14th-18th Centuries

Transitional Period (630-661) Umayyad Dynasty (661-750) Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258) 1258: Mongol sack of Baghdad

Ilkhanate of Persia 1335: Collapse of Ilkhanate

705: Abd al Malik’s Umayyad force lands at Julfar to bring Azd under Umayyad control with great difficulty al-Julanda flee to east Africa

750: Azd reassert independence during Umayyad decline. Abbasid commander kills Julanda

leadership and 10,000 supporters in battle at Julfar Texts refer to burning of Julanda homes

(arish)

Small, simple tower indicates small community

Al Mataf

Al Nudood

Modern RAK

Kush

1.Early Islamic Julfar

2. 14th-18th C Julfar

3. 18th C to today

Greater Julfar

1100, seat of petty dynasties of princes from Oman

Vassals of Fars /Kerman dynasty

14th C, Hormuz dominates SE Arabia from Bahrain to Oman

Trade center controlling land and maritime routes, provided security for shipments

1501, Portuguese attack Hormuz, defeat local fleet. Hormuz becomes Portuguese tributary, along with Julfar

5 occupation phases of al-Mataf (Japanese excavations)

7 phases of mosque constructions (British excavations)

Passing above this place, Profam (Khor Fakkan), we come to another called Julfar, where dwell persons of worth, great navigators and wholesale dealers. Here is a very great fishery as well of seed pearls as of large pearls, and the Moors of Ormus (Hormuz) come hither to buy them and carry them to India and many other lands. The trade of this place brings in a great revenue to the King of Ormus, and all the other places as well yield him revenue.”

East Asian wares (Myanmar Green Ware; Chinese Blue and White Porcelain)

East Asian wares (Myanmar Green Ware; Chinese Blue and White Porcelain)

Indian glass bangles Coins from Hormuz, Mogadishu, Baghdad,

Shiraz Hebrew inscription marking grave

Isfahan

1619 Safavids attack Julfar. Hormuz and Portuguese can not prevent it.

Sensing weakness, Julfar rebels against Hormuz 1620-1621, Portuguese reassert authority over

Julfar 1622 Portuguese lose control of Hormuz to

Safavids. Thereafter, Julfar passes between Safavid and

Portuguese control until 1633, when Arab tribes took control.

Little archaeological evidence of these battles.

By the mid-18th century, Qawasim are on the rise, and Julfar is the seat of the Sheikh.

By the late 18th-early 19th century, the seat moves to Ras al Khaima. Silting up of Julfar creek forces move to

navigable port More easily defensible