+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Judicial Review: An Overview

Judicial Review: An Overview

Date post: 03-Jan-2017
Category:
Upload: trinhdan
View: 215 times
Download: 1 times
Share this document with a friend
34
Judicial review: an overview David A Scoffield BL Law Society House 10 May 2011
Transcript
Page 1: Judicial Review: An Overview

 

Judicial  review:  an  overview  

   

   

David  A  Scoffield  BL  Law  Society  House  

10  May  2011  

Page 2: Judicial Review: An Overview

Who  is  this  talk  aimed  at?  

•  Lawyers  •  ‘Normal  people’  (non-­‐lawyers)  

•  Those  who  know  a  li<le  about  judicial  review  •  Those  who  know  virtually  nothing  about  judicial  review  

Page 3: Judicial Review: An Overview

Why  should  you  be  interested?  •  The  pracCce  of  judicial  review  spans  many  areas  of  law:  

•  Criminal  procedure  •  Prison  law  •  Planning  •  Licensing  •  EducaCon  •  Social  security  benefits  •  Criminal  injuries  compensaCon  •  Human  Rights  •  PoliCcal  /  consCtuConal  issues  

Page 4: Judicial Review: An Overview

Why  should  you  be  interested?  

•  Judicial  review:  

•  Is  a  growth  area  •  OQen  makes  new  law  •  Remains  an  area  in  which  legal  aid  is  oQen  available  

•  Can  make  a  real  difference  to  lives  •  Is  interesCng  (?)    

Page 5: Judicial Review: An Overview

What  is  judicial  review?  

•  Judicial  review  is  the  exercise  of  the  High  Court’s  supervisory  jurisdicCon  over  public  law  decisions  and  acCons  

•  ‘Judicial  review  is  the  appropriate  remedy  where  a  person  seeks  to  establish  that  the  decision  of  a  person  or  authority  infringes  rights  protected  by  public  law’:    per  Hu<on  LCJ  in  R  v  Chief  Constable,  ex  p  McKenna  [1992]  NI  116  at  123a  

•  ‘...  the  principal  legal  procedure  by  which  public  power  is  defined,  invoked  or  restrained’  (Larkin  and  Scoffield,  Ch  1)  

Page 6: Judicial Review: An Overview

The  basis  for  judicial  review  

•  Two  broad  views:  

•  (i)  LegislaCve  intent:  ‘the  ultra  vires  principle’  

•  (ii)  Common  law:  consCtuConal  principles  of  judicial  control  of  public  power  

Page 7: Judicial Review: An Overview

What  is  judicial  review?  

•  The  jurisdicCon  is  one  which  is  exercised  by  the  High  Court  alone  

•  The  jurisdicCon  is  supervisory  and  is  neither  an  appeal  nor  (generally)  addressed  to  the  merits  of  the  decision  

•  The  jurisdicCon  is  only  available  in  respect  of  public  law  issues  

•  The  jurisdicCon  is  generally  a  remedy  of  last  resort  (unavailable  where  there  is  a  suitable  alternaCve  remedy)  

Page 8: Judicial Review: An Overview

Review:  not  appeal    “In  judicial  review,  the  High  Court  is  not  a  court  of  appeal.    It  does  not  hear  and  determine  appeals  on  the  merits  against  decisions  of  public  authoriCes.    Rather,  the  High  Court  exercises  a  supervisory  jurisdicCon.    Stated  succinctly,  the  funcCon  of  the  High  Court  is  to  ensure  that  public  authoriCes  observe  all  relevant  legal  rules,  standards  and  requirements  and  act  within  the  limits  of  their  powers.  In  essence,  the  High  Court  conducts  an  audit  of  legality.”      

per  McCloskey  J  in  Re  Board  of    Governors  of  Loreto  Grammar  School’s  Applica@on  [2011]  NIQB  36  

Page 9: Judicial Review: An Overview

Public  law  issues  •  Judicial  review  is  a  public  law  procedure  designed  to  supervise  the  public  

administraCon  and  check  the  excesses  of  public  power  

•  See  Re  McBride’s  Applica@on  [1999]  NI  299  (QBD);  and  No  2  [2003]  NI  319  (CA):  

