June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers 1 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mapping Tools and methods...

June 2008June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic MappersGIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers 11

GIS for Planetary Geologic GIS for Planetary Geologic MappingMapping

Tools and methods to get started using Tools and methods to get started using GIS geologic mapping GIS geologic mapping

Prepared for a NASA PGM 1 day workshopPrepared for a NASA PGM 1 day workshop

USGS AstrogeologyUSGS Astrogeology


IntroductionIntroduction

Goals Goals – Orient planetary mappers to the GIS functions and utilityOrient planetary mappers to the GIS functions and utility– Define format for future workshopsDefine format for future workshops– Ultimately, assist in map submission, review, and productionUltimately, assist in map submission, review, and production

FormatFormat– Workshop introductionWorkshop introduction– Arc environment (“Just get me started…”)Arc environment (“Just get me started…”)– Global datasetsGlobal datasets– Map projections (over lunch)Map projections (over lunch)– Introduction to digitizing tools and techniquesIntroduction to digitizing tools and techniques– Polygon constructionPolygon construction– Follow-up (time permitting)Follow-up (time permitting)


Some important notesSome important notes USGS Astrogeology primarily uses only one “brand” of GIS (ESRI’s USGS Astrogeology primarily uses only one “brand” of GIS (ESRI’s

ArcMap, levels)ArcMap, levels) Other brands exist, both free and commercialOther brands exist, both free and commercial ““Free”Free”

– Quantum GIS Quantum GIS (qgis.org/)(qgis.org/)– UDIG UDIG (udig.refractions.net/confluence/display/UDIG/Home)(udig.refractions.net/confluence/display/UDIG/Home)– Open EV Open EV (openev.sourceforge.net/)(openev.sourceforge.net/)– JUMP JUMP (jump-project.org/)(jump-project.org/)– GRASS GRASS (grass.itc.it/)(grass.itc.it/)

CommercialCommercial– TNTmips TNTmips (www.microimages.com/)(www.microimages.com/) – ER Mapper ER Mapper (www.ermapper.com)(www.ermapper.com)– PCI GeoMatica PCI GeoMatica (www.pcigeomatics.com(www.pcigeomatics.com))– Global Mapper Global Mapper (www.globalmapper.com)(www.globalmapper.com)– Integraph Integraph (www.intergraph.com)(www.intergraph.com)


Some important notes Some important notes (cont’d)(cont’d)

Though this presentation is geared toward Though this presentation is geared toward geologic mappers, the information is geologic mappers, the information is relevant to all GIS usersrelevant to all GIS users

Screen-shots are likely to differ from Screen-shots are likely to differ from individual viewsindividual views

GIS skills are developed through software GIS skills are developed through software interaction … be patient and try new things!interaction … be patient and try new things!

Tip icon will point out helpful hints throughout the presentationTip icon will point out helpful hints throughout the presentation


GIS SupportGIS Support

ESRI online portal to technical informationESRI online portal to technical information– http://support.esri.comhttp://support.esri.com

ESRI ArcScriptsESRI ArcScripts– http://arcscripts.esri.com/http://arcscripts.esri.com/

ESRI Educational ServicesESRI Educational Services– Instructor-led trainingInstructor-led training– Virtual Campus coursesVirtual Campus courses– Web workshopsWeb workshops

BooksBooks


GIS Support NodesGIS Support Nodes

Planet-specific information Planet-specific information ((e.g.e.g., data, discussion, , data, discussion, tutorials)tutorials)

– http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/

USGS discussion board (login required)USGS discussion board (login required)– http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/ … navigate to http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/ … navigate to

“Support” “Support” “Planetary GIS Discussions” “Planetary GIS Discussions”

“Plugging keywords into a internet search engine is a great way to search for GIS-related assistance!”


