k Biotechnology

7/28/2019 k Biotechnology

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HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

Each cell in our body has

approximately 3,150,000,000

nucleotides.

If you printed out the letters, itwould fill over 150,000 telephone

books

Genetic disorders are often

caused by a single variation inover 3 billion bases (only 1 letter

in all of those phone books)


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Human Genome

ProjectOne persons DNA was sequenced and all of the letters wereidentified

The base letters from the chromosomes were all mapped

This project was completed in 2003

Why do this?

If we know the genes, we can figure out which genes code foreach protein

If we know which mutations cause which disorders, we may be

able to fix those disorders.We can also detect disorders in-utero, and predict cancers,diabetes, parkinsons, huntingtons disease and other diseases.


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Biotechnology &

Genetic Engineering

Definitionuse of recombinant DNA methods to alter

living organisms to create, improve, ormodify plants, animals, and microorganisms


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1. Cloning

Every cell in an organisms body contains the

full set of genes to make a new organism.

Cloning is using one cell from an organism to

make a whole new organism.
http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.emagazine.com/images/upload/1171566901Dolly_.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.emagazine.com/view/%3F3598&h=296&w=250&sz=23&hl=en&start=30&tbnid=WnhIuEmCugzgTM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=98&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcloned%2Banimals%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN


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Recombinant methods to make new medicines (ie: insulin,antibiotics, vaccines, hormones)

Cures for disease

2. Medicine

Gene Therapy


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WHAT IS GENE THERAPY? Inserts Healthy Genes

1. This includes procedures to give patients healthygenes to make up for a faulty gene.

2. Also uses genes to treat genetic disorders and

various human illnesses.

3. There are ex vivo (outside body) and in vivo (insidebody) methods of gene therapy.
http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=www.geocities.com/geneinfo/graphics/vectors.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.geocities.com/geneinfo/facts/engineerfr.html&h=179&w=200&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgene%2Btherapy%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8http://www.mos.org/cst/article/2539/image_13576.jpg


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2. Treatment offamilial hypercholesterolemia where

liver cells lack a receptor for removing cholesterol from

blood.

a. High levels of blood cholesterol make patients

subject to fatal heart attacks when young.

b. A small portion of liver is surgically removed and

infected with retrovirus with normal gene forreceptor.

3. Chemotherapy in cancer cells kills

off healthy as well as cancer cells;we can give genes to cancer

patients to make the healthy cells

more tolerant or make tumors more

vulnerable.


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4.Cystic fibrosis patients lack a gene for trans-

membrane chloride ion carriers; patients die from

respiratory tract infections.

a. Vesicles, are coated with healthy cystic fibrosis

genes and sprayed into a patient's nostrils.

b. Due to limited gene transfer, this method is not very

successful.


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6. Coating a balloon catheter (used to open up

coronary arteries) with VEGF may promote growth

of extra blood vessels.

5. New research may allow direct correcting of the

base sequence of patients with a genetic disorder.
http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=www.usendoscopy.com/images/balloon.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.usendoscopy.com/feeding.htm&h=148&w=230&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dballoon%2Bcatheter%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN


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3. Transgenic Animals

Inject animal eggs with BGH to produce larger fish,cows, pigs, rabbits, & sheep with more meat.

Gene pharming: use of transgenic animals toproduce drugs in theirmilk (ie: insulin, cancer

drugs, & drugs to prevent blood clots during surgery)orurine (which is easier to isolate).

Altered fat production (leaner meats)

Creation of human-like organs for transplantation

(xenotransplantation)Glowinganimals


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Using organs from animals to replace

diseased ones in humans, instead of

using donated human organs.Scientists are also trying to change the

genetic code of animals such as pigs so

that their organs are more acceptable to

the human immune system.
http://www.buav.org/campaigns/images/xenoman2.gif


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ALBA THE GLOWING BUNNY

Thanks to genes borrowed from a jellyfish, the albino rabbit

glows green when placed under special lighting. In regularlight, Alba appears like any other furry white rabbit. But place

her under a black light, her eyes, whiskers and fur glow a

otherworldly green.


