztctg Egcite Zgrvkjgs, _ktci Ztctkstkjs
W`kt, @f. 3-37-J_->>?-]X, =837 \I ?335?=:, ct 3: (\.N. ^gx. Fjt. 3?, =837)
(quftk`l Gxekmktfrs Xfstgr Gxje., K`j. v. @ct‛i Zjrgg` Zgrv. Jfrp., >>3 O.=n 7?8, 7?8 (7te
Jkr. 3;= XclgKN
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afvc`t futwgkles teg tergctg`gn ecra tf teg pcrty sfulet tf mg g`bfk`gn4 c`n (>)
lrc`tk`l teg k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo wkii `ft nkssgrvg teg pumikj k`tgrgst. Jc`ci Cute. fo Ztctg
fo Oic. v. Jciicwcy, >5; O.=n 7?
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fpgrctkf`s k` frngr tf prgvg`t nfumig-mffdk`l c`n ikakt k`tgrogrg`jg wkte lctg rklets.
^eg Jkty tcdgs `f pfsktkf` f` prgjksgiy wect teg k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo sefuin mg. ^eg
Jkty skapiy afvgs ofr sfag sfrt fo k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo, wectgvgr teg Jfurt ngtgrak`gs
tect tf mg, wekig teg iglci kssugs crg ngjkngn.
Ngitc‛s ]gqugst
Ngitc sggds k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo clck`st Zfutewgst tf ’orggzTgQ teg stctus quf . . .
ciifwk`l Ngitc tf jf`tk`ug fpgrctk`l kts ikaktgn sjegnuig fo okvg nckiy oiklets . . .
pg`nk`l ok`ci rgsfiutkf` fo teks prfjggnk`l.‑ Ngitc spgjkokjciiy csds teg Jfurt tf kssug
c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` prfekmktk`l Zfutewgst orfa (3) gvkjtk`l Ngitc orfa kts
lctg(s) ct Ifvg Okgin, (=) gxpc`nk`l kts oiklet fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin, fr (:) c`y
ftegr cjtkf` k`jf`skstg`t wkte Ngitc‛s rklet tf if`l tgra cjjfaafnctkf .̀
Zfutewgst‛s ]gqugst
Zfutewgst sggds k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo clck`st Ngitc tf prftgjt ’Zfutewgst‛s prfpgrty
rklets c`n tf prftgjt teg rklets fo teg oiyk`l pumikj.‑ Zpgjkokjciiy, Zfutewgst sggds c
prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` prfekmktk`l Ngitc orfa trgspcssk`l f` Zfutewgst‛s lctgs ct
Ifvg Okgin cotgr teg gxpkrctkf` fo teg tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`t.
C. Ngitc‛s Aftkf` ofr Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf`
3. Ikdgikeffn fo Zujjgss f` teg Agrkts
K` gstcmiksek`l c ’sumstc`tkci ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss‑, teg afvc`t ’ks `ft
rgqukrgn tf prfvg TeksQ g`tktigag`t tf suaacry bunlag`t‑ ofr purpfsgs fo
prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`. Myrua v. Ic`nrgte, 7?? O.:n >>=, >>? (7te Jkr. =88;)4 sgg cisf
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 35 fo >= XclgKN
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Bc`vgy v. Cilukrg, ?>< O.:n 757, 7;7-;? (7te Jkr. =833). ^eg nkstrkjt jfurt ’iffdTsQ tf
―stc`ncrns prfvkngn my teg sumstc`tkvg icw‛‑ tf ngtgrak`g ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg
agrkts. Bc`vgy, ?>< O.:n ct 7;? (quftk`l ]fef, K`j. v. Acrquks, ;8= O.=n :7?, :75
(7te Jkr. 3;;8)).
Ct teg tkag Ngitc okign kts aftkf`, kt ecn `ft ygt okign c` c`swgr fr c`y
jfu`tgr- c`n/fr jrfssjickas. Ct teg tkag fo teg k`bu`jtkf` egcrk`l, Ngitc ecn okign kts
cag`ngn jrfss-jickas clck`st Zfutewgst sggdk`l fr cssgrtk`l2 (3) c ngjicrctfry
bunlag`t tect teg Zumigcsg Clrggag`t mgtwgg` W`ktgn c`n Zfutewgst vkfictgn teg
Igcsg Clrggag`ts4 (=) c ngjicrctfry bunlag`t tect Ngitc ks g`tktign tf mg
cjjfaafnctgn4 (:) c jicka ofr mrgcje fo teg Zfutewgst Igcsg Clrggag`t4 c`n (>) c
jicka ofr tfrtkfus k`tgrogrg`jg wkte teg W`ktgn Igcsg Clrggag`t. ^eg Jfurt `ggn
f`iy jf`skngr wegtegr Ngitc ecs c ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts fo f`g fo kts
jickas. Zgg ]cacnc Orc`jeksg Zys., K`j. v. Bcjfmjcrt, K`j., Jkv. @f. :283-J_-:8?-N,
=883 \I 7>8=3:, ct *3 (@.N. ^gx. Acy 3) tect teg pcrty
wcs ncaclgn cs c rgsuit fo teg mrgcje. Jfrngrf v. Cvf` Xrfnujts., K`j., @f. 37->87?:,
=837 \I ?7:8
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=8
\frte =83=). Ngitc‛s mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka ks mcsgn f` teg Igcsg Clrggag`t
g`tgrgn k`tf my teg Jkty c`n Zfutewgst. Mgjcusg Ngitc ks `ft c skl`ctfry tf teg
Igcsg Clrggag`t, teg Jfurt aust ngtgrak`g cs c tergsefin acttgr tect Ngitc ecs
stc`nk`l cs c tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry tf g`ofrjg teg Igcsg Clrggag`t.
c. Ks Ngitc c ^ekrn-Xcrty Mg`gokjkcry6
^gxcs jfurts ecvg trcnktkf`ciiy ’prgsuagn tect c pcrty jf`trcjts f`iy ofr kts
fw` mg`gokt c`n ecvg tegrgofrg ack`tck`gn c prgsuaptkf` clck`st tekrn-pcrty
mg`gokjkcry clrggag`ts.‑ Kn. ct 3;, >=7 (^gx. =833). ^eg jf`trcjt nfgs `ft `ggn tf
spgjkokjciiy `cag teg tekrn-pcrty, mut kt aust cngquctgiy ngsjrkmg fr ngskl`ctg teg
tekrn-pcrty. Acnnfx , :?3 Z.\.:n ct
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=3
Ngitc jf`tg`ns tect c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ ks c` k`tg`ngn, jf`tgapictgn,
c`n/fr tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t mgtwgg` teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g
c`n teg Jkty. Ngitc jf`tg`ns tect kts rgqugst ofr vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` orfa
Zfutewgst, mglk``k`l k` Bu`g =83>, sctksokgn Ngitc‛s fmiklctkf`s cs c ’`gw g`trc`t
ckrik`g‑ fr ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑ u`ngr Zgjtkf` >.8?O. Ngitc, teg Jkty c`n Zfutewgst
nksclrgg cs tf teg gxcjt ngok`ktkf` fo ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑. ^eg Okvg Xcrty
Clrggag`t, \C]C, c`n teg Igcsg Clrggag`t nf `ft ngok`g ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑.