TransitionTransition


Arc EnvironmentArc Environment“Just get me started…”“Just get me started…”

Introduce ArcMap & ArcCatalog interfacesIntroduce ArcMap & ArcCatalog interfaces Create a FILE Geodatabase (GDB)Create a FILE Geodatabase (GDB) Add attributes (domains)Add attributes (domains) Build a feature dataset and add three Build a feature dataset and add three

features (contacts, structures, units)features (contacts, structures, units) Import map bases (raster data)Import map bases (raster data) Edit the features by adding lines and points Edit the features by adding lines and points

(vector data)(vector data)


GIS - “The horror…the horror….”GIS - “The horror…the horror….”

Organization!!Organization!! Multi-layer displayMulti-layer display Digitize and edit on-the-flyDigitize and edit on-the-fly ““Easily” generate layouts/figures (Adobe Illustrator Easily” generate layouts/figures (Adobe Illustrator

compatible)compatible) Raster and vector analysisRaster and vector analysis

– Crater countsCrater counts– Spectral statistics for mapped unitsSpectral statistics for mapped units– Endless possibilitiesEndless possibilities

EditingEditing– Set rules for validating dataSet rules for validating data– Easily edit/modify existing lineworkEasily edit/modify existing linework


ArcCatalog – your friendArcCatalog – your friend

Separate entity from ArcMapSeparate entity from ArcMap Interface is similar to WindowsExplorerInterface is similar to WindowsExplorer

– Create new fileCreate new file– Add/Delete folders or files (if unlocked)Add/Delete folders or files (if unlocked)– Good operating environment for ArcToolboxGood operating environment for ArcToolbox– Almost always running in backgroundAlmost always running in background– ArcMap is opened and closed routinelyArcMap is opened and closed routinely




““Geodatabase” ?Geodatabase” ?

ESRI FILE GeodatabaseESRI FILE Geodatabase Contains diverse spatial informationContains diverse spatial information

– Vector, raster, tablesVector, raster, tables– Topology, toolboxes, domainsTopology, toolboxes, domains

Easily transferable to colleaguesEasily transferable to colleagues Easily organized and managedEasily organized and managed StableStable




Geodatabase – General Info TabGeodatabase – General Info Tab


Geodatabase – Domains Info TabGeodatabase – Domains Info Tab

“There is a difference between an attribute domain (described above) and a spatial domain (described later). Use the Arc Help search to see if you can distinguish this important difference”






Generate Feature DatasetGenerate Feature Dataset

Geodatabase setGeodatabase set Domains setDomains set

– ContactsContacts– StructureStructure– Temporary unit namesTemporary unit names

Next…Create a group of affiliated spatial Next…Create a group of affiliated spatial information…a dataset of features information…a dataset of features (Polygons, lines, points)(Polygons, lines, points)






Add “TYPE”Specify “Text”

(vs. number, etc.)

Specify DOMAIN

Specify Geometry


Three feature classes usingthree specified attribute domains


Open existing ArcMap projectOpen existing ArcMap project

Good to have multiple projects (~backups)Good to have multiple projects (~backups) Easily transferable to colleagues with GDBEasily transferable to colleagues with GDB Organizational preferences aboundOrganizational preferences abound Start ArcMap Start ArcMap Select: Select:

– New empty mapNew empty map– A templateA template– An existing mapAn existing map




Pre-loaded GISPre-loaded GIS– Add and move dataAdd and move data– View propertiesView properties– AttributesAttributes– DomainsDomains– Raster/vectorRaster/vector– MenusMenus



ProjectionsProjections


Map projectionsMap projections

Define the spatial relationship between Define the spatial relationship between locations on earth and their relative locations on earth and their relative locations on a flat maplocations on a flat map

Are mathematical expressions Are mathematical expressions Cause the distortion of one or more map Cause the distortion of one or more map

properties (scale, distance, direction, shape)properties (scale, distance, direction, shape)


ConformalConformal – local shapes are preserved – local shapes are preserved

Equal-AreaEqual-Area – areas are preserved – areas are preserved

EquidistantEquidistant – distance from a single location to all – distance from a single location to all other locations are preservedother locations are preserved

AzimuthalAzimuthal – directions from a single location to all – directions from a single location to all other locations are preservedother locations are preserved

Classification of map projectionsClassification of map projections


Classification of map projectionsClassification of map projections

Another classification systemAnother classification system– By the geometric surface that the sphere is By the geometric surface that the sphere is

projected onprojected on PlanarPlanar CylindricalCylindrical ConicConic


Planar surfacePlanar surface

Earth intersectsthe plane on a smallcircle. All points on circle have no scale distortion.


