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3BIBLIOGRAPHY

LisboaRua da Misericórdia, 431200—270 LisboaPortugalT +351 213 953 375

www.jorgewelsh.com London116 Kensington Church StreetLondon W8 4BHUnited KingdomT +44 (0) 20 7229 2140

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First Published 2019© 2019 Jorge Welsh — Research & Publishing116 Kensington Church St., London W8 4BH, UK

1st EditionISBN 978-0-9935068-8-8

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

EDITED BY

Luísa Vinhais and Jorge Welsh

PHOTOGRAPHY Richard Valencia

DESIGN

www.panorama.pt

PRINTING

Norprint.pt

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5BIBLIOGRAPHY

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FOREWORD 08

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 09

CHINESE PAINTED ENAMELS ON COPPER 11

RUNIC CALENDAR STAFF 26

RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR CELEBRATIONS 41

BIBLIOGRAPHY 71

JORGE WELSH WORKS OF ART

IN MUSEUMS AND EXHIBITIONS 74

PUBLICATIONS BY JORGE WELSH

RESEARCH & PUBLISHING 76

Contents

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7BIBLIOGRAPHY06 TIMELESS TREASURE

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07TIMELESS TREASURE

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9BIBLIOGRAPHY10 TIMELESS TREASURE

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11TIMELESS TREASURE

Bright yet durable, enamelled copper shares numerous visual and physical properties with porcelain. Until the early 18th century in China, porcelain had often been decorated with translucent enamel colours that allowed the white voids to shine. However, without the knowledge of Chinese enamellers, European goldsmiths had been producing opaque colours in a range of hues for decorating precious metal objects, most commonly made of gold, since the 15th century. As is often the case, a diverse community had brought together a large range of experiences that promoted knowledge exchange and developed new practices. When French ambassadors o�ered European enamelled copper gifts to the Kangxi emperor in 1688, Chinese connoisseurs – and the emperor, foremost – were quick to understand the signi�cance of this encounter.1

These �rst recorded European painted enamel objects brought to China were two miniature portraits on copper (deux petits portraits en migniature) (�g. 1), as well as glassware (divers ouvrages de verre), sent by the French king, Louis XIV (1638-1715), and given to Kangxi in February 1688 by a delegation led by the Jesuit Jean de Fontenay (1643-1710).2 Although these early gifts cannot be identi�ed with complete accuracy, two French plaques painted in the Laudin workshop in Limoges were at some point set on Chinese bronze frames and added to the collection of Kangxi. These are currently in the Palace Museum in Taipei.3 As the emperor’s fascination with enamel decoration became known in Europe, European sovereigns and the Vatican sent various enamelled wares as diplomatic gifts to China.4

Soon, opaque enamels and the technology to �re them on copper started being developed in China, which took quick steps to equal European quality. This appears to have begun sometime before 1714, and a workshop (falangzuo 珐琅作) for enamelling on both metal and ceramics was set up in the Imperial Palace in 1716. In China, the technique of enamelling copper was developed in parallel with the production of enamelled glass and porcelain. Yet, whilst the challenge of making opaque enamels (including the essential white)

FIG. 1

Miniature Portrait of Louis XIV of France. By Jean Petitot. France — 1670s. Enamel on metal. H. 35 W. 29 mm © VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM. INV.: 703-1882. BEQUEATHED BY JOHN JONES

FIG. 1

CHINESE PAINTED ENAMELS

ON COPPER

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11BIBLIOGRAPHY46 TIMELESS TREASURETIMELESS TREASURE

1 MAR

Saint AlbinusSaint Albinus (ca. 470-550) was the bishop of Angers in France and is celebrated in numerous coastal villages as a protector against pirate attacks. The bishop’s cope, which is fastened at the neck with a clasp, is possibly an allusion to the legend that when rain fell as Albinus preached he and his audience did not become wet. Of secular origin, the head of a bearded man refers to Mars, the Roman god of war and agriculture, after whom the month of March is named.

7 MAR

Saints Perpetua and FelicitasSaints Perpetua and Felicitas were two African martyrs who are believed to have died in AD 203. An arm, a leg, and a wound symbolise their torture and martyrdom by a wild cow who tore them to pieces.

