K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 1

Human Resource Development & Industry University Interaction: Indian Experience

K J Joseph & Dinesh AbrolCDS & NISTADS

kjjoseph@cds.ac.in & dinesh.abrol@gmail.com

K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 2

An Overview

Introduction- Sectoral system for HRD?

The Evolution: Historical Background Post-independence: Three Phases The Performance Academia- Industry Interaction Concluding observation

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Evolution:Pre-independence Period

India - the home of centers of learning Three distinct traditions of scholarships

Hindu gurukulas, the Buddhist viharas, and the Quranic madarasas

Modern education - Network of schools and colleges to impart western education in English by the British in the early 19th century - The first college for western education -1818 at Serampore near Calcutta

Later a number of colleges Agra, Bombay, Madras, Nagpur, Patna, Calcutta, and Nagapattinam.

In 1857, three universities were set up at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras and the 27 colleges were affiliated to them

By 1947 there were 19 universities and several affiliated colleges

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Post Independence Period- Three Phases

Early phase (till c1980) state domination HRD has been considered important Institutions University Grant Commission (1956) set by the Act of parliament

coordinates and regulates higher education All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) set up in 1945 as an

advisory body was given a statutory status through an Act of Parliament in 1987

The main functions of the AICTE include proper planning and coordinated development of technical education in the country, promotion of qualitative improvement regulation and maintenance of norms and standards.

In order to ensure planned growth of technical education, the Council operates the scheme of National Technical Manpower Information System (NTMIS)

The objective of this scheme is to generate a database to monitor supply and demand of engineering and technical manpower and to ensure planned development of technical education.

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Post Independence Period- First Phase

Two strategies- First setting up of institutions by state ‘based on Sarkar committee’ (1945) six IITs were set up

during 1950-61) These institutes impart high quality education in various areas of

pure and applied sciences and in engineering and technology at the under-graduate and post-graduate levels and disseminate and transfer the knowledge for the benefit of Indian industry and the other user sectors.

Second, Grant in aid Institutions (PPP mode) are regulated by UGC or AICTE

Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore and Indian Agricultural Research Institute at Delhi were declared as deemed to be universities in 1958

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Post Independence Period: Second Phase

Second Phase (1980-2000) entry and expansion of private sector

The national policy on education (1986) called for improvement in education

Increased demand along with budget constraint of the state and changing policy regime set the stage for the entry of private sector

Autonomous colleges Distance education providers Self-financing courses in public institutions Accreditation and & assessment councils

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Post Independence: Third Phase

Third Phase – since 2000 Further boost to privatization and entry of foreign universities

Between 2000 and 2005, 26 private-sponsored institutions got the deemed university status.

By early 2005, seven private universities were set up in different states were recognized by the UGC.

By 2005, 131 foreign education providers were identified to be operating in India

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Growth of professional higher education institutions since 1999

Course

Number of InstitutionsPercentage

increasePrivate (%)

2003/041999/2000 2005/06

Engineering 669 1478 121 88

Pharmacy 204 629 208 94

Hotel Management 41 70 70 90

Architecture 78 118 51 67

Teacher Education 1050 5190 395 68

MCA 780 976 25 62

MBA 682 1052 55 64

Medicine (Allopathic) 174 229 32 46

Physiotherapy 52 205 294 92

Total 3730 9947 167 78

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Major Actors

The institutes of national importance & public research labs

Affiliating universities and various university departments, affiliated colleges and regional engineering colleges under them

Deemed universities Private institutes Govt Polytechnics, Pvt Polytechnics.

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An array of Institutional arrangements for promotion & regulation

• University Grants Commission (UGC) -Funding, recognition & maintaining overall standards

• All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)- Approval for technical institutions, and limited funding & quality improvement

• Indian Council for Agricultural Research• Distance Education Council -IGNOU Act Funding,

maintaining standards of open education• Council of Architects (CoA) - Registration of architects and

recognition of institutions for education in architecture and town planning

• Medical Council of India - Registration of medical practitioners and recognition of medical institutions and qualifications

• Pharmacy Council of India: Indian Nursing Council (INC): Dental Council of India: Central Council of Homeopathy (CCH)

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Performance: Select Indicators

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Educational Institutions, Enrolment and Teachers at different levels- Impressive performance  Institutions (in ‘000s) Enrolment (in millions) Teachers (in ‘000s)

  Primary

Middle

Sec* Primary

Middle

Sec* Primary

Middle Sec*

1950-51

209.7 13.6 7.4 19.3 3.1 1.5 538 86 127

1960-61

330.4 49.7 17.3 34.9 6.7 3.4 742 345 296

1970-71

408.4 90.6 37.1 57.1 13.3 7.6 1060 638 629

1980-81

494.5 118.6 51.5 73.8 20.7 11.0 1363 851 926

1990-91

560.9 151.5 79.8 97.4 34.0 19.1 1616 1073 1334

2000-01

638.7 206.3 126.0 113.8 42.8 27.6 1896 1326 1761

2003-04

712.2 262.3 145.9 128.3 48.7 35.0 2097 1592 2024

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But not impressive- when compared (secondary enrolment)

  1998/99 2002/03   1998/99 2002/03

World total 60 65 Developing 52 58

Developed 100 107 China 70 70

U.S.A 97 94 India* 32 37

Canada 105 105 Indonesia 51 61

U.K. 157 179 Philippines 76 84

Australia 155 154 Malaysia 69 70

Japan 102 102 Mexico 69 79

Korea 100 91 S Africa 90 88

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Growth in universities/deemed universities and enrolment