Classifications of Map ProjectionsClassifications of Map Projections

Cylindrical surfaceCylindrical surface

Earth intersects thecylinder on two smallcircles. All points alongboth circles have no scale distortion.


Classifications of Map ProjectionsClassifications of Map Projections

Conic surfaceConic surface

Earth intersects thecone at two circles.all points along bothcircles have no scaledistortion.


Planetary ProjectionsPlanetary Projections

The following slides cover:The following slides cover:– Standard planetary projectionsStandard planetary projections– Geographic vs. Geocentric IssuesGeographic vs. Geocentric Issues– Positive East vs. Positive WestPositive East vs. Positive West– Setting planetary bodies in ArcMapSetting planetary bodies in ArcMap– Defining a projection using the planetary bodyDefining a projection using the planetary body– Projecting vector datasetsProjecting vector datasets– Projecting raster datasetsProjecting raster datasets


Standard projectionsStandard projections

Standard projections in planetaryStandard projections in planetary– Simple Cylindrical (Equidistance Cylindrical, Equirectangular)Simple Cylindrical (Equidistance Cylindrical, Equirectangular)

rectangular global (decimal degrees or meters), simple rectangular global (decimal degrees or meters), simple “database” projection.“database” projection.

– SinusoidalSinusoidal Used for global and many tiled data releases, equal area Used for global and many tiled data releases, equal area

projection.projection.– MercatorMercator

Conformal, only use for equatorial areas, used in the Mars 1:5M Conformal, only use for equatorial areas, used in the Mars 1:5M series.series.

– Transverse MercatorTransverse Mercator Good for local areas “large” scale maps. A Good for local areas “large” scale maps. A Small scale mapSmall scale map

shows more land area, but with smaller representations and, shows more land area, but with smaller representations and, therefore, lesser detail.therefore, lesser detail.


Standard projections – Standard projections – cont’dcont’d

Standard projections in planetaryStandard projections in planetary– Polar StereographicPolar Stereographic

Good for polar, error increases away from central latitude Good for polar, error increases away from central latitude (usually 90 or -90). Scale should be based on polar radius, can (usually 90 or -90). Scale should be based on polar radius, can use polar radius.use polar radius.

– Lambert ConformalLambert Conformal Good for mid latitudes. Error increases away from both Good for mid latitudes. Error increases away from both

standard parallels. standard parallels. – OrthographicOrthographic

Globe view, not good for mapping as the limb falls away, Globe view, not good for mapping as the limb falls away, makes for pretty figures but you need 3 globes to portray an makes for pretty figures but you need 3 globes to portray an entire planet. ISIS uses a spherical equationentire planet. ISIS uses a spherical equation

– MollweideMollweide Coming of age projection, globalComing of age projection, global


Standard projections – Standard projections – cont’dcont’d

Other projections in planetaryOther projections in planetary– Lambert AzmuithalLambert Azmuithal

Good for mid latitude and polar, equal area, Good for mid latitude and polar, equal area, VICAR/HRSC team uses it for polar areas.VICAR/HRSC team uses it for polar areas.

– RobinsonRobinson Good for figures (similar to Mollweide)Good for figures (similar to Mollweide)


Geographic – Geocentric IssuesGeographic – Geocentric Issues

Planetographic vs Planetocentric - issuesPlanetographic vs Planetocentric - issues– Mars is the only problem Mars is the only problem – Most commercial commonly don’t use ocentric - Most commercial commonly don’t use ocentric -

ArcMap doesArcMap does– Work around … use sphere definition for Mars.Work around … use sphere definition for Mars.– For commercial applications, don’t use elliptical For commercial applications, don’t use elliptical

definitions and ocentric latitudes. Using elliptical definitions and ocentric latitudes. Using elliptical and ographic is okay. The one caveat is Polar and ographic is okay. The one caveat is Polar Stereographic.Stereographic.