^eg Jfurt aust okrst ngok`g ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ mgofrg kt jc` cnnrgss teg tekrn-pcrty
mg`gokjkcry c`ciysks.
k. ’@gw G`trc`t Ckrik`g‑ Ngok`gn
Ngitc ngok`gs ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ cs c`y ckrik`g tect ks `ft c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g
k` c Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte teg Jkty. Zfutewgst ngok`gs ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ cs c`
ckrik`g tect nfgs `ft jurrg`tiy fpgrctg ct Ifvg Okgin. ^eg Jkty nfgs `ft foogr c
ngok`ktkf`, mut k`stgcn csds teg Jfurt tf ngok`g kt. ^eg Igcsg Clrggag`t usgs teg
tgra ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O k`tgrjec`lgcmiy wkte ’]gqugstk`l
Ckrik`g‑, mut teg Igcsg Clrggag`t nfgs `ft ngok`g ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑. ^eg Igcsg
Clrggag`t nfgs ngok`g ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑ k` Zgjtkf` 3.78, mut teg ngok`ktkf` ks
ikaktgn, stctk`l f`iy tect teg tgra ecs teg agc`k`l lkvg` tf kt k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O. ^eg
Igcsg Clrggag`t prfvkngs k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O2
Ckrik`g c`n Jkty clrgg tect citefule afst fo teg ckrik`g crgcsk` teg ^grak`ci Mukink`l Tct Ifvg OkginQ crg fr wkii mg igcsgn tfZkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs ofr tegkr gxjiuskvg fr prgogrg`tkci usg, c`n
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg =3 fo >= XclgKN
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==
^grak`ci Mukink`l ocjkiktkgs Twekje k`jiungs lctgsQ ct teg Ckrpfrtacy mgjfag c sjcrjg rgsfurjg ko c `gw g`trc`t ckrik`g (’]gqugstk`l
Ckrik`g‑) rgqugsts tf prfvkng sgrvkjg ct teg Ckrpfrt. K` sujejkrjuastc`jgs, Ckrik`g clrggs tf cjjfaafnctg suje ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g cs kts Igcsgn Xrgaksgs ct suje tkags tect wkii `ft u`nuiy
k`tgrogrg wkte kts fpgrctk`l sjegnuig c`n upf` suje rgcsf`cmigtgras cs acy mg clrggn upf` mgtwgg` Ckrik`g c`n teg ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`gTQ, tcdk`l k`tf jf`skngrctkf` cii teg jkrjuastc`jgs fo suje c`cjjfaafnctkf` clrggag`t. . . . ^f k`surg jfapikc`jg wkte teksfmiklctkf` c`n tf prfvkng fpg` cjjgss c`n u`kofra trgctag`t ofrcii ckrik`g tg`c`ts, teg ofiifwk`l Tcjjfaafnctkf`Q prfjgnurg ksgstcmiksegn. . . .
My skl`k`l teg Igcsg Clrggag`t wekje jf`tck`s teks ic`luclg, cii pcrtkgs
cjd`fwignlg teg pftg`tkci sjcrjg rgsfurjgs ct Ifvg Okgin. ^eg ic`luclg ks jigcr tect
teg purpfsg fo teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg ks tf k`surg tegrg wfuin mg fpg` cjjgss
ofr c` ckrik`g rgqugstk`l cjjfaafnctkf` ofr lctg spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin k` iklet fo teg
lctg ikaktctkf`s c`n fvgrcii jf`strck`ts wekje teg pcrtkgs cii rgjfl k̀zgn. ^eg
ic`luclg nksjussgs teg pftg`tkci sjcrjkty fo Ifvg Okgin ocjkiktkgs mgjcusg afst ’crg fr
wkii mg igcsgn tf Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ofr tegkr gxjiuskvg fr prgogrg`tkci usg‑. Mgjcusg fo
teks, teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g clrggs tf prfvkng spcjg tf c `gw g`trc`t ckrik`g sggdk`l tf
prfvkng sgrvkjg ct Ifvg Okgin. ^egrg ks `f ic`luclg ikaktk`l teg `gw g`trc`t ckrik`g tf
f`g `ft jurrg`tiy fpgrctk`l ct Ifvg Okgin. ^eg Igcsg Clrggag`t ic`luclg nfgs `ft
ikakt teg pcrtkgs‛ cjjfaafnctkf` fmiklctkf` tf c` ckrik`g `ft jurrg`tiy fpgrctk`l ct
Ifvg Okgin. Zuje c `crrfw jf s̀trujtkf` fo ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ ks u`rgcsf`cmig c`n
tff rgstrkjtkvg k` iklet fo teg ic`luclg fo sgjtkf` >.8?O fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. ^eg
Jfurt clrggs wkte Ngitc‛s prfpfsgn ngok`ktkf` fo ’`gw g`trc`t‑. Citefule teg Igcsg
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg == fo >= XclgKN
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=:
Clrggag`t ic`luclg ks `ft crtouiiy nrcotgn, teg Jfurt ok`ns ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ tf
agc` c`y ckrik`g tect ks `ft c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g k` c Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte teg Jkty
c`n c` ckrik`g `ggnk`l spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin tf prfvkng sgrvkjg.
kk. Ks Ngitc Cmig tf Mrk`l Mrgcje fo Jf`trcjt Jicka cs c ’@gwG`trc`t Ckrik`g‑6
Ecvk`l ngok`gn ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑, teg Jfurt `fw tur`s tf wegtegr Ngitc,
cs c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑, jc` mg c tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry tf teg Igcsg Clrggag`t
c`n mrk`l kts mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka. ^eg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc ks c jrgnktfr mg`gokjkcry
mgjcusg teg nuty fwgn tf Ngitc ks c jf`trcjtuci fmiklctkf` fr sfag ftegr iglciiy
g`ofrjgcmig jfaaktag`t u`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. Zgg Ztk`g v. Ztgwcrt, 58 Z.\.:n
75?, 75; (^gx. =88=). Zgjtkf` >.8?O spgjkokjciiy prfvkngs tect weg` c`
cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst ks acng, Zfutewgst cs teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g clrggs tf
cjjfaafnctg teg ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑, egrg Ngitc, ct tkags tect wfuin `ft u`nuiy
k`tgrogrg wkte Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig. ^eks clrggag t̀ my Zfutewgst sctksokgs c nuty fr
iglciiy g`ofrjgcmig jfaaktag`t fwgn tf Ngitc f`jg Ngitc acng tect cjjfaafnctkf`
rgqugst k` jfapikc`jg wkte sgjtkf` >.8?O. ^eg Jfurt ok`ns teg Igcsg Clrggag`t ks
jigcr c`n u`gqukvfjci tect teg Jkty c`n teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs k`tg`ngn tf nkrgjtiy
mg`gokt c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ fr ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑, k` teks jcsg Ngitc, wkte teks
cjjfaafnctkf` prfvkskf`. Zgg ^cwgs, :>8 Z.\.:n ct >=7.