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"Glow in the

dark" fish.These genetically

modified fish were

developed in

Taiwan.Scientists are

planning to

reproduce these

fish in numbersand sell them for

pets.


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Insects that cannot be invaded by the parasite are therefore

likely to be fitter and out-compete their disease-carrying

counterparts.

Malaria is passed to humans through the bite of the Anopheles

mosquito. Each year it makes 300 million people ill and causes a

million deaths worldwide. Some 90% of cases are in sub-

Saharan Africa, where a child dies of malaria every 30 seconds.

Before you spill all of your quinine out, researchers predict it will

be 10-20 years before GM mosquitoes will be released into the

wild.

The BBC is reporting that a new

genetically modified mosquito has

been created that is relatively

resistant to malaria.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6468381.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6468381.stmhttp://docinthemachine.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/mosq.jpg


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4. TRANSGENIC PLANTS

In 2004, 120 million acres were planted to transgenic crops.

BT production (pest resistant)

Crops with added nutrients (3rd world)

Crops that grow faster and use less water

Crops with greater yield

Herbicide resistance

Altered flower color

Virus resistanceFungal resistance

Parasite resistance

Resistance to cold and freezing

Flowers that smell pretty (again!)

GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS


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Transgenic improvements in wheat and rice willbe needed to avoid food shortages in 2020.

Stomata leaf openings could be altered to

boost CO2

intake or reduce water loss.

Mouse-eared cress has been engineered to

produce a biodegradable plastic in cell granules.

Plant-produced humanhormones would be cheap and

lack pathogens that could infect

people.


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Glow in the

Dark

Tobacco Plant


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AMFLORA POTATOESAmflora is not a food at all. Although it looks, feels and smells like

any other potato, each one is actually a genetically engineeredfactory for amylopectin, a starch used to make glossy papercoatings, clothing finishes and adhesive cement.

Normal potatoes combine amylopectin and amylose; the gene foramylose is turned off in Amflora potatoes, which taste terrible, and

will never be turned into French fries or a potato salad.


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What are we eating?

Herbicide tolerantcotton, beet, canola, corn, flax,and soybean

Insect protected (Bt)corn, cotton, potato, tomato

Virus protectedpapaya, potato, squash

Ripening modifiedtomato

5 TRANSGENIC BACTERIA


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5. TRANSGENIC BACTERIABacteria that degrade substances

Degrade oilBiofilters for airborne pollution

Clean up toxic dumps

Bacteria that process minerals

Use bacteria to obtain metals in mining

Bioleaching bacteria extract copper,uranium, & gold from low grade ore.

Bacteria that produce productsSynthesize valuable drugs (antibodies, vaccines,

insulin)

Synthesize phenylanaline for

aspartame
http://www.kats-korner.com/health/image/aspartamehed.jpg


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6. SYNTHETIC BIOLOGYFORGET genetic engineering. The new idea is synthetic biology, an

effort by engineers to rewire the genetic circuitry of living organisms.Synthetic biologists aim to rearrange genes on a much wider scale, thatof a genome, or an organisms entire genetic code.

Their plans include microbes modified to generate cheap petroleum outof plant waste, and, further down the line, designing whole organismsfrom scratch.

Grow a house is on the to-do list of synthetic biologists, presumablymeaning that an acorn might be reprogrammed to generate walls, oakfloors and a roof instead of the usual trunk and branches.


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Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biologists are well aware that, like any newtechnology, theirs can be used for good or ill, andone possible danger is bioterrorism

Organisms have naturally occurring mutations in theirDNA.

This would not be so welcome to synthetic biologists,who seek stable systems. But they hope to spotmutations with error-detection algorithms and then goback to the original cells.You can think of it as a re-boot, said Ron Weiss, asynthetic biologist at Princeton.


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7. Future: We will probably be able to have designergenes (to make genes to do whatever we want). SoShould We?

What will this mean to you?


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Some Risks from Introducing Foreign

Genes (by Any Process)1. New food safety hazards, such as

allergens

2. Unknown ecological impacts of newplant-incorporated protectants (PIPs)

for pest resistance

3. Gene flow to related species4. Outcrossing to neighboring crop fields


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