East-West LongitudeEast-West Longitude

Positive East vs. Positive WestPositive East vs. Positive West– Not much to say because commercial GIS/RS Not much to say because commercial GIS/RS

systems use positive East. You should always systems use positive East. You should always save your files using positive East. save your files using positive East.

– To use West, you either fake out the system (by To use West, you either fake out the system (by using your own code) or you switch software. It using your own code) or you switch software. It is just a shift, so no errors are incurred. is just a shift, so no errors are incurred.

– Luckily, if you are working in meters there is no Luckily, if you are working in meters there is no East/West system, only Cartesian. East/West system, only Cartesian.


Use toolbox or ArcCatalog to set datasets projectionUse toolbox or ArcCatalog to set datasets projection– Toolbox:Toolbox:

– ArcCatalog (data properties)ArcCatalog (data properties)

– For many files, under toolbox samples there is a batch define For many files, under toolbox samples there is a batch define projectionprojection

Setting Projections in ArcSetting Projections in Arc



Setting planetary bodies in ArcMapSetting planetary bodies in ArcMap– Example for decimal degree (lat/lon) Example for decimal degree (lat/lon)

ArcMap dataframe or for most vector ArcMap dataframe or for most vector datasets on the data DVD.datasets on the data DVD.

(“Coordinate Systems\Geographic (“Coordinate Systems\Geographic Coordinate Systems\Solar System\Mars Coordinate Systems\Solar System\Mars 2000.prj”)2000.prj”)

Select this body definition from the Select this body definition from the Geographic, Solar System folder shown Geographic, Solar System folder shown on the right.on the right.


– Example for the ArcMap dataframe or for Example for the ArcMap dataframe or for MOLA and most raster datasets on the MOLA and most raster datasets on the data DVD.data DVD.

– To define a new projection click on New, To define a new projection click on New, “Projected”“Projected”



Mars Polar projectionMars Polar projection– Note the Note the

“D_Mars_2000_Sphere_Polar“D_Mars_2000_Sphere_Polar” definition.” definition.



Projecting datasets using toolboxProjecting datasets using toolbox

Projecting vectorProjecting vector

Projecting raster datasetsProjecting raster datasets




EditingEditing



Editing Feature Classes in Editing Feature Classes in ArcEditorArcEditor

Ensure that ArcEditor is functional:Ensure that ArcEditor is functional:– Right-click empty ToolBar and select “Editor”Right-click empty ToolBar and select “Editor”

<or><or>– Tools Tools Customize Customize Editor (check) Editor (check)

Dock ArcEditor ToolBar onto ArcMap projectDock ArcEditor ToolBar onto ArcMap project

“You can grab any toolbar using its handle along the left side (see arrow) and move it where you want. Customize your Arc project!!”



Start EditingStart Editing

Under Editor, select “Start Editing” from Under Editor, select “Start Editing” from drop-down menudrop-down menu

Identify the layer you want to edit with the Identify the layer you want to edit with the “TARGET” drop-down menu“TARGET” drop-down menu

“If you have feature in your project that reside in several different locations on your hard drive, you may have to navigate to that location in the TARGET drop-down menu.”


