K1606552e crc12 08 Add1 1. As indicated in document UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.12/8, the Secretariat received a...

K1606552 230616

UNITED NATIONS

RC

UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.12/8/Add.1

Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade

Distr.: General 23 June 2016

English only

Chemical Review Committee Twelfth meeting Rome, 14–16 September 2016 Item 4 (d) of the provisional agenda

Technical work: review of the proposal for the inclusion of carbofuran suspension concentrate 330 g/L as a severely hazardous pesticide formulation in Annex III

Carbofuran suspension concentrate (SC) 330 g/L: information collected by the Secretariat

Note by the Secretariat

Addendum 1. As indicated in document UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.12/8, the Secretariat received a proposal from Colombia to list carbofuran suspension concentrate 330 g/L as a severely hazardous pesticide formulation in Annex III to the Rotterdam Convention. In accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 6 of the Convention, the Secretariat requested parties and observers to submit any information set out in part 2 of Annex IV to the Convention.

2. The Secretariat received responses from the following parties and observers: Brazil, Canada, European Union, Greece, Honduras, Malaysia, Norway, Russian Federation, Romania, Serbia, Senegal and Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Asia Pacific.

3. The information received is set out in the annex to the present note. The present note, including its annex, has not been formally edited.

4. Additional information related to carbofuran can be found in the notifications of final regulatory actions in UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.11/6 and supporting documentation provided by the European Union, Canada and by Cabo Verde, Chad, the Gambia, Mauritania, the Niger, Senegal and Togo in documents UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.11/INF/11, UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.11/INF/12 and UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.11/INF/13, respectively. This information was reviewed by the Chemical Review Committee at its eleventh meeting.

* UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.12/1.


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Annex

Carbofuran suspension concentrate 330 g/l: information collected by the Secretariat

List of documents:

1.) Brazil - Information on the severely hazardous pesticide formulation proposal: Carbofuran

2.) Canada - Email response referring to UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.11/INF/12

3.) European Union - Information from the European Union on carbofuran - Germany - Information related to the severely hazardous pesticide formulation “Carbofuran 330 g/L EC”

(notified by Colombia)

4.) Greece - Email response

5.) Honduras

- Carbofuran information (SP)

6.) Malaysia - Email Response

7.) Norway - Email Response

8.) Russian Federation - Email response

9.) Romania - Email response

10.) Serbia - Email response

11.) Senegal

- Carbofuran information (SP)

12.) Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Asia Pacific - Submission of Information to the Rotterdam Convention Secretariat in support of the Notification of the

SHPF Carbofuran 330 g/L


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1.) Brazil - Information on the severely hazardous pesticide formulation proposal: Carbofuran


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2.) Canada - Email response referring to UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.11/INF/12

Dear Mr. Mihajlovski, I refer to your email of 18 March 2016 below regarding the collection of information related to pesticide formulations containing carbofuran. Canada is pleased to provide the following information:

Carbofuran – PRVD2009-11 Proposed Re-evaluation Decision. Carbofuran – RVD2010-16 Re-evaluation Decision. Carbofuran – Pesticide Manual 11th Edition.

This documentation had been provided by Canada as supplemental information to support our Notification of Final Regulatory Action regarding carbofuran which was considered at the 11th meeting of the Chemical Review Committee. Accordingly, I am attaching document UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.11/INF/12 which is the collection of the three documents. Best regards, Stéphane Lessard Director General / Directeur général Policy, Communications and Regulatory Affairs / Directeur general, Politiques, Commuications et Affaires réglementaires PMRA / ARLA Health Canada / Santé Canada


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3.) European Union - Information from the European Union on carbofuran - Germany - Information related to the severely hazardous pesticide formulation “Carbofuran 330 g/L EC”

(notified by Colombia)


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4.) Greece - Email response

Dear Mr. Mihajlovski

As regards carbofuran, this active substance is not approved in Greece. The approved pesticides have been

withdrawn.