“It  appears  to  me  that  an  issue  is  one  of  public  law  where  it  involves  a  ma<er  of  public  interest  in  the  sense  that  it  has  an  impact  on  the  public  generally  and  not  merely  on  an  individual  or  group.    That  is  not  to  say  that  an  issue  becomes  one  of  public  law  simply  because  it  generates  interest  or  concern  in  the  minds  of  the  public.    It  must  affect  the  public  rather  than  merely  engage  its  interest  to  qualify  as  a  public  law  issue.    It  seems  to  me  to  be  equally  clear  that  a  ma<er  may  be  one  of  public  law  while  having  a  specific  impact  on  an  individual  in  his  personal  capacity.”    [per  Kerr  J]    

Page 10: Judicial Review: An Overview

Public  law  issues  Classically,  judicial  review  will  be  against  a  public  body.    However…  

• A  private  body  may  be  exercising  public  law  funcCons:  see  R  v  Panel  on  Takeovers  and  Mergers,  ex  parte  Datafin  [1987]  QB  815;  Re  Wylie’s  Applica@on  [2005]  NI  359  

• A  public  body  may  be  exercising  private  law  funcCons  

• It  is  the  nature  of  the  power/funcCon  which  is  relevant  and  not  its  source:  see  the  GCHQ  case  (Civil  Service  Unions  v  Minister  for  the  Civil  Service  [1985]  AC  374)  

Page 11: Judicial Review: An Overview

The  grounds  of  judicial  review  

•  JR  is  a  review  rather  than  an  appeal  

•  The  tradiConal  groups  of  judicial  review  grounds  are  (i)  illegality;  (ii)  procedural  impropriety  and  (iii)  irraConality  (per  Lord  Diplock  in  the  GCHQ  case)  

•  More  recently  developed  grounds  are  now  (iv)  breach  of  legiCmate  expectaCon;  (v)  mistake  of  fact;  (vi)  human  rights  grounds  

•  OQen,  grounds  will  overlap  

Page 12: Judicial Review: An Overview

Illegality  (ultra  vires)  

•  acCng  contrary  to  statutory  provisions  •  erring  in  law  and/or  misdirecCng  yourself  in  law  •  exceeding  statutory  powers  •  acCng  without  jurisdicCon  •  acCng  for  an  improper  purpose  •  improperly  fe<ering  a  discreCon  •  unlawfully  delegaCng  a  funcCon  

Page 13: Judicial Review: An Overview

Procedural  impropriety  

•  Failing  to  adhere  to  established  procedures  (a  species  of  legiCmate  expectaCon)  

•  Failing  to  adhere  to  the  principles  of  natural  jusCce:  (i)  audi  alteram  partem  (the  right  to  know  what  is  alleged  against  you  and  present  your  version)  and  (ii)  nemo  judex  in  causa  sua  (the  rule  against  bias)  

•  Failing  to  comply  with  the  duty  to  act  in  a  procedurally  fair  manner    -­‐  procedural  safeguards  which  will  differ  from  case  to  case:    see  ex  parte  Doody  [1994]  1  AC  531  

Page 14: Judicial Review: An Overview

IrraConality  

•  Procedural  irraConality:  taking  irrelevant  consideraCons  into  account  or  failing  to  take  relevant  consideraCons  into  account  

•  SubstanCve  irraConality:  Also  known  as  Wednesbury  unreasonableness  –  see  Associated  Provincial  Picture  Houses  v  Wednesbury  Corpora@on  [1948]  1  KB  223  

•  Made  out  where  no  reasonable  decision-­‐maker  could  have  come  to  that  decision  

•  A  very  high  threshold  

Page 15: Judicial Review: An Overview

LegiCmate  expectaCon  

•  Established  by  representaCon  by  the  public  body  or,  more  difficultly,  from  past  or  established  pracCce  or  the  circumstances  of  the  case  

•  LegiCmate  expectaCon  may  give  rise  to  enCtlement  to  (i)  procedural  protecCon  before  the  expected  benefit  is  denied;  or  (ii)  the  substance  of  the  expected  benefit  