Select “Start Editing”


Click, click, click…

Streaming (F8)…



Select all/some

Attributesimultaneously


Digitize, digitize, digitize…Digitize, digitize, digitize…

Tricks:Tricks:– Editor Editor Snapping Snapping

Will allow linework to snap to ends or verticesWill allow linework to snap to ends or vertices

– Hit F8 for streaming…hit F8 again for single clickHit F8 for streaming…hit F8 again for single click– F2 Finishes a sketchF2 Finishes a sketch– You can pan while digitizing (not streaming)You can pan while digitizing (not streaming)– Attribute while you digitizeAttribute while you digitize

Use domainsUse domains Use hand-enteredUse hand-entered


SHOW SNAPPINGSHOW SNAPPING


Changing Legend CharacterChanging Legend Character

Allows personalized use of legend attributesAllows personalized use of legend attributes– Contacts = solid linesContacts = solid lines– Approximate = dashedApproximate = dashed– Etc…Etc…

Can save out a layer file (*.lyr) for use in Can save out a layer file (*.lyr) for use in other projects.other projects.


Double-click feature in Data Frameto bring up Layer Properties


Symbology Symbology Categories Categories Add All Values Add All Values


Re-order Symbols

Double-click SymbolTo change line weight, etc…


Change Editing Target to Units (vector pointsChange Editing Target to Units (vector points))


Digitize and attribute each mapped unit.Digitize and attribute each mapped unit.


Attributed Units and Contacts


SummarySummary

ArcCatalog utility vs. ArcMap utilityArcCatalog utility vs. ArcMap utility Opening a new ArcMap projectOpening a new ArcMap project Building a new geodatabaseBuilding a new geodatabase Creating feature datasets and feature Creating feature datasets and feature

classesclasses Adding Domains for attributionAdding Domains for attribution Importing images and gridsImporting images and grids


Summary, cont’dSummary, cont’d

Adding and starting ArcEditorAdding and starting ArcEditor Digitizing – click-click and streaming (F8)Digitizing – click-click and streaming (F8) Attributing digitized information using Attributing digitized information using

domainsdomains Attributing digitized information using hand-Attributing digitized information using hand-

entered dataentered data Creating custom legendsCreating custom legends



Hands-onHands-on Then, PolygonsThen, Polygons


Polygon CreationPolygon Creation

Multiple methodsMultiple methods Draw contacts and convert to unit polygonsDraw contacts and convert to unit polygons

Draw unit polygons and extract contactsDraw unit polygons and extract contacts


Polygon CreationPolygon Creation

Contacts to unitsContacts to units Start editing line featuresStart editing line features Setup snapping environmentSetup snapping environment DrawDraw Edit nodesEdit nodes Stop editingStop editing Arc/Info license: Build polygons from ArcToolboxArc/Info license: Build polygons from ArcToolbox ArcView license: free 3rd party software to buildArcView license: free 3rd party software to build

Tools for Graphics and ShapesTools for Graphics and Shapes http://www.jennessent.com/arcgis/arcgis_extensions.htmhttp://www.jennessent.com/arcgis/arcgis_extensions.htm

DemonstrationDemonstration



Polygon CreationPolygon Creation Drawing PolygonsDrawing Polygons

Start by using Create New FeatureStart by using Create New Feature ****New polygons cannot overlap, overlay, abut ****New polygons cannot overlap, overlay, abut

or touch another polygon in the same layer in or touch another polygon in the same layer in anyway**** anyway****

AutocompleteAutocomplete Use when adding adjacent or internal polygonsUse when adding adjacent or internal polygons Start inside an existing polygonStart inside an existing polygon Draw the polygon around the feature of interestDraw the polygon around the feature of interest End the polygon inside an existing polygonEnd the polygon inside an existing polygon





Polygon EditingPolygon Editing

Editing existing polygonsEditing existing polygons

–Cut PolygonsCut PolygonsSelect the polygon to editSelect the polygon to editStart line outside of selected polygonStart line outside of selected polygonDraw the line along contactDraw the line along contactEnd outside of selected polygonEnd outside of selected polygonSee also Advanced Topology EditingSee also Advanced Topology Editing




Polygon EditingPolygon Editing

Editing existing polygons layersEditing existing polygons layers Append Multiple LayersAppend Multiple Layers






Polygon EditingPolygon Editing Extract contacts from polygon fileExtract contacts from polygon file

– Use Features to lines tool to create contactsUse Features to lines tool to create contacts


Questions?Questions?

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