M.Sc. PHYSICS CURRICULAM -2009 Ad 1. The M.Sc. Physics degree course of Kannur University shall consists of four semesters and spread over two academic years. Each semester shall have a minimum of 90 working days with 5 hours of instruction per day. A five day week will be followed. There shall be a continuous Internal assessment and an External examination conducted by the University after each semester. The End Semester Examination will be held during last 10 working days of a semester. 2. There shall be 16 theory papers, four in each semester. Of these two papers shall be optional, one each in 3 rd and 4 th semester. There shall be 3 practical papers, two spread over 1 st and 2 nd semesters and one confined in the 3 rd and 4 th semesters. A project work is compulsory during 3 rd and 4 th semesters. Each student has to give two seminars. One each in 2 nd and 4 th semesters. The evaluation of the seminars will be purely internal. There will be an internal viva-voce examination at the end of 1 st , 3 rd and 4 th semesters. There will be external viva-voce examination at the end of 2 nd and 4 th semesters. 3. Each theory, practical and project paper will have 4 hours per week, making up 24 hours per week. The remaining 1 hour will be for conducting seminar. 4. Each student has to maintain a record of laboratory observations for each practical paper. The practical examination shall be of 5 hours duration. The record of laboratory observation (Lab notes) should be certified by the concerned lecturer-in-charge of the practical classes and its valuation is purely internal. However, it should be endorsed by the external examiners. The theory examinations will be of three hours duration. 5. Evaluation criteria I. Internal marks for Theory papers: Test paper (best two out of three) = 3 x 2 = 6 marks Assignment = 2 marks Attendance = 2 marks [above 86% =2 75% to 85% =1] Total = 10 marks 1
Transcript
M . S c . P H Y S I C S C U R R I C U L A M - 2 0 0 9 A d
1. The M.Sc. Physics degree course of Kannur University shall consists of four semesters and spread over two academic years. Each semester shall have a minimum of 90 working days with 5 hours of instruction per day. A five day week will be followed. There shall be a continuous Internal assessment and an External examination conducted by the University after each semester. The End Semester Examination will be held during last 10 working days of a semester.
2. There shall be 16 theory papers, four in each semester. Of these two papers shall be optional, one each in 3rd and 4th semester. There shall be 3 practical papers, two spread over 1st and 2nd semesters and one confined in the 3rd and 4th semesters. A project work is compulsory during 3rd and 4th semesters. Each student has to give two seminars. One each in 2nd and 4th semesters. The evaluation of the seminars will be purely internal. There will be an internal viva-voce examination at the end of 1st, 3rd and 4th semesters. There will be external viva-voce examination at the end of 2nd and 4th semesters.
3. Each theory, practical and project paper will have 4 hours per week, making up 24 hours per week. The remaining 1 hour will be for conducting seminar.
4. Each student has to maintain a record of laboratory observations for each practical paper. The practical examination shall be of 5 hours duration. The record of laboratory observation (Lab notes) should be certified by the concerned lecturer-in-charge of the practical classes and its valuation is purely internal. However, it should be endorsed by the external examiners. The theory examinations will be of three hours duration.
5. Evaluation criteriaI. Internal marks for Theory papers:
Test paper (best two out of three) = 3 x 2 = 6 marksAssignment = 2 marksAttendance = 2 marks[above 86% =2 75% to 85% =1]
Total = 10 marksII. Practical:
The existing norms will continue for external valuations. The Board of Examination will clarify these norms in the case of external examinations. There shall be two external examiners for practical. In the case of electronics experiments it must be a practice to solder the components on a PCB/ Dot board in order to provide a training for the students to have a neat layout of the circuit. Internal marks for practical:- Regularity & Attendance – 20%
Tests – 60%Record – 20%
III. Project: The project work will be guided by a teacher. No group project is allowed. The
project work will be valued by two external examiners. They are invariably the same examiners who are appointed to conduct practical examination in that centre.The project report must be submitted by each student at the end of 4 th semester to the department of physics of the respective college. The project report is to be submitted for evaluation during the appearance of practical III (PH 405) by the candidate to the examiners concerned. The project evaluation interaction is to be done on a later date after the practical examination (i.e. PH405) by the same two examiners.
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There shall be no continuous assessment for project work.There will not be revaluation and reappearance chances for the project work and viva-voce. PH 406 project paper carries 80 marks. The split up mark is given below:
The other norms regarding project evaluation will be clarified by the Board of examination concerned. The total gravity of work of the project may be approximately 120 hours.
IV. VIVA-VOCE:The existing norms will continue for both internal and external valuations. The Board of Examinations will clarify these norms in the case of external examinations.
V. SEMINARS:The seminar topic shall be related to the thrust areas in physics or topics related to the multi-disciplinary areas associated with physics. Research papers or Review articles are preferred to select as the reference material of the seminar. The text of the seminar shall be submitted to the concerned teacher well in advance. the evaluation scheme is
Content - 10 marksPresentation - 5 marksDiscussion - 5 marks
Total - 20 marks
6. The minimum marks required for a pass is 40% of the total marks in each paper including the practical, seminars, viva-voce and project. There shall be a separate minimum of 30% for each theory and practical paper in the external End Semester Examination (ESA). Candidate who fails in a particular theory or practical paper/papers can reappear for such papers in the subsequent regular examination. He or she can reappear for theory and practical papers already qualified as well for improvement. Passed candidates willing to improve their results can reappear for theory and practical papers of their choice, but a candidate can exercise this option only for twice, that too within 4 years after admission to the course. There will be no provision for either reappearance or improvement in the internal examinations, project work and viva-voce.
7. A committee consisting of the Head of the Department and all other teachers of the department teaching in PG programme shall monitor the conduct of the courses and evaluation of continuous assessment. The complaints regarding the evaluation of students, if any shall be examined by this committee. The results of the continuous assessment shall be displayed on the Notice Board with in 5 working days from the last day of a semester. The complaints, if any have to be submitted to the Head of the Department concerned within 3 working days from the display of CA results. These complaints shall be examined by the Department level committee and which shall arrive at a decision regarding awarding of marks. The decision shall be communicated to the student.
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COURSE STRUCTURE AND MARK DISTRIBUTION
SEMESTER
PAPER
CODE TITLE OF PAPERMAXIMUM MARKS
INTERNAL EXTERNAL TOTAL
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PH 101 Mathematical Physics-I 10 50 60
PH 102 Classical Mechanics 10 50 60
PH 103 Electronics 10 50 60
PH 104Numerical Techniques and Computer Programming 10 50 60
1. Each question has three parts – Section-A, Section-B and Section-C.2. Section-A contains four essays of which the candidate has to answer any two and each
question carries 10 marks.3. Section-B contains eight questions spanning the entire syllabus of which the candidate has
to answer five question and each question carries 3 marks.4. Section-C contains five problems spanning the entire syllabus. The candidate has to answer
three questions and each question carries 5 marks.
1. Coordinate Systems and VectorsCurvilinear coordinates. Circular cylindrical coordinates and spherical polar coordinates. Coordinate transformation. Rotation. Definition of vectors. differential vector operators indifferent coordinate systems.
2. MatricesDeterminants. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous linear equations. Orthogonal matrices. Hermitian and Unitary matrices. Diagonilisation of matrices. Norm. Simultaneous diagonalisation.
3. Tensor AnalysisDefinition of tensor. Contraction. Direct product. Pseudo tensors. Metric tensor. Kronecker delta and Levi-Civita tensors.
4. Complex VariablesCauchy-Reiman condition. Contour integrals. Cauchy integral theorem and Cauchy integral formula. Laurent expansion. Singular points. Simple pole and mth order pole. Evaluation of residues. Calculus of residues and applications.
5. Second Order Differential EquationsPartial differential equations. Separation of variables. Ordinary series solutions. Frobeneus method. Second solution. Self adjoint differential equation.
6. Special FunctionsGama and Beta functions. Bessel functions. Bessel functions of first and second kind. Generatiing functions. Recurrence relations. Orthogonality. Neuman function. Legendre polynomials. Generating function. Recurrence relation. Rodrigues formula. Orthogonality. Associated Legendre polynomials. Spherical harmonics. Hermite and Laguerre polynomials.
Text Books
1. Arfken and Weber. Mathematical Methods for physicists, Prism Books.2. P.K. Chattopadhyaya, Mathematical Physics, New Age International.
References
1. Pipes and Harvil. Applied Mathematics for Physicists and Engineers, Mc Graw Hill.2. Sathyaprakash, Mathematical Physics, S.Chand and Co.3. R. Courant and D.Hilbert, Methods of Mathematical Physics, Wiley Eastern.
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PH 102-CLASSICAL MECHANICS
1. Lagrangian formulation
Elementary ideas of calculus of variation – Euler – Lagrangian equation – one dependent and independent variables-several dependent variable-Hamiltons principle-Deductin of Hamiltons principle-Lagranges equatin from Hamiltons principle-Hamiltonian function.
2. Hamiltonian Formulation.
Configuration space and phase space-Hamiltons canonical equation-applications of Hamiltons equation-Two dimensional lsoptropic harmonic oscillator-Particle in a central force field-Charged particle in an electromagnetic field-Kepler problem.
Hamilton-Jacobi equations-Hamiltons principle and characteristic functions-Hamilton Jacobi equation for liner Harmonic equation-Action angle variable-Hamilton-Jacobi formulation of Kepler problem-Hamilton-Jacobi equation and Schrodinger equation.
5. Rigid Body DynamicsSpace fixed and body fixed systems of coordinates-Description of rigid body motion in terms of direction cosines and Euler angles-Infinitesimal rotations-Rate of change of a vector-Centrifugal and Coriolois forces-moment of Inertia Tensor-Euler’s equation of motion-force free motion of a symmetric top.
6. Small OscillationsFormulation of the problem-Lagranges equations of motion for small oscillations-Eigen value equation-Frequency of free vibrations-Normal co-ordinates-Normal frequencies-Free vibrations of a linear triatomic molecule.
Text Book
Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, Addison-wesley
References
1. Rana. N. C and Joag. P.S, Classical Mechanics, TMH2. Takwale. R.G. and Puranik, P.S, Introduction to Classical Mechanics, TMH3. Bhatia V.B, Classical Mechanics, Narosa4. Griffith, A.J, Classical Mechanics, McGraw HILL5. Kiran C Gupta, Classical Mechanics of Particle and Rigid Bodies, New Age.
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PH 103- ELECTRONICS
1. Operational Amplifier characteristicsBasic differential Amplifier Analysis Active loads in differential Amplifier-CMRR-Input offset voltage and input offset current of the Bipolar Transistor differential amplifiers-the ideal Operational amplifier-Inverting and Noninverting Amplifiers-Closed Loop Voltage gain-virtual ground-Practical inverting Op-amp-Ideal Noninverting Op-Amp-the voltage follower – practical Noninverting Op-Amp- Op-Amp parameters-General Description of various stages used in OP-Amp-Type 741-Open-loop and closed loop frequency response-Frequency Compensation-Dominant Pole Compensation-slew rate-slew rate equation.