Best regards, Komninos Stougiannidis (Mr) Hellenic Ministry of Rural Development & Food General Directorate of Sustainable Plant Produce Directorate of Plant Produce Protection Department of Plant Protection Products & Biocides 150 SYGROU Ave., 176 71 ATHENS, GREECE PHONE: +302109287243 FAX: +302109212090 E-mail: [email protected]


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5.) Honduras - Carbofuran information


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6.) Malaysia - Email Response

Dear Mr. Aleksandar Mihajlovski, I refer to your email dated March 19, 2016 regarding proposal for the inclusion of a SHFP containing *Carbofuran 330 g/l (Soluble concentrate SC)* in Annex III of the Convention. FYI, carbofuran containing 3.0 %w/w (granule‐GR) has been registered in Malaysia. No information available on SC. Thank you. Regards, Lalitha Jaya George Assistant Director, Pesticides Control Division, Department of Agriculture, 4th Floor, Wisma Tani, Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, Kuala Lumpur. Tel : +603‐2030 1477 Fax : +603‐2691 7551


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7.) Norway - Email Response

Dear Aleksandar, Norway banned carbofuran in 1983 in order to protect the environment (the decision refers to unacceptable effects on earth worms and other non-target organisms). This ban occurred when the plant protection product Furadan containing carbofuran was refused approval before it was ever on the Norwegian marked. Because this ban occurred so long ago and because the product was never authorized, we unfortunately have no label with handling/applicator restrictions and I have not been able to find any information on the properties of the formulation or a risk/hazard evaluation. Sincerely Marit Randall Rotterdam Convention Designated National Authority (DNA) Pesticides National Registration Department Norwegian Food Safety Authority Telephone: +47 22 77 91 51 Address: Felles postmottak, postboks 383, 2381 Brumunddal, Norway www.mattilsynet.no www.matportalen.no


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8.) Russian Federation - Email response

Dear Aleksandar, In reply to your request of March 18 2016, I inform you that the formulation containing carbofuran 350 g/l is included in the in the State catalogue of pesticides and agrochemicals allowed for use in the territory of the Russian Federation. Though our response is behind schedule, I hope it will be useful. Regards, Khalidia Khamidulina Khalidia Khamidulina, PhD, ScD.,Prof. DNA for RF Director of the Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances, Rospotrebnadzor 19A, Varshavskoye shosse, 117105 Moscow, RF Tel.: 7(499) 940 97 87; 7(495) 276 00 56 Fax: 7(499) 940 97 75 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]


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9.) Romania - Email response

Dear Mr. Mihajlovschi, In Romania, the authorizations for plant protection products which contains Carbofuran has been withdrawn from 2007. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the competent authority for pesticides/plant protection products does not have other information in this respect. Best regards. Maria Dr. Maria OLTEANU - Counsellor, senior scientific adviser National Focal Point for Rotterdam Convention and PIC Regulation MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATERS AND FORESTS – DNA RO General Directorate of Waste and Hazardous Substances Libertatii Blvd. 12, district 5, Bucharest 040129, Romania Tel: + 40 21 408 95 82; Fax: + 40 21 316 02 98; Mobil: + 40754231017 E-mail: [email protected]


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10.) Serbia - Email response

Dear Mr Mihajlovski, After checking with my colleagues, there is no plan protection products containing Carbofuran 330 g/l (Soluble concentrate SC) registered in the Republic of Serbia. Kind regards,

Suzana Andrejevic Stefanovic Šef Odseka za upravljanje hemikalijama Odsek za upravljanje hemikalijama Sektor za planiranje i upravljanje u životnoj sredini

Suzana Andrejevic Stefanovic Head of Division for Chemicals Management Division for Chemicals Management Department for Planning and Management in the Environment

Suzana Andrejevic Stefanovic Šef Odseka Odsek za upravljanje hemikalijama Sektor za planiranje i upravljanje u životnoj sredini

