CAESARc. 102-44 B.C.

Apart from a few inconsiderable letters, the 'Commentaries' on theGallic War and the Civil War are the only writings of Gaius JuliusCaesar which survive. He wrote several minor works-he composed,

for instance, a treatise on grammar during a journey across theAlps-but their loss is less lamentable than that of his speeches, forhe was considered to be second only to Cicero in oratory.

Caesar, nursing his ambitions through a hazardous youth, hadsteadily come to the fore as a soldier and politician, espousing thecause of the democratic party though he was himself of noble birth.When in 59 B.C. Pompey, Caesar, and the millionaire Crassus joinedto form a triumvirate the Senate was powerless to resist. The threesettled matters as they pleased; but somehow it all turned out to theadvantage of Caesar.

He now decided that he must make for himself a militmy renownas great as Pompey's. Pompey had made his name in the East, and soCaesar turned to the West. He contrived to be given a command inIllyricum and Gaul; and in 58 B.C. he went off to Gaul to seek his

fortune. In his 'Commentaries' we possess his own record of the yearsof brilliant warfare which made Gaul a province of the RomanEmpire and indeed, by bringing Roman irifluence as far as the EnglishChannel and beyond, settled decisively the future of Europe. It isoften not realized that this history was perfectly timed propaganda,to keep the dread of Caesar alive in a city already full of intriguesagainst his return. Yet as far as we can tell, though there may bediscreet omissions Caesar cannot be convicted of falsification. ThehistOfy is left to tell its own tale, in a swift and lucid narrative thatmatches the speed of action which was Caesar's great gift as a general.

Accordingly messengers were at once despatched to theCeutrones, the Grudii, the Levaci, the Pleumoxii, the Geidumni,

all of wh6m were under the sovereignty of the Nervii; they raisedcompanies as large as they could, and of a sudden swooped uponthe winter quarters of Cicero,l who had not yet received report ofthe death of Titurius. In Cicero's case also it happened, as wasinevitable, that some soldiers who had gone off into the woods toget timber for entrenching were cut off by the sudden arrivalof the enemy's horsemen. They were surrounded; and then in ahuge mass the Eburones, the Nervii, the Aduatuci, and the alliesand dependents of them all, began the assault upon the legion.Our troops speedily ran to arms and mounted the rampart.Scarcely for that day could they hold out, because the enemy wereputting all their hope in despatch, believing that if they won thisvictory they would be victorious right through.

Despatches were at once sent by Cicero to Caesar, with promiseof great rewards if the bearers carried them safe; but all the roadswere blocked, and the messengers were cut off. During the nightabout one hundred and twenty towers were run up with incrediblespeed out of the timber which had been collected for the purposeof the entrenchment, and all apparent deficiencies in the earth-works were rectified. On the next day the enemy assaulted thecamp with a far larger force which they had assembled, and filledin the trench. Our troops resisted in the &amefashion as on theday before. And exactly the same was done on the other ,daysfollowing. For not a moment of the night seasons was there abreak in the work; no chance of rest was given to sick or wounded.All that was needed against the next day's assault was made readyin the night: quantities of stakes fired at the end, a great number ofpikes for wall-fighting were got ready; the towers were raisedstage by stage, battlements and breastworks of hurdles wereattached to them. Cicero himself, though he was in very frailhealth, left himself not even the night season for rest, until at lasthe was actually forced to spare himself by the protests of thesoldiers, who crowded about him....

On the seventh day of the siege-operations a very strong windarose, and they began to sling red-hot bullets of softened clay andto hurl blazing darts on to the huts, which in Gallic fashion hadbeen thatched with straw. These speedily caught fire, which thestrength of the wind carried to every corner of the camp. With ahuge shout, as though victory were already won and assured, theenemy began to move up their towers and shelters, and to mountthe rampart with scaling-ladders. Yet so great was the valour of1 The brother of the orator.

the troops, and such their presence of mind, that, although theywere everywhere scorched by the flame and harassed by the vastmultitude of missiles, and understood that all their own baggageand all their possessions were ablaze, not only did no man leavethe rampart to withdraw from the fight, but scarcely a man evenlooked behind him, and all at that time fought with the greatestzeal and gallantry. This day was by far the most serious for ourtroops, with the result, however, that a greater number of theenemy were wounded and slain than on any other day, as they hadpressed right up to the very rampart, the rear giving no chance ofretirement to the van. When the flames had abated somewhat, inone place a tower was moved up to touch the rampart: where-upon the centurions of the third cohort withdrew from theirstation and moved back all their men, and then began to invitethe enemy by signs and shouts, in case they should desire to comein; but not one of them durst advance. Then they were dislodgedby volleys of stones from every side, and the tower was set on fire.