(Book No: 3 Unit 7.1 to 7.8)2. Applications of Operational Amplifiers
Basic Op-Amp circuits-summing and difference Amplifiers-integrator and differentiator-Linear Op-Amp circuits-Current to Voltage and Voltage to current converter-current Amplifiers-Nonlinear Op-Amp circuits-Log Amplifiers- Voltage comparators using Op-amps- Zero crossing detector –Schmitt Trigger-square and pulse wave generators –Triangular and saw-tooth wave generators. (Book No. 3 Unit 8,9)
3. Active FiltersGeneral Characteristics of filters-First order Active filters- Second order Active filters
(Book No. 3 Unit 9)4. Digital electronics
a) Multiplexers-de multiplexers-applications of Multiplexers(Book No. 2 Units 7.22, 7.23, 7.24)
b) Flip-Flops and Timing circuits (Book No. 2 Unit 8)c) Shift registers-Buffer register-controlled buffer register-Serial in serial out, serial in
parallel out parallel in parallel out, parallel in serial out Shift registers-(Book No. 2 Unit 9)
e) Digital –to-analog and analog-to-digital converters-R-2R ladder type DAC-counter method ADC-successive approximation type ADC. (Book No. 2 Unit 13)
f) Memories-RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM (Book No. 2 Unit 14)g) Introduction to Microprocessors –Microprocessors-Microcomputers-Intel 8085-
Functional block diagram-ALU, Timing and control unit-Register array-Instruction register and decoder-interrupt control and serial I/O control. Demultiplexing the AD bus. Generating control signals. Architecture of 8085. Decoding and executing an instruction.
(Book No. 4 Ch. 3)Text Books
1. Jacob Millman & Christos C.Halkias-Integrated Electronics, McGraw-Hill2. A.Anand Kumar –fundamental of Digital Circuits –Prentice Hall of India3. K.R Botkar-Integrated circuits-Khanna publishers (ninth edition)4. Ramesh Gaonkar – Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Applications with the
8085 –Penram international publishing (fifth edition)References
1. Ramakant A. Gayakwad-Op-Amps and Linear integrated Circuits2. Jacob Milman and Arvin Grabel, Mrcro Electronics (2nd Ed) Mc Graw Hill
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3. Malvino & Leech-Digital principle and Applications (4th Ed) TMH4. Floyd T.L. Digital fundamentals, Printice Hall5. Theodare F Bogart Jr. Introduction to Digital circuits, Mc.Graw Hill
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PH 104 NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES AND COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
1. Roots of transcendental equations: Bisection (half interval) method, solution by iteration, convergence criterion, order of convergence, Newton-Raphson method and graphical interpretation.
2. Differences: Forward, backward and central differences, Difference tables, Detection of errors, Differences for polynomials.
3. Interpolations and Curve fitting: Linear interpolation polynomial interpolation, Lagrange interpolating polynomial, Difference calculus, Detection of errors, Newton forward and backward difference formulas, Least squares curve fitting (linear and non-linear polynomials)
4. Numerical Integration: Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s methods, (1/3 and 3/8), Newton cote’s method, Gauss quadrature.
5. Ordinary differential equations: Initial value problems, solution of ordinary differential equations –Modified Euler’s method, Milne’s method. Runge-Kutta methods, one dimensional Schrödinger equation.
6. Fortran programming fundamentals: Fortran constants and variables, Type declarations, Arithmetic operators, Hierarchy, Arithmetic expressions, Logical operators and expressions, Arithmetical and assignment statements, special functions, Input/Output statements, Relational operators, Control statements (go, to, arithmetic and logical if), Do loop, repeat while, Dimensioned variables, Formats, subprograms, Functions and sub routines, common declaration, File operations (creating, reading, writing, up dating and merging of sequential files).
7. C++ programming: Constructors and destructors, parameterized constructors and destructors, copy constructor, dynamic constructors, pointers, address operator, pointers to object and functions, pointers and arrays, pointers and strings, files and file operations, - opening, closing, end-of-file, file pointers and manipulations, sequential I/O operations.
Text Books
1. S.S.Shastry: “Introductory methods of Numerical Analysis (Prentice Hall of India, 1983) 4th Ed.
2. V.Rajaraman: “Computer Programming in Fortran 77” (Prentice Hall of India, 1999)3. E. Balaguruswamy: “Object oriented programming with C++ 2008 (Tata Mc Graw
Hill publishing Co.)
Reference Books:
1. J.H.Rice : “Numerical methods – Software and analysis” (Mc Graw Hill, 1983)2. J.B Scarborough : “ Numerical mathematical analysis” (Oxford and IBH, 6th
edition)3. Hildebrand : “ Numerical analysis” 4. fortran 77 (Second edition) Madhumangal pal Asian Books Private Limited.
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PH 201 - Mathematical Physics II
1. Integral EquationsIntroduction. Integral transforms. Generating functions. Neuman series. Separable (degenerate) kernels. Hilbert-Schmidt theory.
2. Green’s FunctionsDefinition. General properties. Eigen function expansion. One dimensional Green’s function. Green’s function in two and three dimensions.
3. Introduction to Group TheoryGroups. Multiplication table. Rearrangement theorem. Conjugate elements and classes. Sub groups. Direct product groups. Isomorphism and homomorphism. Permutation groups.
4. Representation of GroupsUnitary representation. Schur’s lemmas. Orthogonality theorm and its proof.. Interpretation. Character of a representation. Character table. Irreducible representation of Abelian and non-abelian groups. Basic ideas of continuous groups. SU(2) and its representation. SU(3) group.
5. Non-linear Methods and chaosOne dimensional and two dimensional logistic maps. Chaos in one and two dimensional maps. Fractals. Critical points and bifurcations. Ideas of integrability and nonintegrability of differential equations. Chaos in differential equations.
6. Infinite series: (Chapter 5 Arfkan)Fundamental concepts – Convergence Tests – alternating series – algebra of series – series of functions – Taylor’s expansion. Power series, Elliptical Integrals – Bernoulli numbers, Eulers – Maclaurian formula – Infinite products.
Text Books
1. Arfken and Weber. Mathematical Methods for Physicists. Prism Books.2. Riley K.F and Hobssan. Mathematical Methods for Physicists & Eng-Cambridge3. Joshy. A.W. Group Theory for Physicists Wiley Eastern.4. Kathleen T Aligood, Tim and James. An Introduction to Dynamical Systems. Springer.5. Michel Tabor, Chaos and integrebility in Nonlinear Dynamics, Wiley Eastern.
References:
1. Pipes and Harvil, Applied Mathematics for Physicists and Engineers, Mc Graw Hill. 2. Sathyaprakash, Mathematical Physics, S.Chand and Co.3. R.Courant and D.Hilbert, Methods of Mathematical Physics, Wiley Eastern.4. Kumar M. Deterministic Chaos, University Press.
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PH 202 – QUANTUM MECHANICS I
1. Algebra of Linear Vector SpaceLinear Vector Space. Orthonormal basis. Hilbert Space. Function Space. Operators, different types of operators. Commuting operators. Dirac notation. Matrix representation of vectors. operators and bases. Unitary transformations. Coordinate and Momentum representations.
2. The Formulation of Quantum MechanicsFundamental postulates. The equation of motion – Schrödinger, Heisenberg and Interaction pictures. Uncertainty principle, Wave packet and its time development. Linear harmonic oscillator in Schrödinger and Heisenberg pictures.
3. Theory of Angular Momentum and Hydrogen AtomDefinition of angular momentum. Eigen values and eigen vectors. Angular momentum matrices. Pauli spin matrices. Orbital angular momentum. Angular momentum and rotation. Euler angles. Addition of angular momenta. Clebsch-gordon coefficients. Theory of hydrogen atom.
4. Symmetry and Conservation LawsSpace-time symmetries. Displacement in space and time. Space rotation. Space inversion. Time reversal. Identical particles. Symmetric and anti-symmetric wave functions. Pauli’s exclusion principle. Spin and statistics. Two electron systems. Helium atom.
5. Approximation Methods for Time-independent problemsVariation method for bound states. Ground state of Helium atom. Time-independent perturbation theory, non-degenerate and degenerate cases. Anharmonic oscillator. Stark and Zeeman effects in Hydrogen atom.
Text Books
1. Thankappan V.K, Quantum Mechanics, Wiley Eastern.2. Ghatak and Lokanathan, Quantum Mechanics, Macmillan.3. Amit Goswami, Quantum Mechanics. Wm C. Brown Publishers.4. Bransden and Joachain, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, ELBS.
References:
1. Sakuari J.J, Modern Quantum Mechanics, Addison – Wesley.2. Schiff L.L, Quantum Mechanics, Mc Graw Hill.3. Powell and Crasemann, Quantum Mechanics, Addison-wesley.4. Stephen Gasirowiez, Quantum Physics, Wiley.5. Messiah A, Quantum Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons.6. Cohen Tannoudji C. Diub and Laloe, Quantum Mechanics, Wil7. Eugence Merzbacher, Quantum Mechanics8. Dirac P.A.M, Principles of Quantum Mechanics.
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PH 203 - SOLID STATE PHYSICS
1. Crystal Structure Reciprocal lattice-Diffraction of waves by crystals-Brillouin zones.
Book 1 Chapters 1&22. Crystal vibrations
Vibrations of crystals with monotomic and diatomic basis-Phonon heat capacity –Density of states in one and three dimensions-Einstein and Debye models.
Book 1. Chapters 4 & 53. Free electron Fermi gas
Fermi-Dirac distribution-Free electron gas in three dimension – Heat capacity of electron gas-Electrical conductivity and Ohm’s law-Motion in magnetic fields-Hall effect-Nearly free-electron model-origin and magnitude of energy gap.
Book 1. Chapters 6 & 74. Semiconductor crystals
Band gap-equations of motion-holes-Effective mass-Intrinsic carrier concentration –Impurity conductivity-Donor and acceptor states.
Langevin diamagnetism equation-quantum theory of Para magnetism –Cooling by isentropic demagnetization-Paramagnetic susceptibility of conduction electrons-curie point and exchange integral-Magnons - ferrimagnetic order-antiferromagnetic order-ferromagnetic domains.
Book 1. Chapters 14 & 157. Introduction to Nano Science and Nano Technology:
The nanoscale. What is Nano technology? Top down and bottom up approaches, nano materials – nano particles, quantum dots, nano wires, carbon nano tubes, nano composites.
Nano Materials: Structural Characterization – X-ray diffraction, particle size determination – Scherer formula: Instrumentation : TEM, SEM, STM, AFM (Qualitative ideas) Mechanical, optical, Electronic and Magnetic properties of Nanomaterials (Qualitative)
Text Books1. C.Kittel-Introduction to Solid State Physics-VII Edition –John Wiley & Sons.2. M.A.Wahab –Solid State Physics-Structure and Properties of Materials-Narosa Pub.