3.70

2.50

5.33

4.45

6.18

5.50

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

1976-86 1986-96 1996-03

Institutions

Enrolment

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Enrolment in Engineering/Technology/ Architecture (total & girls)(Graduate+postgraduates + doctorates)

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

1971 1981 1986 2001

Year

En

role

mn

t

0

5

10

15

20

25

%G

irls

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Outturn of scientific & technical manpower (1947-96)

877441265

141406169393

235792

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1947 1960 1970 1979 1995

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Outrun of engineers by major disciplines (2000)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

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Scientists, Engineers & Technicians (per1000 Population)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Scientists, Engineers and Technicians for selected countries

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Expenditure on Education as% GDP

2.80 2.99

3.84 3.80 3.72 3.62 3.56 3.56 3.53 3.493.85

4.26 4.233.97

0.00

0.501.00

1.502.00

2.503.00

3.504.00

4.50

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Increasing unemployment

1569617188

22901

35524

51842

63548

70502

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

1991 1994 1996 1999 2000 2001 2002

Series1

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Industry-HEIs interaction

Type1: HEIs as teaching centres supplying the needed skilled manpower

Type 2: HEIs university graduates to research - basic research for publication

Type 3: undertaking applied research and some preliminary technology development and supply of know-how and know why to industry

Type 4: Consultancy work for industry and students spend a part of their learning period with the industry - feed back from industry shapes the research agenda of academia as well as the curriculum itself

Type 5: HEIs become instrumental in the promotion of academic entrepreneurs or university-spawned industries.

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The present status in India

Most HEIs are of Type 1 or Type 2 A small proportion in Type 3 A very small proportion and the premier institutes

are in Type 4 A very few universities are experimenting with the

idea of setting up enterprises The movement along the passive-proactive

continuum does not take place uniformly in all industries or in all universities or over night.

Case study of an IIT – not very encouraging Yet Shanta Bio Tech- and Osmania university –

Hepatitis B vaccine - Some recent initiatives: UGC-Nasscom

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The present market induced approach…

State support is being withdrawn from everywhere, in particular the social sector activities including higher education and research.

Therefore, the academic system is made to increasingly depend on the industrial sector for finance

For industrial sector firms are realizing that it is well-nigh impossible to compete using imported technology when those very TNCs are competitors of local firms in both foreign and home markets.

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Emerging issues

Very limited interaction between Research institutes/ labs and Universities

Limited interface between industries/users and universities

While there is limited networking among local agents, There is a growing networking between local actors and foreign actors (MNCs) through R&D outsourcing; What are its implications?

While the investment in human capital in the early years have paid rich dividend, the current initiatives may not be sufficient to sustain the innovation in the economy.

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FTEs of Manpower Employed in R&DPersonnel engaged in R&D (93-94/99-00

Personnel employed in auxiliary activities(93-94/99-00

Personnel in Adm Activities(93-94/99-00

Major scientific agencies

45549 / 33165 55975 / 45718 50678 /

41495

Central govt. departments

8763 / 79548545 / 16288

12943 / 19217

State government

25302 / 17993

22624 / 18156 43343 / 42949

Public Sector 14182 / 87679181/ 2580 3297/ 2327

Private Sector 26082 / 25957 11777/ 7303 8385 / 6474

Total (industrial + institutional

40264 + 82644/34274+59112

20578 +87144/9883 +80162

11664+1070648801+103661

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S&T Manpower

While India has a large strength of S&T personnel of over 6.3 million, the number of scientists actually engaged in R&D is only about 150,000.

R&D manpower density lowest, virtually no increase, in fact GRI & PSU account for 80 % of 96 as opposed to 75% of 91

More science graduates than engineers, lack of availability of R&D engineers, Science PhDs are 12 times of engineering PhDs, average is 0.6-0.8

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Individual linkages of S&T manpower

Professionals graduating from the AIs exhibit an outward orientation and their linkages with the domestic industry are still low

Brain drain, Indian born S&E top the list of foreign born S&E in the US;

Weak linkage with manpower demand development, quality control mechanism

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S&T Manpower

Enrolment in S&E is quite low, Growing obsolescence of facilities,

faculty & curricula Private investment limited to

professional courses Rote learning, weak linkages with

practice, lack of emphasis on problem-solving skills

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Changes in the conditions of academic profession

Working conditions have deteriorated, despite increased teaching load, constantly demands have been made that teachers should teach to more students and for longer hours

The privatization of public higher education and the expansion of private academic institutions

Decreased autonomy; financial pressures have contributed to ever-increasing demands of “accountability”, addition of several new functions; relations with industry, consultancy

Unrelenting criticism in media, it is very often bordering on virtual vilification of the academic profession as a whole

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Pattern of R&D Personnel Employed by Industry

As on 1st April, 2000, 53,408 personnel were employed in 1326 industrial sector R&D units of which 34724 were engaged directly on R&D activities. This works out to be a figure of about 18% of total R&D manpower employed in all the R&D establishments in the country.

Of the total R&D personnel in industry sector 25.6% were employed in public sector, 74.4%

were employed in private sector.

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Composition of R&D Personnel by Type of Work in Public & Private Sector Industry

Private sector R&D manpower ; R&D: Auxiliary: Adm

80-81 67 22 11 2000 65 23 12

Nature of publicly directed funding for enterprise RDD

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Thank you

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Growth in enrolment & outturn of engineers

478815497 18207

34835

70481

197081

2893 702618223 19012

44724

74223

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2000

Admission

Outturn

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Structure of Technical education in India

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CAGR in the out turn of scientific & technical personnel from universities

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

1947-60 1960-70 1970-79 1979-95

Series1