Omladinskih brigada 1 - 11070 Novi Beograd Telefon: 011/7155-221 eMail: [email protected] Web: www.eko.minpolj.gov.rs


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11.) Senegal - Carbofuran information (SP)


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12.) Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Asia Pacific - Submission of Information to the Rotterdam Convention Secretariat in support of the Notification of the

SHPF Carbofuran 330 g/L

Submission of Information to the Rotterdam Convention Secretariat in support of the Notification of the SHPF Carbofuran 330 g/L

PAN International

Contact: Dr Meriel Watts, PAN Asia Pacific

April 27th, 2016 1. Toxicological properties 1.1GenotoxicityCarbofuranisgenotoxicandmutagenic.Carbofuran by itself, and in the commercial formulation Furadan, exerted genotoxic andcytotoxiceffectsonChinesehamsterovariancells(CHO),includingincreasedsisterchromatidexchange(SCE)andmicronucleifrequencyandcellgrowthinhibition.1ItcausesunscheduledDNAsynthesisinmitotoxicinhibitioninmicebonemarrowcells.2IthasalsobeenreportedtocauseDNAdamage,chromosomalaberrations,andmicronucleusinductioninhumanlymphocytes3456andmice;7andclastogeniceffectsinratbonemarrow.8ItismutagenicinSalmonella.9

1 Soloneski S, Reigosa MA, Molinari G, Gonzalez NV, Larramendy ML. 2008. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of carbofuran and furadan® on Chinese hamster ovary (CHOK1) cells. Mut Res/Gen Toxicol Environ Mut 656(1-2):68-73. 2 Chauhan LK1, Pant N, Gupta SK, Srivastava SP. 2000. Induction of chromosome aberrations, micronucleus formation and sperm abnormalities in mouse following carbofuran exposure. Mutat Res 465(1-2):123-9. 3 Naravaneni R1, Jamil K. 2005. Cytogenetic biomarkers of carbofuran toxicity utilizing human lymphocyte cultures in vitro. Drug Chem Toxicol 28(3):359-72. 4 Mladinic M1, Zeljezic D, Shaposhnikov SA, Collins AR. 2012. The use of FISH-comet to detect c-Myc and TP 53 damage in extended-term lymphocyte cultures treated with terbuthylazine and carbofuran. Toxicol Lett 211(1):62-9 5 Mladinic M, Perkovic P, Zeljezic D. 2009. Characterization of chromatin instabilities induced by glyphosate, terbuthylazine and carbofuran using cytome FISH assay. Toxicol Lett 189(2):130-7. 6 Sharma RK, Sharma B. 2012. In-vitro carbofuran induced genotoxicity in human lymphocytes and its mitigation by vitamins C and E. Disease Markers 32:153–163. 7 Chauhan LK, Pant N, Gupta SK, Srivastava SP. 2000. Induction of chromosome aberrations, micronucleus formation and sperm abnormalities in mouse following carbofuran exposure. Mutat Res 465(1-2):123-9. 8 Gbadegesin MA, Owumi SE, Akinseye V, Odunola OA. 2014. Evaluation of hepatotoxicity and clastogenicity of carbofuran in male Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 65:115-9. 9 Hour TC, Chen L, Lin JK. 1988. Comparative investigation on the mutagenicities of organophosphate, phthalimide, pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides by the Ames and lactam tests. Mutagenesis 13(2):157-66.