References1. A.J.Dekker –Solid State Physics – Macmillan2. Azaroff.V –Introduction to Solids-TMH3. Omar Ali-Elementary Solid State Physics-Addison Wesley.4. J.S.Blakemore-Solid State Physics-Cambridge University Press.5. S.O.Pillai-solid State Physics-New Age International Publishers.
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6. Gupta-Solid State Physics – Vikas Publishing7. V.S Muraleedharan & A Subramania – Nano Science & Technology- Ane Books Pvt
Ltd,2009 8. Bharat Bhushan(Ed), Hand book of Nano Technology, Springer 2003 9. Gouzhong Cao, Nano structure and Nano materials: Synthesis, Properties and
applications, Imperial college press, 2004
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PH 204 – ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
1. Atomic SpectroscopyIntroduction spectra of hydrogen like iron- alkali spectra many electron systems –L-s and J-J coupling forbidden transitions and selection rules – space quantization – Stern –Gerlach experiment Zeeman effect normal and anomalous – g factor -lande g formula-Paschen-Back effect, Stark effect, hyperfine structure of spectral lines.
2. Microwave and Infrared SpectroscopyReview of rotational and vibrational spectra. Breakdown of Born-Oppenheimer approximation – the vibrations of polyatomic molecules – rotation –vibration spectra of polyatomic molecules – linear and symmetric top molecules –microwave spectrometer –I R spectrophotometer – FTIR spectroscopy – applications of IR spectroscopy –molecular structure –biological applications.
3. Raman SpectroscopyClassical theory of Raman effect –polarizability ellipsoid – pure rotational Raman spectra of linear molecules and symmetric top molecules –vibrational Raman spectra – Raman activity of vibrations – examples of H2O and CO2 – rule of mutual exclusion – vibrational Raman spectra of symmetric top molecules CHCl3 –structure determination using Raman and IR spectroscopy molecules of type XY2,XY3,XY4 – schematic diagram of Raman spectrometer.
4. Electronic Spectroscopy of MoleculesElectronic spectra of diatomic molecules – vibrational coarse structure – progressions – Franck – Condon principle – rotational fine structure of electronic vibration transitions - the Fortrat diagram – dissociation and predissociation – photo electron spectroscopy –principle and schematic diagram of a photo electron spectrometer.
5. Spin Resonance SpectroscopyInteraction between nuclear spin and magnetic field –Larmour precession – resonance condition – the chemical shift – example of CH3OH –block diagram of NMR spectrometer – NMR in medicine (MRI) –principle of ESR – block diagram of ESR spectrometer.
6. Mossbauer SpectroscopyPrinciples of Mossbauer spectroscopy – Mossbauer effect experimental arrangement – chemical shift – quadrupole effects – effect of magnetic field – crystal field effects – examples of 57Fe applications –electronic structure – molecular structure – crystal symmetry and magnetic structure surface studies – biological application.
Text Books1. B.P Straughn & S.Walker: Spectroscopy vol 1 & 11 (Chapman and Hall)2. C.N Banwell & E.M Mc Cash: Fundamentals of molecular Spectroscopy (TMH)3. Herzberg G: Molecular Spectra & Molecular Structure Vol.I,II and III(Van Nostrand)
References:1. H.E White: Introduction to Atomic Spectra (MGH)2. G.Aruldas: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy (Prentice Hall)3. C.P.Menon: Thanmathreeya Spectroscopy (Language lr)
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PH 205 – PRACTICAL – I- GENERAL PHYSICS
(At least 16 Experiments should be done, 8 in the first semester and 8 in the second semester)
List of Experiments1. Meyer’s oscillating disc – Viscosity of Liquid 2. Cornu’s Hyperbolic fringes – Determination of Y, and K with Pyrex.3. Cornu’s elliptical fringes – Determination of Y, and K with glass.4. Stefan’s constant – Determination of Stefan’s constant.5. Thermocouple – Constants, Neutral and inversion temperatures6. Lee’s Disc – K of liquid/powder and air using thermocouple & B.G7. Hysterisis – BH curve using CRO or B.G8. Maxwell’s L.C.Bridge – Determination of R and L of a given coil, C of condenser.9. Frequency bridge – Construction of an oscillator and to find frequency.10. Quincke’s method – Suscptibility of a liquid at different concentrations.11. Guoy’s method – Suscptibility of glass and aluminium.12. Cauchy’s constants Determination of Cauchy’s constants of sodium light 13. Fabrey – Perot Etalon - and thickness of air film14. Koenig’s method - Determination of Y and .15. Searle’s optical Interferometer – Determination of Y16. Vibrating strip – Mode constants17. Expansion of Crystal – By optical interference method18. Hydrogen Spectrum – series limits and Rydberg constant19. Photo electric effect – electronic charge and work function of photo metal20. Photo electric cell – Study of elliptically polarized light using Deadbeat Galvanometer,
Quarter wave plate, Nicol Prism21. Verification of Fresnel’s formula for the reflection of light.22. Fundamental experiments with LASER – diameter of thin wire, Determination of slit
width, Determination of of a mirror substrate 23. LASER – Intensity distribution and divergence of the beam.24. LASER – Pitch of a screw25. LED Characteristics – Determination of wave length of emission, current – voltage
characteristics and variation with temperature. Variation of output power with applied voltage.
Reference Books
1. Dunlap.R.A. Experimental physics – modern methods, oxford university press(1988)2. Malacara.D – Methods of Experimental Physics, Academic press 3. Smith E.V Manuel of Experiments in Applied Physics – Butterworth.4. Worsnop & Flint, Advanced Practical Physics for students, Methusen & Co.5. Practical Physics – S.L.Ganta & Kumar - Paragati Prakashan
At least 18 experiments should be done; 10 in Electronics and 8 in Computer Programming. [6 in C++ and 2 in Fortran]
Electronics (At least 10 should be done)
1. Voltage regulation using transistors with feed back (Regulation characteristic with load for different input voltages)
2. Two stage R.C Coupled amplifier (I/O resistance with and with out feed back)3. Negative feed back amplifier (I/O resistance with and with out feed back)4. R.C Coupled FET amplifier – Common Source. (Frequency response & I/O resistance)5. Differential amplifier using transistors (Frequency response, CMRR)6. Amplitude Modulation and Detection using transistors (Modulation index and
Recovery of modulating signal)7. Darlington pair Amplifier (Gain, Frequency response, I/O resistances)8. Wein Bridge oscillator using OPAMP (for different frequencies distortion due to feed
back resistor)9. Sawtooth Generator using transistors (for different frequencies)10. Miller Sweep Circuits using OPAMPS. (For different frequencies)11. Schmitt Trigger using transistors (Trace Hysterisis Curve, Determine LTP and UTP)12. Schmitt Trigger using OPAMP. (Trace Hysterisis curve, Determine LTP and UTP)13. OPAMP – analog simulation and computation (Integrate the given second order
differential equation). Low pass, High pass and Band pass filters (Frequency response curve)
14. Complementary Symmetry amplifier (Frequency response, I/O resistance)15. Bootstrap Amplifier – (Frequency response(I/O resistance)16. Binary Adders – HA and FA using NAND gates17. D/A converter – a) Binary weighted resistors
b) R-2R Ladder (Four bit or more. Verify output for different digital inputs)18. Study of Flip – Flops. RS & JK using IC 7400 (Verify Truth tables)19. Characteristics of SCR.20. Calculation of rms value of Sine and triangular wave forms.
Reference Books:
1. Paul B Zbar and Malvine A.P – Basic Electronics – a lab manual TMH.2. Begart R and Brown J – Experiments for electronic devices and circuits – Merill
International series.3. Buchla – Digital Experiments – Merill International series.4. Jain R.P and Anand M.M.S Digital Electronics Practice using ICS, TMH.5. Subramanian S.V – Experiments in Electronics – Mac Millan6. S. Poorna Chandra Rao & B.Sasikala – Hand book of Experiments in Electronics and
Communication Engineering.
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Computer Programming in C++(At least 6 should be done)
1. Familiarization of programming – Quadratic equations – solutions – real & complex Matrices - sum, product, Transpose & Trace. Programme to print a table of values for y= Ae at sinbt (Give at least three different values for A, a and b) allow the size of t to be entered as an input parameter.
2. Inverse of a Matrix3. Programme to accept a decimal number as input and print the octal, Hexa decimal,
binary and one’s compliment of the binary as output. 4. Integration of a given function using the Simpson’s 1/3 rule.5. Lagrange Interpolation.6. Solution of a set of linear equations by Gauss’s elimination method.7. To demonstrate Total internal reflection graphically for various values of refractive
indices of the media.8. Simulate motion of the planet around the sun and verify Kepler’s laws. Use Newton –
Feynman method.9. Fourier analysis of a given periodic function.10. Draw the i – d curve for various refractive indexes and study variation with refractive
index.11. Variation of the field along the axis of a circular coil. Graphical representation for
different values of currents and radii of the coils.12. Simulate Brownian motion and random walk in two dimensions – Apply it for the study
of noise.13. Simulate damped harmonic motion and find a) Damping Coefficient b) Relaxation time
c) Q – factor.
Computer Programming – Fortran(At least two should be done)
1. Difference Tables2. Interpolation : To interpolate the value of a function using Lagrange interpolating
polynomial.3. Least square fitting : To obtain the slope and intercept by linear LSF.4. Evaluation of polynomials – Bessel and Lengendre functions: Using the series expansion
and recurrence relations.5. First derivative of a tabulated function by difference tables.6. Numerical Integration : By using Trapezoidal method and Simpson’s method.7. Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations – Newton Raphson method, minimum
of a function.8. Taylor series evaluation : To obtain the values of Sin(x), Cos (x), log(x) and exp(x) by
Taylor series .Reference Books:
1. Numerical methods – E.Balaguruswamy.2. Numerical techniques – Gupta &Malik3. Let’s C++ Yashwanth4. Graphics under C++ Yashwanth Kanetkar5. Object Oriented Programming with C++ – E. Balaguruswamy6. V.Rajaraman ‘ Computer Programming in Fortran 77” Prentice Hall of India, 19997. Fortran 77 (Second Edition) Madhu Mangal Pal (Asian Book Private Ltd)
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PH 301 – QUANTUM MECHANICS II
1. Quantum Mechanics of Atoms and MoleculesSpin-orbit interaction, fine structure of hydrogen atom, anomalous Zeeman effect. The Hartree equation for atoms. Born-Oppenheimer approximation, molecular orbital method and valence bond method with hydrogen molecule ion and hydrogen molecule as examples.
2. Time Dependent Perturbation TheoryTransition probability Applications. Scattering cross section harmonic perturbation. Interaction of an atom with an em wave, induced emission and absorption. Dipole approximation. Scattering amplitude.
3. Theory of ScatteringScattering cross-section. Low energy scattering by a central potential. Method of partial waves, phase shifts, optical theorem. Scattering by a square well potential. The Born approximation. Scattering of identical particles.
4. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics Early developments. The Klein – Gordon equation, charge and current densities. The Dirac equation, Dirac matrices, solution of free particle Dirac equation. Spin of the electron. Equation of continuity. Hole theory. Dirac equation with potentials. Non-relativistic limit. Dirac equation for Hydrogen atom. Spin-orbit coupling Covariance of the Dirac equation. The Weyl’s equation for the neutrino. Non-conservation of parity. Wave equation for photon. Charge conjugation for the Dirac and Klein-Gordon equations. CPT. Theorm.
5. Quantisation of FieldsPrinciples of canonical quantization of fields. Lagrangian density and Hamiltonian density. Second quantization of the Schrodinger field for Bosons and Fermions.
6. Interpretations of quantum mechanicsQuantum theory of measurement. Delayed choice experiment. Einstein-Bohr controversy. EPR paradox. Hidden variables. Bell’s theorm. Epistemological and ontological problems raised by quantum mechanics.
Text Books
1. Thankappan V.K, Quantum Mechanics, Wiley Eastern.2. Gatak and Lokanathan, Quantum Mechanics, Macmillan.3. Amit Goswami, Quantum Mechanics. Wm. C.Brown Publishers.4. Bransden and Joachain, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, ELBS.5. Biswas S.N Quantum Mechanics.References
1. Sakuari J.J, Modern Quantum Mechanics, Addison-Wesley2. Schiff L.L, Quantum Mechanics, Mc Graw Hill.3. Powell and Crascmann, Quantum Mechanics, Addison-Wesley.4. Stepehen Gasirowicz, Quantum Physics, Wiley.5. Cohen Tannoudji C Diub and Laloe, Quantum Mechanics, Wiley.6. Eugence Merzbacher, Quantum Mechanics7. IRA N LEVINE: Quantum Chemistry: Printice Hall of India Ltd.8. P.M Mathews & K.Venketesan – a Text book of Quantum Mechanics Tata Mc.
Graw Hill Co. Ltd, New Delhi, Latest Edition.
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PH 302 ELECTRODYNAMICS
1. Maxwell’s Equations and Propagation of Electromagnetic wavesMaxwell’s equations and their empirical basis-The wave equation – The wave equation with sources – Electromagnetic waves in a nonconducting media – Polarization – Plane monochromatic waves in a conducting media.
2. Electromagnetic waves in bounded regionsReflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves at the boundary of two nonconducting media – a) Normal incidence and b) oblique incidence – Brewster’s angle ,Critical angle-Propagation between parallel conducting plates – Wave guides – Cavity resonators.
3. Potentials and fieldsScalar and vector potential – Retarded Potential – Lienard – Wiechert Potentials – The field of a moving point charge.
4. RadiationWhat is radiation – Electric dipole radiation – Magnetic dipole radiation – Radiation from an arbitrary Source – Power radiated by a point charge – Larmor formula – Radiation reaction – Abraham –Lorentz formula.
5. Relativistic electrodynamicsBasic concepts of Lorentz Transformation – Geometry of space time – Lorentz transformation as an orthogonal transformation – Covariant from of electromagnetic equations like continuity equation, Maxwell’s equations etc – The electromagnetic field tensor – Transformation law for the electromagnetic field.
6. Optical dispersion in materialsDurde – Lorentz harmonic oscillator model for dispersion – Relationship between dielectric constant and microscopic properties of charged particles – Resonance absorption by bound charges – Cauchy relation for refractive index of a transparent material – The Drude free electron theory – Plasma frequency – Hagen – Rubens formula – Mott – Zener formula.
Reference
1. Foundations of electromagnetic Theory – John R.Reitz, Frederic J Milford, Robert W Christy, Third Edition, Narosa Publishing House.
Sections 1,2,5 and 6
2. Introduction to Electrodynamics, Third edition, David J Griffiths, Prentice Hall India
Sections 3 and 4
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PH 303 NUCLEAR PHYSICS
1. Nuclear PropertiesNuclear radius, shape, charge distribution, Mass and abundance of nuclides, Binding energy, semi-empirical mass formula, Angular momentum and parity, Electromagnetic moments, excited states.
2. Nuclear force and nuclear modelsProperties of nuclear forces, strength, range, spin dependences, charge symmetry, charge independence, saturation, The deuteron, Physical properties of deuteron, ground state with square well potential, electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole moments – Experimental values, nucleon-nucleon scattering, neutron-proton scattering at low energies, partial wave analysis, scattering length, meson theory and Yukawa potential, Shell Model: Evidences for nuclear shell structure, magic numbers, effective single particle potentials – square well, harmonic oscillator, Wood-Saxon with spin orbit interaction, extreme single particle model – its successes and failures in predicting ground state spin, parity, Collective model.
3. Detection of Nuclear radiationsInteraction of charged particles and electromagnetic rays with matter,
Basic principles of particle detectors, ionization chamber, gas proportional counter, GM counter Scintillation detector and semiconductor detectors.
4. Natural radioactivityAlpha decay: Systematic, theory of alpha emission
Beta decay: Energy release in beta decay, Fermi’s theory of beta decay, Experimental tests of Fermi theory, Fermi-Kurie plot, angular momentum and parity selection rules, Comparative Half lives and Forbidden decays.
Gamma decay: Energetic, Classical electromagnetic radiation, transition to quantum mechanics, angular momentum and parity selection rules.
Angular distribution and polarization measurements, Internal conversion, life time for gamma emission
5. Nuclear reactionsTypes of reactions and conservation laws, energetic, reaction cross sections, scattering and reaction cross sections, compound nucleus, Direct and resonance reactions.
6. Neutron Physics, Nuclear fission and fusionNeutron Physics: Neutron sources, absorption and moderation of neutrons, neutron detectors, neutron reactions and cross sections, neutron capture, Nuclear fission: Characteristics of fission, Energy in fission, controlled fission reactions, fission reactors, fission explosives, Nuclear Fusion: basic fusion processes, Characteristics of fusion, Controlled fusion reactors.
20
Text Introductory Nuclear Physics – Kenneth s Krane [Wiley 1988]
References:1. An introduction to nuclear physics, W.N Cottingham, Greenwood: Cambridge University
Press 20012. Introductory nuclear Physics-Hodgson, Gadioli, Erba [Oxford 1997]3. Nuclear Physics John Lilley [Wiley 2002]4. Elements of Nuclear Physics –B L Cohen [McGraw-Hill 1971]5. Nuclear and particle Physics-Williams [Oxford 1992]6. Introduction to nuclear physics –Enge [Addisson Wesley 1966]7. Nuclear Physics – I Kaplam [Addisson Wesley 1966]8. Introduction to nuclear reactions – G R Satchler [Wiley 1980]9. Radiation Detection and measurement – Glenn Knoll [Wiley 2000]10. Nuclear fission – Vandenbosch & Huizenga [Academic 1973]
PH 401 – STATISTICAL MECHANICS
1. Statistical Basis of ThermodynamicsThe macroscopic and microscopic states. Contact between thermodynamics and statistics. Classical ideal gas. Gibbs paradox.
2. Elements of Ensemble TheoryPhase space. Liouville’s theorem. Micro canonical ensemble. Quantization of phase space.
3. The Canonical EnsembleEquilibrium between system and reservoir. Boltzmann distribution. Physical significance of statistical quantities. Classical systems. Energy fluctuations. Equipartition theorem and virial theorem. Grand canonical ensemble: Gibbs distribution. Significance of statistical quantities. Energy and density fluctuations.
4. Quantum StatisticsDensity operator. Statistics of ensembles. Ideal gas in a quantum mechanical micro canonical Ensemble.
5. Ideal Bose SystemsBehaviour or an ideal Bose gas. Bose-Einstein condensation. Plank theory of radiation. Debye theorey.
6. Ideal Fermi SystemsBehaviour of an ideal Fermi gas. Fermi temperature and Fermi energy. Electron gas in metals-Richardson-Dushman equation – Photoelectric effect – Magnetic Susceptibility of free electrons. Landau diamagnetism. Temperature dependent specific heat of metals. Statistical equilibrium of white dwarfs.
7. The Ising ModelThe One dimensional ising model. Laattice gas model. Binary alloy problem.
Text books1. R.K.Pathria, Statistical Mechanics, Butterworth Heinemann, II Edn.2. Kerson Huang, Statistical Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, II Edn
References1. Landau & Lifeshitz, Statistical Physics, Pergman.2. F. Reif, Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, Mc Graw HIll
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PH 402 – OPTICS
1. Interaction of radiation with matterInteraction between electromagnetic waves and matter-Linear dipole oscillator-Radiation damping-Inter relation between Einstein’s coefficients-Semi-classical treatment of stimulated emission-Gain coefficient and concept of population inversion – Line broadening mechanisms – Natural, collisional and Doppler broadening – Rate equation – Three level and four level systems – Temporal and spatial coherence.
2. Optical Resonators and Laser systemsFabrey-Perot resonator – requirements for the development of longitudinal laser modes – Transverse laser cavity modes with plane parallel mirrors and with curved mirrors – Transverse mode frequencies – mode characteristics – Spectral hole burning – stability criteria using matrix method – Gain coefficient and stimulated emission cross section for homogenous and in homogenously broadened radiative transfer – Q switching and mode locking – Argon ion laser – CO2 laser – Transverse excited and gas dynamic CO2 laser – Excimer laser – Dye laser – semiconductor laser.
3. Fourier OpticsThe lens as Fourier transform element – Fourier method in diffraction theory of single and double slits – Spatial frequency filtering – Application of spatial frequency filtering-Phase contrast microscope-Image blurring.
4. Non Linear OpticsNon linear dielectric response of matter-Frequency variation of the non linear susceptibilities – Second harmonic generation-Phase matching-Optical mixing – Parametric generation of light-Self focusing of light – Optical phase conjugation – Four wave mixing.
5. Fibre OpticsPropagation of light in a dielectric wave guide – Propagation in optical fibres – Normal modes of optical fibres – Calculation of fibre bandwidth – Attenuation in optical fibres – Absorption – scattering losses. Material dispersion wave guide dispersion – Fibre materials and fabrication methods – Connectors and couplers
Text Books
1. Silfvast.W.T, Laser fundamentals, Cambridge2. Laud B.B, Lasers and Non-Linear Optics, Wiley Eastern3. Ghatak & Thyagarajan, Optical Electronics, Cambridge4. Ghatak & Thyagarajan, Lasers : Theory and Applications, Plenum5. Gerd Keiser, Optical fiber communicatins, Mc Graw Hill International.
References:
1. Mills, M.L, Non-linear Optics, Narosa2. Shen, Y.R. The Principles of Non-linear optics, John Wiley3. Boyd. R.W, Non linear Optics, Academic Press4. Sibley.M.J.N, Optical communications, Macmillan5. Sharma N, Fibre Optics in Telecommunication, TMH6. J. Wilson & J.B Halkes – Opto electronics
Production, properties and modes of decay of pions and muons. Yukawa’s proposal. Muon-real-isotopic spin. Extremely short lived particles. Resonances and their quantum number with special reference to pions. Nucleon scattering. Gellman Nishima formula.
