karerobcMsßab½nedIm,I RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy · Anusiewicz, 2003¦. 7 Pñak;gar b¤ KN³kmμkar 2...

karerobcMsßab½nedIm,IRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

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kmµviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati

karerobcMsßab½nedIm,I

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

karsikSaEbbeRbobeFob

rUbPaBRkbeRkAeday ³ CIr:afam g:amsuk nig R)aca CUmBU

rcnabøg;eday ³ Keen Publishing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.

rkSasiT§i © 2005

kmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati ¬yUGwnDIPI¦

RkumGnuvtþn_GPi)alkic©EbblTæiRbCaFibetyü

mCÄmNÐlRbcaMtMbn;rbs;GgÁkaryUGwnDIPI enATIRkug)agkk

http://regionalcentrebangkok.undp.or.th

UN Service Building

Rajdamnern Nok Avenue

TIRkug)agkk 10200 RbeTséf

ISBN: 974-93632-3-x

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EpñkTI 1 ³ TidæPaBTUeTA nig Gnusasn_eKalneya)ay

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RbeTsGURsþalI ¬rdæjÚesAEvl¦ 35

RbeTsbUtsVaNa 47

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RbeTsLatevo 73

RbeTslITuyGanI 81

RbeTsma:eLsIu 89

RbeTsnIehSrIya: 96

saFarNrdækUer: 104

RbeTssigðburI 112

RbeTsGaRhVikxagt,Úg 118

raCaNacRkéf 126

saFarNrdærYmtg;hSanI 137

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c,as;las; EdlnwgCYyENnaMdl;Gnþrkmμ nigkic©shRbtibtiþkar

1sigðburIcMNayeBlGs; 15qñaM edIm,IbegáIt)an CPIB CaPñak;garÉkraCü edaycab;epþIBIqñaM 1952 EdlsßitenAeRkABIsmtßkic©rbs;bU:lIs.

hugkugcMNayeBl 26qñaM sRmab;karbegáIt ICAC edaycab;epþImenAqñaM 1974 ¬KeRmagRsavRCavGMeBIBukrlYy nigyuT§saRsþ

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy 1999¦.

5

esckþIepþIm

rvagsßab½nnana EdlBak;B½n§nwgkarRbyuTæRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

RKb;rUbPaB.

eTaHbICaGñkxøHelIkeLIgfaRKan;EtcmøgtamKMrUeCaKC½y

énkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;hugkug b¤sigðburI CakarRKb;RKan;

ehIyk¾eday karBitKWK μandMeNaHRsayNamYyEdlsmRsb

sRmab;ral;karRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenaHeT. eTaHbICaman {kar

RbyuTæRbqaMgl¥²bMput} ehIyGacnwgpþl;CaeKalkarN_ENnaM

Edlmansar³RbeyaCn_k¾eday k¾minGacykeTAGnuvtþcMeBaH

bribTrbs;RbeTsNamYyCasV½yRbvtþi)anEdr2.

1>2> GnusBaØashRbCaCatiRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYynigkarerobcMsßab½nRbyuTæRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

dUcmanEcgenAkñúg UNCAC³

rdæCaPaKInImYy²RtUvFana[mannUvGgÁPaBTb;sáat;

GMeBIBukrlYymYyb¤eRcIntamkarcaM)ac;. rdæCaPaKI

nImYy²RtUvpþl;[GgÁPaBTaMgenHnUvÉkraCPaBtam

karcaM)ac;EdlRsbCamYynwgeKalkarN_CamUldæan

énRbB½n§Ktiyutþirbs;xøÜn edIm,I[GgÁPaBenHGac

bMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜnRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nigcak

putBI\T§iBlminsmrmüNamYy. KYrEtpþl;CUnnUv

FnFansmÖar³caM)ac;nana nigbuKÁlikCMnaj RBmTaMg

karbNþúHbNþal EdlbuKÁlikenHGacRtUvkar edIm,I

bMeBjmuxgarrbs;BYkeK ¬maRta 6¦.

bEnßmeTAelImaRtaTaMgLayEdlepþatelIkarTb;sáat;

maRta 36 énGnusBaØaEcgfa ³

RsbtameKalkarN_CamUldæanénRbB½n§Ktiyutþ i

rbs;xøÜn rdæCaPaKInImYy²RtUvFana[mannUvGgÁPaB

mYyb¤eRcIn b¤buKÁlTaMgLayEdlmanCMnajkñúg

karrRbyuuTæRbqaMMgGMMeBIBuukrrlYytamrry³karrGnuuvtþ

c,ab;. GgÁPaB b¤buKÁlTaMgenH RtUvTTYl)annUv

ÉkraCPaBtamkarcaM)ac;EdlRsbtameKalkarN_

CamUldæanénRbB½n§Ktiyutþirbs;rdæCaPaKI edIm,IGac

bMeBjmuxgarrbs;BYkeKRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nig

edayK μan\T§iBlminsmRsbNamYy. buKÁl b¤

buKÁlikénGgÁPaBenH KYrTTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþal

nigFnFansmRsb edIm,IbMeBjParkic©rbs;BYkeK.

GaRs½yehtuenH UNCAC TamTar[mankarbegáIteLIg

nUvsßab½nEbbenH ¬elIkElgEtmanGtßiPaBkñúgTRmg;NamYy¦

enAkñúgvis½yCak;lak;BIrKW ³

¬1¦ GgÁPaBTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy

¬2¦ GgÁPaBEdlmanCMnajxagkarRbyuTæRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYytamry³karGnuvtþc,ab;.

b:uEnþ enAkñúgdMNak;kalEdlkMBugKitKUrBIkarerobcM rdæCa

PaKIGacbegáIt b¤eRbIR)as;GgÁPaBdEdl edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwg

lkçxNÐénbBaØtþiTaMgBIr.

ehtudUecñH rdæCaPaKIénGnusBaØaenH RtUvseRmcfaetIRtUv

begáItGgÁPaBf μ I² b¤RtUvEkTRmg;¼Eklm¥GgÁPaBEdlmanRsab;

ehIynigRtUvseRmcfa etIRtUvpþl;karTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGgÁkar

EtmYyKt; b¤RtUvEbgEckParkic©rvagsßab½nTb;sáat; nigsßab½n

Gnuvtþn_c,ab;epSg². TnÞwmnwgenH rdæCaPaKIcaM)ac;RtUvseRmc

eTAelIGaNtþikargar nigGMNacrbs;sßab½nTaMgenH kRmitén

sV½yPaBrbs;sßab½nTaMgenH FnFanEdlsßab½nTaMgenHRtUvman

nigviFanRbtibtþiEdlnwgCYy[manGnþrkm μ nigkic©shRbtibtiþ

karrvagsßab½nTaMgenaH. CMBUkbnþeTAeTot pþl;nUvTidæPaBTUeTA

mYyénKMrUxus²Kña EdlRtUv)aneKeRbIenAkñúgRbeTsnana ehIy

nigBinitüemIleTAelIKuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþiénKMrUxus²Kña

TaMgenaH.

2karsikSamYyGMBIktþaEdlb:HBal;dl;karRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgRbeTseRkayrbbkMumμúynIs enAkñúgGWr:ubxagekIt )anbgðaj[eXIj

fa {karRbtibtþil¥²} RtUv)ancat;Tukfamansar³RbeyaCn_ b:uEnþmankarlM)akkñúgkarepÞreTAkñúgbrikarN_epSgeTot. ehtuenH

kareRbIR)as;KMrUEdlmanRsab; TamTarnUvkarRbugRby½tñ nigkarGPivDÆnUvkarkarBarRKb;RKan;EdlerobcMeLIgenAkñúgRsuk {edIm,I

edaHRsay[cMbBaða} ¬Anusiewicz, 2003¦.

7

2Pñak;gar b¤ KN³kmμkar

BiessRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

RbeTsCaeRcIn)aneRCIserIsyk b¤kMBugBicarNabegáIt

KN³kmμkar b¤TIPañk;garÉkraCü [TTYlParkic©TaMgGs;kñúgkar

RbyuTæRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. b:uEnþ eTaHCaya:genHk¾eday kar

begáItsßab½nEbbenHminEmnCa»sfTiBVsRmab;Büa)alGMeBIBuk

rlYyd¾F¶n;F¶rRKb;y:ag)aneLIy. Cak;Esþg ]TahrN_én

KN³km μkar b¤TIPñak;garÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyEdlTTYl

)aneCaKC½ymantictYcNas;. RbvtþiénPaBeCaKC½ybMput KW

RbvtþiénKN³km μkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;hugkug

¬ICAC¦/ kariyal½yesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;RbeTs

sigðburI ¬CPIB¦/ naykdæansRmab;bTelμIsesdækic© nigGMeBIBuk

rlYyrbs;RbeTsbUtsVaNa ¬DCEC¦ nig KN³kmμkarÉkraCü

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;j:ÚesAEvl (New South Wale)

¬ICAC¦. b:uEnþ dUcEdl)anelIkeLIg KMrUTaMgenHminGaccmøg

ykmkeRbI)anedaygay²enaHeT edaysarEtsßanPaBxus²

BIKña EdlKMrUTaMgenHRtUvdMeNIrkartam ¬nigRbvtþiedayELkBIKña

énkarbegáItKMrUTaMgenH nigkarvivtþrbs;va¦. karbegáIt ACA KYr

Ep¥kelIkarviPaKelIRbB½n§énbrikarN_kñúgRsuk¬RbB½n§neya)ay¦

nigtRmUvkarCak;Esþg RBmTaMgGaTiPaBrbs;RbeTs.

2>1> ÉkraCPaBrbs;TIPñak;garRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

ÉkraCPaBrbs; ACA RtUvcat;TukfaCaesckIþRtUvkar

caM)ac;sRmab;RbsiT§PaBrbs; ACA edayehtufa vanwgGnuBaØat

[sßab½nenHeFVIskm μPaBedayesrI cakputBI\T§iBlrbs;buKÁl

b¤PaKImanGMNac nigGaceFVIkaresIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy Edl

eKsgS½yenAkñúgRKb;vis½yTaMgGs; nigenARKb;kRmitTaMgGs;én

sgÁm ¬Kpundel nig Levy 2004¦. kareFVIviesaFnkmμrdæ

Fm μnuBaØ Edlpþl;ÉkraCPaBdl; ACA KWmansar³RbeyaCn_

b:uEnþk¾enAEtminTan;RKb;RKan;Edr. b:uEnþ etIsßab½nEdlkMBugman

bc©úb,nñenH BitCaÉkraCüEmnb¤eT? tfPaB)anbgðaj[eXIj

nUvkRmitsV½yPaBxus²Kña ehIysUm,IEtTIPñak;gar b¤KN³kmμkar

EdlmaneCaKC½ybMputmYycMnYn k¾minÉkraCeBjeljBIGñk

EdlmanGMNacEdr3. ]TahrN_ DCEC enARbeTsbUtsVaNa

RtUvraykarN_CUnRbFanaFibtI ehIynayk nigbuKÁliksßitenA

eRkamc,ab;m®nþIsaFarN³. CPIB rbs;RbeTssigðburI manTItaMg

sßitenAkñúgkariyal½ynaykrdæm®nþI ehIynaykrbs; CPIB

TTYl xusRtUvpÞal;cMeBaHnaykrdæm®nþI. ICAC rbs;hugkug

raykarN_ CUnRbmuxsßab½nRbtibtþi. ebIdUecñH etIGVIxøHEdleFVI[

sßab½n TaMgenHmanRbsiT§PaBCagsßab½nepSg²eTot? mYyEpñk

éncemIøysßitenAelIkarerobcMRbB½n§smRsbsRmab;RtYtBinitü

eTA vijeTAmk nigktþaEdlsßab½nTaMgenHsßitenAeRkamkarBinitü

Bic½yCanic©kal tamry³ynþkarRtYtBinitüepSg² EdlFana

[sßab½nTaMgenH dMeNIrkar)anedayminlMeGog. ]TahrN_

skm μPaBén ICAC rbs;hugkug RtUv)anRtYtBinitüeday

KN³km μaFikarÉkraCü 4 rYmTaMgtMNagmkBIsgÁmsIuvil

RBmTaMgKN³kmμaFikarÉkraCü ICAC sRmab;TTYlBakübNwþg

EdlmanParkic©TTYlBakübNþwg tamdanBinitü nigBinitüsar

eLIgvijelIBakübNþwgRbqaMgnwgKN³kmμkarenH .

3dMbUg ÉkraCPaBrbs;vaKWcakputBIb:UlIs nigkñúgkRmitRsalbnþicBIrdæaPi)al

8


viFImYyepSgeTotedIm,IelIkkm<s;sV½yPaBrbs; ACA KW

RtUvFanafakareRCIserIs nigkarEtgtaMgEpñkRbtibtþirbs; ACA

KWCakarTTYlxusRtUvrYmedaysßab½nmYycMnYn4. snþisuxkñúgmux

tMENgsRmab;m®nþICan;x<s;rbs;TIPñak;garenH nigGP½yÉksiT§irYc

putBIbNþwgrdæb,evNI k¾mansar³sMxan;Edr. KN³kmμkarlub

bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYyrbs;RbeTs\NÐÚensIu RtUv)anEtgtaMgeday

sPatambBa¢ IeQ μaHebkçCnEdlpþl;CUnedayRbFanaFibtI5.

bBa¢IeQ μaHebkçCnRtUv)anerobcMedayKN³km μaFikareRCIserIs

mYy EdlRtUv)anEtgtaMgedayrdæaPi)al. enAkñúgRbeTsepSg²

eTot RbFan ACA RtUv)anEtgtaMgedayRbFanaFibtI ¬RbeTs

tg;hSanI¦ GPi)alrdæ ¬ rdæj:ÚesAEvl¦ b¤edayRbFanaFibtI b¤

naykrdæm®nþI edaymankarÉkPaB b¤tamsMeNIrbs;sPa

¬RbeTslITuyGanI nigRbeTsnIehSrIya:¦ b¤edaysPa tam

sMeNIrbs;KN³rdæm®nþI ¬RbeTsLatevo¦ b¤edayRBH

mhakSRt tamsMeNIrbs;naykrdæm®nþI ¬RbeTsma:eLsIu¦.

enAsaFarNrdækUer: RbFanaFibtIEtgtaMgRbFan nigsmaCik

Gcié®nþy_rbs;KN³km μkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;kUer:

¬KICAC¦. elIsBIenHeTAeTot sPa nigRbFantulakarkMBUl

esñIsmaCik 3rUberog²xøÜn.

edIm,IecosvagkareRCotERCkBIsMNak;RkumGñkRKb;RKg

sßab½n ACA enH RbeTsmYycMnYn)anbegáItExSbnÞat;raykarN_

CaeRcIn b¤)anbþÚrExSbnÞat;raykarN_eTAtMNagraRsþvij.

k¾b:uEnþ karekIneLIgnUvÉkraCPaBk¾TamTar[mankar

RtYtBinitüeTAvijeTAmkenAkñúgsßab½nenaHEdr edIm,IFanakMu[

mankarrMelaPelIsV½yPaB. dUcEdl)anerobrab;xagelI ICAC

rbs;hugkugmanKN³kmμaFikarpþl;eyabl; 4 ¬KN³kmμaFikar

pþl;eyabl;elIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy KN³km μaFikarpþl;

eyabl;dl;RbCaCnelITMnak;TMngCamYyshKmn_ KN³kmμaFi-

karBinitüsareLIgvijelIkic©Rbtibtþikar nigKN³km μaFikar

pþl;eyabl;elIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy¦. edaymansmaCik

EdlRtUv)anEtgtaMgBiessGMBIshKmn_TaMgmUlenaH KN³

kmμaFikarTaMgenH CYbRbCMuCaeTogTat; edIm,IBinitüsareLIgvij

nUvskmμPaBrbs; ICAC. ICAC enAj:ÚesAEvl TTYlxusRtUv

cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ tamry³KN³kmμaFikarcMruHBhusPa ¬PJC¦

EdlsegátkarN_elIral;skmμPaBTaMgGs;rbs; ICAC tamry³

KN³km μaFikarBinitüsareLIgvijelIkic©Rbtibtiþkar6

Edlman

rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgsmaCikrbs;saFarNCnTUeTA nigTIPñak;gar

epSg²rbs;rdæaPi)al ehIynigmankatBVkic©RtUvraykarN_Ca

eTogTat; CUnsaFarNCn nigraykarN_RbcaMqñaMGMBIkaresIub

GegátFM². PJC raykarN_CUnsPaTaMgBIr GMBIkic©karTaMgGs;

EdlTak;Tgnwg ICAC Edltammtirbs; PJC KYrEtCRmabCUn

eTAsPa. kariyal½yTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy ¬PCB¦ rbs;

RbeTstg;hSanI k¾manKN³km μaFikarRtYtBinitü nigvaytémø

EdlRKb;RKgelIdMeNIrkarrbs;xøÜn b:uEnþ smasPaBrbs;

KN³km μaFikar lM)aknwgFananUvkarBinitüBic½yedayÉkraCü

Nas; ¬KN³km μaFikarenH dwknaMedayGKÁelxaFikarRbcaM

TIsþIkarRbFanaFibtI ehIymansmasPaBCaGKÁnayk PCB

nigGKÁnaykénRbB½n§carkm μ nigsnþisuxRbeTstg;hSanI nig

elxaFikarpÞal;rbs;RbFanaFibtI ¦.

karBRgIkRbB½n§raykarN_rbs; ACA k¾CaviFIbegáInkar

RtYtBinitü eday[ ACA TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGaCJaFrelIsBI

mYy. enARbeTs\NÐÚensIu KPK RtUv)ancat;TukfaCaPñak;gar

ÉkraCürbs;rdæ EdlraykarN_GMBIskmμPaBrbs;xøÜn CUnRbFana

FibtI sPaCati nigsvnkrrbs;rdæ. Pñak;garesIubGegátBiess

rbs;RbeTslITuyGanI ¬SIS¦ TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHRbFanaFibtI

nigsPa. vamankatBVkic©RtUvraykarN_ ya:gehacNas;BIrdg

kñúgmYyqñaM CalaylkçN_GkSrCUnRbFanaFibtI nigRbFansPa

Seimas. KN³km μkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;RbeTséf

¬NCCC¦ raykarN_CUnRBwT§sPa. b:uEnþ r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaM

rbs;xøÜnk¾RtUvdak;CUnsPaCan;Tab nigKN³rdæm®nþIpgEdr.