Ngitc wfuin `ft skapiy mg`gokt k`jkng`tciiy orfa teg cjjfaafnctkf`
prfvkskf`. Zgg Ztk`g, 58 Z.\.:n ct 75;. ^eg pcrtkgs nrcotgn c` cjjfaafnctkf`
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg =: fo >= XclgKN
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=>
prfjgnurg tect wfuin mg trkllgrgn upf` c rgqugst orfa c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ c`n
teks wcs k`jfrpfrctgn k`tf teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. ^eg purpfsg fo tect prfjgnurg ks
gxpick`gn k` teg Igcsg Clrggag`t cs prfvknk`l c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ cjjgss tf sjcrjg
spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin. Fmvkfusiy, teg Igcsg Clrggag`t nfgs `ft spgjkokjciiy `cag
Ngitc cs c mg`gokjkcry, mut kt nfgs cngquctgiy ngsjrkmg fr ngskl`ctg Ngitc my usg fo
teg tgra ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ fr ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑. Zgg Acnnfx , :?3 Z.\.:n ct
87?:,
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg => fo >= XclgKN
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=7
=837 \I ?7:8.8?O
my jf`tcjtk`l cii Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs c`n c`y ckrik`g sumigcsk`l lctg spcjg orfa c
Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g mglk``k`l Bu`g 3:, =83>, tf try tf sgjurg vfiu`tcry
cjjfaafnctkf`.
Zgjtkf` >.8?O prfvkngs tect teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ’clrggs tf cjjfaafnctg suje
]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g ct kts Igcsg Xrgaksgs ct suje tkags tect wkii `ft u`nuiy k`tgrogrg
wkte kts fpgrctk`l sjegnuig.‑ ^eg Igcsg Clrggag`t nfgs `ft ngok`g ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrg
wkte‑. ^eg Jfurt ok`ns kt vgry k`tgrgstk`l tect ofragr Acyfr Icurc Akiigr tgstkokgn
cmfut teks gxcjt percsg k` teg Igcsg Clrggag`t ct teg Jf`lrgsskf`ci sumjfaakttgg
egcrk`l f` rgofrak`l teg \rklet Cag`nag`t Cjt. K` rgspf`sg tf c sumjfaakttgg
agamgr‛s qugstkf` cmfut teg agc`k`l fo teg u`ngok`gn c`n ’vclug‑ tgra ’u`nuiy
k`tgrogrg wkte‑, As. Akiigr tgstkokgn2
\gii kt wcs jrcotgn my teg Nciics Jkty Cttfr`gy‛s Fookjg c`n wg u`ngrstc`n, sk`jg kt ecs `gvgr mgg` tgstgn, wg ecvg `gvgr ecn cjf`oikjt4 tect wg sefuin, ko wg crg rgspf`skmig, jrgctg c vgry jigcr pfikjyusk`l teks cs teg tgapictg ofr efw wg crg k` rgci tgras lfk`l tf mg gxgjutk`lteks. ^eks TtgraQ lkvgs us teg cutefrkty tf tgii Tc Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gQ, yfu ecvg tf acdg rffa. Mut K tek`d tect ikdg ftegr ckrpfrts ikdg yfu jktgn tect ecvg teks kssug fo jcpcjkty, wg `ggn tf ecvg c vgry jigcr pfikjy k` picjg sf tect teg tg`c`ts ecvg c jigcr gxpgjtctkf` ofr efw kts lfk`ltf wfrd weg` teg nkrgjtfr scy wg secii acdg rffa ofr Tc ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`gQ c`n teks ks efw wg crg lfk`l tf nf kt.
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg =7 fo >= XclgKN
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=?
Gx. ?:3, p. 887=. Cs wg `fw d`fw, teg Jkty wefiiy ockign tf jrcot c`y pfikjy, igt
cif`g c jigcr f`g, sgttk`l ofrte efw teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg c`n prfjgss wfuin
wfrd k` rgcikty. ^eks ’vclug ic`luclg cmfut ―u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte‛‑ wcs nrcotgn my
teg Jkty ktsgio c`n wcs `ftgn my ct igcst f`g jf`jgr`gn sumjfaakttgg agamgr fo
jf`trkmutk`l tf ’Zfutewgst Tmgk`lQ k` teg jctmkrn sgct‑. C`n wfrsg, teg` Acyfr
Icurc Akiigr cjd`fwignlgn teg `ggn ofr teg Jkty, ’ko wg crg rgspf`skmig, TtfQ jrgctg c vgry
jigcr pfikjy . . . ofr efw wg crg k` rgci tgras lfk`l tf mg gxgjutk`l teks.‑ @fw k` teks jcsg, teg
Jfurt ks csdgn tf ofiifw terfule wkte wect teg Jkty sefuin ecvg nf`g ygcrs clf.
k. ’W`nuiy K`tgrogrg \kte‑ Ngok`gn
^eg Jfurt jf`jiungs, ofr purpfsgs fo teks prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`, tect ’u`nuiy
k`tgrogrg wkte‑ k` sgjtkf` >.8?O agc`s teg rgqugstgn oiklet cjjfaafnctkf` jc` okt
wktek` teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g‛s gxkstk`l pumiksegn sjegnuig, ct teg tkag teg
cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst ks acng, wktefut jcusk`l teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g‛s gxkstk`l
sjegnuig tf rgcje acxkaua usclg. ^eg gvkng`jg gstcmiksegs tect Zfutewgst
jf`skngrs acxkaua usclg fr ’ouii utkikzctkf`‑ fo lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin tf mg 38 oiklets
nckiy pgr lctg. ^eg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc prfvkngn gvkng`jg tect, ct sgvgrci pfk`ts k`
tkag cotgr kts k`ktkci cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst k` Bu`g =83>, Zfutewgst wcs cmig tf
cjjfaafnctg Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets f` Zfutewgst‛s 3? lctgs wktefut u`nuiy
k`tgrogrk`l wkte Zfutewgst‛s gxkstk`l fpgrctk`l sjegnuig.
Ct teg tkag fo teg Ngitc‛s frklk`ci cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst k` Bu`g =83>,
Zfutewgst wcs oiyk`l cpprfxkactgiy sgvg` oiklets nckiy fut fo 3? lctgs. ^eg gvkng`jg
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg =? fo >= XclgKN
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=<
sefws tect cs fo Fjtfmgr 3, =83>, prkfr tf teg rgpgci fo teg \rklet Cag`nag`t,
Zfutewgst fpgrctgn 335 oiklets nckiy fut fo 3? lctgs, cpprfxkactgiy sgvg` oiklets
nckiy pgr lctg. ^ect oiklet sjegnuig wfuin jgrtck`iy ecvg pgrakttgn cjjfaafnctkf`
fo Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets nckiy wktefut rgcjek`l Zfutewgst‛s k`tgrprgtctkf` fo ’ouii
utkikzctkf`‑ cs 38 oiklets nckiy orfa gcje lctg. ^eg Jfurt rgjfl`kzgs teks wcs mgofrg
teg ikotk`l fo nfagstkj oiklet nkstc`jg rgstrkjtkf`s c`n Zfutewgst pic``gn tf k`jrgcsg
kts oiklet fpgrctkf`s. Gvg` ko teg Jfurt jf`skngrs Zfutewgst‛s pfst-\C]C k`jrgcsgn
oiklet fpgrctkf`s sjegnuig, tegrg wcs rffa k` Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig tf cjjfaafnctg
Ngitc. ^eg gvkng`jg sefws tect Zfutewgst wcs fpgrctk`l 3>; oiklets nckiy fut fo 3?
lctgs cs fo @fvgamgr :, =83>. ^ect ks `k`g oiklets nckiy pgr lctg. F`jg teg Zumigcsg
Clrggag`t mgtwgg` W`ktgn c`n Zfutewgst tffd googjt ct teg g`n fo Bc`ucry =837,
Zfutewgst wcs fpgrctk`l 37: oiklets nckiy fut fo 35 lctgs fr 5.7 oiklets nckiy pgr lctg.