2. Conservation and Non-conservation Laws
Conservation law. Intrinsic quantum numbers associated with elementary particles. Theory of weak interaction. Parity non-conservation. Unification of week electromagnetic interaction Rudiments of Weinberg Salam theory.
3. Symmetry & Quark-Quark model
Internal symmetry, Sakata model, SU (3) Eight fold way. Gellman Okubo mass formula. Quarks and quark models – different types – confined quarks – experimental evidence for the existence of quarks.
II PLASMA PHYSICS Occurrence of Plasmas in nature, Brief History of Plasma Physics,
Definition of plasma, Concept of temperature, Debye Shielding, Plasma Parameter, Criteria for plasmas, Applications of Plasma Physics.
Charged particle motion – motion in uniform E and B fields, magnetic drifts, magnetic mirror, Van Allen radiation belts (qualitative study only)
III ASTROPHYSICS
1. Stellar Magnitude and Spectral Classification of Stars
Absolute magnitude and distance modulus. Colour index of a star. Luminosities of stars. Stellar parallax. Units of stellar distance. Celestial sphere and celestial coordinate systems. Harward system of classification of stars. Spectroscopic parallax. The Hertzsprung-Russel diagram.
2. Stellar Evolution
Interstellar dust and gas. The formation of protostars. Pre-Main sequence. Evolution – Evolution of the main sequence. Late stages of stellar evolution. The fate of massive stars. Stellar clusters. Sirius B.White dwarfs. The Physics of degenerate matter. The Chandrasekhar limit. The cooling of White dwarfs. Neutron stars. Pulsars. Quasars. Black holes.
(Book No. 7)
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3. The Solar System Comets. Asteroids. Meteorites. The formation of solar system.(Book No. 7)
Text books
1. The ideas of particle physics – An introduction for scientists (IInd Edition) – G.D. Coughlan & J.E Dodd – Cambridge University Press.
2. The particle hunters (IInd Edition), Yuvall Ne’e Man & Yoram Kirsh, Cambridge University Press.
3. Introduction to particle physics – M.P Khanna PHI4. Introduction to elementary Particle Physics – David Griffith – John Wiley & Sons.5. Francis F Chen, Introduction to plasma Physics and controlled fusion – Vol-I: Plasma
Physics, Second Edition, Springer-2006.6. R.J Goldstone, P.H Rutherford, Introduction to Plasma Physics (Plasma Physics Series)
Taylor & Francis I Edition 1995.7. An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics – Bradley W.Carrol & Dale A.Ostile – Addison
Wesley Publishing Co.8. An Introduction to Astrophysics – Baidyanath Basu – PH I
References
1. Quasars and active Galactic Nuclei – J.V Narlikar & Ajith K.Kenbhavi.2. Introduction to Cosmology – J.V Narlikar3. Physics and Astrophysics of Quark – Gluon Plasma, B.C.Sinha, D.K.Srivasta,
Y.P.Viyogi, Norosa Publishing house, New Delhi.4. Elementary Particle – Hughes-2nd Edn – Cambridge University Press.5. Gauge theories in particle physics – IAN-JR AITCHIFON & ANTHONY J G HEY –
Adom Hlger Ltd: Bristol.
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The Syllabi of Optional Theory Papers PH 304 and PH 404
Note: A given centre can choose any paper in the list under PH 304A – Theoretical Stream and combine it with any paper in the list under PH 404A – Theoretical Stream. Similar choice can be made under Applied Physics Stream. However, papers under Theoretical Stream cannot be combined with papers under Applied Physics Stream.
PH 304 A Theoretical Stream
i. Tensor analysis and Group Theoryii. Non-linear dynamicsiii. Condensed Matter Physicsiv. Photonics
PH 304 B Applied Physics Stream
i. Integrated Electronicsii. Microprocessorsiii. Computer scienceiv. Atmospheric Physics
PH 404 B A Theoretical Stream
i. Quantum Field Theoryii. Advanced Nuclear Physicsiii. Plasma Physics and Astrophysicsiv. Non-linear Optics
PH 404 B Applied Physics Stream
i. Electronic Instrumentationii. Electronic communicationiii. Computational Physicsiv. Digital Signal Processing
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PH 304 A (i) – TENSOR ANALYSIS AND GROUP THEORY
1. Tensor algebraReview of elementary ideas of covariant and contra variant tensors and the algebra of tensors. Quotient rule. Isotropic tensors. Noncartesian coordinates. Metric tensors. Relative tensors.
2. Physical Applications of tensorsMoment of inertia tensor. Kinetic energy of a rotating body. Electrical conductivity, electrical polarisability and magnetic susceptibility in anisotropic materials. Theory of elasticity. Stress and strain tensors. Generalized Hook’s law. Maxwell’s equations in tensor form. Lorenz covariance of Maxwell’s equations.
3. Tensor calculusDerivatives of basis vectors and Christoffel symbols. Expression for Christoffel symbols in terms of metric tensor. Covariant derivative. Vector differential operators – gradient, divergence, curl and Laplacian – in tensor form. Absolute derivative along curves. Geodesics.
4. Introduction to group theoryReview of basic group theory. [Chapter 22 and 23 of Book No 2 and Chapter 2 of Book No 3]
5. Representation of finite groupsMatrix representation of groups with examples of D3, R2 and function spaces. Invariant subspace. Irreducibility. Equivalent representations. Inequivalent irreducible representations. Schur’s first and second lemmas with proof. Characters of representations. Characters of irreducible representations and reduction of a representation. Regular representation. Construction of character table. Direct product of two representations. Projection operators. Wigner-Eckart theorm.
6. Representation of continuous groupsInfinitesimal operators. Representation theory of groups R2 and R3 – Irreducible representations, characters, multiplication of representations, examples of basis vectors and infinitesimal operators. Double valued representations.
7. Study of symmetry in quantum mechanicsDefinition of symmetry in a quantum system. Degeneracy. Selection rules. Conservation laws. Application in the case of symmetry grups C3,D3,S2 and R2. Symmetry-breaking perturbations.
8. Group theory in crystallographyPoint-group operations. Enumeration of the point groups – proper groups and improper groups. Class structure of point groups. Crystallographic point groups. Irreducible representation of point groups. Double valued representation. Crystal field splitting of atomic energy levels.
9. Group theory in particle physicsIsospin in nuclci and the group SU2. Isospin degeneracy. Splitting of an isospin multiplet. Isospin in elementary particles. Isospin symmetry and charge-independence. Hyper charge and baryon number. Irreducible representation of the SU3 group. Classification of hadrons into SU3
multiplets. The mass splitting formula.
Text Books
1. George Arfken, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, Prism Books.2. Riley, Hobson and Bence, Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering, Cambridge
University Press.3. Elliot and Dawber, Symmetry in Physics – Vol 1, The Macmillan Press Ltd.4. A W Joshy, Elements of Group Theory for Physicists, New Age International Publishers.
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PH 304 A (ii) – NONLINEAR DYNAMICS
1. Linearity and non-linearity: What is non-linearity- Linear and non-linear forces. Mathematical applications of non-linearity. Working definition of non-linearity. Effects of non-linearity.
2. Linear and non-linear oscillatorsLinear oscillators and predictability. Damped and driven non-linear oscillators. Non-linear oscillations and bifurcations.
3. Qualitative features of non-linear systemsAutonomous and non-autonomous systems. Dynamical systems as coupled first order differential equations. Phase space, stability, attractors and repellers. Classification of equilibrium points. Periodic attractor. Higher dimensional systems. Dissipative and conservative systems.
5. Chaos in non-linear electronic circuits. Linear and non-linear circuits. Chas diode – Practical implementation. Bifurcation and chaos.
6. Characterization of regular and chaotic motionsLyapunov exponents. Numerical method of computing Lyapunov exponents. ID map. Lyapunov exponent for continuous time dynamical systems.Book for StudyNonlinear Dynamics, M.Lakhmanan & S. Rajasekar, Springer Publishing Co.
PH 304 A (iii) – CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS1. Density operator and its correlation functions – Liquids and gases. Crystalline solids,
Liquid Crystals, Incommensurate structures, Quasicrystals and Random isotropic fractals.2. Review of Thermodynamics and Statistical mechanics. Spatial correlations in classical
systems. Ordered systems. Discrete symmetries. Continuous symmetries.3. Phase transitions – Mean field theory: Bragg-Williams theory, Landau theory, The Ising
and n-vector models. Examples of mean field transitions, the first order nematic to isotropic transitions, He3-He4 mixtures and Metamagnets – Tricritical points. Liquid-solid transition.
4. Fluctuations of order parameter and Breakdown on Mean field theory. Critical exponents and sealing relations. The Kandanoff Construction. The one dimensional Ising model. Momentum shell renormalization group.
5. Examples of kinks and walls in an Ising lattice, Analytic solution for a kink, The Sine-gordon soliton, The Frenkel Kontorowa model for adatoms on a lattice.
6. Magnetic interactions of a many electron system – The interaction of Orbital motion with magnetic field – The electron spin and its magnetic interactions – The Hartee-Fock approximations – Hartee Fock Exchange and Heisenberg Hamiltonian-Ground state and excited states in Hartee Fock approximation.Text Books
1. “Principles for Condensed Matter Physics”, P.M.Chaikin & T.C.Lubensky (Cambridge University Press) (1998)
2. “Intermediate Quantum theory of Crystalline solids”, Alexander O.E.Animalu (Prentice Hall of India)
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PH 304 A (iv) – PHOTONICS
Interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter linear dipole oscillator method – coherence – Non- linear dipole oscillator theory – coupled mode equations – non- linear susceptibilities. Atom – field interactions for two level atoms – introduction to laser theory – rate equations – laser self consistency equations – steady state amplitude and frequency – mode pulling – spatial hole burning.
Fabry – Perot resonator – longitudinal and transverse cavity modes – unstable and stable
resonators – Q-switching – methods employed in Q-switching – mode locking – techniques for
Laser cavities for broadband tunable lasers – tunable cavity for ultra-narrow frequencies. Laser
systems – reviews of He-Ne, CO2, semiconductor lasers – Argon ion laser – Gold vapour – CW
ring laser – excimer laser – free electron laser – Titanium Sapphire laser – optical fibre laser and
amplifies – gas dynamic lasers.
Squeezed state of light – squeezing the coherent states – two side mode master equation – two
mode squeezing squeezed vacuum.
References:
1. P.Meyotre and M.sargent III, Elements of Quantum Optics (2nd Edition)
2. C.S. Willet (1974) Introduction to Gas lasers, Pergamom, New York.
3. William T.Silfvast (1998) Laser Fundamentals, Cambridge University Press.
4. K.Sargent III, M.O.Scully and D.E.Lamb. Quantum statistical properties of
Radiation Laser Physics Principles of Lasers.
5. Orazio Svelto, David C Hanna, Principle of Lasers, Plenum Press, New York (IV
Edition)
6. K.R.Nambiar, Lasers Principles Types and Application, New Age International
Publishers 2004.