4CMenOTukcitþrbs;saFarNCnmkelIKN³kmμkar b¤Pñak;gar nwgBwgEp¥kmYyEpñkFMenAelIfa etIsaFarNCnyl;fasmaCikrbs;sßab½n

manesckþIéføfñÚr mansmtßPaB nigtMNag[plRbeyaCn_Bak;B½n§enAkñúgsgÁm.5

CakarcaM)ac;EdlmnusSmñak;enAfñak;kMBUl EdlmanGMNac nigEdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGMeBIrbs;GgÁPaBenH. bTBiesaFenAkEnøgepSg²

bgðajfa GgÁPaBmYyEdldMeNIrkaredayEp¥kelIdMeNIrkareFVIesckþIseRmccitþsmUhPaB mankarlM)akkñúgkarbMeBjkargarPøam² nig

dac;xat. 6

ICAC RtUvBieRKaHeyabl;CamYy ORC munnwgseRmcfa etIRtUvbBaÄb; b¤minRtUvcab;epþImkaresIubGegát b¤BakübNþwg

b¤RtUvbBaÄb;karesIub GegátEdlkMBugdMeNIrkar.

9

Pñak;gar b¤ KN³kmμkarBiessRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

RbeTsepSg²eTot)anseRmcpøas;b þ Ú rExSbn Þat ;

raykarN_BIsßab½nEdlRKb;RKgedaymnusSmñak; dUcCaRbFana

FibtI b¤naykrdæm®nþI eTACUntMNagGgÁPaBnItikmμrbs;RbCaCn

EdlGnuBaØat[PaKIepSg²enAkñúgsPaGacBinitüBic½yeTAelI

ral;skmμPaBrbs; ACA. fμI²enH viesaFnkmμc,ab;enARbeTs

yUhÁan;da nig hSaMebo )antRmUv[GFikar nigKN³km μkar

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyraykarN_CUnsPa CaCagCUnRbmuxrdæ.

2>2>GaNtþikargar

GaNtþikargarrbs;GgÁPaBBiessRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

nwgGaRs½yelIktþamYycMnYn CaBiess KWGaNtþirbs;GgÁPaB

Bak;B½n§epSg²eTotenAkñúgvis½ydUcCa karelIkeKalneya)ay

karEkERbc,ab; karGnuvtþc,ab; nigkardak;bNwþgGaCJaGtßiPaB

rbs;GgÁPaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyépÞkñúg ¬dUcCa GgÁPaBesIub

GegátBiessenAkñúgkgkmøaMgb:UlIs¦ ehIynigfaetIGaNtþienH

manbMNgedaHRsayGMeBIBukrlYyRKb;kRmitTaMgGs;rbs;

rdæaPi)alEdrb¤Gt; ¬fñak;kNþal tMbn; nigextþ-Rkug b¤mUldæan¦

¬UNODC, 2004³92¦.

enAkñúgkRmitTIéT²BIKña muxkarKnøwHTaMg 5 xageRkamenH

GacCakic©karsRmab;GgÁPaBBiessRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYymYy ³

1> karesIubGegát

2/ kareFVIbNþwgGaCJa ¬karerobcMEbbbTedIm,IecaT

BIbTelIμsRBhμTNÐ¦

3> karGb;rM nigkarelIkkm<s;karyl;dwg

4> karTb;sáat; nig

5> karsRmbsRmYl

ACA PaKeRcIneRbIR)as;yuT§saRsþbIrYmKñaKWkarTb;sáat;

karesIubGegát nigkarGb;rM ¬RbeTsbUtsVaNa \NÐÚensIu hugkug

Latevo lITuyGanI rdæj:ÚesAEvl nigRbeTséf¦.

muxgaresIubGegátKWCacMNucsñÚlsRmab;GaNtþikargar

én ACA CaeRcIn EdlRtUv)ansikSaenAkñúgÉksarsegçbén

RbeTsnImYy². k¾b:uEnþ ral;TIPñak;garTaMgGs; minEmnsuT§EtRtUv

manGaNtþikargarsRmab;eFVIkaresIubGegátelIkrNIecaTRbkan;

BIbTBukrlYyeT dUcCakrNIén KICAC kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH

CaedIm. cMeBaHGgÁPaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyEdlmanmuxnaTI

esIubGegátenH KWmanlkçN³xusKñaRtg;RbkarEdlfa eBlNa

RtUvcab;epþImeFVIkaresuIbGegátelIkrNIecaTRbkan;BIbTBukrlYy

b¤elIkarsgS½yBIbTBukrlYyeLIy. tameKalKMnit KWfa ACA

GacepþImkaresIubGegátelIBakübNþwgEdlxøÜn)anTTYl rYmTaMg

GacebIkkaresIubGegáttamcitþrbs;xøÜn edaymincaM)ac;manBakü

bNþwg. kñúgkrNIxøH karesIubGegátk¾GaceFVIeLIgtamsMeNIrbs;

sßab½nepSgEdr ¬]TahrN_³ edaysPa kñúgkrNI ICAC rbs;

j:ÚesAEvl¦.

tamFmμta RtUvmanrcnasm<½n§mYyenAkñúg ACA sRmab;

viPaKfa etIRtUveFVIkaresIubGegátb¤k¾mineFVI edayEp¥kelIr)ay

karN_EdlTTYl)an. k¾bu:Enþ kñúgkrNIxøH ACA RtUvEtesIubG

egátelIral;r)aykarN_EdlxøÜn)anTTYl ¬]TahrN_ ICAC

rbs;hugkug¦. edayehtufa r)aykarN_BIsaFarNCnPaK

eRcIn KWCaRbPBB½t’mansMxan;enaH ACA CaeRcIn )andak;[

dMeNIrkarnUvynþkarmYy edIm,IFana[RbCaCnGacraykarN_)an

nigsRmYldl;kareFVIr)aykarN_. enAhugkug ICAC )anbegáIt

kariyal½yRsukRbcaMtMbn; ¬eRBaHeK)anrkeXIjfa enAkñúgTItaMg

EdlminsUvpøÚvkar buKÁlmñak;²manGarmμN_s¶b;RsYlCag¦ ehIy

KICAC enAsaFarNrdækUer: )anbegáItnUvmCÄmNÐlraykarN_

GMBIGMeBIBukrlYymYy. pÞúyeTAvij nItiviFId¾sμúKsμajsRmab;dak;

BakübþwgCamYyKN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigbT

el μ IsBak;B½n§rbs;RbeTsnIehSrIya: RtUv)aneKyl;eXIjfa

CamUlehtuEdlnaM[KN³kmμkarTTYl)anBakübNþwgtictYc.

karP½yxøacGMBIkarsgswkelIkarraykarN_GMeBIBuk

rlYy KWCakarxøacrGarya:gF¶n;F¶r cMeBaHkarcUlrYmrbs;

saFarNCn kñúgkarRbyuTæRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigbnþúc

bg¥ak;skþanuBlsRmab;eCaKC½y. ehtuenH karebIklT§PaB[

raykarN_CaGnamik nigkarkarBarsakSI RtUv)anemIleXIjfa

CaFatusMxan;ényuT§saRsþeCaKC½y edIm,IRbqaMgGMeBIBuk rlYy.

PaKeRcIn b:uEnþminEmnTaMgGs;eT TIPñak;garRbqaMgGMeBI BukrlYy

ACA ¬dUcCa NCCC enARbeTséf¦ BitCaTTYlyk

r)aykarN_Gnamik.

10


TIPñak;garRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ACA CaeRcIn ¬dUcCa

ICAC enAhugkug KICAC enAsaFarNrdækUer: nig KPK enA

\NÐÚensIu¦ manGaNtþikargarc,as;las; sRmab;Fanadl;kar

karBarsakSI nigGñkbegðIb[dwg ¬KWGñkraykarN_GMBIGMeBIBuk

rlYy¦. enAkEnøgNa EdleKeXIjfakarkarBarsakSI)anTTYl

eCaKC½y enaHvak¾naM[Føak;cuHnUvcMnYnr)aykarN_GnamikGMBI

GMeBIBukrlYy. mRnþI nigbuKÁlikrbs;TIPñak;garRbqaMgGMeBIBuk

rlYy ACA epSg² enAkñúgÉksardkRsg;enH mankRmitGMNac

esIubGegátxus²Kña. GMNacTaMgenH rYmman karEqkeqrxøÜn

buKÁl nigEqkeqrTItaMgpÞHsEm,g karcab;xøÜn nig¼XMuxøÜn GMNac

esñI[buKÁlb¤sßab½npþl;B½t’man GMNacesñIsMuemIlesovePA

FnaKar dak;ecjnUvviFankarXøaMemIl ]TahrN_ dUcCa karft

sMelgsnÞnaKña nigrwbGUsRTBüsm,tþiCaedIm. Cajwkjy

GMNacénkaresIubGegátTaMgenH tRmUv[mRnþIesIubGegát esñIsMu

karÉkPaBCalayl½kçN_GkSrCamunBIRBHraCGaCJa ¬]TahrN_

ma:eLsIu nigsigðburI¦ b¤BIecARkm¼tulakar ¬]> RbeTséf¦ nig

krNIxøHBIRbFanGgÁPaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬nIehSrIya:

tg;hSanI¦.

Epñkd¾sMxan;mYyénmuxgaresIubGegát KWkartamdanRtYt

BinitükarRbkasRTBüskmμ nigGkmμ ¬ehIynigBinitüCIvPaB¦

rbs;mRnþICan;x<s; eRBaHvaGacman\T§iBlxøaMgEdr kñúgkarTb;sáat;

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kargarTUlMTUlay nigya:gc,as;las;kñúgvis½yenH7. enHKWCa

krNIénkariyal½ybgáar nigRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy enARbeTs

Lat;evo8

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kan;kab; bBa¢IRbkasRTBürbs;mRnþICan;x<s;. enARbeTs

lITuyGanI mRnþICan;x<s;RtUveFVIkarRbkasRTBürbs;xøÜn CUn

KN³km μkarRkmsIlFm’rbs;mRnþI EdlmanParkic©viPaKkar

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[eFVIesckþIRbkas P¢ab;edayBaküsm,fGMBIRTBüskm μ

nigGkm μrbs;xøÜnCaerogral;qñaM9

ehIykarRtYtBinitüCIvPaB

GacRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedaykariyal½y TTYlBakübNþwg b¤

edayKN³km μkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyrbs; RbFanaFibtI.

enARbeTslITuyGanI karTTYlxusRtUvsßitenAelI RbFan

KN³km μkarRkmsIlFm’mRnþI EdlviPaKelIkarRbkasRTBü

ehIynigFanafa Gñkkan;tMENgsaFarN³R)akdCaeFVIesckþI

seRmcedIm,IEtRbeyaCn_saFarN³ edayminlMeGogkñúgkar

eFVIesckþIseRmccitþ nigTb;sáat;nUvkarekIteLIg nigkarraldal

énGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgesvasaFarN³. enARbeTstg;hSanI

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edaysñgkarRkmsIlFm’ ¬EtgtaMgeday RbFanaFibtI¦

EdlmanParkic©TTYlesckþIRbkasRTBüsm,tiþ.

kñúgRKb;krNITaMgGs; TMnak;TMngrvagTIPñak;garRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYy ACA nigGgÁPaBTTYlbnÞúktamdanRtYtBinitükar

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sMxan;ya:gxøaMg . bnÞúkénPsþútagRtUv)anbnßykan;EteRcIn

eLIg². eTaHbICaRTwsþItamRbéBNI Rbkan;ykeKalkarN_én

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7buKÁlEdlkan;tMENgneya)ay RBmTaMgmRnþIrdæaPi)alEdlmanzannþrs½kþix<s; ¬fñak;kNþal nigmUldæan¦ RtUvdak;CUneTA NCCC nUv

KNenyüRTBüskmμ nigGkmμrbs;xøÜn RBmTaMgrbs;RbBn§rbs;xøÜn nigkUn ¬kñúgbnÞúk¦ ¬erogral; 3qñaMmþg RBmTaMgenAeBlcUlkan;

tMENg cakecjBItMENg mYyqñaMeRkayBIcakecjBItMENg¦. NCCC manParkic©kMNt;nUvRbePTmuxtMENg EdltRmUv[eFVIGFikarkic©

elIRTBüskmμ nigRtUvhamXat;tamviFan nignItiviFIBak;B½n§. NCCC GaceFVIGFikarkic©ral;krNINak¾eday EdlmanmUlehtuRtwmRtUv

edIm,IsgS½ymRnþþIrdæaPi)alNamñak; ¬eTaHbICabuKÁlenaHminEmnCamRnþICan;x<s;k¾eday¦ ehIybBa¢a[mRnþIrdæaPi)alrUbenaH dak;CUnnUvkar

RbkasEbbenH.8

CBCB enALatevo k¾tamdanRtYtBinitünUvkarGnuvtþrbs;GgÁPaBneya)ay GMBIbTb,Batþirbs;KN³bkSEdlpþl;hirBaØb,Tan. 9

karesIubGegát¼karRtYtBinitüGMBICIvPaB nwgeFVIeTAelImRnþITaMgGs;rbs;rdæaPi)al b:uEnþCadMbUgvanwgepþateTAelImRnþIrdæaPi)alCan;x<s;

¬eTaHCaRtUv)anCab;eqñat b¤EtgtaMgk¾eday¦ RBmTaMgeTAelImRnþITaMgGs;rbs;Pñak;gareRkayBIraykarN_famanCab;Bak;B½n§GMeBIBuk

rlYyxøaMgbMputKW ³ kariyal½ycMNUlépÞkñúgkariyal½yKy nignaykdæansaFarN³kar nigpøÚv Highway.

11


GMeBIxusc,ab;k¾edayk¾enAeBlenH c,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

kan;Etsnμt;fa KWCakarman)anedayxusc,ab; drabNaCnCab;

ecaTminGacBnül;[)ansmrmü GMBICIvPaBminFm μtarbs;xøÜn

eTenaH. karRbkasRTBüKYrRtUveFVIeLIgedaymRnþIraCkar

TaMgGs;b¤EtmRnþImYycMnYn KWenAEtCabBaðaEdlRtUv BiPakSaKña

enAeLIy10

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cMNayeRcInelIslb;sRmab;karesIubGegát11

karmanviFI

eRCIserIsmYyKWGacnwgmanPaBsmRsbCag. ebICMnaj nig

smtßPaBmankRmit eK)anesñI[epþateKaledAEteTAelIRkum

mRnþIsaFarN³sMxan;²xøHb:ueNÑaH ¬]TahrN_³ mRnþIneya)ay

EdlCab;eqñat b¤EtgtaMg mRnþIsaFarN³fñak;x<s;¦ RBmTaMgGñk

EdlbeRmIkarenAkñúgvis½ykargar EdlgaynwgRbRBwtþGMeBIBuk

rlYyxøaMg² ¬]> mRnþIlT§kmμ nigmRnþIKy nigBn§dar¦.

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Parkic©rbs;tulakar12

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RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ACA13

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kñúgkardwknaMral;karecaTRbkan;RBh μTNÐTaMgGs; rYmTaMgkar

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]Rkidækm μGMeBIBukrlYy nigesdækic© DCEC k¾epþImeFVIkarecaT

Rbkan;edayxøÜnÉgkan;EteRcIneLIg². enARbeTslITuyGanI

kariyal½yesIubGegátrbs; SIS raykarN_pÞal;eTAGKÁrdæGaCJa

ehIyBYkeKminGacsßiteRkam\T§iBlrbs;RbFankariyal½y SIS

eLIy. enARbeTslITuyGanI b:UlIsmankatBVkic©TUeTAkñúgkar

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rYmTaMgkrNIGMeBIBukrlYypgEdr b:uEnþ krNIGMeBIBukrlYy

CaFmμta EtgEtdak;CUneTA SIS b¤RBHraCaGaCJa. enARbeTs

tg;hSanI CaFm μta kareFVIbNwþgGaCJa KWCaGaNtþikargarrbs;

naykkariyal½yGyükarsaFarN³. k¾b:uEnþ kariyal½ybgáar

GMeBIBukrlYy PCB k¾GaceFVIbNþwgGaCJaelIkrNIenHedayxøÜnÉg

)an eRkayBImankarÉkPaBBInaykkariyal½yGyükar

saFarN³ EdlenAkñúgkrNIenHKWCaEpñkc,ab; nigkarecaTRbkan;

enAkñúg PCB EdlTTYlbnÞúkeFVIbNþwgGaCJaelIbTel μ IsénGMeBI

BukrlYy. edIm,IeFVIkargarenH EpñkenHRtUvshkarCitsñiT§CamYy

b:UlIs nigkariyal½yGyükarsaFarN³.