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Additionally, chromosomal aberrations have been reported in occupationally exposedworkers,10andafteracuteaccidentalinhalationofcarbofurandust.111.2CarcinogenicitySeveralepidemiologicalstudiesindicatedpossiblecorrelationbetweenoccupationalexposuretocarbofuranandriskofdevelopingleukaemia,non‐Hodgkin’slymphomaandothercancers.121314151.3ReproductiveCarbofurancausesspermabnormalitiesinvivoinmice.16Inanotherstudyitcausedadecreaseinthespermmotilityparameters,increaseinthepercentofpathologicalformofspermatozoa,asignificantdecreaseofconception index,and increaseofpreimplantationembryonic loss inintactfemalesmatedwithhighestdoseexposedmales.171.4OtherTheAgriculturalHealthStudy,USA,foundasignificantassociationbetweencarbofuranuseandmyocardialinfarction.18Carbofuran’sneurotoxicityhasbeendocumented:itcaninduceacetylcholinesteraseinhibitioninbrainandredbloodcellsandyoungratsshowgreatersensitivitycomparedtoadults.19Mishra et al. found that gestational carbofuran exposure causes a reduction of neuralprogenitor cells (NPC) proliferation, decreases their long‐term survival, induces persistent

10 Zeljezić D, Vrdoljak AL, Radić B, Fuchs N, Berend S, Orescanin V, Kopjar N. 2007. Comparative evaluation of acetylcholinesterase status and genome damage in blood cells of industrial workers exposed to carbofuran. Food Chem Toxicol 45(12):2488-98. 11 Zeljezic D, Vrdoljak AL, Kopjar N, Radic B, Milkovic Kraus S. 2008. Cholinesterase-inhibiting and genotoxic effects of acute carbofuran intoxication in man: a case report. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 103(4):329-35. 12 Bonner MR, Lee WJ, Sandler DP, Hoppin JA, Dosemeci M, Alavanja MC. 2005. Occupational exposure to carbofuran and the incidence of cancer in the agricultural health study. Environ Health Persp 113:285-9. 13 Hardell L, Eriksson M, Nordstrom M. 2002. Exposure to pesticides as risk factor for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia: pooled analysis of two Swedish case-control studies. Leuk Lymphoma 43:1043-9. 14 Zheng T, Zahm SH, Cantor KP, Weisenburger DD, Zhang Y, Blair A. 2001. Agricultural exposure to carbamate pesticides and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. J Occup Environ Med 43:641-9. 15 Schinasi L, Leon ME. 2014. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Occupational Exposure to Agricultural Pesticide Chemical Groups and Active Ingredients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11(4):4449–4527. 16 Chauhan LK, Pant N, Gupta SK, Srivastava SP. 2000. Induction of chromosome aberrations, micronucleus formation and sperm abnormalities in mouse following carbofuran exposure. Mutat Res 465(1-2):123-9. 17 Ivanova L. 2010. The study of insecticide carbofuran exposure on reproductive system of juvenile Wistar rats. Toxicol Letts Abstracts S190 P204-023. 18 Dayton SB, Sandler DP, Blair A, Alavanja M, Beane Freeman LE, Hoppin JA. 2010. Pesticide use and myocardial infarction incidence among farm women in the agricultural health study. J Occup Environ Med 52(7):693-7. 19 Moser VC, McDaniel KL, Phillips PM, Lowit AB. 2010. Time-Course, Dose-Response, and Age Comparative Sensitivity of N-Methyl Carbamates in Rats. Toxicol Sci 114 (1):113-123.