In that legion there were two most gallant centurions, now notfar from the first class of their rank, Titus Pullo and Lucius Vorenus.They had continual quarrels together which was to stand first,and every year they struggled in fierce rivalry for the chief posts.One of them,Pullo, when the fight was fiercest by the entrench-ments, said: 'Why hesitate, Vorenus? Or what chance of provingyour pluck do you wait for? This day shall decide our quarrels.'So saying, he stepped outside the entrenchments, and dashedupon the section of the enemy which seemed to be in closestarray. Neither did Vorenus keep within the rampart, but in fearof what all men would think he followed hard. Then, at shortrange, Pullo sent his pike at the enemy, and pierced one man as heran forward from the host. When he was struck senseless theenemy sought to cover him with their shields, and discharged theirspears in a volley at the foeman, giving him no chance of retire-ment. Pullo's shield was penetrated, and a dart was lodged in hisbelt. This accident threw his scabbard out of place, and delayedhis right hand as he tried to draw his sword, and while he was indifficulty the enemy surrounded him. His enemy, Vorenus, ran upto him and helped him in his distress. Upon him at once all thehost tmned, and left Pullo, supposing him to be slain by the dart.Vorenus plied his sword at close quarters, and by slaying one mandrove off the rest a little; while he pressed on too eagerly he felldown headlong into a dip in the ground. He was surrounded inhis turn, but Pullo brought assistance; and both, unhurt, though

- ~y - -lain several men, retired with the utmost glory within---~ ~ ~ -!nnems. In the eagerness of their rivalry fortune so

[tie ~'o that, for all their mutual hostility, the one helped- ' szved the other, and it was impossible to decide which should

- con'idered the better man in valour,The more serious and burdensome the siege-operations each

day became-and chiefly because, with a great part of the soldiersovercome by wounds, the burden had fallen on a small number ofdefenders-the more frequent were the despatches and mes-sengers sent to Caesar. Part of these latter were captured and putto death with torture in sight of our own troops. There was aNervian in the camp, named Vertico, born to an honourableestate, who at the very beginning of the blockade had fled toCicero ·for refuge, and had since proved his loyalty to him. Hepersuaded a slave by the hope of freedom and by great rewards todeliver a despatch to Caesar. The man carried forth the despatchbound up on a pike, and moving, all unsuspected, as a Gaulamong Gauls, he made his way to Caesar. It was he who broughtthe information about the dangers of Cicero and the legion.

Caesar received the despatch about the eleventh hour of theday, and at once sent a messenger into the country of the Bello-va i to Marcus Crassus, the quartermaster-general, whose winterquarters were twenty-five miles away from him; he bade the:egion start at midnight and come speedily to him. Crassus marchedout on receipt of the message. Another envoy was sent to GaiusFa ius. the lieutenant-general, bidding him bring his legion into:he borders of the Atrebates, through which Caesar knew hehimself would have to march ....

He still regarded speed as the only means to the general safety,and proceeded by forced marches into the borders of the Nervii.rliere he learnt from prisoners what was taking place at Cicero's::;.arion.and how dangerous was his case. Then he persuaded oneof . e Gallic troopers with great rewards to deliver a letter toCi-~o. The letter he sent written in Greek characters, lest byintera:' . g it the enemy might get to know of our designs. Themessenger was instructed, if he could not approach, to hurl aspear. with the letter fastened to the thong, inside the entrench-ment of the camp. In the despatch he wrote that he had started\\ith the legions and would speedily be with him, and he exhortedCicero to maintain his old courage. Fearing danger, the Gauldischarged the spear, as he had been instructed. By chance it stuckfast in the tower, and for two days was not noticed by our troops;

on the third day it was sighted by a soldier, taken down, anddelivered to Cicero. He read it through, and then recited it at aparade of the troops, bringing the greatest rejoicing to all. Soonthe smoke of the fires was to be seen in the distance, and thisbanished all doubt about the arrival of the legions.