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k¾gaynwgnaM[RbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYyEdr. mansßanPaBmYycMnYn

Edl ACA KYrmanGaTiPaBkñúgkaresIubGegát nigKYrEtRtUv)an

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mYyrUb EdlsßiteRkamkarRtYtBinitüsmRsbtampøÚvtulakar.

enARbeTséf KN³km μkarCatiRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy NCCC

edIrtYnaTICaRBHraCGaCJa kñúgRKb;krNITaMgGs;EdlRtUv)andak;

CUntulakarFmμnuBaØ ¬karRbkasRTBüsm,tþi¦. NCCC enHk¾

GacedIrtYnaTICaRBHraCGaCJa)anEdr enAeBlEdlCnCab;ecaT

CaGKÁRBHraCGaCJaxøÜnÉg. CacugeRkay enAeBlEdlGKÁRBHraC

GaCJa cat;Tukfar)aykarN_rbs; NCCC minRKb;RKan; ehIy

minmankarsMGagsmRsbedIm,IeFVIbNwþgGaCJa ehIyk¾minGac

ÉkPaBKña)aneTenaH NCCC GacseRmcedIrtYedayxøÜnÉgCa

RBHraCGaCJaenAkñúgerOgenH. enARbeTs\NÐÚensIu KN³kmμkar

10Ca]TahrN_ dUcCaenARbeTssigðbUrI m®nþIrdækarTaMgGs;RtUvRbkasGMBIkarminmanCab;CMBak;bMNul nigRTBüsm,tþi RBmTaMgkarvinieyaK

nana xN³eBlEdlTTYl)ankarEtgTaMg nigCabnþbnÞab;mkeTot RtUveFVIkarRbkaserogral;mYyqñaMmþg. 11

enARbeTshVIlIBIn eK)an)a:n;sμanfa karcMNaysRmab;karRsavRCavelIerOgkþImYy RbEhl 2>000duløar. enAqñaM 2004 eBlevlaCa

mFümsRmab;karesIubGegáteTAelIerOgkþImYy manry³eBlRbEhl 3Ex EfmTaMgry³eBl 10ExeTot sRmab;dMeNIrkarenA

kariyal½yTTYlBakübNþwg ¬kat;bnßyBIeBlmun EdlcMNayeBl 2qñaM CamFüm¦ .12

enAhugkug GMNaceFVIkarecaTRbkan;bnÞab;BIbBa©b;karesIubGegát RtUv)anpþl;CUnrdæmRnþIyutþiFm’ EdlenHFanafaKμankrNINaTal;EtesaH

EdlRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAkan;tulakar Etedaysarkarkat;esckþIrbs; ICAC enaHeT.13

KICAC rbs;saFarNrdækUer: RtUv)anpþl;GaNtþiedIm,IeFVIkaresIubGegát. CPIB rbs;sigðburIGaceFVIkaresIubGegát)anEtenAeBlNaman

karÉkPaBBIRBHraCGaCJab:ueNÑaH.

12


lubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy KPK manGMNacecaTRbkan; b¤eFVIbNwþg

GaCJaelIerOgGMeBIBukrlYyNamYy Edlb:UlIs b¤kariyal½y

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EbbenHekIteLIgenAeBlNaEdlb:UlIs b¤kariyal½yGyükar

minGaccat;karelIerOgNamYy)anTan;eBlevla nigminGac

eqøIytbtamtRmUvkar)an14

. enARbeTsLatevo kariyal½y

bgáar nigRbyuTæRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy CPCB manGMNacTajyk

krNI BIsßab½nesuIbGegátepSg²mkcat;kar ebIkrNITaMgLay

enaH sßitenAkñúgGaNtþikargarrbs;xøÜn. enHk¾dUcKñaenAtg;hSanI

Edr KWGKÁnaykkariyal½yTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB

Gaccat;Ecg karesIubGegát b¤eFVIbNþwgGaCJaCaCMnYsb:UlIselI

bTelμIsBak;B½n§ nwgGMeBIBukrlYyTaMgLayNa Edlb:UlIs)an

epþIm.

enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsTaMgLayNa Edlesvakm μrbs;

b:UlIs nigrbs;GyükarRtUv)ancat;TukfaBukrlYyxøaMg viFankar

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rlYy ACA GacCaGgÁPaBEtmYyKt; EdlmanÉkraCPaBRKb;

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GaceFVIbNwþgecaTRbkan;RbFanaFibtIkMBugkan;tMENg b¤mRnþI

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siT§itamc,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØa. ehtudUecñH CaeKalkarN_ dMeNIrkar

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elIkkm<s;sIlFm’enAkñúgRkumh‘un . TnÞwmnwgenH KN³kmμkar

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GaNtþikargarTUlMTUlayenAkñúgvis½yenHEdr15

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rdæj:ÚesAEvl ebIksvnakarsaFarN³edIm,IbgðajGMBIGMeBIBuk

rlYy. svnakarTaMgenH k¾CYybegáInTMnukcitþBIsaFarNCn

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CnTUeTAGMBIMeBIBukrlYy minRtUv)aneGIeBI. karcat;karelIkrNIBukrlYy)anbnþkñúgry³eBlyUreBk b¤RtUv)anBnüareBledayK μan

ehtuplykCakar)an. karedaHRsaykrNIBukrlYyRtUv)aneRbIl,icedIm,IkarBarCnCab;ecaT. karedaHRsaykrNIBukrlYy GaRs½y

eTAtamGMeBIBukrlYy. manGnþraKmn_BIEpñknItiRbtibtþi nItibBaØtþi nig tulakarenAkñúgerOgkþI b¤kal³eTs³NamYyepSgeTotEdlb:UlIs

b¤kariyal½yGyükarminGaccat;karelIerOgkþI [)anTan;eBlevla nigeqøIytbeTAtamesckþIRtUvkar)an. 15

enAeBlenH esÞIrEtmYyenAkñúgr)aykarN_ 10 GMBIGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgvis½yÉkCn RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayGñkcat;EcgCan;x<s;én

GaCIvkmμ ¬ICAC website – Hong Kong¦.

13


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énEpnkarsucritPaBrbs;RbeTsma:eLsIu EdlEp¥kelIlT§pl

énkarGegátfñak;Cati kalBIExmkra qñaM 2003 sIþGMBIsaFarN

mticMeBaHGMeBIBukrlYy rdæaPi)al)anbegáItviTüasßansucritPaB

ma:eLsIu Edltamry³enaH maneKalbMNgelIkkm<s;karyl;

dwgGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy nigesckIþRtUvkar[mantmøaPaBenAkñúg

esvasaFarN³¬ADB/ OECD, 2004³55¦.

eRkABIviFankarGb;rMTUeTA ACA KYrsßitkñúgtYnaTIksag

eFVIsMeNI nigGnuvtþviFankarTb;sáat;tamkarcaM)ac;nig¼b¤shkar

CitsñiT§CamYyPñak;garepSg²eTot EdlmanGaNtþikargarEbb

enH. ICAC rbs;hugkugmanGaNtþikargarTUlMTUlay kñúg

vis½yenH16

. viFankarTb;sáat;enH KWedIm,IBinitüBic½yelIkar

Rbtibtþi nigBinitüelInItiviFIrbs;RksYgnanarbs;rdæaPi)al nig

GgÁPaBsaFarN³ edIm,IsRmYldl;karebIkkkayGMeBIBukrlYy

nigFananUvkarEkERbviFIsaRsþ¼nItiviFIkargar EdlnaMeTArkkar

RbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy. elIsBIenHeTAeTotRtUvENnaMpþl;eyabl;

nigCYydl;buKÁlNamñak; tamsMeNIrbs;buKÁlenaH GMBIrebob

EdlGaclubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy)an nigpþl;mtiCUnRbFansßab½n

rdæ b¤GgÁPaBsaFarN³ GMBIkarpøas;bþÚrkarGnuvtþ b¤nItiviFI Edl

sIuKñaeTAnwgkarbMeBjParkic©d¾manRbsiT§PaB Edlelaksñgkar

yl;eXIjfamankarcaM)ac; edIm,Ikat;bnßylTæPaBEdlGac

RbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy. naykdæanRbqaMg]RkidækmμGMeBIBukrlYy

nigesdækic© DCEC rbs;RbeTsbUtsVaNa kariyal½ybgáar

nigesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy CPIB rbs;sigðburI nigKN³kmμkar

ÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ICAC rbs;j:ÚesAEvlmanGaNtþi

kargarRbhak;RbEhlKña. KN³kmμkarlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy

KPK rbs;\NÐÚensIuk¾manGaNtþikargarTUlMTUlay edIm,Itam

XøaMemIlGPi)alkic©rbs;rdæEdr. vaGaceFVIkarBinitüsareLIgvij

nUvRbB½n§RKb;RKgrbs;sßab½nrdæTaMgGs; ehIyRbsinebIminGnuvtþ

tamGnusasn_rbs; KPK eTenaH KPK RtUvraykarN_

bBaðaenHCUn RbFanaFibtI sPa ehIynigsvnkrrbs;rdæ.

kariyal½y Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB rbs;RbeTstg;hSanI

¬kariyal½y RsavRCav RtYtBinitü nigsßiti¦ RsavRCavelIeKal

neya)ay epSg² c,ab; bTbBaØtþi nigkic©Rbtibtþikarrbs;sßab½n

epSg² edIm,IEsVgrkkgVHxatEdlnaMeTAdl;GMeBIBukrlYy. vak¾

RsavRCavelIviFIsaRsþkñúgkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy EdlGnuvtþ

enARbeTsepSg²pgEdr.

EpñkmYyénviFankarbgáarTaMgenH KWsmtßPaBkñúgkaryk

emeronEdl)aneronsURt mkBicarNa nigeRbIR)as;emeron

TaMgenH edIm,IelIksMeNIEktRmUvc,ab; bTbBaØtþi nignItiviFI

epSg². enAkñúgRbeTsxøH ACA GaceFVIGnusasn_EbbenHCa

saFarN³ CUneTAGgÁnItibBaØtþi nigGgÁnItiRbtibtþi tamkar

caM)ac;. kariyal½ybgáar nigRbyuTæRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy CPCB

enARbeTsLatevo nigesvaesIubGegátBiess SIS enARbeTs

lITuyGanI mansiT§iviPaKc,ab; nigelIksMeNI edIm,IBinitüsar

eLIgvij. SIS manGMNaceFVIesckIþesñIc,ab;dak;CUnRbFanFibtI

nigsPa.

vis½yBak;B½n§mYyeTotKWsmtßPaBRsavRCaveTAelIbBaða

Bak;B½n§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy RBmTaMgkarRKb;RKgcMeNHdwg.

smtßPaBkñúgkarRsavRCavGMBIKMnitsaFarN³RBmTaMgninñakar

niglkçN³énGMeBIBukrlYy mansar³sMxan;kñúgkarksag

yuT§saRsþd¾manRbsiT§PaBsRmab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. enAkñúg

karviPaKrbs;xøÜn KN³km μkarGWr:ub)anrkeXIjfa kgVHxat

smtßPaBRsavRCavenARbeTsLatevo niglITuyGanI KWCakarKYr

[RBYy)armÖ ehIyeK)anpþl;Gnusasn_[ksagsmtßPaBenA

kñúgvis½yenH. enArdæj:ÚesAEvlvij eK)ansnñidæanfa smtßPaB

énkarRsavRCavd¾manRbsiT§PaB nigskþisiTæbMput KWsßitenAkñúg

ACA Etmþg. enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn kñúgcMeNamRbeTsEdl

sikSaxageRkam ACA BitCamanmuxgarRsavRCavenH. b:uEnþ

enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIneTot tYnaTIenHk¾RtUv)anGnuvtþedaysßab½n

epSg²eTot RBmTaMgsgÁmsIuvIlpgEdr.

2>3>segçb ³ KuNsm,tiþ nigKuNvibtþþiénGgÁPaBÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

16karbgáar ¬karGb;rM nigelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgrbs;shKmn_¦ KWCaskmμPaBsñÚlénKMrUhugkug EdlCYnkalRtUv)anCUnB½t’manedayGñk

esIubGegátEdleFVIkarelIEpñkGnuvtþn_c,ab;. enHGnuBaØat[KN³kmμkarksagnUvyuT§saRsþ EdlrlUn nigRbTak;RkLaKña CamYylT§pl

EdlmnusSPaKeRcIncg;)anya:gxøaMg. GñkEdlBüayamcmøgtamKMrUenHPaKeRcIn)anTTYlbraC½y eRBaHeKmankarxVHxatTaMgyuT§viFI

EdlrlUn nigFnFancaM)ac;edIm,IGnuvtþ.

14


edayehtufaGMeBIBukrlYykan;EteCOnelOn Pñak;gar

Gnuvtþn_c,ab;Fmμta kan;EtminGacrkeXIj nigminGacbþwgecaT

elIkrNIGMeBIBukrlYyd¾s μ úKs μaj)aneLIy. bTBiesaFrbs;

CPIB enAsigðburI DCAC enAbUtsVaNa ICAC enArdæj:ÚesAEvl

nig ICACenAhugkug bgðaj[eXIjnUvRbsiT§PaBénKN³kmμkar

b¤TIPñak;garRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy EdlGnuvtþeKalneya)ay

nigGnuvtþc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyEtÉg. bTBiesaFTaMgenH

bgðaj[eXIjfa ACA caM)ac;RtUvEtenAedayELkBIb:UlIs

CaBiessenAeBlEdleKyl;fa b:UlIsBukrlYy.

RbeTskan;EteRcInenAGasI u)aneRCIsykTIPñak;gar

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy EdlmanlkçN³RbmUlpþú M. hugkug

ma:eLsIu eN)a:l; nigsigðburI )aneFVItamKMrUenHGs;CaeRcIn

stvtSr_mkehIy. \NÐÚensIu eKohSIútg; saFarNrdækUer: nig

)a:KIsßan eTIbEt)anbegáItKMrUenHfμI²b:ueNÑaH ehIyRbeTskm<úCa

nigm:ugehÁalI )andMeNIrkareq<aHeTAbegáItsßab½nEbbenH. enA

bg;køaEds c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItKN³km μkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy RtUv)anGnum½tkalBIqñaM 2004 b:uEnþ KN³kmμkarenH

enAminTan;)anbegáItenAeLIy ¬ADB/OECD, 2004¦.

krNITaMgLayEdl)aneCaKC½yk¾)ansgát;F¶n;EdreTA

elIsar³sMxan;énkarebþCJaEpñkneya)ayya:gmWugma:t; nigPaB

CaGñkdwknaM. enATINaEdlmaneCaKC½y ACA )anTTYlnUvkar

KaMRTkRmitx<s;BIsaFarNCn nigBIEpñkneya)ay manFnFan

RKb;RKan; mansmtßPaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkarRsavRCav nig)an

Gnum½tykviFIsaRsþesIubGegáty:agmWugma:t; nigkm μviFIRbkb

edayPaBécñRbDitGMBIkarbgáar nigkarGb;rMdl;saFarNCn.

tRmUvkar[manKN³km μaFikarBiess EdlmanParkic©tamdan

RtYtBinitüral;skm μPaBrbs;xøÜn k¾)anbgðaj[eXIjfaman

sar³sMxan;minGacxVH)an.

pÞúyeTAvij karykcitþþTukdak;minRKb;RKan;eTAelIkar

bgáar nigkarGb;rM PaBTn;exSaykñúgkarGnuvtþc,ab; karxVHFnFan

xVHqnÞ³neya)ay xVHÉkraCPaB nigkarmanGnþraKmn_Epñk

neya)ay17

nigkarmanc,ab;minRKb;RKan; RtUv)ancat;TukfaCa

mUlehtuénkarbraC½yPaKeRcIn18

. TnÞwmnwgenH manbBaðaénkar

EdlRtUvcMNayeTAelIkarbegáItsßab½nfμI²enH nigbBaðasmtßPaB

Tn;exSayrbs;rdæ EdltMNag[karBiténRbeTsPaKeRcIn Edl

mankarGPivDÆtictYcCageKbMputenAkñúgtMbn;. karbgáarKWCa

karRbesIrCagkareFVIbNwþgecaTRbkan; ehIyTIPñak;garRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYy ACA d¾manRbsiT§PaB EdlmanParkic©esIubGegát

nigtamdanRtYtBinitü¼sRmbsRmYl nigmanGMNacRKb;RKan;

nigÉkraCüBIGñkneya)ay RtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCakarl¥RbesIr

bMputsRmab;bMeBjParkic©enaH ¬Pope, 1999¦. GtßbTsßit

kñúgrgVg;xageRkamenHCRmabCUnGMBIKuNsm,tiþ nigKuNvibtþi

énkarmanGgÁPaBÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬segçbBI

UNODC, 2004¦.

KuNsm,tiþ nigKuNvibtþiénkarmanGgÁPaBÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

KuNsm,tiþ³

pþl;nUvsBaØamYyEdlfa rdæaPi)alxitxMRbwgERbgRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyya:gmWugma:t;

GacseRmc)annUvÉkeTsnIykmμ nigCMnajkRmitx<s;

GacksagsV½yPaBkRmitx<s; edIm,IEjksßab½nenH[dac;ecjBIGMeBIBukrlYy nig\T§iBlminsmrmüepSg² eTot

sßab½nenHnwgenAdac;edayELkBITIPñak;gar nignaykdæanTaMgLay EdlxøÜnnwgTTYlxusRtUvesIubGegát.

sßab½nfμIRsLagmYyman {karcab;epþImedaybrisuT§} EdlR)ascakBIGMeBIBukrlYy nigbBaðaepSg²eTotEdlGacmanenAkñúgsßab½n

EdlmanRsab;.

17]TahrN_enAeBlsßitenAeRkamkariyal½yRbFanaFibtI Pñak;garenHnwgminsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBmYyénkaredaHRsayGMeBIBukrlYyF¶n;F¶r

EdlBak;B½n§nwgtYGgÁTaMgLayEdlCitsñiT§CamYyRbFanaFibtI ¬Pope, 1999¦. enHk¾RtUv)aneKelIkeLIgdUcKñaenARbeTstg;hSanI

pgEdr.18

dkRsg;mkBI Bertrand de Speville ¬2000¦.