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PH 304 B (i) – INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS
1. Integrated circuits: Fabrication and characteristicsIntegrated circuit technology – Basic monolithic integrated circuits – Epitaxial growth – Masking and Etching Diffusion of impurities – Transistors for monolithic circuits – Monolithic diodes – Integrated resistors – Integrated capacitors and integrators – Monolithic ckt. Layout – Additional isolation methods – LSI & MSI – The metal semiconductor contact (Book 1)
2. Linear integrated circuits: Op-AmpElectronic Analogue computation – time scaling of differential equations – Amplitude scaling of differential equations – Simulation of transfer functions – Application of multipliers
(Book 2)3. Voltage regulator
Series OP-Amp regulator – IC voltage regulators – 723 general purpose regulator – switching regulator. (Book 3)
6. Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL) and Integrated Injection Logic (IIL)RTL – Direct -coupled Transistor logic (DCTL) gate – RTL gate – Input output voltage characteristic of cascaded RTL gates – RTL buffer – RTL exclusive – OR gate – Integrated Injection Logic (IIL) – Physical layout – IIL decoder (Book 4)
7. Semiconductor memoriesTypes of memories – Shift register Sequential Memories – MOS register stages – Two phase Ratioless Shift Register – CMOS register stages – static shift-register stage – A three phase static register state – Applications of ROMs – BJT Random-Access Memory cells – Other bipolar transisator Memory cells – MOS RAMs – Organizatin of a RAM – Paralleing of Semiconductor Memory Integrated circuit chips – The charged Coupled Device – Storage of charge – Transfer of charge – Input & Output arrangement (Book 4 and Book 5)
Umesh Publications, Delhi.3. Linear integrated circuits – D.Roy Choudhury & Shail Jain Wiley Eastern Ltd.4. Digital Integrated Electronics – Herbert taub & Donald Schilling – Mc Graw Hill5. Digital fundamentals – Floyd – UBS
References:
1. Introduction to system design using integrated circuits – B.S.Sonde Wiley Eastern 2. Integrated Electronics – Botkar Khanna Publishers3. Electronic Fundamentals – Analog & Digital – Ravi Raj Dudeja Umesh Publications.
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PH 304 B (ii) – MICROPROCESSORS
1. Instruction set of 8085 & Programming Processor cycles – Instruction format of 8085 – Addressing modes – Instruction set (Data transfer, Arithmetic, Logical, Branching, Machine control) – Timing diagrams (including timing diagrams of 8085 instructions) Assembly language programming – subroutine – delay routine – assembly language programme in 8085. (Book 1 and 2)
2. Memory and I/O InterfacingMemory mapping and I/O mapping – address space partition – memory interfacing – Data transfer schemes – programmed data transfer – direct memory access data transfer – serial data transfer. (Book 3)
3. Interrupt structureNeed for interrupts – types of interrupts – software interrupts of 8085 – Hard ware interrupts of 8085 – Enabling, disabling and masking of 8085 interrupts.
4. General Purpose Interfacing devicesGeneration of control signals for memory and I/O devices – I/O ports (Intel 8212,8155) – Programmable peripheral interface (8255) – Programmable DMA controller (8257) – Programmable communication interface – USART (8251) Programmable interrupt controller (8259) – Programmable interval timer/Counter (8253).
5. Special purpose interfacing devicesArithmetic coprocessors (8087, 80287, 80384 and AMD 9511) – Intel (8231) – Intel (8275H) – Intel (8271,8272A) – 82064 – 8295 – Programmable keyboard/display interface (8279) – Dynamic RAM Controller (8203, 8207, 8208) – ADC (0800, 0808) – Sample and hold zero-cross detector – Phase shifter – Current voltage converter – precision rectifier – over voltage protection.
6. Micro processing applicationsInterfacing scanned multiplexed displays and liquid crystal displays – Interfacing a matrix keyboard – memory design – MPU Design – Designing a system: single board micro computer – soft ware design – development and troubleshooting tools – display of decimal numbers 0 to 9 – Measurement of frequency – temperature measurement and control – Traffic control. (Book 1,2)
7. Modern developments in microprocessorsPentium – Architecture of Pentium (Block diagram) – Different types of Pentium Microprocessors
Books for study1. Microprocessor Architecture Programming and Applications with the 8085 Ramesh
Gaonkar 5th edn. PRI2. Fundamentals of microprocessors and Microcomputers B.Ram Dhanpat Rai
Publiscations.3. Introductin to microprocessors A.P.Mathur TMH4. INTEL Microprocessors 8086 to Pentium Pro-Processors. Bary B Brey TMH5. Computer fundamentals – Architecture and organization 3rd Edition B.Ram New
age International publishers.
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PH 304 B (iii) – COMPUTER SCIENCE(Automata, Languages and Computation)
1. Mathematical PreliminariesSets, Relations, and functions – Graphs and Trees – Strings and their Properties – Principles of induction.
2. The Theory of AutomataDefinition of and Automaton – Description of a Finite Automaton – Transition Systems – Properties of Transition Functions – Acceptability of a String by a Finite Automaton – Nondeterministic Finite State Machines – The Equivalence of DFA and NDFA – Mealy and Moore Models – Minimization of finite Automata.
3. Formal LanguagesBasic Definitions and Examples – Chomsky Classification of Languages – Languages and their Relation – Recursive and Recursively Enumerable Sets – Operations on languages – Languages and Automata.
4. Regular Sets and Regular GrammarsRegular Expressions – Finite Automata and Regular Expressions – Pumping Lemma for Regular sets – Application of Pumping Lemma – Closure Properties of Regular Sets – Regular Sets and Regular Grammars.
5. Context-free LanguagesContext-free Languages and Derivation Trees – Ambiguity in Context-free Grammars – Simplification of Context-free Grammars – Normal Forms for Context-free Grammars – Pumping Lemma for Context-free Languages – Decision algorithms for Context-free Languages
6. Pushdown AutomataBasic Definitions – Acceptance by pda – Pushdown Automata and Context-free Languages – Parsing and pushdown Automata.
7. Turing Machines and Linear Bounded AutomataTuring Machine Model – Representation of Turing Machines – Language Acceptability by Turing Machines – Design of Turing Machines – Universal Turing Machines and other modifications – The Model of Linear Bounded Automaton – Turing Machines and type 0 Grammars – Linear Bounded Automata and Languages – Halting Problem of Turing Machines – NP-Completeness
8. LR (k) GrammarsLR (k) Grammars – Properties of LR (k) Grammars – Closure Properties of Languages.
9. ComputabilityIntroduction and Basic Concepts – Primitive Recursive Functions – Recursive Functions – Partial Recursive Functions and Turing Mechanics.
10. Propositions and PredicatesPropositions (Or Statements) – Normal Forms of Well-formed Formulas – Rules of Inference for Propositional Calculus (Statement Calculus) – Predicate Calculus – Rules of Inference for Predicate Calculus.
Text Book1. Theory of Computer Science K.L.P Mishra N. Chandrasekharan – Prentice Hall
IndiaReference Book 1. Introductory theory of Computer science – KRISHNAMURTHY E.V Affiliated East
West Press.
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PH 304 B (iv) – ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS
1. IntroductionSun, earth and the atmosphere. Sun-Earth relationship. Solstices and equinoxes. Motion of earth. Concept of time. Map projections. Vertical thermal structure of the atmosphere. Composition of the atmosphere-dry air, water vapor and aerosols.
2. Atmospheric radiationRadiation. Laws of black body radiation. Radiation transfer. Solar radiation – latitudinal and seasonal variations. Passage through the atmosphere – absorption, scattering and reflection. Mean disposition of solar radiation. Terrestrial radiation – absorption in the atmosphere. Atmospheric window. Radiative heat exchange. Influence of clouds on radiation fluxes. Mean heat balance of earth – atmosphere system. Atmospheric green house effect – pole ward transport of energy – fundamental link with the general circulation.
3. Atmospheric ThermodynamicsGas laws and their application to the atmosphere. Equation of state for dry and moist air. Humidity parameters. Virtual temperature. First and second laws of thermodynamics. Specific heats of gases. Internal energy. Adiabatic processes. Potential temperature. Entropy. Reversible and irreversible processes. Carnot’s cycle, thermodynamics of water vapor. Latent heat. The Clausius – Clapeyron equation. Thermodynamics of the atmosphere. Dry adiabatic lapse rate- case of unsaturated moist air. Saturated adiabatic lapse rate. Pseudo adiabatic cases – equivalent potential temperature. Thermodynamics of wet-bulb thermometer. Wet-bulb potential temperature and saturation potential temperature. Normand’s propositions – Normand point.
4. Atmospheric instability and convectionStability criteria – parcel method – Brunt-Vaisala oscillations. Lifting, mixing and convective condensation levels. Potential instability and latent instability – stability indices – slice method of stability analysis. Growth of cumulus clouds – entrainment. Condensation and precipitation – cloud formation – condensation nuclei – growth of cloud droplets – growth of snow crystals – dew, fog, rain, hail and snow.
5. Atmospheric OpticsVisibility. Attenuation of light. Turbidity. Optical phenomena – rainbows, haloes, corona, glory, mirage, etc. Scattering – blue of the sky, colours at sunrise and sunset, atmospheric refraction.
6. Environmental MeteorologyAtmospheric pollution – definition. Sources and extent of pollution. Primary and secondary pollutants. Meteorological factors affecting air pollutants. Physical and effective stock height. Air pollution control and abatement. Urban planning. Urban and rural building climatology.
Text Books1. Introduction to Theoretical Meteorology, S.L.Hess.2. Dynamic and Physical Meteorology, G.H Haltiner & Martin3. Clouds, Rain and Rainmaking, B.J Mason4. Physical Meteorology, B.J Retallac5. Atmospheric Physics, J.V Iribarne & H.R Cho6. An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics, D.G Andrews.7. Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollution, WMO Technical Note.
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PH 404 A (i) – QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
1. IntroductionReview of canonical quantization of fields. Quantization of Schrodinger field for Bosons and Fermions.
2. Quantization of Klein – Gordon fieldNeutral and charged Klein – Gordon field. Invariant commutation relations. Feynman propagator.
3. Quantization of Dirac fieldInvariant commutation relations. Feynman propagator. Relation between spin and statistics.
4. Quantization of electromagnetic fieldMaxwell’s equations. Lagrangian density. Proca equation. Quantization of photon field in Lorntz gauge and Coulomb gauge. Coulomb interaction. Transverse delta function. Gupta-Bleuler quantization. Vacuum fluctuations. Casimir effect. Van der Waals forces.
5. Interacting fieldsInteraction picture. Time evolution operator. S.matrix. Wicks theorem. Feynman rules for QED. Moller scattering and Compton scattering.
6. Path integral formulationPath integral formulation of quantum mechanics. Perturbation theory. Functional calculus. Properties of path integral. Generating functions for scalar fields. Functional integration. Free particle.
7. Green’s functions in terms of path integrals.Green’s function. Generating functions for interacting fields. 2 point ant 4 point function of 4 theory. Connected chagrams. Functional method for fermions. Gauge fields and gauge fixing. Propagators.