Kt wcs `ft u`tki Ogmrucry =?, =837, tect Zfutewgst c``fu`jgn kt wcs k`jrgcsk`l oiklet
fpgrctkf`s tf 358 oiklets nckiy fut fo 35 lctgs mglk``k`l Culust ;, =837.
Zfutewgst‛s jicka tect Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets nckiy u`nuiy k`tgrogrgs wkte Zfutewgst‛s
fpgrctkf`s ks skapiy `ft suppfrtgn my teg gvkng`jg. Wp u`tki kts c``fu`jgag`t f`
Ogmrucry =?, =837 fo k`jrgcsgn oiklet fpgrctkf`s, teg gvkng`jg gstcmiksegs tect
Zfutewgst wcs cmig tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc wktefut ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrk`l wkte‑
Zfutewgst‛s fw` fpgrctkf`s.
^cdk`l teg Jfurt‛s ngok`ktkf` fo ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte‑ k`tf jf`skngrctkf`,
Zfutewgst jfuin ecvg vfiu`tcrkiy cjjfaafnctgn Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets wktefut u`nuiy
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg =< fo >= XclgKN
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=5
k`tgrogrk`l wkte Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig weg` teg k`ktkci rgqugst wcs acng k` Bu`g
=83>. Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig stkii ciifwgn ofr cjjfaafnctkf` fo Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets
wktefut u`nug k`tgrogrg`jg ko teg Jfurt wgrg tf jf`skngr Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuigs ct
gcje fo teg ofiifwk`l pfk`ts k` tkag2 Bu`g 3:, =83>, @fvgamgr :, =83>, c`n Bc`ucry
=5, =837. Zfutewgst nkn `ft c``fu`jg pic`s tf k`jrgcsg kts oiklet fpgrctkf`s tf 358
oiklets nckiy fut fo 38 lctgs u t̀ki Ogmrucry =?, =837. Kt wcs `ft u`tki Culust =837,
fvgr f`g ygcr cotgr Ngitc‛s okrst vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst k` Bu`g =83>, tect
Zfutewgst‛s k`jrgcsgn fpgrctk`l sjegnuig cjtuciiy rgcjegn ’ouii utkikzctkf`‑ fo 38
oiklets nckiy orfa gcje lctg.
W`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t, prgogrg`tkci usg fo ckrpfrt ocjkiktkgs agc`s teg
Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ks teg prkacry, mut `ft sfig, usgr. Gxjiuskvg usg agc`s teg ckrik`g
ecs teg sfig rklet tf usg teg spcjg. ^egrg crg `f gxjiuskvg usg lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin.
Zfutewgst ecs prgogrg`tkci usg fo teg lctgs kt igcsgs orfa teg Jkty c`n sumigcsgs orfa
W`ktgn. ^egrgofrg, Zfutewgst ks jf`skngrgn tf mg teg prkacry, mut `ft sfig, usgr fo
teg lctgs. Zfutewgst nfgs `ft ecvg c` u`ogttgrgn rklet tf teg lctgs kt ecs igcsgn4 c`n,
ngspktg Zfutewgst‛s crluag`t tf teg jf`trcry, teg prgogrg`tkci usg rklets crg sumbgjt
tf teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfvkskf` jf`tck`gn k` teg Igcsg Clrggag`t, wekje Zfutewgst
clrggn tf c`n skl`gn. Zfutewgst‛s pfsktkf` ks tect cjjfaafnctkf` ks `ft rgqukrgn cs
if`l cs tegy crg usk`l teg lctgs ct ouii utkikzctkf` fo 38 oiklets nckiy fut fo gcje lctg.
Zfutewgst nkn `ft ’ouiiy utkikzg‑ kts lctg spcjg u`tki, ct teg gcrikgst, kts c``fu`jgag`t
f` Ogmrucry =?, =837 fo k`jrgcsgn oiklet fpgrctkf`s, fr, ct teg ictgst, u`tki Culust
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg =5 fo >= XclgKN
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=837 weg` teg cjtuci k`jrgcsg wcs ouiiy rgcikzgn. Zfutewgst jc``ft ’rcap up‑ kts
oiklet sjegnuig tf tewcrt teg pg`nk`l cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst my Ngitc.
Cs tgstkaf`y orfa teg Jf`lrgsskf`ci sumjfaakttgg egcrk`l f` rgofrak`l teg
\rklet Cag`nag`t Cjt rgvgcign, tegsg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurgs wgrg k`tg`ngn tf
egip ’okt tefsg pgfpig k`‑ weg` c ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g acdgs c` cjjfaafnctkf`
rgqugst. Cisf nurk`l teg sumjfaakttgg egcrk`l, jgrtck` Jkty fookjkcis, lfvgr`ag`t
rgprgsg`tctkvgs, c`n ifjci musk`gss igcngrs stctgn tect jfapgtktkf` ct Ifvg Okgin
wfuin mg g`surgn ko teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t wcs g`cjtgn k`tf iglksictkf`. Ar. Egrm
Dgiigegr, teg`-JGF fo Zfutewgst, tgstkokgn ct teg egcrk`l. Eg tgstkokgn tect ’TCQ`y
jcrrkgr tect ks ngskrfus `fw fo sgrvk`l Ifvg Okgin jc` gcskiy mg cjjfaafnctgn gvg`
cotgr tefsg T3=Q lctgs jfag nfw`,‑ ikaktk`l Ifvg Okgin tf =8 lctgs. K` rgspf`sg tf c
qugstkf` k`vfivk`l c vgry skakicr sjg`crkf cs tf tect wekje teg Jfurt ecs mgofrg kt
tfncy, Ar. Dgiigegr tgstkokgn,
C`n kt ks vgry skapig. ^egrg ks `f aystgry tf teg wcy kt fpgrctgs,c`n tect ks, K jc` sefw yfu Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs sjegnuig, lctg sjegnuigs, wg ecvg lft efurs f` fur lctgs wegrg c`ftegr jcrrkgr jfuin fpgrctgtegrg. . . . C`n wg wfuin skapiy mg tfin my teg Jkty fo Nciics, yfu ecvglft tegsg vcjc`t spcjgs k` yfur lctg utkikzctkf` c`n my lfiiy yfu crglfk`l tf put c`ftegr jcrrkgr k` tegrg.
Zumjfaakttgg agamgr rgspf`ngn, ’^egy wfuin mg cmig tf tgii yfu tect6‑ Ar.
Dgiigegr c`swgrgn, ’^ect ks teg wcy kt wfrds, fe, ygs cmsfiutgiy.‑ Gx. ?:3, p. 887>.
Cppcrg`tiy ct tect tkag, Ar. Dgiigegr u`ngrstffn Zfutewgst‛s fmiklctkf`s, cs wgii cs
teg Jkty‛s. K` spktg fo tect u`ngrstc`nk`l, `f cjjfaafnctkf` gvgr ecppg`gn.