15


manCMenOTukcitþya:gxøaMgBIsaFarNCnTUeTA

vanwgGacTTYl)annUvkarkarBarsnþisuxd¾RbesIr

vanwgmanKNenyüPaBkñúgvis½yneya)ay nigcMeBaHmuxc,ab; nigcMeBaHvis½ysaFarN³kan;Etl¥Cagmun

vanwgmanPaBkan;Etc,as;las; kñúgkarvaytémøvDÆnPaB eCaKC½y nigbraC½yrbs;xøÜn

nwgmanviFankarkan;EtelOnRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. FnFansRmab;Parkic©Cak;lak;nwgRtUv)aneRbIR)as; ehIymRnþITaMgGs;nwgmin

GaRs½yeTAtamGaTiPaBEdlmankarRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgkarGnuvtþc,ab;TUeTA svnkm μ nigTIPñak;garRbhak;RbEhlKñaenaHeT.

ehIy

vabBa©ÚlnUvkarkarBarmYybEnßmeTotRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy eBalKW vanwgsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBmYyedIm,ItamdanRtYtBinitüeTAelI

shKmn_Gnuvtþn_c,ab;Fm μta ehIypÞúyeTAvij RbsinebITIPñak;garxøÜnÉgenHBukrlYy enaHshKmn_nwgtamdanRtYtBinitüeTAelI

TIPñak;garenHvij.

KuNvibtþi³

cMNayrdæ)alkan;Etx<s;

PaBenAdac;edayELk r)aMg nigkarRbkYtRbECgrvagsßab½nnwgsßab½n nigGgÁPaBnigsßab½nTaMgGs; Ed;lxøÜnnwgRtUvshRbtibtþikar

CamYy dUcCamRnþIGnuvtþn_c,ab; mRnþIGyükar svnkr nigGFikar.

ebIklT§PaB[mankarkat;bnßyzan³rbs;rcnasm<½n§EdlmanRsab; EdlenAedayELkBIsßab½nfμIenH

GacbegáItsm<aFneya)ayRbkYtRbECgKña BIRkumTaMgLayEdlEsVgrkGaTiPaBRbhak;RbEhlKña sRmab;KMnitpþÜcepþImdéTeTot

EdlBak;B½n§nwg]Rkidækmμ

k¾GacTTYlrgeRKaHcMeBaHkarb:unb:gdkecj b¤kat;bnßynUvRbsiT§PaBrbs;xøÜn edaykarpþl;mUlniFiminRKb;RKan; b¤rcnasm<½n§

raykarN_minRKb;RKan;.

17

3sßab½nepSgeTotEdlBak;B½n§

enAkñúgkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

karsnñidæanTUeTAmYyEdlelcecjBIBN’nasegçbén

RbeTsnImYy² KWfa sßab½nEtmYyKt;minGacykC½yCMnHenAkñúg

yuT§saRsþRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy)aneLIy. sUm,IEtenAkñúg

RbeTsTaMgLayEdlTIPñak;gar b¤GgÁPaBEdlmanFnFan

RKb;RKan; ehIyRtUv)anbegáIteLIgtamc,ab;KMrUk¾eday k¾BYkeK

enAEtBwgEp¥kelIkarTMnak;TMng nigRbsiT§PaBrbs;sßab½nepSg

eTot. EpñkenH nwgBinitüemIlelITidæPaBTUeTAénsßab½nmYycMnYn

sRmab;RKb;RKgbEnßm ¬]> RBHraCGaCJa GñkkarBarRbCaBlrdæ

svnkr nig tulakar¦19

EdledIrtYnaTI ¬b¤manskþanuBlkñúgkar

edIrtYnaTI¦ sMxan;enAkñúgkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. GtßbTenAkñúg

RbGb;xageRkamenH ¬dkRsg;mkBIkMNt;smÁal;GMBIkarGnuvtþ

rbs;yUGwnDIPI sIþBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy¦ pþl;nUvTidæPaBTUeTA

énRbePTepSg²KñaénkMENTRmg;sßab½n EdlcaM)ac;RtUvBicarNa

edIm,IBRgwgnUvkarGnuvtþelIKMnitepþImRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy.

kMENTRmg;sßab½nEdlRtUvBicarNaedIm,IBRgwgnUvkarGnuvtþelIKMnitepþImRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

begáIt[manGñkesIubGegátÉkraCü RBHraCGaCJa nigGñkkat;esckþI EdlFananUvkarGnuvtþ {esμIPaB} cMeBaHc,ab; nig bTbBaØtþi.

BRgwgsmtßPaB nigsucritPaBrbs;bU:lIs kñúgnamCaPñak;garesIubGegátCYrmuxcMeBaHbTelμIs]Rkidæ.

BRgwg nigFananUvÉkraCPaB nigKNenyüPaBrbs;RbB½n§tulakar.

pþl;GMNaceBjelj kñúgkaresIubGegát nigeFVIbNwþgGaCJa EdlRsbtamviFansiT§imnusSGnþrCati.

bBa©ÚlynþkartmøaPaBeTAkñúgkMENTRmg;énviFankarGnuvtþ edaylubbM)at;buBVsiT§i EdlK μanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgesckIþRtUvkarrbs;

saFarNCn ehIyEdlmRnþIsaFarN³Can;x<s;cUlcitþcg;)an edaysarEtmuxtMENgrbs;BYkeK.

ksagynþkard¾manRbsiT§PaBsRmab;TTYlBakübNþwg nignItiviFIsRmab;bþwgTas; eTaHCaedaymRnþIraCkarépÞkñúg b¤edaysaFarN

Cnk¾eday.

ksagynþkaredIm,IkarBarGñkbegðIb[dwg ¬GMBIGMeBIBukrlYy¦³ CMruj[mankarGPivDÆsßab½n karGPivDÆc,ab; nigkarRbtibtþi Edl

Fanafa RbCaBlrdæEdlmansμartITTYlxusRtUv GacraykarN_GMBIGMeBIBukrlYy edayminxøackarsgswk nigFanapþl;GMNac[

sarB½t’manedIrtYnaTIsMxan; kñúgkardak;[buKÁl nigsßab½nTTYlxusRtUv.

edaHRsayCamYyvis½yBiess²EdleKdwgfakMBugsabeRBaHGMeBIBukrlYy ¬]> enARbeTsh‘Skh‘Sa karRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy)an

cab;epþImenAkñúgRksYgGb;rM EdlRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaRbB½n§mYyEdlmanGMeBIBukrlYyxøaMgbMput¦.

19ebIeTaHbICakmøaMgb:UlIsk¾mantYnaTIsMxan;kñúgkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyk¾eday sßab½nenHk¾nwgminsikSadac;edayELkEdr ehIyenA

eBlNacaM)ac; vanwgRtUv)anBiPakSaedayBak;B½n§eTAnwgsßab½nepSg²eTotEdl)ansikSa.

18


3>1 RBHraCGaCJa

RBHraCGaCJaedIrtYnaTIsMxan;enAkñ úgdMeNIrkarnaMyk

skmμPaBBukrlYyeTAtulakar edayQanecjBIkaresIubGegát

mkCakardak;bNþwgGaCJa ¬KWerobcMEbbbTedIm,IbþwgecaT¦.

RbeTsnImYy²RtUvmanc,ab;EdlFana[manÉkraCPaBEpñk

neya)ay minRtwmEtsRmab; ACA b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ EfmTaMg

sRmab;tulakar nigkariyal½yGyükarsaFarN³pgEdr.

TMnak;TMngrvagGgÁPaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigRBHraCGaCJa

manBN’naenAkñúgesckIþBN’nasegçbénRbeTsmYy².

TMnak;TMngrvag ACA nigkariyal½yGyükarsaFarN³

KWCaTMnak;TMngd¾sMxan;. CaeKalkarN_ eTaHenAkñúgRbeTsEdl

GnuvtþtamRbB½n§c,ab;sIuvil b¤ Common Law kIþ k¾KμanRkbx½NÐ

NaEdldak;bgMçfa RtUv[GñkNarkSaTuknUvGMNacesIubGegát

nigGMNaceFVIbNþwgGaCJaeLIy ¬elIkElgEtmanbBaØtþienAkñúg

rdæFmμnuBaØ¦. enAeBlNaEdlrdæFmμnuBaØEcgfa RBHraCGaCJaCa

GñkRKb;RKgEtmñak;Kt;cMeBaHral;kareFVIbNwþgGaCJa Kat;RtUvman

GMNaceFVIGnþraKmn_enAkñúgdMeNIrkarkþIRBh μTNÐTaMgGs; Edl

epþImedaybuKÁl b¤GaCJaFrNamYy. b:uEnþ bBaðaenAkñúgRbeTs

kMBugGPivDÆn_ KWfa etIRBHraCGaCJamanÉkraCPaBeBjeljkñúg

karseRmcykerOgkþIeTAtulakarEdrb¤Gt;. Cajwkjy PaB

Tn;exSayrbs;ynþkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy kan;EtemIleXIj

c,as;enARtg;cMNucsMxan;rvagkaresIubGegát ¬eday ACA b¤

GgÁPaBRbhak;RbEhlKña¦ nigkareFVIbNwþgGaCJaedaysßab½n

tulakar ehIynigdMeNIrkarrbs;tulakar.

ehIyk¾man]TahrN_BIbNþaRbeTsEdl)anseRmcmin

begáItPñak;garBiessRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyEdr pÞúyeTAvij eK

begáItGgÁPaBBiessRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAeRkamRBHraCGaCJa

saFarN³. enHKWCakrNIenARbeTsm:ugehÁalI20

enAeBlenH

¬GgÁPaBesIubGegátBiess¦ enARbeTsnIkara:hÁa ¬GgÁPaBesIub

Gegát nigpþl;dMbUnμan¦ enARbeTsm:UhSaMb‘ík ¬GgÁPaBkNþal

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy¦ nigenAkULúMbU. enAkULMúbU RkmRBhμTNÐqñaM

1991 pþl;nUvGMNacesIubGegátya:gFMeTAdl;GKÁemFavI21

.

dUcKñaenHEdr enAkñúgRbeTstaCIKIsßan GKÁRBHraCGaCJaTTYl

bnÞúkGnuvtþc,ab;RbyuTæRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. enARbeTs

m:UhSaMb‘ík c,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyf μ I ¬2001¦ kMNt;GMBI

rcnasm<½n§Edl {GyükarsaFarN³ nigb:UlIsesIubGegáterOg

RBhμTNÐ TTYlbnÞúkTb;sáat; nigRbqaMg]Rkidækm μEdlmanEcg

enAkñúgc,ab;}. GgÁPaBenHnwgmanRBHraCGaCJa Edlmankar

bNþúHbNþalBiess nigbU:lIs edIm,IeFVIkarenAkñúgvis½yBuk

cMeBaHGMeBIBukrlYyEdlGacnwgekItmaneLIg RtUvdak;viFankarxøaMg²EdleFVI[jejIt dUcCaTNÐkm μrdæb,evNI kareFVIbBa¢Iex μAén

Rkumh‘unBukrlYy EbbbTbtüab½n nigbTbBaØtþic,ab;epSg²eTot EdlGac[mankarXat;cab; nigrwbGUsnUvplénGMeBIBukrlYy

TaMgenAkñúg b¤eRkARbeTs.

BRgwgRksYgEdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkMENTRmg;mRnþIraCkar nigbegáItTMnak;TMng[)anCitsñiT§rvagRksYgenH nwgTIPñak;garRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYyepSgeTot ¬GnuvtþRkmsIlFm’ begáInkarRtYtBinitü karGnuvtþsMedArklT§pl sUcnakrRbtibtþikarEdlGacvas;Evg)an

edayEp¥kelIkarRKb;RKg karpþl;GMNacdl;saFarNCn tamry³Fm μnuBaØrbs;Blrdæ RbB½n§edaHRsaybNþwgsaFarN³EdlGac

eCOTukcitþ)an lTæPaBTTYl)anB½t’man¦.

20enAeBlenHmanPaKeRcInenAkñúgsPa EdleFVIkarelIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy EdlKaMRTdl;karbegáIt ACA ÉkraCü nigkarEkERbesckþI

RBagc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy RtUv)anbBa©b;. esckþIRBagc,ab;pþl;[GgÁPaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nUvGaNtþimYyedIm,IesIubGegát

karecaTRbkan;BIbTBukrlYy bgáarGMeBIBukrlYy Gb;rM nigekogKrsaFarNCn. karecaTRbkan; nigkarkat;eTasbTelμIsTaMgLay

KWTuk[briFanrdæepSgeTot. EteTaHCaya:gNak¾edayeKenAcaMemIlfa etInwgmankarKaMRTneya)ayRKb;RKan;enAkñúgsPa nigkñúg

rdæaPi)al eTAelICeRmIs ACA Edrb¤Gt;.21

mRnþIenHRtUv)anEtgtaMgsRmab;GaNtþi 4qñaM edaytulakarkMBUl nigminGacbeNþjecj b¤EtgtaMgmþgeToteLIy. Rbtibtþikar

edaymansV½yPaBrdæ)al nigfvika kariyal½yenHesIubGegát nigecaTRbkan; bBa¢Únmktulakar dwknaM nigsRmbsRmYlmuxgarrbs;

bU:lIsyutþiFm’ nigkarBarCnrgeRKaH sakSI nigCnepSg²eTotEdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgdMeNIrkarkþI.

19

sßab½nepSgeTotEdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

rlYy. GgÁPaBenHeFVIkarenAeRkamkariyal½yGKÁemFavI22

.

RbeTsCb:un )anbegáItnaykdæanCMnajesIubGegátenAkñúg

kariyal½yGyükar enAkñúgTIRkugFM².

b:uEnþ enARbeTsTaMgLayNaEdlmanGMeBIBukrlYyenA

RKb;TisTIenaH eKmankarminTukcitþCaxøaMgeTAelIGgÁPaBRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgkariyal½yGyükar. bEnßmeTAelIkar

GnuvtþEdlkMBugEtmanbBaða eKenAEtcaMemIlfa etIRBHraCGaCJa

GacmansmtßPaB nigmanGMNacsIlFm’ edIm,Icat;viFankar

Tb;sáat; dUcCa karsRmbsRmYlCamYysgÁmsIuvIl ehIynig

GgÁkaryuvCn nigTMnak;TMngCajwkjab;CamYyRbB½n§sarB½t’man

nigRbB½n§Gb;rM Edrb¤eT.

enATINaEdlmanGgÁPaBBiessRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

GgÁPaBenaHedayGnuelamtaml½kçx½NÐmYycMnYn KYrEtman

GMNac nigsmtßPaB kñúgkareFVIbNþwgGaCJaedayÉkraCüBI

GKÁemFavI. ]TahrN_EbbenH )anpþl;CUnenAkñúgEpñkmun²én

r)aykarN_enH ¬]> RbeTs\NÐÚensIu nIehSrIya: nigéf¦. b:uEnþ

eTaHCa ACA manTMnak;TMngEbbNaCamYynwgRBHraCGaCJak¾

eday ACA enHKYrEtRtUv)anpþl;siT§iCamRnþIGnuvtþn_c,ab; Edl

GacemIlÉksarrdæ nigÉksarrbs;mRnþIraCkar )aneday

eBjelj.

3>2 GKÁsvnkr

GnusBaØa G>s>b> RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy UNCAC cat;Tuk

esckIþRtUvkarsvnkm μfaCaGgÁFatuénkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy

TaMgenAkñúgvis½ysaFarN³ ¬maRta 9¦ nigvis½yÉkCn ¬maRta

12¦ b:uEnþ FatuCak;lak;rbs;GnusBaØa dUcCa l½kçx½NÐEfrkSa

sucritPaBrbs;esovePA kMNt;Rta nigÉksarhirBaØvtßúepSg

eTot )anbgðajc,as;fa GnusBaØak¾)anKitKUrpgEdreTAelI

muxgarkñúgkareFVI[eKxøacGMeBIBukrlYy muxgarkñúgkarEsVgrkkar

esIubGegát nigkareFVIbNþwgGaCJa¬UNODC, 2004³100¦.

sßab½nsvnkmμedIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan; edayehtufa vaCYy

CMruj[mankarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúl¥RtwmRtUv nigrdæ)alman

KNenyüPaB nigtmøaPaB EdlnwgrYmcMENkdl;karTb;sáat;

nigtamrkkarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy. ÉkraCPaBeBjeljén

sßab½nsvnkm μelIEpñkbuKÁlik nigfvika manGMNacc,ab;

TUlMTUlay nigGMNacesIubGegátRKb;RKan; rYmTaMgkarekaHehA

sakSI nigkarrwbGUsÉksar KWmansar³sMxan;dl;dMeNIrkar

RtwmRtUvénsßab½nEbbenH ¬ADB/OECD, 2004³17¦.

tYnaTIrbs;kariyal½ysvnkm μ kñúgkarRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy minRtUvemIlRsaleLIy. kareFVIsvnkm μeTogTat;

GacTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy nig]Rkidækmμesdækic© edayeFVI[GMeBI

TaMgenHkan;EtmanhaniP½y EdlCaehtuGackat;bnßy»kas

sRmab;RbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy. svnkm μKaMRTdl;kic©xitxM

RbwgERbgRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy eRBaHvaepÞógpÞat;B½t’man nigkar

viPaKcg¥úlbgðajnUvPaBTn;exSay R)ab;GMBIkarRbRBwtþixusqÁg b¤

bBaðaepSgeTot EdlGñkxagkñúgminGac b¤mincg;cg¥úlbgðaj.

karkMNt;GMBIcMNucxøaMg nigcMNucexSayenAkñúgrcnasm<½n§ nig

nItiviFIrdæ)al karraykarN_GMBIskmμPaBrbs;BYkeK EdlGac

nwgbegáInsMBaFneya)ay [xitxMrkdMeNaHRsaycMeBaHbBaða

EdleK)ancg¥úlbgðaj.

b:uEnþ enAmanPaBxusKñasMxan;²CaeRcIn edayGaRs½y

eTAelIGaCJaFrEdlmanGMNacEtgtaMg nigExSbnÞat;EdlRtUv

raykarN_ . RbkarenH GacCaEpñknItiRbtibtþi ¬kñúgkrNIenH

KWCamuxgarépÞkñúg nigkarRtYtBinitüxøÜnÉgrbs;sßab½nrdæaPi)al¦

b¤EpñknItiRbtibtþi ¬kñúgkrNIenH vaKWCaEpñkéndMeNIrkarmYyén

{karTTYlxusRtUvExSTTwg} b¤karRtYtBinitü¦ b¤TaMgBIr. muxgar

RtYtBinitürbs;GKÁsvnkr EtgEtRtUv)anrMxanCajwkjypg

Edr edaysarEtPaBTn;exSayrbs;KN³km μaFikarRtYtBinitü

sPa. karEdlsPamineGIeBIcMeBaHr)aykarN_Edldak;CUnmk

BYkeKenaH KWminEmnCaerOgminFmμtaeT. zan³rbs;GKÁsvnkr

enAkñúgRbeTsGasIuxagt,ÚgPaKeRcIn KWsßiteRkamkarFanarbs;

rdæFm μnuBaØ. b:uEnþ mankrNICaeRcInEdlÉkraCPaBrbs;

GKÁsvnkr RtUv)ansRmbsRmYl edayehtufa tamkarGnuvtþ

Cak;Esþg tMENgenHsßitenAeRkamRksYghirBaØvtßú ¬]> RbeTs

bg;køaEds¦.