Text Books1. Greiner W and Reinhardt J, Field quantization, Springer Verlag.2. Ryder L H, Quantum field Theory, Cambridge University Press
References1. Itzykson C and Zubar, J B, Quantum field Theory, Mac Graw Hill2. Bjorken J D and Drelt S D, Relativistic Quantum fields, Mac Graw Hill.
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PH 404 A (ii) – ADVANCED NUCLEAR PHYSICS
1. Nuclear Shell ModelShell structure and magic numbers, The nuclear one particle potential, spin-orbit term, realistic one body potentials, Nuclear volume parameter, single particle spectra of closed shell 1 nuclei, the parameters k and predictions of nuclear shells at Z = 114 and N = 184, Harmonic oscillator and infinite square well potential in 3- dimension, coupling of spin and orbital angular momentum, C.G coefficients, recursion relations of C.G coefficients, magnic dipole moment and electric quadrapole moment, Schmidt diagram; Single particle orbital in deformed nuclei, perturbation treatment, asymptotic wave function, single particle orbital in axially symmetric modified oscillator potential, triaxial nuclear shapes.
2. Rotational BandsThe particle rotar model, strong coupling – deformation alignment, Decoupled hands – rotational alignment; two particle excitations and back-bending; fast nuclear rotation – the cranking model: Rotating harmonic oscillator, Shell correction method for I 0, Shell effect at large deformation, Rotational bands at super deformation and identical bands at super deformation.
3. Nuclear FissionThe semi-empirical mass formula, the stability peninsula, nuclear fission and the liquid drop model, some basic fission phenomena, fission barrier, Nuclear fission – cross-section, spontaneous fission, Mass and energy distribution of fragments, Statistical model of fission.Basic fusion process – Characteristic of Fusion – Solar fusion – Controlled fusion Reactors – Thermonuclear Weapons
4. Nuclear AstrophysicsThe hot Big Bang Cosmology – Particle and Nuclear interactions in the early Universe – Primordial Nucleosynthesis – Stellar Nucleosynthesis ( A 60) – Stellar Nucleosynthesis (A > 60) – Nuclear Cosmochronology.
5. Nuclear Radiation Detectors and Nuclear ElectronicsGas detectors – Ionization chamber, proportional counter and GM counter, Scintillation detector. Semiconductor detectors – Ge(Li), Si(Li) and surface barrier detectors – Preamplifiers, amplifiers, single channel analyzers, multi channel analyzers.
6. Experimental methodsPulse signal in Nuclear Electronics, The NIM standard – Signal processing – Coincidence techniques – Timing methods.
7. Application of Nuclear PhysicsTrace Element Analysis – Mass Spectroscopy with Accelerators – Alpha Decay Applications – Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine – Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine.
Text Books for study1. “Shapes and Shells in Nuclear Structure”, S.G Nilsson and I.Ragnarsson
(Cambridge University Press)(1999)2. “Nuclear Physics – Theory and Experiments”, R.R. Roy and B.P Nigam (Wiley
Eastern)3. “Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments”, W.R.Leo (Narosa
1. Plasma as fluidsIntroduction – The set of fluid equations. Maxwell’s equations. Fluid drifts perpendicular to B and parallel to B. The plasma approximations.
2. Waves in plasmaWaves – Group velocity and phase velocity. Plasma oscillations. Electron plasma waves – Sound waves, Ion waves. Validity of plasma approximation. Comparison of ion and electron waves. Electrostatic electron oscillations perpendicular to B. Electrostatic ion waves perpendicular to B. The lower hybrid frequency. Electromagnetic waves with B 0. Cutoffs and resonances. Electromagnetic waves parallel to B0. Experimental consequences. Hydro magnetic waves. Magneto sonic waves. The CMA diagrams.
3. Diffusion and resistivityDiffusion and mobility in weakly ionized gases. Decay of a plasma by diffusion. Steady state solutions. Recombination, diffusion across a magnetic field. Collisions in fully ionized plasma. The single fluid MHD equations. Solution of diffusion equation. Bohm diffusion and neoclassical diffusion.
4. Equilibrium and stabilityHydromagnetic equilibrium. The concept of . Diffusion of magnetic field into plasma. Classification of instability. The gravitational instability. Resistive drift waves. The weibel instability.
5. Introduction to controlled fusionThe problem of controlled fusion. Magnetic confinement – Toruses, mirrors, pinches, laser fusion, plasma heating. Fusion technology.
6. Radiative processes in AstrophysicsSynchrotron emission from a single particle and from an ensemble of electrons. Polarization and absorption of synchrotron radiation. Radio source energetic. Relativistic bulk motion. Thomson scattering. Compton scattering. Multiple Compton scattering. Thermal bremsstrahlung emission.
7. CosmologyNewtonian cosmology. The cosmic background radiation. Relativistic cosmology. Observational cosmology. Constructing the universe, inflation.
8. Diffuse mater in spaceGalactic clusters. Globular clusters. Stellar associations. Stellar population characteristics. Star formation. Classification and galactic distribution of nebulae. Dark nebulae. Reflection nebulae, Diffuse emission nebulae. Planetary nebulae. Crab nebulae. Large scale distribution of interstellar matter. Interstellar lines. Interstellar clouds. HI and HII regions. Interstellar shock waves. Interstellar cloud collisions. Energy balance in interstellar gas. The inter cloud medium. Interstellar grains.
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9. Galactic and extragalactic astronomyThe milky way galaxy. Counting of stars in the sky. The morphology of the galaxy. Kinematics of the Milky way. The galactic centre. Nature of galaxies – The Hubble sequence. Spiral and irregular galaxies. Spiral structure. Elliptical galaxies. Galactic evolution. Interactions of galaxies. The formation of galaxies. The structure of the Universe. The galactic distance scale. Expansion of the Universe. Clusters of galaxies.
Text books
1. Introduction to Plasma Physics & Controlled Fusion, Volume I & II, F.F Chen, Plenum Press.
2. Introduction to Plasma Theory, D.R. Nicholson.3. Principles of Plasma Physics. N.A Krall and A.W Trivelpiece, Mc Graw Hill.4. An Introduction to Astrophysics, Baidyanath Basu, Pritice Hall.5. An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics, Bradley W Carroll and Date A. Ostlie,
Addison Wesley.6. Quasars and active Galactive Nuclei, J.V Narlikar and Ajith K Kembhavi,
Cambridge University Press.
Reference Books
1. Discovering the Cosmos, R.C Bless, University Science Books.2. Astronomical Techniques, Kitchin A.R Institute of Physics.3. The Physical Universe, F.Shu, University of California Press.4. Radiative Process in Astrophysis, Rybicki & Lightman, John Wiley.5. The Early Universe, Kolb & Turner, Addison Wisley.6. Galactic Astronomy, Mihalas & Binney, W – Freeman.7. Physical Process in Interstellar Medium, L Spitzer, John Wiley.8. Introduction to Cosmology, J.V Narlikar, University Press.
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PH 404 A (iv) – NON-LINEAR OPTICS
Nonlinear dielectric response of matter – frequency variation of the nonlinear susceptibilities –
wave vector dependence of the nonlinear susceptibilities second harmonic generation –
perturbation theory – phase matching evaluation of second harmonic wave under phase matching –
optical implementation of neural networks – laser induced Raman studio of biological molecules.
Laser induced surface synthesis.
Optical fibre communication elements of an optical fibre transmission link – optical fibre modes
and configuration – mode coupling – fibre to fibre coupling – LED coupling to single mode fibre –
optical fibre connectors – optical network (qualitative) – elements of optical computing.
Optoelectronic devices – photodetectores – Bolometer-pyroelectric and photo-conducting
detectors-Golay Cell – solar cells – electroluminescent displays.
References:
R.W.Boyd, 1992, Nonlinear Optics, Benjamin, New York
N.Bloembergen, 1985, Nonlinear Optics, Academic Press, New York
S.A Ahmed, Laser concepts and Application 2005, New Age International.
Cooper, Solid state Devices and Applications
Gerd Keiser, Optical fibre communications, Mc Graw Hill International edition 2000
K D Moller, 1988, Optics, University Science Books
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PH 404 B (i) – ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION
1. Basic concepts of measurementA generalized measurement system – Basic characteristics of measuring devices instruments. (Book 1 & 5)
2. General purpose electronic test equipmentCathod ray oscilloscopes – Schematic block diagram – Electrostatic deflection – CRT circuit vertical deflection system – Horizontal deflection system – Oscilloscope probes and transducer oscilloscope techniques – special oscilloscopes storage oscilloscopes – Degital voltmeters Multi meters – Electronic counters – AC milli voltmeters – Wave Analyzers & Spectrum Analyze – Signal generators – Regulated power supplies – Lock in Amplifier – Frequency response Analyzer. (Book 1 & 2)
3. TransducersTransducer classification – principles of transducers – Digital transducer – lev measurements – (Book 1)
4. StrainTypes of strain Gauges – Theory of operation of resistance strain Gauges – Type of electrical strain gauges – Materials for strain gauges – strain gauges circuits – Temperature compensation – applications. (Book 1)
5. Power controlThyristors – terminal characteristics of Thyristors – Thyristor turn-on methods – Switching characteristics of Thyristors – Thyristor gate characteristics. Series and parallel operation of Thyristors – other members of the Thyristor family
Biomedical Recorders – Electro cardiographs (E.C.G) – Electrodes for E.C.G – Electro cardiogram – Computer-Aided E.C.G Analysis – Electro encephalograph (E.E.G) Electro myograph (E.M.G) (only block diagrams) Magnetic Resonance Imaging system – Basic idea about Cardiac Pacemakers (Book 4)
Books for Study
1. Instrumentation Devices and systems 2nd Edn – C.S Rangan and G.R Sarma and V.S.V. Mani TMH2. Modern electronic instrumentation and measurements techniques (2002) Albert D Helfrick and William D Cooper PH I3. Power Electronics – Dr. P.S Bimbhra – Khanna Publishers4. Hand book of Biomedical Instrumentation R.S Khandpur TMH5. A course in electrical and electronic measurement instrumentation A.K Sawhney Dhanpat Rai & Co 6. Electronic Instrumentation H.S Kalsi TMH
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PH 404 B (ii) – ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
1. AntennasAntenna parameters – Effects of ground on antenna – Antenna equivalent circuits – coordinate system – radiation field – Polarization – Power gain of an Antenna – Effective area of antenna – effective length of an antenna – Hertzian dipole – Half wave dipole – Vertical antennas – loop ferrite rod antenna – non resonant antenna – driver array – plastic arrays – UHF – VHF antenna – Directional H F antenna – Microwave antennas – Wideband special purpose antennas.
2. Digital communicationFundamentals of data communication systems – digital codes.Pulse amplitude modulation – Pulse code modulation – Pulse frequency modulation – Pulse time modulation – Pulse position modulation – Pulse width modulation.Basic digital communication systems – Synchronization – asynchronous transmission – probability of bit error in base band transmission – notched filter – bit, timing recovery – eye diagram – digital carrier systems – carrier recovery circuits – differential phase shift keying error control coding – multiplex transmission – frequency and time division multiplexing.