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg =; fo >= XclgKN
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Zfutewgst clrggn k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O tect kt wfuin cjjfaafnctg c ’`gw g`trc`t
ckrik`g‑ weg` cjjfaafnctkf` wfuin `ft ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrg‑ wkte kts fw` fpgrctk`l
sjegnuig. Cs teg Jfurt ecs ofu`n, Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig wfuin jigcriy cjjfaafnctg
Ngitc weg` kt acng kts k`ktkci rgqugst ofr vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` k` cjjfrnc`jg
wkte Zgjtkf` >.8?O, c`n ofr sgvgrci af`tes cotgr. Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn Zfutewgst
nkn `ft jfapiy wkte kts jf`trcjtuci fmiklctkf` c`n, tegrgofrg, mrgcjegn Zgjtkf`
>.8?O, teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfvkskf`, fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t.
j. \cs Ngitc Ecragn my Zfutewgst‛s Mrgcje6
Ngitc ecs sefw` tect kt suoogrgn ecra, teg ofurte gigag`t fo mrgcje fo jf`trcjt,
mgjcusg tegrg ks `f if`lgr cvckicmig lctg spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin cmig tf cjjfaafnctg kts
jurrg`t oiklet fpgrctkf`s. Ngitc ecs k`nkjctgn c ngskrg tf gxpc`n kts sgrvkjg ct Ifvg
Okgin, mut cs kt stc`ns, tegrg ks crlucmiy `f pfsskmkikty tect Ngitc wkii mg cmig tf
gxpc`n. Zfutewgst jurrg`tiy igcsgs fr sumigcsgs 35 lctgs, c`n _krlk` sumigcsgs teg
rgack`k`l twf lctgs. ^eg gvkng`jg k`nkjctgs tect mgjcusg _krlk` sumigcsgn tefsg
lctgs u`ngr vgry nkoogrg`t jkrjuastc`jgs k`vfivk`l c ofrjgn nkvgstkturg orfa
Cagrkjc`, c`n teg NFB spgjkokjciiy rgbgjtgn Ngitc (c`n Zfutewgst) orfa sumigcsk`l
tefsg lctgs orfa Cagrkjc`, teg f`iy pfsskmkikty ofr cjjfaafnctkf` fo Ngitc jfags
orfa Zfutewgst.
Ct teks pfk`t, Ngitc wkii mg ifjdgn fut fo Ifvg Okgin. ^gstkaf`y ct teg k`bu`jtkf`
egcrk`l gstcmiksegn tect cjjfaafnctkf`s crg jfaaf` ct ftegr ckrpfrts, c`n tefsg
cjjfaafnctkf`s jc` tcdg ac`y ofras, suje cs sumnkvknk`l c lctg, usk`l ecrnstc`ns
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg :8 fo >= XclgKN
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tf ifcn/u`ifcn pcssg`lgrs, fr mukink`l cnnktkf`ci mrkjd-c`n-afrtcr lctgs. @f`g fo
tegsg fptkf`s crg cvckicmig ct Ifvg Okgin mgjcusg fo teg tgras fo \C]C c`n teg Okvg
Xcrty Clrggag`t. ^eg Jfurt ok`ns Zfutewgst c`n teg Jkty crg picyk`l c lcag fo
auskjci jeckrs wkte Ifvg Okgin lctg spcjg, c`n wkte _krlk`‛s ’jeckrs‑ `ft k` picy k`
teks lcag, tegrg‛s `f ’jeckr‑ ofr Ngitc„Zfutewgst fjjupkgs cii 35 lctgs c`n teg Jkty
jf`sg`ts. ^eg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn kt suoogrgn ecra orfa Zfutewgst‛s
ockiurg/rgousci tf ofiifw kts jf`trcjtuci fmiklctkf` u`ngr sgjtkf` >.8?O fo teg Igcsg
Clrggag`t.
Ecvk`l gstcmiksegn cii ofur ocjtfrs fo c mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka, teg Jfurt
jf`jiungs tect Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn c sumstc`tkci ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts
fo kts mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka clck`st Zfutewgst.
Gvg` ko Ngitc nkn `ft acdg c suookjkg`t sefwk`l f` kts mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka,
teg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn c sumstc`tkci ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts
fo kts ngjicrctfry bunlag`t jicka tect kt ks g`tktign tf mg cjjfaafnctgn my
Zfutewgst. ^eg Ngjicrctfry Bunlag t̀ Cjt prfvkngs2 ’K` c jcsg fo cjtuci jf`trfvgrsy
wktek` kts burksnkjtkf`, . . . c`y jfurt k` teg W`ktgn Ztctgs, upf` teg okik`l fo c`
cpprfprkctg pigcnk`l, acy ngjicrg teg rklets c`n ftegr iglci rgictkf`s fo c`y
k`tgrgstgn pcrty sggdk`l suje ngjicrctkf`, wegtegr fr `ft ourtegr rgikgo ks fr jfuin mg
sfulet.‑ =5 W.Z.J. § ==83(c). ^eg pcrty sggdk`l teg ngjicrctfry bunlag`t ’aust
ecvg suoogrgn ―c` k`vcskf` fo c iglciiy prftgjtgn k`tgrgst,‛ wekje ks ―trcnktkf`ciiy
tefulet tf mg jcpcmig fo rgsfiutkf` terfule teg bunkjkci prfjgss,‛ c`n ks jurrg`tiy okt
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg :3 fo >= XclgKN
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:=
ofr bunkjkci rgvkgw.‑ Jrc`g v. @cpfiktc`f, :23=-J_-=:>>==, ct
*3: (@.N. ^gx. Cpr. =:, =83:)(F‛Jf``fr, B.) (quftk`l @ct‛i ]koig Css‛` fo Cagrkjc v.
Aclcw, 3:= O.:n = O.=n 3:;8,
3:;> (7te Jkr. 3;5?). Krrgpcrcmig k`bury acy mg gstcmiksegn wegrg ncaclgs jc``ft
mg gcskiy jcijuictgn. Akiigr Xcpgr Jf. v. ]fmgrts Xcpgr Jf., ;83 Z.\.=n 7;:, ?8= (^gx.
Cpp.„Cacrkiif 3;;7, `f wrkt). \egrg teg pftg`tkci ncaclg tf c pcrty‛s musk`gss
jc``ft mg gcskiy jcijuictgn, suje cs ifss fo lffn wkii, c iglci rgagny ks
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg := fo >= XclgKN
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::
k`cngquctg. ^-@-^ Aftfrspfrts, K`j. v. Eg``gssgy Aftfrspfrts, K`j., ;?7 Z.\.=n 35, =>
(^gx. Cpp.„Efustf` T3st Nkst.Q 3;;5, pgt. ng`kgn).
Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn tect kaagnkctg c`n krrgpcrcmig ecra acy rgsuit ko kt ks
prfekmktgn orfa fpgrctk`l kts jurrg`t sjegnuig fo okvg oiklets c`n ks ofrjgn fut fo Ifvg
Okgin nurk`l teg pg`ng`jy fo teks jcsg. ^efusc`ns fo pcssg`lgrs, mfte trcvgik`l tf
c`n orfa Ifvg Okgin, wfuin ecvg tf mg rgou`ngn fr rgmffdgn ko Ngitc ks ofrjgn tf
nksjf`tk`ug kts sgrvkjg ct Ifvg Okgin. Ifss fo musk`gss c`n lffnwkii crg kaagcsurcmig
terfule af`gy ncaclgs. Zkaaf`s v. Sukxtcr, K`j., @f. >28>, ct *7 (G.N. ^gx. =88-J_-7:>-U], =83> \I >7>?;). \ktefut c` k`bu`jtkf`, Ngitc wfuin ecvg `f cngquctg rgagny ct icw mgjcusg
kt wkii afst jgrtck`iy suoogr c ifss fo musk`gss c`n lffnwkii.