22manTsSn³cRmuHGMBIesckþIseRmcrbs;m:UhSaMb‘ík edIm,IBRgwgkariyal½yGKÁemFavI CaynþkarsMxan;sRmab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy CMnYs[

karbegáItnUvTRmg;énKN³km μkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. manbBaðaF¶n;F¶rBak;B½n§nwgsmtßPaBrbs;GgÁPaB sRmab;muxgarRKb;RKg nig

sRmbsRmYl nigkaryl;dwgrbs;Blrdæ.

20


RkumRbwkSaPi)alsvnkm μ nigGFikarkic© ¬BAI¦ enA

saFarNrdækUer: manGaNtþikargarTUlMTUlay rYmTaMgkaresIub

GegátBak;B½n§nwgkareRbIR)as;mUlniFisaFarN³23

. muneBl

begáItKN³km μkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;RbeTskUer:

KICAC KN³kmμkarsRmab;Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy RtUv)anbegáIt

eLIg edIm,Ipþl;eyabl;[ BAI elIkarRbyuTæRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy.

kariyal½ysvnkm μrbs;rdæj:ÚesAEvl k¾pþl;eyabl;

dl;sPa rdæaPi)al nigTIPñak;garvis½ysaFarN³ elIdMeNIrkar

énvis½ysaFarN³pgEdr.

krNIenARbeTsb‘ulhÁarI KWCakrNIEdlKYr[cab;

GarmμN_ edaysarEttYnaTIEdlpþl;CUnsvnkrenAkñúgkarRbyuTæ

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. kariyal½ysvnkm μCatiénRbeTs

b‘ulhÁarI manRbFanmYyrUb nigsmaCik 10rUbeTot EdlRtUv

e)aHeqñateRCIserIsedaysPasRmab;GaNtþi 9qñaM. svnkrenA

RbeTsb‘ulhÁarI minRKan;Etkan;kab;bBa¢IRbkasRTBüsm,tiþEdl

RtUv)andak;CUnedaymRnþICan;x<s;saFarN³bu:eNÑaHeT svnkr

k¾eFVIsvnkm μelIskm μPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;KNbkSneya)aypg

Edr. EteTaHCaya:genHk¾eday svnkrminmantYnaTIGnuvtþ

c,ab;eT. RbsinebIeKrkeXIjGMeBIRBh μTNÐ eKmankatBVkic©

dak;CUneTArdæGaCJasaFarN³.

CaFm μta svnkrraykarN_CUnsPaCati. dUc)an

erobrab;xagelI man]TahrN_EdlbBa¢ak;fa sPaxkxanmin)an

cat;kartamGnusasn_ Edl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgr)aykarN_ ¬]>

RbeTsbUtsVaNa nigb‘ulhÁarI¦. enARbeTsCaeRcIn r)aykarN_

RbcaMqñaMrbs; ACA RtYv)anEckrMElkCamYysvnkr. enARbeTs

\NÐÚensIu KPK RtUvraykarN_GMBIskm μPaBrbs;xøÜnCUn

RkumRbwkSaPi)alsvnkr ehIyRkumRbwkSaPi)alsvnkrenHk¾

RtUvsßitenAeRkamkarRtYtBinitürbs; KPK vijEdr. GaRs½y

ehtuenH vamansar³sMxan;dUcKña kñúgkarFanafa ACA GacBinitü

emIlr)aykarN_svnkmμ. edaysarEtmanc,ab;rkSakarsm¶at;

EdleKenAEtGnuvtþ enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_CaeRcIn

r)aykarN_GacbBa¢ÚneTACUnEtmRnþICan;x<s;b:ueNÑaH edIm,Ibgáar

karebIkcMhrTUlMTUlaynUvB½t’manresIb. bTBiesaFBIbNþa

RbeTsCaeRcInEdl)anTTYleCaKC½y bgðaj[eXIjnUvTMnak;

TMngKñaya:gCitsñiT§rvag ACA nigGKÁsvnkr RBmTaMg

kariyal½yGñkkarBarRbCaBlrdæ ¬sUmemIlxageRkam¦.

karBinitüeLIgvijeTAelIkarecaTRbkan;BIGMeBIBukrlYy

RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayGKÁGFikarpgEdr enAkñúgRbeTs

yUhÁan;da. enAkñúgkrNICaeRcIn kariyal½ysvnkm μTaMgenH

dMeNIrkardUcCakariyal½yGñkkarBarBlrdæ EdlTTYlcuHbBa¢I

BakübNþwgrbs;RbCaBlrdæ elIbBaðaBukrlYy. enAkñúgkrNI

epSg²eTot ¬]> RbeTsbUlIevo¦ eKTMnak;TMngkargarkñúgskmμ

PaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyCamYyTIPñak;garTaMgGs;. TIPñak;gar

epSgeTotenAEtmanGMNacesIubGegát nigGMNaceFVIbNþwgGaCJa

¬]> tulakarrbs;RbeTseb:rU sRmab;sIlFm’saFarN³ nigrdæ

GaCJasaFarN³rbs;RbeTsG‘uyra:hÁay¦.

3>3 Pñak;garkMENTRmg;esvasaFarN³b¤KN³kmμkaresvasaFarN³

kMENTRmg;esvasaFarN³KWCakarca M)ac ;sRmab;

yuT§saRsþRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyRKb;RbePT. ACA KYrshkar

CitsñiT§CamYysßab½nTaMgenH edayehtufakMENTRmg;esva

saFarN³ KWCaFatusMxan;énviFankarbgáarGMeBIBukrlYy.

vb,Fm’épÞkñúgrbs;sßab½nminGacRtUv)anRtYtBinitüBI

xageRkA)aneLIy eRBaHEtehtuenHehIy)anCacaM)ac;RtUv[Gñk

RKb;RKgvis½ysaFarN³xøÜnÉg TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHsucritPaB

enAkEnøgkargarrbs;BYkeK. KWCasar³sMxan;kñúgkartamdan

RtYtBinitüelIkareqøIytbrbs;GñkRKb;RKg cMeBaHviFankar

Tb;sáat; nigGnusasn_ EdleFVIeLIgedayGgÁPaBRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy nigsvnkmμepSg².

ehtuplsMxan;mYyéneCaKC½yrbs;RbeTssigðburIkñúg

karRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy KWkic©xitxMRbwgERbgrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúg

karlubbM)at;»kassRmab;RbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy tamry³kar

epþatCanic©elIkareFV I[manRbsiT§PaBnUvnItiviFIrdæ)alEdl

sμúKsμaj kat;bnßykariyal½yFibetyü nigGnum½tkMENTRmg;

lT§kmμ. eKalneya)aydwknaMCaKMrUenAkñúgesvasaFarN³rbs;

RbeTssigðburI KWCaktþamWugma:t;mYyenAkñúgyuT§saRsþRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYyrbs;xøÜn. CaFm μta R)ak;QñÜlx<s;enAkñúgesva

23BAI enAsarNrdækUer: raykarN_CUnRbFanaFibtI sPa nigrdæaPi)al.

21


saFarN³ RtUv)ancat;TukfaCaktþarYmcMENkmYysMxan;tTl;nwg

GMeBIBukrlYykRmitTabenAsigðburI b:uEnþRtUvcaMfa kRmitR)ak;

QñÜlx<s;TaMgenHKWCalT§plsMxan;mYy)anmkBIeKalneya)ay

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy minEmnRKan;EtCaktþasRmab;Bnül;BI

eCaKC½yrbs;BYkeKeT24

. GVIEdlCaKnøwHenAkñúgkrNIRbeTs

sigðburI KWfa Parkic©Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYysßitenAkñúgnaykdæan

TaMgGs;. elxaFikarGcié®nþy_enAkñúgRksYgnImYy²TTYlxus

RtUvkñúgkarFanafa naykdæannImYy²manKN³km μaFikarmYy

EdlmanParkic©BinitüesIerIeLIgvijnUvviFankarRbqaMgGMeBIBuk

rlYy RBmTaMgFana[mankarcat;viFankarRKb;RKan; edIm,I

Tb;sáat; karRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy. enHk¾rYmmankardak;[dMeNIr

karnUveKalneya)aymWugma:t;RbqaMgnwgTMnas;plRbeyaCn_.

enAGaRhVikxagt,ÚgGaNtþikic©karRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

RtUv)anEbgEckkñúgcMeNamb:UlIs rdæGaCJa GKÁsvnkr esva

RbmUlcMNUlGaRhiVkxagt,Úg nigKN³km μkaresvasaFarN³

¬kñúgcMeNamesvaepSg²eTot¦. CamuxgarsMxan;rbs;xøÜn BYkeK

RtUvBRgwgsucritPaBrbs;mRnþI karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú nigKuNPaB

rdæ)alenAkñúgesvasaFarN³. kñúgkrNIEdlK μanTIPñak;gar

BiessRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy GaRhVikxagt,ÚgBwgEp¥kya:gxøaMgelI

muxgarsaFarN³ nigGñkRKb;RKgvis½ysaFarN³ edIm,IrkSanUv

vb,Fm’sucritPaBenAkñúgrdæaPi)al. enAkñúgnaykdæanesva

saFarN³ nigrdæ)al GgÁPaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúg

esvasaFaN³ ¬PSAC¦ k¾manmuxgarsRmbsRmYl nigTTYl

bnÞúkksag nigGnuvtþyuT§saRsþRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgesva

saFarN³pgEdr. GgÁPaB PSAC k¾pþl;nUvdMbUnμan nigkarKaMRT

dl;vis½ysaFarN³elIeKalneya)ay nigc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy RBmTaMgekaHRbCMuKN³kmμaFikarsRmbsRmYlRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYy. b:uEnþ GgÁPaBenHmineFVIkaresIubGegátGMeBIBuk

rlYyNamYyedayxøÜnÉgeT. elIsBIenHeTAeTot kñúgkic©xitxM

RbwgERbgedIm,ITb;sáat; nigRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy rdæaPi)al)an

dak;ecjnUvesckIþseRmcfa ral;naykdæan nigsßab½nTaMgGs;

enAkñ úgmuxgarsaFarN³RtUvEtmansmtßPaBGb,brmamYy

edIm,IeFVIkarviPaKGMBIhaniP½y GnuvtþEpnkarRbqaMgGMeBIEkøgbnøM

esIubGegátelIkarecaTRbkan;BIbTBukrlYy cat;EcgdMNwgsIþBI

erOgBukrlYy nigelIkkm<s;Gakb,kiriyaRbkbedaysIlFm’

kñúgcMeNammRnþITaMgGs;rbs;BYkeK. EteTaHCaya:genHkIþ

TIPñak;garCaeRcInhak;dUcCaminmandak;ecjnUveKalneya)ay

nignItiviFI edIm,IGnuvtþtamkatBVkic©TaMgenHeLIy.

enARbeTséf KN³km μkarmuxgarsaFarN³ RBmTaMg

KN³km μkarGPivDÆn_vis½ysaFarN³ edIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;.

KN³km μkarmuxgarsaFarN³edIrtYnaTICaTIPñak;garsñÚlkñúgkar

karBarRbB½n§ EdlEp¥kelIKuNsm,tþil¥ nigCMruj[mankar

RKb;RKgEdlsMedAeTArklT§pltmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaBenA

kñúgesvasaFarN³. KN³km μkarGPivDÆn_vis½ysaFarN³

tamdanRtYtBinitünUvkarGnuvtþRkwtüsþIBIviFan nignItiviFIsRmab;

rdæ)alsaFarN³l¥ . TnÞwmnwgenH RbkarsMxan;mYyeTotKWfa

BlrdæenARbeTséfGacdak;Bakübþ wgeTAkariyal½yKN³

km μkarB½t’manénmRnIþraCkar kñúgkrNINaEdlTIPñak;gar

saFarN³NamYyminRBmpþl;B½t’man .

c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy enARbeTslITuyGanI

Ecgfa RKb;TIPñak;garfñak;Cati nigfñak;extþ-Rkug GacbegáIt

GgÁPaBépÞkñúgmYy sRmab;Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgGaNtþi

kargarrbs;BYkeKerog²xøÜn.

KN³km μkaresvasaFarN³enARbeTshVICI )anbegáIt

GgÁPaBBiessmYy EdlminRtwmEtedIm,IRsavRCavGMBI

r)aykarN_énGMeBIBukrlYyb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgeFVIkaresIub

GegátenAeBlmankarsgS½yfamanskm μPaBBukrlYypgEdr.

c,ab;sþIBIRkmsIlFm’ nwgRtUvelIkykmkBiPakSaenAkñúgsPa

Can;Tab EdlnwgGnuvtþcMeBaHGñkkan;tMENgCan;x<s;TaMgGs;

rYmTaMgRbFanaFibtI GnuRbFanaFibtI rdæmRnþI smaCiksPa

RbmuxnItiRbtibtþi nigGñkTaMgGs;EdlRtUv)anEtgtaMgtam

lkçnþik³ b¤tMENgRbtibtþi enAkñúgGaCJaFrtamlkçnþik³. c,ab;enH

nwgTamTar[mansucritPaBtamsþg;daBitR)akd.

24enAqñaM 1959 enAeBldak;ecjnUvyuT§saRsþRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy GNP sRmab;mnusSmñak;enAsigðburI RbEhlCa 443duløar.

30qñaMeRkaymktYelx)anekIneLIgCag 11° Caerogral;qñaM CaBiessGaRs½y edaykarseRmc)ankñúgkarRbmUlcMNUl nigplitPaB

EdlTTYl)anmkBIeKalneya)ayRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy BIeKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_sMedA[mankMeNInelOn rYmTaMg karvinieyaKelIkar

GPivDÆFnFanmnusS. enARtwmqñaM 1994 R)ak;QñÜlkñúgvis½ysaFarN³ manlMdab;fñak;sßitenAkñúgcMeNamRbeTsEdlmankRmitx<s;

bMputenAkñúgBiPBelak EdlmankRmitCitesμInwgkRmitR)ak;QñÜlvis½yÉkCn.

22


enATINaEdlman ACA CaFm μtavamanGnusasn_GMBI

rebobEdlRtUvEklm¥karRKb;RKgsaFarN³ edIm,Ikat;bnßy

»kasBukrlYy TukCaEpñkmYyénGaNtþiTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy

rbs;xøÜn. enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn Gnusasn_rbs; ACA eTA

TIPñak;garrdæaPi)al KWRtUvEtGnuvtþtam. enAkñúgRbeTsepSg

eTot c,ab;min)antRmUv[TIPñak;garsaFarN³Gnuvtþtam

Gnusasn_rbs; ACA eLIy. kñúgkrNITaMgenaH ACA

KYrEtRtUv)anGnuBaØat[pþl;Gnusasn_enAkñúgr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaM

rbs;xøÜn CUnrdæsPa rdæaPi)al nigsvnkmμ Edldak;[naykdæan

TaMgGs;TTYlxusRtUv RbsinebInaykdæanTaMgenaHminmankar

Eklm¥eT.

3>4 mRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæ ¬Ombudsman¦

sar³sMxan;énmRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæ sßitenARtg;fa

kñúgnamCasßab½nÉkraCü vaRtUv)ancat;TukfaCa]bkrN_bEnßm

sRmab;Tb;sáat; nigRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy EdlRKbdNþb;elI

vis½yénskm μPaBnana xusGMBIskm μPaBrbs;sßab½nEdlman

Rsab; KWfamRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæ karBarmin[mankar

rMelaPbMBanBIrdæ)alsaFarN³mkelIRbCaBlrdæ. sMxan;Cag

enHeTAeTot mRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæ KYrEtÉkraC25

BIsaxa

epSg²eTotrbs;rdæaPi)al¼rdæ)al b:uEnþ KYrshkarCamYysßab½n

sVy½tepSg²eTot dUcCa tulakar nigGgÁPaBsvnkmμ ¬World

Bank, 1999¦.