MARCH

of the Western Church, along with Saints Ambrose, Augustine and Jerome. He is identi�ed on runic calendars by a papal tiara in the form of a triple crown (triregnum), which was in use between the 14th and 20th centuries. A lea�ess tree refers to the time in mid-March when the tender buds of trees begin to emerge.1

1 Tegnér, 1839, p. XLIII.

Pope Gregory I (ca. 540- 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, is celebrated on the anniversary of his death. He is famous for his writings and for promoting missionary work in northern Europe, famously sending the Gregorian mission to evangelise the pagan Anglo-Saxons of England. Gregory the Great is one of the four great ‘Doctors’ or ‘Fathers’

12 MAR

Saint Gregory the Great

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47TIMELESS TREASURETIMELESS TREASURE

17 MAR

Saint Gertrude of NivellesA religious house represents the feast of Saint Gertrude (d. ca. 660), the abbess and co-founder of the double monastery of Nivelles, which combined separate communities of monks and nuns. Although she was never formally canonised, Pope Clement XII declared her feast day in 1677. From the 15th century, Gertrude was also venerated as protector against rats and mice. Chinese enamelled sta�s depict an animal roughly above the days of 17-21 March; although it may be intended to represent an ox pulling a plough (see 21 March), it more closely resembles a rodent.

21 MAR

Saint BenedictA crosier marks the feast day of Saint Benedict of Nursia (d. 547), who established the foundations for the Order of Saint Benedict and is recognised as the founder of Western Christian monasticism. Although entwined with the crosier, the plough is a secular symbol and marks the beginning of the ploughing season, generally between the end of February and late March. Its depiction on runic calendars served as reminder that all farming implements should be put in order.

25 MAR

AnnunciationThe visit of the Archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary, when he informed her that she would be the mother of Jesus Christ, is celebrated on 25 March. As other Marian feast days, it is marked on runic calendars with a crown. Around the same days, the brewing of March ale is denoted by a casket, and a snake acts as a reminder that these animals begin to emerge from hibernation in late March as temperatures rise.

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13BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY74

Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide

Art Museum of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong

Asian Civilisations Museum, Singapore

Baur Foundation, Museum of Far Eastern Art, Geneva

Casa Colombo — Museu de Porto Santo, Porto Santo

Fondation Gandur pour l’Art, Geneva

Fundação Carmona e Costa, Lisbon

Fundação Millenium BCP, Lisbon

Fundação Oriente, Lisbon

Guanfu Classical Art Museum, Chaoyang, Beijing

Guangdong Museum, Tianhe, Guangzhou

Hong Kong Maritime Museum, Hong Kong

Jagdish and Kamla Mittal Museum of Indian Art, Himayatnagar, Hyderabad

Jorge Welsh Works of Art

Jamestown — Yorktown Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia

Kyushu National Museum, Tokyo

Louvre Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi

Macao Museum, Macao

Madeira Tecnopolo, Funchal

Musée Cernuschi, Paris

Musée de la Compagnie des Indes, Ville de Lorient, Port-Louis

Musée National d’Histoire et d’Art, Luxembourg

Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas, Madrid

Museo Oriental, Valladolid

Museu A Cidade do Açúcar, Funchal

Museu Conde de Castro Guimarães, Cascais

Museu de Arte Sacra de Santiago do Cacém, Santiago do Cacém

Museu de Arte Sacra do Funchal, Funchal

Museu de São Roque, Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa, Lisbon

Museu do Caramulo, Caramulo

Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon

Museu Quinta das Cruzes, Funchal

Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm

Nanchang University Museum, Honggutan, Nanchang

National Maritime Museum, Amsterdam

National Museum of Singapore, Singapore

National Palace Museum, Taipei

Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts

Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Prasart Museum, Bangkok

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp

Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels

Schloss Museum Wolfshagen, Wolfshagen, Langelsheim

Shanghai Museum, Huangpu, Shanghai

Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden-Zwinger, Dresden

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York

The New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana

The Palace and Maritime Silk Road Museum, Quanzhou, Shishi

The Reeves Center, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia

The Speed Art Museum, Louisville, Kentucky

Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut

HAVE BEEN ACQUIRED BY THE FOLLOWING MUSEUMS AND INSTITUTIONS

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 75

2018—2019

Da Europa para a China. As Embaixadas de Lourenço de Portugal (1245), Tomé Pires (1515) e Francisco Pacheco de Sampaio (1752), Museu do Oriente, Lisbon, Portugal 8th Nov. 2018 — 21st Apr. 2019