Ngspktg Zfutewgst‛s crluag`t tf teg jf`trcry, teg Jfurt nfgs `ft ok`n Ngitc‛s
ecra ak`kakzgn fr gikak`ctgn skapiy mgjcusg kt ecs fr jc` sgjurg lctg spcjg ct NO\
Ckrpfrt. ^eg Jfurt `ggn `ft cnnrgss Zfutewgst‛s ’f`g acrdgtpicjg‑ crluag t̀ ct teks
bu`jturg. ^eg Jfurt ks cnnrgssk`l teg rgqugstgn k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo mcsgn f`
cjjfaafnctkf` ct Ifvg Okgin cs rgqukrgn u`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. ^eg Igcsg
Clrggag`t nfgs `ft jf`tgapictg cjjfaafnctkf` ct NO\ Ckrpfrt4 `ft f`g wfrn ks
sckn tect teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg k`jiungs jf`skngrctkf` fo NO\ Ckrpfrt,
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg :: fo >= XclgKN
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:>
wegtegr c pcrty ecs cjjgss tf lctg spcjg ct NO\ Ckrpfrt, c`n NO\ Ckrpfrt ks `ft c
pcrty tf tegsg Igcsg Clrggag`ts k` teks jcsg.
^f ng`y Ngitc‛s k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo wfuin rgafvg Ngitc orfa Ifvg Okgin c`n,
wgrg teg Jfurt fr c bury tf uitkactgiy ngtgrak`g Ngitc ecs c rklet tf cjjfaafnctkf`,
Ngitc wfuin ecvg ifst musk`gss c`n g`nurgn `glctkvg kapcjt tf kts `cag c`n mrc`n
nurk`l tect pgrkfn. ^eg Jfurt cisf clrggs wkte Ngitc tect kt wfuin ’ecvg tf oklet c`
upekii mcttig‑ tf acdg teg pumikj cwcrg fo kts prgsg`jg f`jg clck` ct Ifvg Okgin. Cii
fo teks wfuin u`nfumtgniy jcusg Ngitc tf suoogr lrgct k`bury k` suje c wcy tect ks
kaagcsurcmig c`n jfuin mg krrgpcrcmig. ^egrgofrg, teg Jfurt ok`ns tect teg rksd fo
sumstc`tkci tergct fo krrgpcrcmig ecra wgkles egcvkiy k` ocvfr fo Ngitc.
:. Mcic`jg fo Ecras c`n teg Xumikj K`tgrgst
^eg Jfurt `fw tur`s tf teg mcic`jg fo ecras, jf`skngrk`l wegtegr teg
tergctg`gn k`bury tf Ngitc futwgkles teg tergctg`gn ecra tf Zfutewgst. Cs
prgvkfusiy nksjussgn, teg Jfurt ofu`n teg pftg`tkci ecra Ngitc wfuin ikdgiy suoogr
upf` mgk`l rgafvgn orfa Ifvg Okgin ks lrgct„ncaclg tf rgputctkf`, `cag, mrc`n
c`n fvgrcii lffnwkii k` cnnktkf` tf af`gtcry ecra. Zfutewgst crlugs kt wkii suoogr
ecra k` teg ofra fo jc`jgiign oiklets fr u`tfin ngicys fr k`cmkikty tf ouiiy utkikzg kts
lctg ko kt ks ofrjgn tf jf`tk`ug ciifwk`l Ngitc tf oiy kts okvg oiklets nckiy. Okrst,
Zfutewgst ecs suoogrgn `f ecra cs kt rgictgs tf c` k`cmkikty tf ouiiy utkikzg kts lctgs.
@ft f`iy ecs Zfutewgst mgg` cmig tf ’ouiiy utkikzg‑ kts 35 lctgs wkte kts fw` sjegnuig
fo 358 oiklets nckiy, Ngitc ecs fpgrctgn kts okvg oiklets nckiy, ofr c tftci fo 357 oiklets
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg :> fo >= XclgKN
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nckiy fut fo 35 lctgs. Ourtegrafrg, teg gvkng`jg mgofrg teg Jfurt nfgs `ft gstcmikse
Zfutewgst ecs suoogrgn c`y ecra fr teg tergct fo ecra k` teg ofra fo jc`jgiign
oiklets mgjcusg fo Ngitc‛s usg fo teg lctgs. Ct teg k b̀u`jtkf` egcrk`l, Zfutewgst
foogrgn tgstkaf`y tect kt ecs gxpgrkg`jgn sfag oiklet ngicys cs wgii cs twf k`stc`jgs
fo gqukpag t̀ ncaclg nug tf Ngitc‛s prgsg`jg ct teg lctgs. Cssuak`l wktefut
ngjknk`l tegsg oiklets ngicys c`n gqukpag`t ncaclg ecvg ecragn fr tergctg` tf ecra
Zfutewgst, teks k` `f wcy futwgkles teg tergctg`gn ecra tf Ngitc ko kt ks ofrjgn tf
igcvg Ifvg Okgin wekig tegsg iglci kssugs crg rgsfivgn. Citefule Zfutewgst acy `ft
mg cmig tf ru` kts oiklets c`n fpgrctkf`s cs gookjkg`tiy cs kt wfuin ikdg mgjcusg fo
Ngitc‛s prgsg`jg, tect ocjtfr skapiy nfgs `ft futwgkle teg pftg`tkci ecra tf Ngitc
orfa rgafvk`l kt orfa Ifvg Okgin citflgtegr.
K` jf`skngrk`l teg pumikj k`tgrgst, teg Jfurt ok`ns teg jecfs c`n k`jf`vg`kg`jg
fo nksruptgn sgrvkjg my rgafvk`l Ngitc orfa Ifvg Okgin mgofrg teg iglci kssugs crg
ngjkngn wfuin mg c lrgct nkssgrvkjg tf teg pumikj. Ofrjk`l Ngitc tf jgcsg oiklet
fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin wfuin `gjgsscrkiy rgqukrg kts pcssg`lgrs tf mg rgmffdgn f` c
Ngitc oiklet orfa c`ftegr ckrpfrt fr tf ecvg tegkr tkjdgt purjecsg rgou`ngn, rgqukrk`l
tega tf ok`n citgr`ctg trcvgi crrc`lgag`ts, pfsskmiy ct lrgctgr gxpg`sg ko f` sefrt-
`ftkjg. Cisf, Ifvg Okgin ks fw`gn my teg Jkty wekje fmvkfusiy vgsts kts jktkzg`s wkte
c` k`tgrgst k` teg ckrpfrt c`n kssugs surrfu`nk`l kt.
^eg Jfurt ok`ns teg mcic`jg fo ecras c`n teg pumikj k`tgrgst mfte wgkle
egcvkiy k` ocvfr fo Ngitc.
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg :7 fo >= XclgKN
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K` jf`jiuskf`, teg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn cii ofur gquktcmig ocjtfrs
g`tktik`l kt tf k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo. ^egrgofrg, teg Jfurt lrc`ts Ngitc‛s aftkf` ofr
k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo c`n teg rgqugstgn rgikgo tect Zfutewgst mg g`bfk`gn orfa gvkjtk`l fr
ftegrwksg rgafvk`l Ngitc orfa Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) ct Ifvg Okgin, fr ftegrwksg
k`tgrogrk`l wkte fr prgvg`tk`l Ngitc‛s jf`tk`ugn usg fo Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) tf fpgrctg
Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets.