CaTUeTA GaNtþikargarrbs;mRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæ

RKbdNþþb;elIsBIkrNIBukrlYyeTAeTot ehIyrYmbBa©ÚlTaMg

ehtukarN_énkarRKb;RKgminl¥ EdlnaMeTArkGsmtßPaB PaB

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cm,génmRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæ KWesIubGegátelIBakübNþwgEdl

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minl¥enAkñúgesvasaFarN³26

. enHGacCasar³RbeyaCn_mYy

edayehtufa enAkñúgkrNICaeRcIn Gñkdak;BakübNþwgnwgmindwg

b¤minsgS½yGMBIGtßiPaBénGMeBIBukrlYyeLIy. pÞúyeTAvij mRnþI

karBarRbCaBlrdæ nwgkMNt;fa etImanGMeBIBukrlYyb¤Gt; ehIy

RbsinebIcaM)ac; Kat;nwgbBa¢ÚnerOgenHeTA ACA b¤ rdæGaCJa edIm,I

cat;viFankarbEnßmeTot. enARbeTsepSg²eTot mRnþIkarBar

RbCaBlrdæ GaceFVIkaresIubGegátedaypÞal; eTAelIBakübNþwg

BIGMeBIBukrlYy. enAsaFarNrdækUer: c,ab;minpþl;GMNac[mRnþI

karBarRbCaBlrdæesIubGegát tamKMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;xøÜneT ehIy

Gnusasn_rbs;xøÜnk¾mintRmUv[eKGnuvtþtameLIy. cMNucxøaMg

rbs;vasßitenAelIkarpSBVpSayr)aykarN_rbs;xøÜn. enArdæ

j:ÚesAEvl mRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæk¾tamdanRtYtBinitüral;

skm μPaBrbs;KN³km μkarsucritPaBEpñkb:UlIspgEdr27

Edl

RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,ITb;sáat; EsVgrk nigesIubGegátelIkar

RbRBwtþixusF¶n;F¶r enAkñúgEpñkb:UlIs. mRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæk¾

manGMNacBinitüsareLIgvijnUvc,ab;EdlmanCaFrmanpgEdr.

enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn kariyal½ymRnþIkarBarRbCa

Blrdæ mandMeNIrkar dUcCa GgÁPaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyEdr

¬RbeTs)a:BYjÚhÁIeN nigG‘UhÁan;da¦. RbeTsLatevo KμanmRnþI

karBarRbCaBlrdæeT b:uEnþ muxgarenHRtUv)anGnuvtþeday

kariyal½yrdæsRmab;karBarsiT§imnusSvij ¬karbegáItmRnþI

karBarRbCaBlrdæ kMBugRtUv)anBicarNa¦. GñkxøHeTotGacnwg

elIkmtifa mankarxusKñac,as;Nas;rvagtYnaTITaMgBIrenH KWfa³

mRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæmanvtþmanenATIenaH edIm,IelIkkm<s;

yutþiFm’rdæ)al ehIyfa kic©karenHGacseRmc)antamry³kar

Tukcitþrbs;kariyaFibetyü. TIPñak;gar b¤KN³kmμkarEdlman

Parkic©esIubGegát nigeFVIbNwþgGaCJaelImRnþIsaFarN³ KWhak;

dUcCaRtUveKxøac CaCageKTukcitþ ¬Pope, 1999¦.

enA)a:BYjÚhÁIeN hVIlIBIn nigLatevo mRnþIkarBar

RbCaBlrdæmanGaNtþikargarRbhak;RbEhleTAnwgGaNtþi

25enARbeTslITuyGanI mRnþIkariyal½yedaHRsayBakübNþwg GacRtUvdkhUt)anEttamry³sMelgeqñatPaKeRcInenAkñúgsPaEt

b:ueNÑaH.26

RbsinebIminGnuvtþtamGnusasn_rbs;kariyal½yedaHRsayBakübNþwgeT kariyal½ymankatBVkic©eFVIr)aykarN_BiessCUneTAsPa.27

ICAC minGacesIubGegát b¤edaHRsaybBaðaEdlBak;B½n§CamYyGMeBIrbs;mRnþIb:UlIs)aneLIy sUm,IEtenHBak;B½n§nwgkarRbRBwtþirbs;

mRnþIsaFarN³EdlminEmnecjmkBIb:UlIsk¾eday. ICAC min)anTTYleCaKC½ykñúgkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigkarRbRBwtþixusenAkñúg

kgkmøaMgb:UlIsrbs; New South Wale EdlCaehtuplfaehtuGVI)anCaKN³kmμkarsucritPaBbU:lIs RtUv)anbegáIteLIg. EteTaHbI

Caya:gNak¾eday GMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgCYrb:UlIs hak;dUcCaenAEtCabBaðaF¶n;F¶rdEdl.

23


kargarrbs; ACA Edr. mRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdærbs;RbeTs

hVIlIBIn manbMBak;eTAedaymeFüa)ayesIubGegátpgEdr.

RbeTs\NÐa)anbegáItsßab½nRtYtBinitüEbbvimCÄkarEdlTTYl

xusRtUvkñúgkarTb;sáat; nigesIubGegátkrNIBukrlYy

¬ADB/OECD, 2004³41¦.

enARbeTsRsIlgáa mRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæ EdlRtUv)an

sÁal;faCasñgkarsPasRmab;rdæ)al RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,I

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saCIvkm μ GaCJaFrrdæaPi)al nigsßab½nrdæ)almUldæanepSg²

eTot. mRnIþenHk¾BinitüelIkarrMelaPsiT§iCamUldæan karRKb;RKg

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TTYl)annUvB½t’man nigGMeBIrMelaPEpñkrdæ)al. kareFVs

RbEhs nigkarminbMeBjtamkatBVkic© KWCaRbPBénBakübNþwg

PaKeRcIn.

3>5 tulakar

smtßkic© viC¢aCIv³ nigsucritPaBrbs;ecARkm mansar³

sMxan;cMeBaHeCaKC½yénkic©xitxMRbwgERbgRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy.

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viFankarsRmab;BRgwgsucritPaB nigTb;sáat;»kassRmab;GMeBI

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dl;ÉkraCPaBrbs;tulakar. maRta 11 k¾esñIsMu[manviFankar

Rbhak;RbEhlKña cMeBaHRBHraCGaCJa enAkñúgRbB½n§TaMgLay

EdlBYkeKTTYl)annUvkRmiténÉkraCPaBRbhak;RbEhlKña.

b:uEnþ dUcmanelIkeLIgenAkñúgbTB’NnasegçbGMBI

RbeTsnImYy² PaKeRcIn tulakarKWCaEpñkmYyEdlexSaybMput

kñúgkarerobcMsßab½ndak;[dMeNIrkaredIm,IRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

EdlCaehtueFVI[b::HBal;dl;karTukcitþkñúgRbB½n§sucritPaBCati

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krNIEdlnaykdæanRbqaMg]Rkidækm μGMeBIBukrlYy nigesdækic©

DCEC )andak;CUntulakar . krNITaMgLayenaHk¾RtUv)an

BnüareBlenAkñúgkariyal½yRBHraCGaCJapgEdr EdlCMruj[

DCEC ksagsmtßPaBpÞal;xøÜn edIm,IeFVIbNþwgGaCJaelIkrNI

BukrlYy ¬sUmemIlxagelI¦.

eRkABIcMNucEdlfa tulakarxøÜnÉgRtUv)aneKyl;faman

PaBBukrlYyxøaMg enAb‘ulhÁarI kgVl;bEnßmeTotKWkarxVHecARkm

RBHraCGaCJa nigGñkesIubGegát EdlmanCMnajenAkñúgbTelμIs

énGMeBIBukrlYy.

RbsinebIRbB½n§tulakarexSay nigminGacTsSn_Tay

)an kic©xitxMRbwgERbgedIm,Ipþl;karedaHRsaytampøÚvtulakar

nwgminsUvmanRbsiT§PaBeLIy. GaRs½yehtuenH RbeTsxøH

)anbegáIttulakarBiess edIm,Ikat;esckþIerOgBukrlYy.

]TahrN_ RbeTs\NÐÚensIu mantulakarsRmab;GMeBIBukrlYy

mYyEdlmanGaNtþikargarvaytémø nigseRmcelIkrNI

RBhμTNÐBukrlYy EdlrYmTaMgkrNITaMgLay Edl)anRbRBwtþ

enAeRkAyutþaFikarrbs;\NÐÚensIu ¬RbsinebIcarImansBa¢ati

\NÐÚensIu¦.

eTaHCaman b¤K μantulakarBiessedIm,Ikat;esckþIerOg

BukrlYyk¾eday EpñkmYyénkic©xitxMRbwgERbgRbqaMgGMeBIBuk

rlYy KWKYrBRgwgsucritPaBrbs;tulakar Fana[mankarGPivDÆ

viC¢aCIv³smRsbsRmab;RbyuTæRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigKYrbegáIt

rcnasm<½n§RKb;RKan;sRmab;KNenyüPaB.

ebIeTaHbICakMENTRmg;énsßab½nepSg² dUcCa viC¢aCIv³

c,ab; esvakm μGyükar nigTIPñak;garGnuvtþn_c,ab; mansar³

sMxan;Edrk¾eday KWenAfñak;tulakareTEdlGMeBIBukrlYybgánUv

eRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶r nigCakEnøgEdlkMENTRmg;manskþanuBl

FMeFg edIm,IeFVI[mansßanPaBRbesIreLIgvij ¬UNODC,

2004³51¦.

25

4RbeTsEdlKμanTIPñak;gar

BiessRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

RKb;RbeTsminEmnsuT§EteRCIsykTIPñak;garRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYy ACA BiessenaHeT. RbeTsb‘ulhÁarI nigGaRhVik

xagt,Úg KWCa]TahrN_énRbeTsBIr Edl)anseRmcminbegáIt

GgÁPaBEbbenH b:uEnþ EbrCaeTABRgwgsßab½nEdlmanRsab;eTA

vij. BYkeK)anbegáItsßab½nCMnYsvij edIm,IFana[mansmtßkic©

CMnajkñúgkarEsVgrk nigesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy.

enARbeTsb‘ulhÁarI tYnaTIsMxan;mYyRtUv)anbMeBjeday

kariyal½yb:UlIsCati kariyal½ysnþisuxCati kariyal½yCati

RbqaMg]Rkidækm μ TIPñak;garcarkm μhirBaØvtßú nigTIPñak;garRtYt

BinitühirBaØvtßú. mRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæ nigkariyal½y

svnkm μCati k¾edIrtYnaTIKnøwHkñúgkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYypg

Edr.

rdæaPi)alRbeTsGaRhVikxagt,Úg k¾)anseRmccitþrkSa

TuknUvrcnasm<½n§EdlmanRsab; sRmab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

nig)anseRmcyknUvkarEklm¥bEnßmcMeBaHTIPñak;garEdlman

Rsab;. b:uEnþ KN³kmμaFikarsRmbsRmYlmYy edIm,IRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IsRmbsRmYlkargarrbs;

TIPñak;garepSg². GaRs½yehtuenH GaNtþikic©karRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy RtUv)anEbgEckrvagb:UlIs RBHraCGaCJa GKÁsvnkr

kariyal½yBn§darGaRhVikxagt,Úg nigKN³km μaFikaresva

saFarN³. tYnaTIKnøwHsßitenACamYyTIPñak;garGyükarCati.

naykdæanbNþwgépÞkñúg esIubGegátelIkarecaTRbkan;GMBIkar

RbRBwtþiminRtwmRtUvenAkñúgkmøaMgb:UlIs.

sßab½nEdlepþatelIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy TMngCanwg

RtUvbegáIteLIgenATINaEdlGMeBIBukrlYyrIksussay b¤eKyl;

farIksussay edaysarsßab½nEdlmanRsab;minGacykmk

eRbI edIm,Iksag nigGnuvtþkMENTRmg;caM)ac; b¤kñúgkrNINaEdl

sßab½nmanRsab;xøÜnÉgRtUv)aneKcat;TukfaBukrlYy. RbsinebI

RbB½n§yutþiFm’RBhμTNÐEdlbegáIteLIgenH GacedaHRsaybBaða

BukrlYy)an enaHkarbegáItTIPñak;garCMnajmYynwgmanKuN

vibtþieRcInCagKuNsm,tþi. KuNsm,tþiCaeRcIn dUcCa ÉkeTskmμ

CMnaj nigsUm,IEtkRmitcaM)ac;énsV½yPaBk¾eday k¾GacseRmc

)antamkarbegIátGgÁPaBEdltRmUv[bMeBjkic©enaH enAkñúg

TIPñak;garGnuvtþn_c,ab;EdlmanRsab;. CalT§pl kareFVIEbbenH

manKuNvibtþitictYcenAkñúgkarsRmbsRmYlkic©xitxMRbwgERbg

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy CamYykrNIGnuvtþc,ab;epSg²eTot

¬UNODC,2004¦. EteTaHCaya:gdUecñHk¾eday dUcmanenAkñúg

krNIsikSaenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgLay EdlminTan;)anbegáIt ACA

ehIyBwgEp¥kelIsßab½nEdlmanRsab;vijenaH karsRmbsRmYl

hak;dUcCabBaðacm,gmYy EdlTamTar[mandMeNaHRsay

BiessEpñksßab½n.

27

5karsRmbsRmYl

edaysßab½nnanaEdlBak;B½n§nwgkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

EtgEtmantYnaTIbMeBjbEnßm eCaKC½yrbs; ACA PaKeRcIn

BwgEp¥kelIkic©shRbtibtþikar nigkarR)aRs½yTak;Tgl¥ ehIy

nigdMeNIrkarRtwmRtUvrbs;Pñak;garGnuvtþn_c,ab;epSg²eTot

CaBiessKWb:UlIs RBHraCGaCJasaFarN³ nigtulakar. eday

minKitGMBIkarerobcMsßab½n EdlRbeTsmYy)aneRCIserIsyk

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eT. ehtuenH kareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvkic©shRbtibtþikarrvag

Pñak;garGnuvtþn_c,ab;EdlmanRsab; KWCaGaTiPaBsRmab;RbeTs

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pøÚvkar RtUv)andak;[mankñúgRbB½n§rvagTIPñak;garGnuvtþn_c,ab;

EdlBak;B½n§ edIm,IelIkkm<s;kic©shRbtibtþikarrbs;BYkeK nig

karbegáIteLIgnUvGgÁPaBBieRKaHeyabl;Gnþrsßab½n nigRkum

kargarBiess nig¼b¤GgÁkarEdlmankm μviFIbNþúHbNþalrYmKña

RtUv)anGnuvtþ. RbeTs)a:BYjÚhÁIeN kMBugbegáIteLIgnUvsm<½n§

PaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy EdlRbmUlpþúM nigsRmbsRmYlFnFan

énTIPñak;garGnuvtþn_c,ab;epSg²Kña. saFarNrdækUer: kMBugdMeNIr

karnUvGgÁPaBsRmbsRmYleKalneya)ayRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

EdlrYmmanTIPñak;gar 10 Bak;B½n§ dUcCaRksYgnana nigGgÁPaB

RtYtBinitü ¬ADB/OECD, 2004³41-42¦.

]TahrN_énynþkar EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúg

RbeTsTaMgLay EdlKμan ACA rYmman KN³kmμkarsRmab;

sRmbsRmYlskmμPaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy RtUv)anbegáIteLIg

enARbeTsb‘ulhÁarI kñúgqñaM 2002. vaKWCaKN³km μkarGnþr

RksYg EdlmantMNagmkBIRksYghirBaØvtßú RksYgmhaépÞ

RksYgyutþiFm’ nigkariyal½ysvnkm μ. muxgarsMxan;rbs;

KN³km μkarenHKWRtUvsRmbsRmYl nigRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþ

yuT§saRsþCatiRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigviPaKGMBIRbsiT§PaBénkic©

xitxMRbwgERbg edIm,IRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. KN³kmμkar

enHminmanGMNacesIubGegátedaypÞal;xøÜneT ehIyk¾minRtUv)an

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enHeTot KN³kmμkarsPamYy k¾RtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IkMNt;

GMBIKmøatenAkñúgkarGnuvtþc,ab; nigesñIeLIgnUvkareFVIviesaFnkmμ

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GMeBIBukrlYyénesvasaFarN³ GaRhVikxagt,Úg)anbegáIteLIg

nUvKN³km μaFikarsRmbsRmYlRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy Edlman

Pñak;garTaMgLay EdlmanmuxgarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy rYmTaMg

naykdæanfñak;Cati nigfñak;extþpgEdr. ebIeTaHbICamanKN³

km μaFikarenHk¾eday k¾karsRmbsRmYlenAEtCabBaðaecaTenA

eLIy eRBaHEtGaNtþinItibBaØtiþCan;Kña.

b:uEnþkarsRmbsRmYlminRtwmEtCabBaðaenAkñúgRbeTs

Edlminman ACA b:ueNÑaHeT. karbegáItsßab½neRcIneBk EdlCa

Cajwkjab;manGaNtþikargarpÞúyKña KWCabBaðaEdlEtgekIt

eLIgenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn. karsRmbsRmYlRtUvEtmanCa

caM)ac;ehIy dUc)anelIkeLIgxagelIGaNtþikargarc,as;las;

mYycaM)ac;RtUvEtpþl;CUnsßab½nEdlTTYlPar³enH.

28


enA\NÐÚensIu KPK RtUv)anpþl;Parkic©sRmbsRmYl nig

RKb;RKgsßab½nTaMgGs; EdlBak;B½n§nwgskm μPaBRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy. KPK GacesñIsMu[b:UlIs b¤GyükareFVIkaresIubGegát

bEnßmeTotelIkrNINamYy RbsinebIeKminGacrkPsþútag)an

RKb;RKan;. b:UlIs nigGyükar GaceFVIkardak;BiruT§cMeBaHkrNI

BukrlYy b:uEnþBYkeKRtUvCUnB½t’maneTA KPK kñúgry³eBl 14

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KPK k¾manGMNacykdMeNIrkardak;BiruT§mkGnuvtþvij CMnYs

b:UlIs b¤Gyükar.

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c,as;las; edIm,IsRmbsRmYlkarGnuvtþviFankarRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy enAkñúgsßab½nénrdæ)alkNþal nigrdæ)almUldæanEdr.

GgÁPaBepSgeTot EdlmanGaNtþiesIubGegát tRmUv[CYy

kariyal½yenH kñúgkaresIubGegátrbs;xøÜn. EteTaHCaya:genHk¾

eday tamkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg bBaðaCaeRcInenAEtman CaBiess

edaysarEtkarekIneLIgnUvPñak;garGnuvtþc,ab; ¬b:UlIshirBaØvtßú

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sRmYl nigRKb;RKgral;skmμPaBrbs;GaCJaFrrdæ enAkñúgvis½y

Tb;sáat;]Rkidækmμ nigGMeBIBukrlYy.

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GgÁPaBGnuvtþn_c,ab;epSg². CaFm μta SISmanParkic©edaH

RsaykrNIBukrlYy b:uEnþb:UlIsk¾mankatBVkic©TUeTAedIm,I

eFVIkaresuIbGegát]Rkidækm μNamYyEdlxøÜn)anTTYl rYmTaMg

GMeBIBukrlYypgEdr. GaRs½yehtuenH kgVHxatkarsRmb

sRmYl)anbgçM[rdæaPi)albkRsay[c,as;las;nUvParkic©

sRmab;EbgEckerOgkþIBukrlYy.