4. Optical fibrePhysical nature of optical fibre – Fibre classification – Acceptance angle, acceptance cone & Numerical aperture of a fibre – Optical fibre bundles and cables – application areas of optical fibre in communication
5. Optical communication Typical communication system – The fibre optic communication system – Optical telecommunication system – Present status and future trends – generations of optical telecommunication system.
6. Satellite communicationSatellite links – eclipses – orbits and inclination – satellite construction – satellite communication frequencies – different domestics satellites – INTELSAT system MARISAT satellites – telemetry.
7. Networking in TelecommunicationNetworking topology – different telecommunication links – ISDN.
Books for study
1. Electronic communication (4th Edition) – Dennis Rooddy & John Coolen PH I(1999)
2. Electronic communication systems – (4th Edn) – George Kennedy & Bernard Davis (Mc Graw Hill (1992)
3. Electronic communication systems – Sanjeevan gupta Khanna publications (1995)4. Communication Electronics – N.D.Deshpande & D.A Deshpande TMH(1998)5. Optical fibre & Laser-Principles and applications – Anuradha De New Age
International (2004)
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PH 404 B (iii) – COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
1. Introduction Computation and science – The emergence of modern computers – Computer algorithms and languages.
2. Basic numerical methodsInterpolation and approximations – Differentiation and integration-Zeros and extremes of a single-variable function – Classical scattering-Random number generators.
3. Ordinary differential equationsInitial-value problems – The Euler and Picard methods – Predictor-corrector methods – The Runge-Kutta method – Chaotic dynamics of a driven pendulum – Boundary value and eigenvalue problems – The shooting method – Linear equations and Sturm-Liouville problem – The one-dimensional Schrodinger equation.
4. Numerical methods for matricesMatrices in physics – Basic matrix operations – Linear equation systems – Zeros and equations of a multivariable function – Eigen value problems – The Faddeev-Leverrier method-Electronic structure of atoms – The Lanczos algorithm and the many body problem-Random matrices.
5. Spectral analysis and Gaussing quadratureThe fourier transform and orthogonal functions – The discrete Fourier transform – The fast Fourier transform – the power spectrum of a driven pendulum – The Fourier transforms in higher dimensions – Wavelet analysis – Special functions – Gaussian quadrature.
6. Partial differential equationsPartial differential equations in physics-Separation of variables-discretization of variables – The matrix method for difference equations – The relaxation method – Groundwater dynamics – Initial value problems – Temperature field of nuclear waste storage facilities.
7. Molecular dynamics simulationsGeneral behavior of classical system – Basic methods for many-body systems – The Verlet algorithm – Structure of atomic clusters – The Gear predictor – Corrector method Constant pressure, temperature and bond length – Structure and dynamics of real materials – Ab initio molecular dynamics.
8. Symbolic computationSymbolic computing systems – Basic symbolic mathematics – Computer calculus – Linear systems – Nonlinear systems – Differential equations – Computer graphics – Dynamics of a flying sphere.
Text books
1. Tao Pang – An Introduction to Computational Physics
References Books
1. William – Press, Saul A Teukolsky & others. Numerical recipes in C-Cambridge University Press.
2. Rice J.H-Numerical methods and software and analysis, MGH3. Searhorough – Numerical analysis4. Hiddebrand, – Numerical analysis Hunt, Lipsman, Rosenberg – A guide to mathlab –
Cambridge
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PH 404 B (iv) – DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
1. Signals and systems, classification of signals. Concept of frequency in continuous and discrete-time signals. Theory of A/D and D/A conversion, sampling of analog signals, sampling theorem. Quantization of continuous amplitude signals. Quantization of sinusoidal signals. Coding of quantized samples.
2. Discrete time signals and systems, discrete-time linear time-invariant systems. Techniques of analysis of linear systems. Resolution of a discrete time signal in to impulses. Response of LTI systems to arbitrary inputs. Convolution sum – Properties of convolution and the interconnection of LTI systems – System with finite duration and infinite duration impulse, response. Discrete-time systems discrete described by difference equations – Recursive and non-recursive discrete time systems. LTI systems characterized by constant coefficient difference equations. Solution to linear constant coefficient difference equations. The impulse response of LTI recursive systems. Implementation of discrete-time systems. Correlation of discrete-time signals.
3. The Z-transform. The direct Z-transform. The inverse Z-transform. Properties of Z-transform. Rational Z-transforms. Poles and zeros. Inverse Z-transform by contour integration, power series expansion. Partial-fraction expansion. Decomposition of rational Z-transforms. One sided Z-transforms. Solution of difference equations. Analysis of linear time-invariant systems in the Z-domain.
4. Frequency analysis of continuous – time signals. The Fourier series for continuous time periodic signals. Power density spectrum of periodic signals. The Fourier transform of continuous time-aperiodic signals. Energy density spectrum of aperiodic signals. Frequency analysis of discrete time signals. The Fourier series for discrete time periodic signals. Power density spectrum of periodic signals. Fourier transform for discrete time aperiodic signal. Convergence of the Fourier transform. Energy density spectrum of aperiodic signals. Relationship of the Fourier transform to the Z-transform. The Cepstrum. The Fourier transform of signals with poles on the unit circle. The frequency domain classification of signals. Concept of band width. Properties of the Fourier transform for discrete time signals. The frequency domain characteristics of linear time invariant systems. Linear time invariant systems as frequency selective filters. Inverse systems and deconvolution.
5. The discrete Fourier transform. Relationship of DFT to the other transforms. Properties of DFT. Multiplication of two DFTs and circular convolution. Linear filtering methods based on the DFT. Filtering of long data sequences. Frequency analysis of signals using the DFT
6. Computation of discrete Fourier transform. Fast Fourier transform algorithm. Decimation in time FFT algorithm. FFT algorithm for N composite number. General computational considerations in FFT algorithms. Chirp Z-transform algorithm. Applications of FFT algorithms. Quantization effects in the computation of DFT.
Text Book1. Digital Signal Processing, Proakis & Manolakis, Printice Hall Inida – 1997
Reference books
1. Digital Signal Processing, Oppenheim & Schafer, Printice Hall India- 19952. Theory and Applications of Digital Signal Processing, Rabiner & Gold, Printice Hall
India – 1996.
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PH 405 – PRACTICAL III – ADVANCED PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS[At least 20 experiments should be done, 10 from Section A and 10 from Section B]
Section A[At least 10 experiments should be done]
1. G.M Counter – Plateau and statistics of counting to obtain plateau, operating voltage and to verify the distribution law satisfied by the radio active decay.
2. Absorption coefficient of gamma rays: To determine the absorption coefficient of the given materials for gamma rays from CS-137 using G.M counter.
3. Absorption coefficient of Beta rays. To determine the absorption coefficient of the given material for Beta rays from RaD, RaF surces using G.M Counter
4. Feather analysis – End point energy – To determine the end point energy of the Beta particles from the given source.
5. Hydrogen Spectrum – To Photograph the Spectrum and hence to determine the Rydberg Constant.
6. Absorption Spectrum of KMnO4 – To photograph the absorption spectrum and to determine the wave length of the absorption bands.
7. Absorption spectrum of Iodine – To photograph the iodine spectrum and to determine the dissociation energy.
8. Electron spin Resonance (ESR) – To determine g – factor9. Hall effect in Semiconductors – To determine the carrier concentration in the given
Specimen of Semi conducting anaterial.10. Determination of band gap energy
a) in silicon b) in Germanium11. Millikan’s oil drop experiment to determine the charge of an electron.12. Thomson’s e/m experiment to determine the specific charge of an electron13. Four probe method – To study the bulk resistance and the band gap energy of the given
semi conductor.14. Lecher wire – To determine wave length of the wave from an RF oscillator and to find the
dielectric constant of the given liquid by the measurement of capacitance15. Study of Zener breakdown voltage with temperature.16. Optical fiber characteristics – To determine the Numerical aperture, attenuation and band
width 17. Strain Gange – Y – of a metal beam18. Solar cell – spectral response and I – V – Characteristics19. Dielectric constant of a liquid by LCR bridge 20. Michelson interferometer – To determine the wave-length of D1 and D2 lines of sodium
light.21. Michelson interferometer – To determine the thickness of a mica sheet.
Section B[At least 10 experiments should be done]
1. Microprocessor familiarization using Microprocessor – Kit.a) Binary addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and divisionb) Square root of a numberc) Factorial of a number
2. Generation of pulse wave forms of known duty cycle using microprocessor kit.
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3. Rotating display – Microprocessor kit4. Measurement of output frequency of a Wein bridge oscillator using Zero Crossing detector
and Microprocessor kit.5. Precision rectifier using OPAMP – Half wave and full wave6. Low distortion function generator7. Power Amplifiers – To study the performance of different types of speakers8. Wide band ac voltmeter9. Phase shift oscillator – To compare phase shift between signals at 3 different sections of
RC net work. Verify the oscillation conditions. Find frequency variation.10. Low voltage dc voltmeter using OPAMP11. Second order Butter worth filters (low, high and band pass)12. Narrow band pass with multiple feed back and band rejecter (notch) filter.13. 3 bit synchronous up – down counter and decade counter using 7476 IC14. IF Tuned amplifier15. Pulse width Modulator16. Pulse code Modulator using OPAMP 749317. Frequency modulation using NE566/C2206 and demodulation using IC 56518. Amplitude shift Keying (ASK) modulator and Demodulator using IC 741.19. Multiplixer using IC 74151 and Decoder using IC 7415520. Shift register using IC 749521. IC voltage regulator – Determination of the voltage regulation characteristics and Load
regulation – OPAMP.22. Variable gain precession instrumentation Amplifier.23. CMOS and TTL Logic gate characteristics.24. A/D converter using D/A converter
References:
1. Worsnop & Flint – Advanced Practical Physics – Methusen & Co.2. C.J Babu, Lab manual, Calicut University3. S.L Gupta & Kumar, Practical Physics – Pragathi Prakashan4. K.A Navas – Electronics Lab Manual – 3rd Ed – Rajath Publishers. Ernakulam 5. S. Poornachandra Rao & B Sasikala – Hand book of experiments in Electronics and
Communication Engineering – Vikas Publishing House6. Paul B Zbar and Malvino A.P – Basic Electronics – A Lab Manual – TMH.7. S.Poornachandra Rao & B Sasikala – Electronics Laboratory Primer – a Design approach –
Wheeler Publications.8. Bogart R and Brown J – Experiments for electronic devices and circuits – Merill
International series. 9. Lab Experiments (LE)
Vol. 2 No. 3 December 2002Vol. 3 No. 1 March 2003Vol. 3 No. 2 June 2003Vol. 3 No. 3 September 2003
Sd/-Muraleedharan. K.M
Chairman, Board of Studies in Physics (PG) Kannur University