Contar África!, Padrão dos Descobrimentos, Lisbon, Portugal 18th Nov. 2018 — 21st Apr. 2019

Uma História de Assombro. Portugal – Japão, Séculos XVI a XX, Galeria D. Luís, Palácio Nacional da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal, Nov. 2018 — Mar. 2019

2017—2018

Baur Collection Exhibition, Geneva, Switzerland

2017

Portugal — Drawing the world, Musée National d'Histoire et d'Art (MNHA), Luxembourg,

A Cidade Global. Lisboa no Renascimento, Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon, Portugal

Namban: the southern barbarians and the meeting up of cultures, Museu da Quinta das Cruzes, Funchal, Portugal

2015

The dragon is dancing! Kangxi / China Contemporary, Hetjens-Museum — Düsseldorf, Deutsches Keramikmuseum, Dusseldorf, Germany

Onde os nossos livros se acabam, ali começam os seus… O Japão em fontes documentais dos séculos XVI e XVII, Museu do Livro – Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal

2014—2013

The Exotic is never at home? The presence of China in the Portuguese faience and azulejo (17th—18th centuries), Museu Nacional do Azulejo, Lisbon, Portugal

Portugal, Jesuits, and Japan: Spiritual Beliefs and Earthly Goods, Boston College’s McMullen Museum of Art, Boston, USA

2012

Japan the land of enchantment: Line and Colour, Museo degli Argenti, Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy

2010

Namban Commissions — The Portuguese in Modern Age Japan, Museu Fundação Oriente, Lisbon, Portugal

2009

Fascination with the Foreign: China — Japan — Europe, Hetjens—Museum — Düsseldorf Deutsches Keramikmuseum, Düsseldorf, Germany

Encompassing the Globe — Portugal e o Mundo nos Séculos XVI e XVII, Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon, Portugal

Tomás Pereira (1646-1708) — A Jesuit in Kangxi´s China, Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, Lisbon, Portugal

2008

Encompassing the Globe — Portugal and the World in the 16th & 17th Centuries, Musée des Beaux Arts, Brussels, Belgium

2007

O Espelho Invertido — Imagens Asiáticas dos Europeus 1500-1800, Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, Lisbon, Portugal

Le Grand Atelier — Europalia, Brussels, Belgium

Macau — O Primeiro Século de um Porto Internacional, Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, Lisbon, Portugal

Encompassing the Globe — Portugal and the World in the 16th & 17th Centuries, Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA

2006

São Francisco Xavier — A Sua Vida e o Seu Tempo (1506-1552), Cordoaria Nacional, Lisbon, Portugal

2005

Dresden, Spiegel der Welt, Die Staatlichen Kunstsammlungen Dresden in Japan, The National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo, Japan

A Porcelana Chinesa nas Colecções do Museu Quinta das Cruzes, Museu Quinta das Cruzes, Funchal, Portugal

2004

Encounters — The Meeting of Asia and Europe 1500-1800, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, United Kingdom

2003

Peregrinações — Homenagem a Maria Helena Mendes Pinto, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon, Portugal

Province Plates, a Cultural Dialogue between Two Civilizations, Museum Geelvinck Hinlopen Huis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Hybrides, Porcelaines Chinoises aux Armoiries Européennes, Musée National d' Histoire et d’Art, Luxembourg

2001

O Mundo da Laca, Museu Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon, Portugal

1999—2000

Fundamentos da Amizade, Centro Científico e Cultural Macau, Lisbon, Portugal

Escolhas — Objectos Raros e de Colecção, Paços do Concelho, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa e Associação Portuguesa de Antiquários, Lisbon, Portugal

1998

Vasco da Gama e a Índia, Capela da Sorbonne, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Paris, France

Caminhos da Porcelana, Fundação Oriente, Lisbon, Portugal

1996

Reflexos do Cristianismo na Porcelana Chinesa, Museu de São Roque, Lisbon, Portugal

HAVE BEEN LENT TO THE FOLLOWING MUSEUM EXHIBITIONS

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14 BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY76

2019

TREASURES Pocket Treasures: Snu� Boxes from Past Times English edition: ISBN 978-0-9935068-6-4