RbeTséfhak;dUcCakMBugEtRbQmmuxnwgbBaðaénkar

sRmbsRmYl. RbeTséf)anbegáIteLIgnUvbNþajsßab½n

s μ úKs μajmYyénGgÁkarCaeRcInEdlBak;B½n§nwgkarRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy edIm,IGacedaHRsayGMeBIBukrlYy)anBITidæPaBepSg²

Kña. b:uEnþ CamYynwgkarekIneLIgnUvcMnYnTIPñak;garEdlBak;B½n§nwg

skmμPaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy k¾mankarekIneLIgnUvhaniP½yén

karCan;Parkic©Kña nigkareFVIRcMEdl² EdlCaehtutRmUv[man

ynþkarsRmbsRmYlnanaEdlmanRbsiT§PaB.

enAeBleFVIesckIþseRmcelIcMnYnsßab½nEdlRtUvBak;B½n§

nwgskm μPaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigseRmcelIkarEbgEck

Parkic©Bak;B½n§enaH karRbQmmux KWfaRtUvGnuBaØat[manParkic©

sÞÜnKña b¤ Parkic©bRBa©asKñaRtwmEtRKb;l μmsRmab;latRtdag

GMeBIBukrlYyEtb:ueNÑaH)anehIy RbsinebIkic©kardMbUgeKrbs;

ACA min)anseRmceCaKC½yeTenaH ¬UNODC, 2004¦. b:uEnþ

minKYrmanParkic©sÞÜnKñaeRcIneBkeT eRBaHvaeFVI[lMhUrB½t’man

sm¶at;cuHfy b¤eFVI[»kasesIubGegát nig»kaseFVIbNþwgGaCJa

rbs;GaCJaFrbzmRtUv)ansabsUnü . ]TahrN_ enARbeTs

hSaMebo bU:lIs KN³km μkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigKN³

km μkare)aHeqñat mñak;²suT§Et)anbdiesFfa karGnuvtþc,ab;

e)aHeqñatminEmnCaParkic©rbs;BYkeKeT EdlCaehtunaMeTAdl;

kgVHxatTaMgRsug nUvkarGnuvtþc,ab;e)aHeqñat nigbTbBaØtþi

Bak;B½n§ ¬Tamesis, 2004³6¦.

edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenH ACA b¤ TIPñak;garepSgmYy

eTot GacTTYlxusRtUvsRmbsRmYlkic©xitxMRbwgERbgRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYy eTaHCatamrebobTUlMTUlay b¤enAEtkñúgvis½y

mYycMnYnkþI ¬]> rdæGaCJaGacTTYlxusRtUv sRmbsRmYlral;kar

esIubGegátTaMgGs;¦.

enATINaEdlkarsRmbsRmYlenAEtCabBaða eKKYrEt

begáItKN³kmμaFikar b¤ KN³kmμkarBiessmYy. smaCiikrbs;

KN³kmμaFikar¼KN³kmμkarenH GacrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgtMNagmkBI

GgÁnItiRbtibtþi tulakar nItibBaØtþi mRnþIraCkarenAkñúgnaykdæan

sMxan;² dUcCa naykdæanKy naykdæanlT§kmμ nignaykdæan

RbmUlcMNUl RBmTaMgmRnIþGnuvtþn_c,ab; nigmRnIþmkBIrdæ)al

mUldæan. eKk¾GacrYmbB©ÚalsmaCikmkBIeRkArdæaPi)alpgEdr

¬]> tMNagRkumsasna GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alBak;B½n§ fñak;

dwknaMmuxCMnYj sarB½t’man nig shKmn_bNiÐtsPa¦.

29

6esckþIsnñidæan

K μansgÁmNaEdlcakputBIGMeBIBukrlYyTaMgRsugenaH

eLIy. EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday ebImanviFankarsmRsb

Epñksßab½n nigEpñknItikm μ GMeBIBukrlYyGacnwgkMNt;enAkñúg

kRmitmYyEdlGacTTYlyk)an. UNCAC GeBa¢IjRbeTs

TaMgGs;[EckrMElkbTBiesaF nigbec©keTsrbs;BYkeK CamYy

nwgGñkbMeBjviC¢aCIv³dUcKña nigGñkeFVIeKalneya)ay edIm,I

TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIKñaeTAvijeTAmk Cafñak;GnþrCati TaMg

karRbtibtþil¥ nigkarRbtibtþiGaRkk;pg. kñúgnamCaGñkCYy

sRmYlEpñkcMeNHdwg UNDP edIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;enAkñúgdMeNIr

karenH. UNCAC Edl)ancUlCaFrmanenAqñaM 2005 eRkay

BITTYl)anlixitUbkrN_pþl;sc©ab½nTI 30 )anpþl;nUvkarENnaM

ya:gmWugma:t;elIbBaðaBukrlYyfaCaniyamGnþrCati ehIyRbeTs

TaMgGs;Edl)anpþl;sc©ab½nrYcehIy mankatBVkic©RtUvGnutþtam

xøwmsarénGnusBaØaenH. EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday rhUtmkdl;

eBlenH manEtRbeTsGaEhS‘)ahSan; cin ekohSIsþg; m:ugehÁalI

RsIlgáa nigeToem:nIsþg; KWCaRbeTsmkBIGasIu Edl)an

køayCaPaKIénGnusBaØaenH.

karsikSaeRbobeFobenH )anviPaKGMBIkarerobcMsßab½n

sRmab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsCaeRcIn. kar

sikSa)anpþl;nUvemeronCaeRcIn EdlRtUvykmkBicarNaenAeBl

ksagkMENTRmg;énkarerobcMsßab½n EdlenAkñúgenaHmanbT

bBaØtþiCaeRcInenAkñúgGnusBaØa G>s>b> RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

UNCAC.

eK)anelIkeLIgCaeRcIndgehIyfa karbegáItTIPñak;gar

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ACA KWminEmnCa»sfTiBVsRmab;

edaHRsayral;bBaðaBukrlYyenaHeT. RbsinebIeKyl;fa RbB½n§

yutþiFm’RBhμTNÐEdlmanRsab; GacRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

)anenaH KWkarbegáIt ACA RbEhlCamantémøEtbnþicbnþÜc

b:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþ RbsinebIRtUvkarbegáIt ACA enaHKWmancMNucmYy

cMnYnEdlRtUvEtykmkKitBicarNa ¬sUmemIl UNDP, 2004¦³

ACA RtUvEtÉkraCü ¬TaMgEpñkneya)ay nigEpñk

Rbtibtþikar¦ BI\T§iBlxageRkA edIm,IGac[vaeFVI

bNþ wgGaCJaelIGMeBIB ukrlYy)anenARKb;kRmit

TaMgGs; ¬enHGacseRmc)antamry³ÉkraCPaB

EdlmankarFanatamrdæFm μnuBaØ b¤ tamry³kar

begá It[)anRKb;RKan;nUvynþkarKNenyüPaB¼

ynþkarRKb;RKg¦.

ACA ¬RBmTaMgTIPñak;gardéTeTotEdlBak;B½n§nwg

karRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy¦ caM)ac;RtUvRbtibtþikar

edayEp¥kelImUldæanénRkbx½NÐc,ab;TUlMTUlay

nigrwgmaM 28

.

ACA RtUvEtmankarKaMRTneya)ayrwgmaMenAkRmit

x<s;bMputrbs;rdæaPi)al.

28ebIKμanc,ab;EdlGacGnuvtþ)an nigRbsiT§PaBeT Pñak;garmYyminGacdMeNIrkar)aneLIy. enAhugkug GaCJaFrTaMgGs;TTYlsÁal;nUv

témøénRkbx½NÐc,ab; EdlenAkñúgenaH ICAC KYrdMeNIrkar. dUcKñaenHEdr CPIB rbs;sigðburI nig ICAC rbs;j:ÚesAEvl k¾mankarKaMRTBI

c,ab;EdlGacGnuvtþ)an nigrwgmaMpgEdr.

30


ACA RtUvmanFnFanhirBaØvtßú29

FnFanmnusS30

nig

bec©keTsRKb;RKan; nigsmtßPaBerobcMGgÁkar

edIm,IRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyRbkb eday

RbsiT§PaB. vaRtUvEtdMeNIrkaredaybgðajnUvPaB

CaGñknaMKMrU EdlRtUvmansucritPaBx<s;bMput.

ACARtUvmanGMNacesIubGegátRKb;RKan; ]TahrN_

karsaksYrsakSI emIlÉksarnanaCaedIm RBmTaMg

lT§PaBeFVIbNwþgGaCJa enAeBlNa nigTINaEdl

caM)ac;

ACA RtUvmanyuT§saRsþrlUn nigRKb;RCugeRCay

sRmab;RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ehIynigepþat

elIkarTb;sáat; karesIubGegát nigkarelIkkm<s;kar

yl;dwg. ¬CakarcaM)ac;KYrepþatkarykcitþþTukdak;

cMeBaHFatuTaMgbIenH. ehIyenAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn

sßab½nEdl)anepþatEtelIkaresIubGegát nigkar

Gnuvtþc,ab;enaH maneCaKC½yticCagsßab½n Edl

)anGnum½tykyuT§viFIRKb;RCugeRCay¦ nig

ACA RtUvEtmankarKaMRTBIsgÁmTaMgmUl edIm,ITTYl

)aneCaKC½y¬EdlbBa¢ak;bEnßmeTotGMBIsar³sMxan;

énkarelIkkm<s;karyl;dwg¦.

enARKb;RbeTsEdleK)aneFVIkarsikSasegçbTaMgenH

skIçPaBbgðaj[eXIjc,as;fa kic©xitxMRbwgERbgNamYyedIm,I

RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy[manRbsiT§PaB KWRtUvEtmanyuT§viFI

mYyEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§RKb;RCugeRCay nigyUrGEgVg. enH

mann½yfa sßab½nTaMgLayEdlTTYlParkic©RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYyRtUvEt[maneBlevlaRKb;RKan;bEnßmeTAelIFnFan

edIm,I[)aneCaKC½y. enHk¾KaMRTdl;CMhrEdlfa bEnßmeTAelI

kareFVI[mnusSjejItminh‘anRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy sßab½nEdl

TTYlParkic©RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyk¾RtUveFVIkarelIkkm<s;

karyl;dwgGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy nigtamry³skm μPaBTb;sáat;

KWRtUveFVIkic©karsRmab;lubbM)at;ecal[Gs;nUv»kasRbRBwtþ

GMeBIBukrlYy.

elIsBIenHeTAeTot K μansßab½nNanwgGacTTYl

eCaKC½ykñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy edayK μanRkbx½NÐ

GPi)alkic©mYyEdlmanGMNac RBmTaMgRbB½n§sucritPaBmYy

EdlmandMeNIrkar nigmanPaBrlUneLIy. dUcEdl)anBiPakSa

enAxagelI Rkbx½NÐenHrYmman tulakar b:UlIs sßab½nsvnkmμ

mRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæCaedIm>>>. sar³sMxan;CaBiessenaH KW

TMnak;TMngrvagsßab½nEdlTTYlParkic©RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBuk

rlYy nigsßab½nEdlTTYlParkic©bþwgecaTRbkan; nigsßab½n

tulakar. sßab½nTaMgenHmansar³sMxan;sRmab;naMykkrNI

BukrlYyeTAtulakar edIm,Ikat;esckþI. GaRs½yehtuenH

RbsinebIminykcitþTukdak;eTAdl;karBRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;RBH

raCGaCJa nigtulakareT kic©xitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IRbyuT§RbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYyTMngCanwgRtUvTTYlbraC½y.

RtUvEtKitedayykcitþTukdak;bMput GMBItYnaTIrbs;sßab½n

svnkmμ RBmTaMgmRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæ eRBaHfasßab½nTaMgenH

mantYnaTIbMeBjbEnßmsMxan;kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

edIm,IbMeBjmuxgarepSg² Edlsßab½nEdlmanParkic©bzmkñúg

karRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyminGaceFVI)an.

eTaHbICaRbeTsNamYyseRmcykkarbegáItnUvsßab½n

kMBUl ¬dUcCa ACA¦ edIm,IRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy b¤ seRmc

eRbIRbB½n§yutþiFm’RBh μTNÐ nigsßab½nEdlmanRsab;k¾eday

karsMxan;KWfa vaRtUvmanbNþaj nigynþkarsRmab;FananUvkic©

shRbtibtþikar nigkarsRmbsRmYlrvagsßab½nepSg² Edl

Bak;B½n§kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy edIm,I[sßab½n

TaMgenaHmanRbsiT§PaB.

29]TahrN_ fvikasRmab; ICAC rbs;hugkug mancMnYn 94landuløar enAkñúgqñaM 2002¼90landuløar kñúgqñaM 2001. ICAC rbs;

j:ÚesAEvl dMeNIrkaredaymanfvikaRbcaMqñaMcMnYnRbEhl 8/7landuløar. kariyal½yesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;sigðburI minman

pSayBIcMnYnfvikarbs;xøÜneLIy EtRtUv)anraykarN_famancMnYnRbmaN 4/3landuløar enAqñaM 1986. GFikardæanRbqaMg]Rkidækmμ

esdækic©nigGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;RbeTs bUtsVaNa manfvikacMnYn 2/4landuløar.30

ICAC rbs;hugkug manbuKÁlikcMnYn 1>300nak; sRmab;RbCaCnsrubcMnYn 6>8lannak;. NCCC rbs;RbeTséf manbuKÁlikRbmaN

500nak; sRmab;RbCaCnsrubcMnYn 65lannak;. éfBnül;BIkarlM)akEdl NCCC CYbRbTHenAkñúgkarbMeBjGaNtþirbs;xøÜn.

31

snñidæan

b:uEnþ eTaHCaRbeTsnImYy²seRmcerobcMsßab½nya:gdUc

emþck¾eday eKRtUvsgát;F¶n;fa GVIEdll¥enAkñúgRTwsþIGacminsUv

l¥eTenAkñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg. dUc)anelIkeLIgxagelI sßab½n

TaMgGs;RtUvEtmankarKaMRTeBjeljEpñkneya)ay RBmTaMg

bMBak;eTAedayGMNac nigFnFanRKb;RKan;. b:uEnþsßab½nTaMgenaH

k¾RtUvEtmankarKaMRTedayRkbx½NÐnItikm μsmRsbpgEdr.

TnÞwmnwgenH enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYnEdl)ansikSaenAkñúgÉksar

enH ktþþasMxan;mYyenAkñúgeCaKC½yénkic©xitxMRbwgERbgRbyuT§

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy KWCaKMrUEdl)aneFVIeLIgedayfñak;dwknaM

rbs;RbeTsenaH. enATINaEdleKyl;eXIjfa fñak;dwknaM

neya)ayminBukrlYy ehIyGMeBIBukrlYyminRtUv)ancMeNam

smaCikrdæaPi)alTTYlykeTenaH kic©xitxMRbwgERbgedIm,I

RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYynwgTTYl)aneCaKC½ykan;EteRcIn.

ADB/OECD Ex vicäika qñaM 2004³ eKalneya)ayRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAGasIu nig)a:sIuhVik-Rkbx½NÐc,ab; nigsßab½n

http://www1.oecd.org/daf/ASIAcom/pdf/ac-policies-asiapacific-str.pdf

Anusiewicz, T. 2003³ RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgrdæEdlecjBIrbbkum μ úynIsþ³ \LÚvetIeyIgenATINa?

etIeyIg RtUvecjdMeNIrBITIenHeTATINa?

KeRmagRsavRCavyuT§sa®sþGMeBIBukrlYy nigRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬]btßmÖeday DfiD UK¦ qñaM 1999³ etITIPñak;gar

ÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy KWCadMeNaHRsaymanRbsiT§PaBcMeBaHbBaðaBukrlYyEdrb¤eT? Éksar]eTÞsnamenAkñúg

snñisITGnþrCatielIkTI 9 sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy Ex tula qñaM 1999

Bertrand de Speville, B., Ex emsa qñaM 2000³ ehtuGVI)anCaTIPñak;garRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYybraC½y?