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inhibitionofneurogenesisandaltersfatespecificationofthesynthesizedcells,andbehaviouraldeficitsduringadolescenceinrats.20Carbofuranisnephrotoxicandcausesoxidativestress.Inastudyonmalerats,Kauretalfoundsignificantincreasesinureaandcreatininelevelsinserumalongwiththeinhibitionofacetylcholinesterase.Theantioxidan21tdefensesystemwasalteredintermsofincreasedlipidperoxidation,reducedglutathione,andtotalthiolsanddecreasedactivityofantioxidantenzymes(superoxidedismutaseandcatalase).2.EcotoxicologicalpropertiesCarbofuran was cytogenic in root meristem cells of Allium cepa, causing concentration‐dependentinhibitionofmitoticindexandinductionofmitoticandchromosomalaberrations.22Astudyonsublethaltoxicityofcarbofurantocatfishfoundthatit istoxictotheliver,kidney,gills,gonadsandmusclesafter35daysofexposure.ItcausedDNAdamage,oxidateivstressandendocrinedisruption.Itinducedasignificant(po0.05)increaseincortisolandtriiodothyronine;themeanlevelsofthyroxin,testosterone,andestradiolexhibitedsignificantdecreases(po0.05)in carbofuran‐treated fish. Glycogen levels showed a highly significant decrease in liver andgills (po 0.001), a significant decrease (po 0.05) in kidney and muscles, and insignificantchanges(p40.05)ingonadsoftreatedfish.ThetwometabolicenzymesG6PDHandLDHinalltissues exhibited significant decreases (po0.05) in treated fish. The oxidative markers SOD,CAT, GSH and GST levels showed significant decreases (po0.05) in all tissues of fish afterexposuretocarbofuran.Lipidperoxidationlevelsincreasedsignificantly(po0.05)inalltissuesexceptgonadsafter5weeksofexposuretocarbofuran.23CarbofuranadverselyaffectedthefreshwaterflagellateEuglenagracilisduringshort‐andlong‐termexposures, inparticular cell density,motility, swimming velocity, cell shape, gravitacticorientation,photosyntheticefficiency,andconcentrationoflightharvestingpigments.24Carbofuranistoxictoearthworms,withthereportedLC50of9mga.i/kgsoil,EC50of1.7,andEC10of0.60,inthetropicalearthwormPerionyxexcavatus.25ResiduesofcarbofuranhavebeenfoundinfishinPakistan.2627IthasalsobeenmeasuredintheRiverRavianditstributariesinPakistan,28andsedimentintheIndusRiver.29

20 Mishra D, Tiwari SK, Agarwal S, Sharma VP, Chaturvedi RK. 2012. Prenatal carbofuran exposure inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis and causes learning and memory deficits in offspring. Toxicol Sci 127(1):84-100. 21 Kaur B, Khera A, Sandhir R. 2012. Attenuation of cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms in kidney of rats intoxicated with carbofuran. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 26(10):393-8. 22 Saxena PN, Gupta SK, Murthy RC. 2010. Carbofuran induced cytogenetic effects in root meristem cells of Allium cepa and Allium sativum: A spectroscopic approach for chromosome damage. Pestic Biochem Physiol 96:93–100.

23 Ibrahim AT, Harabawy AS. 2014. Sublethal toxicity of carbofuran on the African catfish Clarias gariepinus: Hormonal, enzymatic and antioxidant responses. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 106:33-9.

24 Azizullah A, Richter P, Häder DP. 2011. Comparative toxicity of the pesticides carbofuran and malathion to the freshwater flagellate Euglena gracilis. Ecotoxicology 20(6):1442-54. 25 De Silva PM, Pathiratne A, van Gestel C. 2009. Toxicity of chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, mancozeb and their formulations to the tropical earthworm Perionyx excavatus. Appl Soil Ecol 44(1):56–60. 26 Akhtar M1, Mahboob S2, Sultana S1, Sultana T1, Alghanim KA3, Ahmed Z3. 2014. Assessment of pesticide residues in flesh of Catla catla from Ravi River, Pakistan. Scientific World Journal 2014:708532.