•  See  Re  Board  of  Governors  of  Loreto  Grammar  School’s  Applica@on  [2011]  NIQB  30  

Page 16: Judicial Review: An Overview

Mistake  of  fact  

•  Previously  limited  review  in  relaCon  to  fact-­‐finding:    only  where  no  factual  basis  on  which  decision  could  be  reached  

•  May  now  review  where  mistake  as  to  established  and  relevant  fact  

•  See  Re  Treacy  and  MacDonald’s  applica@on  [2000]  NI  330  

Page 17: Judicial Review: An Overview

Human  Rights  

•  SecCon  6  of  the  Human  Rights  Act  1998:    obligaCon  on  public  authoriCes  not  to  act  incompaCbly  with  ConvenCon  rights  

•  Note  the  ‘vicCm’  requirement  in  secCon  7  of  the  HRA  

•  Where  you  are  challenging  primary  legislaCon  the  best  you  can  achieve  is  a  declaraCon  of  incompaCbility  

Page 18: Judicial Review: An Overview

ProporConality  

•  Part  of  EU  and  human  rights  law  

•  ConCnuing  controversy  over  whether  it  is  now  (or  ought  to  be)  established  in  domesCc  public  law  –  see  ex  parte  Daly  [2001]  2  AC  532  and  R  (ABCIFER)  v  Sec  of  State  for  Defence  [2003]  3  WLR  80  

Page 19: Judicial Review: An Overview

Procedure  for  Judicial  Review  •  Governed  by:  

•  Order  53  of  the  Rules  of  the  Court  of  Judicature  (Northern  Ireland)  1980  

•  SecCon  18  of  the  Judicature  (Northern  Ireland)  Act  1978  

•  Judicial  Review  PracCce  Note  and  Pre-­‐AcCon  Protocol  

•  Two  stage  procedure:    leave  and  substanCve  hearing  

Page 20: Judicial Review: An Overview

Time  limits  

•  Governed  by  Order  53,  Rule  4  –  applicaCon  must  be  brought  ‘promptly’  which  varies  with  the  circumstances  

•  ‘and  in  any  event  within  three  months’  

•  Need  to  explain  delay  in  grounding  affidavit  

Page 21: Judicial Review: An Overview

Locus  Standi  

•  Governed  by  Order  53,  Rule  3(5)  –  applicant  requires  ‘sufficient  interest’  in  the  ma<er  to  which  the  applicaCon  relates  

•  See  R  v  Inland  Revenue  Commissioners,  ex  p  NFSSB  [1982]  AC  617;  and,  in  NI,  Family  Planning  Associa@on  v  Minister  for  Health  [2005]  NI  188  per  Nicholson  LJ  at  para  [45]  

•  Note  difference  from  vicCm  requirement  under  HRA  

Page 22: Judicial Review: An Overview

Relief  in  Order  53  proceedings  

•  Cer@orari  –  quashes  a  decision  or  acCon  

•  Mandamus  –  enforces  the  performance  of  a  public  law  duty  

•  Prohibi@on  –  restrains  a  Respondent  from  acCng  unlawfully  

•  Declara@on  –  sets  out  the  rights  of  the  parCes  

•  Injunc@on  –  compels  or  restrains  certain  acCons  

Page 23: Judicial Review: An Overview

JR  Checklist  

•  (1)  Is  it  a  public  law  ma<er  suscepCble  to  judicial  review  challenge?  

•  (2)  Is  there  an  alternaCve  remedy  which  must  be  pursued?  

•  (3)  Is  there  a  JR  ground  of  review  which  can  arguably  be  made  out?  

Page 24: Judicial Review: An Overview

JR  Checklist  

•  (4)    Does  the  applicant  have  sufficient  interest  to  have  standing?  

•  (5)    Can  the  applicaCon  be  made  promptly  or  at  least  within  three  months  of  the  decision?  