M. Zfutewgst‛s Aftkf` ofr Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf`
Cisf pg`nk`l mgofrg teg Jfurt ks Zfutewgst‛s jfapgtk`l aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry
k`bu`jtkf`, wekje wcs okign okrst mgofrg gktegr teg Jkty‛s aftkf` fr Ngitc‛s aftkf`.
^f gstcmikse g`tktigag`t tf c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`, Zfutewgst aust sctksoy cii ofur
gquktcmig ocjtfrs tf fmtck` c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`. Zgg ^LK Orkncy‛s K`j. v. Lrgct
@frtewgst ]gstcurc`ts, K`j., ?7= O.Zupp.=n
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:<
krrgpcrcmig k`bury, cisf ockis. Zfutewgst aust sefw ’c skl`kokjc`t tergct fo k`bury orfa
teg kapg`nk`l cjtkf`, tect teg k`bury ks kaak`g`t, c`n tect af`gy ncaclgs wfuin
`ft ouiiy rgpckr teg ecra.‑ Euac`c, 58> O.=n ct 3:;>. Zfutewgst ockis tf acdg teks
sefwk`l. ^eg Jfurt nfgs `ft ok`n tect Zfutewgst ecs gstcmiksegn c sumstc`tkci
ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts fo kts trgspcss jicka clck`st Ngitc. ^eg Jfurt ecs
cisf prgvkfusiy ngtgrak`gn tect teg mcic`jg fo ecras c`n pumikj k`tgrgst wgklet
egcvkiy k` ocvfr fo Ngitc4 tegrgofrg, Zfutewgst wfuin mg u`cmig tf sctksoy cii ofur
gquktcmig ocjtfrs.
^eg Jfurt ok`ns tect Zfutewgst ecs `ft prfvg` cii teg gquktcmig ocjtfrs tf
gstcmikse g`tktigag`t tf c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`. Zgg ^LK Orkncy‛s, ?7= O.Zupp.=n ct
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Jkty sggds ngjicrctfry bunlag`t rgikgo orfa teks Jfurt. Zpgjkokjciiy, teg Jkty rgqugsts
teg Jfurt ngjicrg teg Jkty‛s rklets c`n rgspf`skmkiktkgs u`ngr teg Okvg Xcrty
Clrggag`t, \C]C, teg NF^ igttgrs, teg Igcsg Clrggag`ts, teg Zumigcsg Clrggag`t,
teg lrc`t cssurc`jgs c`n ftegr fmiklctkf`s tf teg NF^ c`n OCC, c`n c`y ftegr
cppikjcmig ogngrci icw cs rgictgn tf cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugsts, teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs‛
prgogrg`tkci usg rklets c`n teg Jkty‛s jf`sg`t tf teg Zumigcsg Clrggag`t. Kt ks wgii
gstcmiksegn tegrg ks c nksputg mgtwgg` Ngitc c`n Zfutewgst. Gssg`tkciiy, teg Jkty
csds teg Jfurt tf ngjicrg wect teg Jkty ks rgqukrgn tf nf. Witkactgiy, teg Jfurt wkii
acdg suje ngjicrctkf`s lkvk`l teg jicrkokjctkf` c`n jgrtck`ty mgk`l sfulet. ^egrgofrg,
teg Jfurt ok`ns tect teg Jkty wkii prgvcki f` kts ngjicrctfry bunlag`t jickas f`jg teg
Jfurt ngtgrak`gs c`n ngjicrgs teg Jkty‛s rklets c`n rgspf`skmkiktkgs pgrtck`k`l tf
cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugsts acng my Ngitc cs wgii cs c`y outurg rgqugsts. ^eg okrst
gquktcmig ocjtfr ecs mgg` gstcmiksegn.
^f gstcmikse krrgpcrcmig ecra, teg Jkty aust sefw ’c skl`kokjc`t tergct fo k`bury
orfa teg kapg`nk`l cjtkf`, tect teg k`bury ks kaak`g`t, c`n tect af`gy ncaclgs
wfuin `ft ouiiy rgpckr teg ecra.‑ Euac`c, 58> O.=n ct 3:;>. Krrgpcrcmig k`bury acy
mg gstcmiksegn wegrg ncaclgs jc``ft mg gcskiy jcijuictgn. Akiigr Xcpgr , ;83 Z.\.=n
ct ?8=. ]gafvk`l Ngitc orfa Ifvg Okgin wkii `glctkvgiy kapcjt teg oiyk`l pumikj wef
ecvg pckn tkjdgts oiyk`l k`tf/fut fo Ifvg Okgin. K` tur`, teks ikdgiy wfuin `glctkvgiy
kapcjt teg rgputctkf` fo Ifvg Okgin c`n teg Jkty, wekje fw`s Ifvg Okgin. ^eg Jfurt
ok`ns teg Jkty ocjgs teg tergct fo krrgpcrcmig ecra ko Ngitc ks rgafvgn orfa Ifvg Okgin
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg :5 fo >= XclgKN
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:;
wekig teg iglci kssugs crg ngtgrak`gn. Ok`ciiy, teg mcic`jg fo ecras c`n teg pumikj
k`tgrgst wgkle k` ocvfr fo lrc t̀k`l k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo. ^eg ecra fr tergct fo ecra tf
Zfutewgst ks ak`kaci k` jfapcrksf` tf pftg`tkci jecfs ko k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo wgrg `ft
lrc`tgn c`n Ngitc wcs rgafvgn. Ourtegrafrg, sfag cafu`t fo jgrtck`ty caf`l teg
oiyk`l pumikj cs tf teg lctg sktuctkf` c`n lg`grciiy oiklet fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin ks k`
teg pumikj k`tgrgst.
^eg Jfurt ok`ns cii ofur gquktcmig ocjtfrs wgrg gstcmiksegn g`tktik`l teg Jkty tf
k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo. ^eg Jfurt ok`ns tect c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` frngr g`bfk`k`l
Zfutewgst orfa gvkjtk`l fr ftegrwksg rgafvk`l Ngitc orfa Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) ct
Ifvg Okgin, fr ftegrwksg k`tgrogrk`l wkte fr prgvg`tk`l Ngitc‛s jf`tk`ugn usg fo
Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) tf fpgrctg Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets ks teg prfpgr k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo
k` teks jcsg. ^eks ks teg scag k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo rgqugstgn my Ngitc wekje teg Jfurt
lrc`tgn f` Ngitc‛s aftkf`. Zf, gvg` ko teg Jfurt nkn `ft tf lrc`t Ngitc‛s aftkf`, teg
Jfurt lrc`ts teg Jkty‛s aftkf` ofr k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo.
Cs prgvkfusiy stctgn, `f`g fo tegsg ocjtuci ok`nk`ls c`n/fr jf`jiuskf`s fo icw crg
mk`nk`l ct c trkci f` teg agrkts.