The Vases of the ‘Hundred Treasures’ English edition: ISBN 978-0-9935068-7-1

Timeless Treasure: The Runic Calendar Sta� English edition: ISBN 978-0-9935068-8-8

2018

Through Distant Eyes: Portraiture in Chinese Export Art English edition: ISBN 978-0-9935068-4-0

2017

Turn of the Sea: Art from the Eastern Trade Routes Paperback edition: ISBN 978-0-9935068-2-6 Hardcover edition: ISBN 978-0-9935068-3-3

2016

A Time and A Place: Views and Perspectives on Chinese Export Art English edition: ISBN 978-0-9557432-8-3

2015

China of All Colours: Painted Enamels on Copper English edition: ISBN 978-0-9573547-3-9 Chinese edition: ISBN 978-0-9573547-4-6

2014

Out of the Ordinary: Living with Chinese Export Porcelain English edition: ISBN 978-0-9573547-1-5 Chinese addendum: ISBN 978-0-9573547-2-2

2013

Ko-sometsuke: Chinese Porcelain for the Japanese Market English edition: ISBN 978-0-9573547-0-8

2012

Biscuit: Refined Chinese Famille Verte Wares English edition: ISBN 978-0-9557432-9-0

2009

Art of the Expansion and Beyond English edition: ISBN 978-0-9557432-5-2 Portuguese edition: ISBN 978-0-9557432-6-9

2008

Kraak Porcelain: The Rise of Global Trade in the late 16th and early 17th Centuries English edition: ISBN 0-9550992-9-3 Portuguese edition: ISBN 978-0-9557432-2-1

After the Barbarians II: Namban Works of Art for the Japanese, Portuguese and Dutch Markets English edition: ISBN 978-0-9557432-0-7 Portuguese edition: ISBN 978-0-9557432-1-4

2007

The ‘West Lake’ Garniture English edition: ISBN 0-9550992-7-7

The ‘Osaka to Nagasaki Sea Route’ Map Screens English edition: ISBN 0-9550992-8-5

2006

Zhangzhou Export Ceramics: The So-Called Swatow Wares English edition: ISBN 0-9550992-4-2 Portuguese edition: ISBN 0-9550992-3-4

2005

European Scenes on Chinese Art English edition: ISBN 0-9550992-1-8 Portuguese edition: ISBN 0-9550992-2-6

2004

Linglong Bilingual: English and Portuguese ISBN 972-99045-2-9

2003

After the Barbarians: An Exceptional Group of Namban Works of Art Bilingual: English and Portuguese ISBN 972-99045-0-2

Christian Images in Chinese Porcelain Bilingual: English and Portuguese ISBN 972-99045-1-0

2002

Flora & Fauna: A Collection of Qing Dynasty Porcelain Bilingual: English and Portuguese

2001

Western Orders of Chinese Porcelain Bilingual: English and Portuguese

2000

Important Collection of Chinese Porcelain and Works of Art from the 16th to the 19th century Bilingual: English and Portuguese

1999

Important Collection of Chinese Export Porcelain Bilingual: English and Portuguese

2019

The RA Collection of Chinese Ceramics: A Collector’s Vision Volume IV Author: Maria Antónia Pinto de Matos English edition: ISBN 978-0-9935068-5-7

2016

Tankards and Mugs: Drinking from Chinese Export Porcelain Authors: Maria Antónia Pinto de Matos, Rose Kerr English edition: ISBN 978-0-9557432-7-6

Global by Design: Chinese Ceramics from the R. Albuquerque Collection Authors: Denise Patry Leidy, Maria Antónia Pinto de Matos Paperback edition: ISBN 978-0-9935068-1-9 Hardcover edition: ISBN 978-0-9935068-0-2

2011

The RA Collection of Chinese Ceramics: A Collector’s Vision Author: Maria Antónia Pinto de Matos English edition: ISBN 978-0-9557432-3-8 Portuguese edition: ISBN 978-0-9557432-4-5

2010

Chinese Armorial Porcelain for Spain Author: Rocío Díaz English edition: ISBN 0-9550992-6-9 Spanish edition: ISBN 0-9550992-5-0

2005

European Decoration on Oriental Porcelain, 1700-1830 Author: Helen Espir English edition: ISBN 0-9550992-0-X

Jorge Welsh Research & Publishing

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