Page 25: Judicial Review: An Overview

IniCal  steps  •  Engage  in  pre-­‐proceedings  correspondence:    see  Re  

Cunningham’s  Applica@on  [2005]  NIJB  224  

•  NOTE  also  the  need  for  compliance  with  the  JR  Pre-­‐AcAon  Protocol  (September  2008):    “Scrupulous  compliance  with  the  Judicial  Review  Pre-­‐ApplicaCon  Protocol  is  indispensable  in  every  case,  subject  to  the  very  narrow  excepCons  recognised  in  the  text”  [per  McCloskey  J  in  Re  McDonagh’s  Applica@on  [2010]  NIQB  139  at  para  17].  

•  Apply  for  Legal  Aid  (if  appropriate),  oQen  with  need  for  counsel’s  opinion  

Page 26: Judicial Review: An Overview

Lodging  proceedings  

•  Have  draQed:  (i)  Order  53  Statement;  (ii)  supporCng  affidavit  

•  Lodge  above  with  ex  parte  docket  

•  Dealt  with  in  the  Judicial  Review  Office  

Page 27: Judicial Review: An Overview

DraQing  essenCals  

•  Order  53  Statement  is  a  formalised  document  which  must  contain:  

•  (i)    a  statement  of  who  the  Applicant  is  •  (ii)    a  statement  of  the  relief  sought  •  (iii)    a  statement  of  the  grounds  on  which  relief  is  sought  

Page 28: Judicial Review: An Overview

Progress  of  the  case  

•  Leave  may  be  granted  on  the  papers  or  at  a  hearing  

•  Hearing  will  be  required  in  an  unclear  case  or  where  interim  relief  has  been  claimed  

•  Test  for  leave  is  whether  there  is  (i)  an  arguable  case;  or  (ii)  a  case  worthy  of  further  invesCgaCon  

Page 29: Judicial Review: An Overview

Progress  of  the  case  

•  AQer  leave:  (i)  lodge  NoCce  of  MoCon  within  14  days  (or  leave  will  lapse);  and  (ii)  apply  for  extension  of  Legal  Aid  authority  if  necessary  

•  The  case  is  managed  by  the  Judge  through  menCon  hearings  unCl  ready  for  hearing  

Page 30: Judicial Review: An Overview

Evidence  in  JR  

•  Limited  discovery  –  but  see  now  Tweed  v  Parades  Commission  [2007]  2  All  ER  273  (HL)  

•  Evidence  by  affidavit  (see  RSC  Order  41)  

•  Can  apply  for  a<endance  of  witnesses  and  leave  to  cross-­‐examine  but  this  happens  rarely  

Page 31: Judicial Review: An Overview

‘Se<ling’  a  JR  

•  ResoluCons  may  be  reached  between  the  parCes  

•  If  the  Judge  is  saCsfied  that  the  public  authority  acted  unlawfully  he  may  grant  relief  by  consent  but  will  not  do  so  unless  he  is  so  saCsfied  

•  AlternaCvely,  the  applicaCon  may  be  dismissed  by  consent  

•  If  costs  are  not  conceded  by  the  respondent,  they  will  only  be  awarded  if  the  applicant  can  show  he  was  virtually  certain  to  succeed  –  this  happens  rarely  

Page 32: Judicial Review: An Overview

Hearing  

•  Skeleton  arguments  should  be  lodged  in  every  judicial  review  unless  dispensed  with  by  the  Judge:    see  the  relevant  PracCce  DirecCon  

•  Applicant  makes  submissions;  the  respondent  replies;  and  the  applicant  has  a  right  to  reply  

•  Usually  heard  by  Mr  JusCce  Treacy  or  Mr  JusCce  McCloskey  

Page 33: Judicial Review: An Overview

Costs  in  JR  

•  Normal  costs  rules  apply  

•  However,  where  the  liCgaCon  is  in  the  public  interest,  normal  pracCce  made  be  departed  from  (eg.  protecCve  costs  orders)  

Page 34: Judicial Review: An Overview

Useful  texts  

•  Larkin  &  Scoffield,  Judicial  Review  in  Northern  Ireland:  A  Prac@@oner’s  Guide  (2007,  SLS  Legal  PublicaCons  (NI))  

•  Anthony,  Judicial  Review  in  Northern  Ireland  (2008,  Hart  Publishing)  


Recommended