K_. Jf`jiuskf`
Ifvg Okgin ks u`kqug k` tect kt ks teg f`iy ckrpfrt k` teg W`ktgn Ztctgs tect ks
jf`trfiign my c ogngrci stctutg c`n ks lctg-jf`strck`gn, tegrgmy orggzk`l lrfwte. Ifvg
Okgin ks k` tect rgspgjt teg afst u`kqug ckrpfrt k` teg wfrin4 `f ftegr ckrpfrt ecs tf
ngci wkte teg Jf`lrgsskf`ciiy ac`nctgn `f-lrfwte c`n ikaktgn efuriy oiklet
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg :; fo >= XclgKN
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>8
rgstrkjtkf`s. Cssuak`l \C]C ks jf`stktutkf`ci sk`jg `f f`g ks cttcjdk`l teg stctutg
ct teks pfk`t, teg jf`strck`ts kapfsgn f` teks ckrpfrt my \C]C crg jf`strck`k`l tf
teg pfk`t fo mgk`l fut fo nctg. ^egsg crg pfiktkjci jf`strck`ts, `ft jf`strck`ts
rgsuitk`l orfa musk`gss rgictgn ngvgifpag`t. Ifvg Okgin nfgs `ft ecvg teg gxpc s̀kf`
fptkf`s cvckicmig tf ftegr ckrpfrts wekje ciifw outurg lrfwte.
Cs Ngitc sf sujjk`jtiy stctgn, ’Ct afst ckrpfrts, cjjfaafnctkf` ks `ft teg
gqukvcig`t fo cjjgss.‑ Ifvg Okgin ks teg gxjgptkf` tf teks ruig. W`igss jkrjuastc`jgs
jec`lg, cjjfaafnctkf` ks teg f`iy agc`s my wekje Ngitc jc` ecvg if`l-tgra cjjgss
wkte c`y jgrtck`ty ct Ifvg Okgin. ^egsg ckrik`gs u`ngrstc`ncmiy oklet tffte-c`n-`cki
ofr vkrtuciiy `f`-gxkstg`t gxpc`skf` fo lctg spcjg. ^eg Jkty jigcriy nfgs `ft wc`t tf
ofrjg cjjfaafnctkf` f` c`y ckrik`g, pcrtkjuicriy f`g tect ecs pckn $388s fo akiikf`s
k` kaprfvgag`ts tf Ifvg Okgin c`n jf`trfis ;8% fo teg ckrpfrt‛s oiklets. Zfutewgst ks
c afngi ofr ru` k̀`l c` ckrik`g. W`ngrstc`ncmiy kt ks cllrgsskvgiy tryk`l tf lck` 388%
fo teg lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin. Ar. Af`tlfagry fo Zfutewgst tgstkokgn tect Zfutewgst
wfuin muy teg icst twf lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin c`n jf`trfi cii =8 ko kt jfuin. Zfutewgst ks
jf`trcjtuciiy c`n iglksictkvgiy mfu`n tf `ft gxpc`n tf NO\ Ckrpfrt wktefut
rgik`quksek`l prgogrg`tkci usg fo kts lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin. Cs Zfutewgst ecs sckn, tegrg
acy mg c tkag weg` `f outurg cjjfaafnctkf`s jc` mg acng ct Ifvg Okgin. ^fncy ks
`ft tect tkag. \kte teg gvkng`jg mgofrg teg Jfurt, teg Jfurt ok`ns Zfutewgst aust
cjjfaafnctg Ngitc u`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t kt skl`gn mgjcusg c` cjjfaafnctkf`
wfuin `ft ecvg ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrgn wkte‑ Zfutewgst‛s fpgrctkf`s sjegnuig ct teg tkag,
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg >8 fo >= XclgKN
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`fr Zfutewgst acy `ft cnn oiklets cotgr teg cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst ks acng tf
tewcrt teg cjjfaafnctkf`. ^eg Jfurt cisf ok`ns Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets jurrg`tiy nf `ft
u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig.
Ifvg Okgin wkii jf`tk`ug tf ocjg tegsg jeciig`lgs mgk`l sf sgvgrgiy lctg
jf`strck`gn. ^f jec`lg teks `f-lrfwte sktuctkf` ct Ifvg Okgin, Jf`lrgss wkii `ggn tf
cjt. ^eg pfiktkjci pfwgrs-tect-mg jc` cnnrgss c`n jfrrgjt tegsg kssugs tect ocjg Ifvg
Okgin c`n `gw g`trc`t ckrik`gs terfule rgpgcik`l iglksictkf` u`kqug tf teks ckrpfrt.
\ktefut teks jec`lg, `gw g`trc`t ckrik`gs, teg Jkty, Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs, c`n teg
jktkzg`s fo Nciics wkii jf`tk`ug tf ocjg nkigaacs ikdg teks f`g. ^eg oiyk`l pumikj
ngsgrvgs afrg jfurclg orfa kts gigjtgn fookjkcis cmfut trcvgi tf c`n orfa Ifvg Okgin.
^eg tkag ofr tegsg gigjtgn fookjkcis tf jf`skngr c` g`n tf cii jf`strck`ts f` Ifvg Okgin
ks `fw.
^eg Jfurt NG@KGZ Zfutewgst‛s aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`. ^eg Jigrd
fo teg Jfurt ks egrgmy nkrgjtgn tf tgrak`ctg teg Jkty‛s aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry
k`bu`jtkf` cs afft. ^eg Jfurt L]C@^Z Ngitc‛s aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`.
Zfutewgst ks egrgmy g`bfk`gn orfa gvkjtk`l fr ftegrwksg rgafvk`l Ngitc orfa
Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) ct Ifvg Okgin, fr ftegrwksg k`tgrogrk`l wkte fr prgvg`tk`l Ngitc‛s
jf`tk`ugn usg fo Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) tf fpgrctg Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets. Zfutewgst
ks cisf g`bfk`gn orfa cnnk`l cnnktkf`ci oiklets f` c`y Zfutewgst lctg(s) Ngitc usgs
tf fpgrctg kts okvg nckiy oiklets. Ourtegrafrg, Zfutewgst aust k`ofra teg Jfurt k`
wrktk`l wktek` okvg (7) ncys fo c`y rgnujtkf` c`n/fr jec`lg k` Zfutewgst‛s oiklets
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg >3 fo >= XclgKN
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fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin sf tect teg Jfurt jc` gvciuctg wect teg Jfurt jf`skngrs tf
mg ouii utkikzctkf` fo teg lctgs c`n ftegr igcsgn spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin. ]gnujtkf` c`n/fr
jec`lg k` oiklet fpgrctkf`s k`jiungs, mut ks `ft gxjiuskvg fo, ngstk`ctkf`s, efurs fo
oiklets, c`n `uamgr fo oiklets gcje ncy. Ourtegrafrg, pursuc t̀ tf ]uig ?7(j) fo teg
Ogngrci ]uigs fo Jkvki Xrfjgnurg, Ngitc aust pfst c mf`n k` teg cafu`t fo f`g
eu`nrgn tefusc`n nfiicrs ($388,888) f` fr mgofrg Bc`ucry 37, =83?, ct >288 X.A.,
tf sgjurg pcyag`t fo c`y ncaclgs sustck`gn ko Zfutewgst ks ofu`n tf ecvg mgg`
wrf`louiiy g`bfk`gn. Cisf pursuc`t tf ]uig ?7(j) fo teg Ogngrci ]uigs fo Jkvki
Xrfjgnurg, teg Jkty aust pfst c mf`n k` teg cafu`t fo f`g eu`nrgn nfiicrs ($388)
f` fr mgofrg Bc`ucry 37, =83?, ct >288 X.A., tf sgjurg pcyag`t fo c`y ncaclgs
sustck`gn ko Zfutewgst ks ofu`n tf ecvg mgg` wrf`louiiy g`bfk`gn.
ZF F]NG]GN.
Zkl`gn Bc`ucry 5te, =83?.
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVGN DK@DGCNGW@K^GN Z^C^GZ NKZ^]KJ^ BWNLG
Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg >= fo >= XclgKN