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3.IncidentsHumanA38‐year‐old,healthymaleworkeremployedinacarbofuranproductionfacilityaccidentallyinhaled the dust of the active ingredient carbofuran. Thirty minutes later, he experiencedweakness, fatigue, perspiration, breathing difficulties, cephalalgia, disorientation, abdominalpain and vomiting. Blood samples were taken to measure cholinesterase activity, and toperform the alkaline comet assay and micronucleus assay combined with pancentromericprobes. Analyses were repeated 72 hr after intoxication and compared with the resultsobtained from regular monitoring conducted 10 days prior to the accident. Cholinesteraseactivity showed the highest correlationwith the number of apoptotic cells, comet assay taillength, and number of long‐tailed nuclei, suggesting that these are the genomic end‐pointsprimarilyaffectedbycarbofuranintake.30CarbamatepoisoningistheleadingcauseofpoisoninginThailand.Inaretrospectivestudyofcases of carbamate poisoning due to occupational exposure recorded in the RamathibodiPoisonCenterToxicExposureSurveillancesystemduring2005to2010,96cases(56.5%)werepoisoned by carbofuran. The clinical manifestations of occupational carbofuran poisoningrecordedwerenauseaandvomiting(82.3%),headaches(56.3%)andmiosis(19.8%).31An investigation into a reported epidemic of illness in youngmale farmers, characterisedbythoracicpain,dyspnea,edemaoflowerlimbandface,hypotensionandbradycardia,inSenegalin2000,concludedthatthesymptomsweresuggestiveofpoisoningbyapesticideformulationdistributed by the government to groundnut farmers, containing carbofuran, thiram andbenomyl.Casesofdeathwerealsoreported,precededbyabdominalpain.Thestudyreportedthat carbofuran is the most toxic of the three active ingredients, and that intoxication byinhalationwith carbofuran causesmuscarinic andnicotinic signs of intoxication.Respiratorysymptoms appear very early: cough, throat pain, asthmatic dyspnea, and bronchialhypersecretion;andfollowingthisthereistherapidappearanceofthemuscarinicandnicotinicsigns of intoxication. Themuscarinic signs aremyosis, hypersalivation, bradycardia, arterialhypotension,andasthmaticdyspnea.Thenicotinic signsaremuscular fasciculations, cramps,involuntary movements, and paralysis of the respiratory muscles, then tachycardia,hypertension,confusion,ataxia,convulsivecoma,riskofhaemodynamicshock,andbronchialobstruction by hypersecretion and bronchoconstriction. In California, symptoms mostcommonly reportedby 34 farmers presenting illness following exposure to carbofuranwere

27 Jabeen F, Chaudhry AS, Manzoor S, Shaheen T. 2015. Examining pyrethroids, carbamates and neonicotenoids in fish, water and sediments from the Indus River for potential health risks. Environ Monit Assess 187(2):29. 28 Akhtar M, Mahboob S, Sultana S, Sultana T. 2014. Pesticides in the River Ravi and its tributaries between its stretches from Shahdara to Balloki Headworks, Punjab-Pakistan. Water Environ Res 86(1):13-9. 29 Jabeen F, Chaudhry AS, Manzoor S, Shaheen T. 2015. Examining pyrethroids, carbamates and neonicotenoids in fish, water and sediments from the Indus River for potential health risks. Environ Monit Assess 187(2):29. 30 Zeljezic D, Vrdoljak AL, Kopjar N, Radic B, Milkovic Kraus S. 2008. Cholinesterase-inhibiting and genotoxic effects of acute carbofuran intoxication in man: a case report. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 103(4):329-35. 31 Tongpoo A, Sriapha C, Wongvisawakorn S, Rittilert P, Trakulsrichai S, Wananukul W. 2015. Occupational carbamate poisoning in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2015 Jul;46(4):798-804.


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nausea,headache,eyeirritation,muscleweakness,tearing,vomiting,andsalivation.Themostcommonlyobservedsignwasbradycardia.32AnimalThere have been numerous incidences of bird and otherwildlife poisoningwith carbofuran.One review reported that “Based on typical Midwest cornfields, use of granular carbofuranresultedinanestimatedannualmortalityrateof3.0to16songbirdsperhaoftreatedfield,thehigher number corresponding to better field edge habitat. Much larger kills also occurredwherefieldsborderednon‐crophabitatmoresuitableforbirds.AtthepeakofitspopularityintheUnitedStates,thissingleproductwasconservativelygivingrisetoanestimatedannuallossof17‐91millionbirdsincornfieldsalone.”33InKenya,itislinkedtothepoisoningoflions,birds,hyenas,camelsandhippos.34South Africa: During a six‐year period (from January 2009 to December 2014), specimenscollectedfrom344casesofsuspectedorganophosphorusandcarbamatepesticidepoisoningsin wildlife, including birds, were submitted to the Toxicology Laboratory (ARC‐OVI) foranalysis.Apositivediagnosiswasmadein135(39%)ofthesecases.Themajorityofcaseswerefrom birds, which included Cape vultures (Gyps coprotheres) and African white‐backedvultures (Gyps africanus) and bateleur eagles (Terathopius ecaudatus). In one incident 49vultureswerekilledwhenafarmerintentionallylacedcarcasseswithcarbofuraninanattemptto control jackal predation. There were 22 incidents of poisoning in helmeted guineafowl(Numidameleagris).Onninedifferentoccasionsbluecranes(Anthropoidesparadiseus)werepoisoned, in one incident 14 birds were reported to have been killed. Over the period ofinvestigation, there were 20 cases of poisoning involving mammalian species, the majoritybeingvervetmonkeys(Chlorocebuspygerythrus).Thecarbamatepesticideswereresponsiblefor57incidentsofpoisoning.Aldicarb,carbofuranandmethomylweredetectedin26,18and12casesrespectively.Themajorityoforganophosphoruspesticidepoisoningswerecausedbydiazinon(n=19),monocrotophos(n=13)andmethamidophos(n=10).35Carbofuranhasbeenusedtoillegallykilldomesticanimals,e.g.inBrazil36andSpain.374.AlternativePestControlPracticesTherearenumerousagroecologicalalternativestocarbofurandependingonthepestandthecropinwhichitneedstobemanaged.TwoPANsourcesmayhelptoidentifytheappropriateresponse:

32 Gomes Do Espirito Santo ME, Marrama L, Ndiaye K, Coly M, Faye O. 2002. Investigation of deaths in an area of groundnut plantations in Casamance, South of Senegal after exposure to Carbofuran, Thiram and Benomyl. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 12(5):381-8. 33 Minneau P. 2005. Direct losses of birds to pesticides –beginnings of a quantification. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-191. 34 Kabukuru W. 2010. Bad for America, good for East Africa. New African No 501. December. https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-248736289/bad-for-america-good-for-east-africa 35 Botha CJ, Coetser H, Labuschagne L, Basson A. 2015. Confirmed organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide poisonings in South African wildlife (2009-2014). J S Afr Vet Assoc 86(1):E1-4. 36 de Siqueira A, Salvagni FA, Yoshida AS, Gonçalves-Junior V, Calefi AS, Fukushima AR, Spinosa Hde S, Maiorka PC. 2015. Poisoning of cats and dogs by the carbamate pesticides aldicarb and carbofuran. Res Vet Sci 102:142-9. 37 Motas-Guzmán M, Marla-Mojica P, Romero D, Martínez-López E, García-Fernández AJ. 2003. Intentional poisoning of animals in southeastern Spain: a review of the veterinary toxicology service from Murcia, Spain. Vet Hum Toxicol 45(1):47-50.


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WattsMA,WilliamsonS.2015.ReplacingchemicalwithBiology:phasingoutHighlyHazardousPesticideswithAgroecology.PANInternational.http://www.panap.net/campaigns/hhps/international‐instruments/saicm/iccm4/post/2675OnlineInformationServiceforNon‐ChemicalPestManagementintheTropics:http://www.oisat.org/AdditionallytheinformationcontainedinthePOPRCEvaluationofNonchemicalAlternativestoEndosulfanmyalsobeappropriateforreplacingcarbofurandependingonthepestandcrop.38Itisnotpossibletoprovidemoreexactinformationuntilthepestandcropareidentified.

38 UNEP/POPS/POPRC.8/INF/14/Rev.1

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