Kpundeh, S. and Levy, B. (eds.), 2004³ ksagsmtßPaBrdæenAGaRhVik ³ viFIsa®sþfμI² emeronEdlelceLIg

Pope, 1999 ³ Éksarkargar³ tRmUvkar nigtYnaTIrbs;TIPñak;garÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

Tamesis, P., 2004³ kMENTRmg;CatiRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ³ CMnHkarRbQmmuxkñúgkarpþl;esvaemeronBIRbeTsCMuvij

BiPBelak

UNDP, Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 2004 ³ kMNt;smÁal;GMBIkarGnuvtþkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

http://www.undp.org/governance/docs/AC%20-%20PN%20-20English.pdf

UNODC km μviFIBiPBelakRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ]bkrN_RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;G>s>b/ e)aHBumÖelIkTI3 TIRkug

Vienna, Ex kBaØa qñaM 2004

http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption_toolkit.html

World Bank, Ex emsa qñaM 1999 ³ kareRbIR)as;mRnIþkarBarRbCaBlrdæ edIm,IRKb;RKgm®nþIsaFarN³ kMNt;smÁal;

PREM elx19

http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/PREMNotes/premnote19.pdf

KnßnieTÞs ¬kRmgÉksarBak;B½n§epSg²¦

32

EpñkTI 2

karBN’nasegçb

rbs;RbeTsnImYy²

35

sßab½nsMxan;²énRbB½n§sc©Fm’fñak;Cati

naykdæanGKÁemFavIénrdæj:ÚesAEvl www.lowlink.nsw.gov.au/agd

kariyal½ysvnkmμénrdæj:ÚesAEvl www.audit.nsw.gov.au

KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ www.icac.nsw.gov.au

mRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæ rdæj:ÚesAEvl www.nswombudsman..nsw.gov.au

rtnaKarénrdæj:ÚesAEvl www.treasury..nsw.gov.au/index.htm

kariyal½ynaykRBHraCGaCJasaFarN³ www.odpp.nsw.gov.au

KN³kmμaFikarBinitüsareLIgvijelIkarRbtibtiþ ¬ORC¦

www.icac.nsw.gov.au/go/the-icac/what-is-the-icac/independence/-accountability/the-operations-

review-committee-(orc)

KN³kmμaFikarsParYmsþIBI ICAC (PJC)

www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parliment/committee.nsf/0/A0A166D9395ADD4D4A2563E0000505

63

KN³kmμaFikarsParYménkariyal½ykarBarRbCaBlrdæ nigKN³kmμkarb:UlIssc©Fm’

www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parliment/committee.nsf/0/847F90F3F57A066A4A2563E000050573

KN³kmμkarb:UlIssc©Fm’ ¬PIC¦ www.pic.nsw.gov.au

tulakarkMBUl www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/sc

bTbBaØtþicm,g

c,ab;sIþBInaykRBHraCGaCJasaFarN³ ¬DPP¦ qñaM 1986

http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/doppa1986343

c,ab;sIþBIKN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ qñaM 1988

http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/icaca1988442

c,ab;sIþBIGñkkarBarRbCaBlrdæ qñaM 1974 http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/oa1974114

c,ab;sIþBIKN³kmμakarb:UlIssc©Fm’ ¬PIC¦ qñaM 1996

http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/pica1996312

c,ab;sIþBIhirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ nigsvnkmμ ¬PFA¦ qñaM 1983

http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/pfaaa1983189/#pfaaa

RbeTsGU®sþalI

¬rdæj:ÚesAEvl¦

36


savta

kñúgqñaM 1988 rdæaPi)alf μ ImYyRtUv)aneKe)aHeqñateRCIserIsenAkñúgrdæj:ÚesAEvl Edl)ansnüafanwgbegáItKN³km μkar

edaHRsaybBaðaBukrlYy edaymankarKaMRTpgEdrBIKNbkSRbqaMg . dUecñH caM)ac;RtUvcgRkgbTbBaØtiþmYy ehIyCalT§pl

c,ab;sþIGMBIKN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy RtUv)anGnum½tedaysPaTaMgBIrkñúgqñaM 1988. sñgkarmYyrUbRtUv)anEtgtaMg

kñúgqñaM 1988 ehIyKN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ cab;epþImRbtibtiþkarkalBIedImqñaM 1989 CamYynwgkar

cab;epþImc,ab;sIþGMBIKN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ICAC qñaM 1997. karseRmc[begáIt ICAC KWedaysarmanbBaða

GaRsUvd¾F¶n;F¶r nigkMBugbnþmanenAkñúgEpñksaFarN³ ehIy)anraldalcUleTAdl;ésevonneya)aypgEdr EdlbNþal[

saFarNCnmankarRBYy)armÖBaseBjTisTI ¬O’Keefe, 2002³2-3¦. KN³km μkarÉkraCüRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy ICAC

)anGnum½tykviFIsa®sþ 3muxRBYj edIm,IRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy RsedogKñaeTAnwgviFIsa®sþEdl)anGnum½tedayKN³kmμkar

ÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenATIRkughugkug S.A.R. EdlKN³km μkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ rbs;rdæj:ÚesAEvl

ykCaKMrU . RbkarenH bgðajBIyuT§sa®sþEdlepþateTAelIkaresIubGegát karTb;sáat; RBmTaMgkarGb;rM.

KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ICAC CamYyKN³kmμkarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyénRbeTsswgðbUrI ehIynighugkug

S.A.R. RtUv)anmCÄdæanGnþrCati emIleXIjfaCaKMrUsRmab;begáItsßab½nRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ehIyKMrUenHRtUv)aneKkMBugGnum½ttam

dUcCaenARbeTskUer:xagt,ÚgCaedIm b¤kMBugRtUv)anBicarNaedayRbeTsepSgeTot . b:uEnþ cMNayd¾x<s;Epñkesdækic© nigneya)ay

kñúgkarbegáItKN³kmμkarÉkraCüEbbenH )anbNþal[mankaryWty:avkñúgkarGnuvtþ ¬GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati 2001³14¦.

eTaHbICaKN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ RtUv)ancat;TukCa]TahrN_sRmab;[GñkdéTGnuvtþtamk¾eday

k¾enAkñúgqñaM 1996 KN³kmμkarPUminÞ EdleFVIkaresuIbGegáteTAelIkgkmøaMgb:UlIsénrdæj:ÚesAEvl )anrkeXIjfa manGMeBIBukrlYy

BaseBjenAkñúgkgkmøaMgb:UlIsenH. KN³kmμkarPUminÞ)anrkeXIjfa KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ minRtUv)an

bMBak;]bkrN_RKb;RKan;sRmab;edaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgkgkmøaMgb:UlIseT ehIy)anpþl;Gnusasn_[begáItsßab½nÉkraCü

mYysRmab;edaHRsayEtcMeBaHkarRbRBwtþixusqÁgenAkñúgkgkmøaMgb:UlIs. RbkarenH )annaMeTArkkarGnum½tc,ab;sIþGMBIb:UlIssc©Fm’

kñúgqñaM 1996 bnÞab;mkeTot eTIbnaM[mankarbegáItKN³kmμkarb:UlIssc©Fm’ ¬PIC¦ kñúgqñaM 1997 ¬Wood 2004¦.

minmansmmUleTAnwgKN³km μkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ enAfñak;CatiénRbeTsGU®sþalIeT. TIPñak;gar

RsedogKñaenHR)akdCamanenAfñak;rdæ ]TahrN_ KN³kmμkarRbqaMg]Rkidækmμ nigkarRbRBwtþixusenAXVInSEln nigKN³kmμkarRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYyenAPaKxaglicGURsþalI. RbkarenHRtUv)anmtimYycMnYnKitfa enAkñúgkarerobcMenH eKBitCamin)anKitKUrdl;karRbyuT§

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAfñak;CatiesaHeT ¬Doig nig Mclvor, 2004³16¦.

RbeTsGU®sþalICab;cMNat;fñak;elx 9 kñúgcMeNamRbeTscMnYn 159 kñúgsnÞsSn_ sIþGMBITsSn³GMBIGMeBIBukrlYyRbcaMqñaM

2005 rbs;GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati . eTaHbICaRbkarenHbgðajfa RbCaCnGU®sþalIyl;eXIjfa manGMeBIBukrlYytictYcenAkñúg

RbeTsrbs;xøÜnk¾eday rUbPaBBitKWmanlkçN³xusKñaenAfñak;rdæ. kñúgqñaM2003 KN³km μkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

¬ICAC¦Edl)aneFVIkarGegáteTAelIGkb,kiriyarbs;shKmn_cMeBaHGMeBIBukrlYy nigcMeBaHKN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

¬ICAC¦ )anrkeXIjfa 82PaKry yl;eXIjfa GMeBIBukrlYyKWCabBaðaenAkñúgrdæj:ÚesAEvl ehIy 42PaKry eCOCak;faBYkeK

nigRKYsarrbs;xøÜn)anTTYlrgnUvplb:HBal;tamEbbepSg²énGMeBIBukrlYy. GMeBIBukrlYyRtUv)aneKyl;eXIjfa )anb:HBal;dl;

shKmn_TaMgmUledaysaresvaTn;exSay nig¼b¤famnusS¼RbCaCnRtUvbg;luybEnßmsRmab;esvakmμ . ]TahrN_énGMeBIBukrlYy

EdlGñkeqøIytb)anpþl;[ KWPaKeRcInRbRBwtþedayrdæGMNacmUldæan b:UlIs nigRksYgepSgeTot b¤enAkñúg»kasrkkargareFVI .

37

karBN’nasegçbrbs;RbeTsnImYy²³ RbeTsGU®sþalI ¬rdæj:ÚesAEvl¦

GaNtþikargar nigTMnak;TMngkargarénsßab½nRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYysMxan;²

KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ KWCaKN³kmμkarGciéRnþy_esuIbGegát EdlepþatCaBiesseTAelIkar

esIubGegát nigkarTb;sáat;ral;GMeBIBukrlYykñúgEpñksaFarN³. KN³kmμkarenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgqñaM 1989 edayeyagtam

KuNtémøGnuEpñk 4 ¬1¦ énc,ab; ICAC. c,ab; ICAC )ankMNt;niymn½yeTAelIBaküBukrlYy kMNt;tYnaTIkargarrbs; ICAC

BiBN’naBIkarTTYlxusRtUvelIkic©karEdlsPabBa¢Únmk[erobcM nigkMNt;tYnaTIrbs;KN³kmμkarsParYmsþIBI ICAC (PJC) nig

KN³kmμkarBinitüelIkarRbtibtiþ ¬ORC¦ RBmTaMgbegáItbTbBaØtiþsRmab;kic©karEdlsPabBa¢Únmk[ nigkic©karraykarN_CUneTA

sPavij. bEnßmeTAelIc,ab; ICAC GPi)alrdæRbEhlCaRtUvbegáItbTbBa¢aEdlRsbCamYybTbBaØtiþenH EdlBak;B½n§eTAelIvis½y

epSg² dUcCa karEtgtaMgl½kçx½NÐkargar vin½y RkmsIlFm’ nigkarbBaÄb;buKÁlikBIkargarrbs; ICAC .l. ¬ICAC Act, section

117¦ .

KN³km μkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ RbtibtiþkaredayÉkraCüdac;BIsPaj:ÚesAEvl rdæaPi)al nigtulakar

ehIyc,ab;sIþBIKN³km μkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ k¾)anpþl;[nUvsiT§iGMNac nigesrIPaBsMxan;²dl; ICAC

edIm,IGnuvtþ tYnaTICaeKalkarN_rbs;xøÜn. CalT§pl {manRkbx½NÐGPi)alkic©d¾TUlMTUlay ¬TaMgxagkñúg nigxageRkA¦ edIm,IFanafa

ICAC mantmøaPaB nigmankarTTYlxusRtUv} ¬ICAC 2004³51¦. Rkbx½NÐkargarenHnwgRtUv)anBiPakSaenAxageRkam

RBmTaMgsßitenAeRkamcMNgeCIgkarerobcMRbtibtiþkar. edayeyageTAtamEpñk 76 énc,ab; ICAC KN³kmμkarenHRtUvdak;CUn

eTAkariyal½yRbFansPanImYy²nUvr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMsþIBIRbtibtiþkarrbs;xøÜn. KN³km μkarenHRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH

rtnaKarj:ÚesAEvlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarpþl;mUlniFi nigcMNay.

KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ dwknaMedaysñgkarmYyrUb EdlEtgtaMgedayGPi)al ¬c,ab; ICAC, Epñk

5¦ bnÞab;BI)anRtUveKbBa¢ÚneTAkan; PJC ¬c,ab; ICAC, GnuEpñk 5A [1]¦ CamYyKñanwgCMnYykarmñak;rbs;sñgkar EdlRtUv)anEtgtaMg

edayGPi)al edaymankarÉkPaBrbs;sñgkar ¬c,ab; ICAC, Epñk6¦. GaNtþimuxgarrbs;sñgkarmanry³eBl 5qñaM nigminbnþfμI

eLIgvijeT ¬c,ab; ICAC, kalviPaK 1/ GnuEpñk 4¦ ehIysñgkarrUbenHGacRtUvdkhUtBItMENg)anEttamkarseRmcrbs;sPa

b:ueNÑaH ¬c,ab; ICAC, kalviPaK 1/ Epñk 6 [3]¦. eyageTAtamGnuEpñk 104 ¬1¦ énc,ab; ICAC sñgkarGacCYlbuKÁliktamkar

caM)ac; edIm,IGnuvtþtYnaTIkargarrbs;xøÜn. RKb;smaCikTaMgGs;én ICAC sßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKg nigkardwknaMrbs;sñgkar ¬c,ab;

ICAC, GnuEpñk 104 [7]¦. eyagtamGnuEpñk 107 [1-2] énc,ab; ICAC sñgkar RBmTaMgKN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBuk

rlYy ¬ICAC¦ GacEbgEcktYnaTINamYyrbs;xøÜn[eTACMnYykarrbs;sñgkar b¤[eTAm®nþIénKN³kmμkar elIkElgEtmanEcgenA

kñúgGnuEpñk 107 [4-5] .

rcnasm<½n§sßab½nén ICAC manGgÁPaBRbtibtiþkar 1 nigsaxacMnYn 5 EdlmaneQμaHdUcxageRkamenH³

Epñkvaytémø TTYlr)aykarN_ nigBakübNþwgTaMgGs; cuHbBa¢IbBaðanImYy² nigeFVIkarsaksYrbEnßmtamcaM)ac;. bnÞab;

mkeTot ral;bBaðaTaMgGs;RtUv)anraykarN_eTAKN³kmμkarvaytémøEdlCaKN³kmμkarBinitüépÞkñúg EdlmanParkic©

RtUvkMNt;fa etIRtUveFVIy:agdUcemþccMeBaHbBaðanImYy²EdlTTYl)an .

EpñksaxaesvarYm pþl;esva nigdMeNaHRsay EdlTak;TgeTAnwgbBaðaGaCIvkmμrbs;GtifiCn RBmTaMgpþl;eyabl;ENnaM

bEnßmeTAelIeKalneya)ayCayuT§sa®sþkñúgvis½yeFVIEpnkarGaCIvkmμ FnFanmnusS karGPivDÆ karsikSa karGPivDÆ

buKÁlik karcat;EcghirBaØvtßú karRKb;RKghaniP½y lT§km μ nigesvakariyal½y ehIynigkarRKb;RKgB½t’man nig

bec©kviTüa .

38


EpñkTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy karGb;rM nigkarRsavRCav pþl;»vaT karGb;rM FnFanbNþúHbNþal nigkarENnaMdl;TIPñak;gar

saFarN³ RBmTaMgGb;rMdl;m®nþIraCkar nigshKmn_CaTUeTA GMBIGMeBIBukrlYy nigrebobraykarN_BIGMeBIBukrlYy.

Epñkc,ab; ehIynig

EpñkRbtibtiþkaryuT§sa®sþ mankarTTYlxusRtUvsMxan;kñúgkaresIubGegátrbs; ICAC. EpñkenHmanGgÁPaB 2 KWGgÁPaB

esIubGegát nigGgÁPaBvaytémøelIhaniP½yényuT§sa®sþ EdlEckecjCa 3 EpñktUc²KW kartamXøaMemIl karRKb;RKg

plitpl nigkaresIubkarsm¶at; .

karsRmbsRmYlépÞkñúgRBmTaMgGPi)alkic©enAkñúgKN³kmμkarRtUvsßitenAkñúgbnÞúkrbs;RkumRKb;RKg cMnYn 2³

RkumRKb;RKgEpñkTb;sáat; BinitüCarYmeTAelIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy karGb;rM nig karRsavRCavrbs;KN³kmμkar nig

Fanafa kargarTaMgenaHRtUvmankarsRmbsRmYll¥CamYyskmμPaBepSgeTotrbs;KN³kmμkar.

RkumRKb;RKgEpñkesIubGegát pþl;TisedA pþl;dMbUnμan nigkarBinitüelIkaresIubGegátEdleFVIeLIgedayEpñkRbtibtiþkar

yuT§sa®sþ .

KN³km μkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ )anGnum½tyuT§sa®sþmYyeq<aHeTArkkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

RsedogKñaeTAnwgKN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenATIRkughugkug S.A.R. EdlepþateTAelIkaresIubGegát karTb;sáat; nig

karGb;rM . Epñk 13 énc,ab; ICAC Ecgfa Parkic©cm,grbs;KN³kmμkarenH man³

kñúgvis½yesIubGegát ¬GnuEpñk 1 [a-c]¦

edIm,IesIubGegátkarecaTRbkan; b¤karbþwgNamYy b¤bBaðaepSgeTotEdlKN³kmμkaryl;fa cMNucxageRkamenHGac

ekIteLIgrYcehIy GacnwgkMBugekIteLIg b¤RbEhlCaGacnwgekIteLIgnUv³

karRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy b¤

karRbRBwtþiEdlGnuBaØat[ekItman CMruj[ekItman b¤ bNþal[ekItmankarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy

karRbRBwtþiEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy

edIm,IesIubGegátbBaðananaEdlsPaTaMgBIr)anbBa¢ÚnmkKN³kmμkar

edIm,ITMnak;TMngCamYyGaCJaFrsmRsb sIþBIlT§plénkaresIubGegát

dUcmankMNt;niymn½yenAkñúgc,ab;sIþBIKN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ karRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy KWCakar

RbRBwtþiTaMgLayNa EdleFVIedaynrNamñak; eTaHCam®nþIraCkar b¤minEmnCam®nþIraCkar Edlbgáplb:HBal;GaRkk; b¤Gacb:HBal;

dl;karbMeBjtYnaTICapøÚvkarenAkñúgrdæj:ÚesAEvl ¬Epñk 8¦. EteTaHCay:agenHk¾eday cMeBaHkarRbRBwtþiEdlRtUveKcat;TukfaCaGMeBI

BukrlYy KWRtUvmanRbePTmYyEdlbgá[man b¤EdlBak;B½n§CamYybTel μ IsRBh μTNÐ b¤bTel μ IsEdlRtUvdak;vin½y b¤RtUvman

mUlehtusmRsbsRmab;beNþjm®nþIsaFarN³ecjBIkargar. cMeBaHrdæm®nþI b¤smaCiksPavijenaH KWRtUvEtmankarrMelaPF¶n;F¶r

eTAelIRkmsIlFm’ b¤mankarBak;B½n§nwgkarrMelaPc,ab; ¬bTbBaØti ICAC Epñk9¦. KYrkt;smÁal;pgEdrfa ICAC GacesIubGegátelI

GMeBIBukrlYyEdleKsgS½yfamanenAkñúgEpñkÉkCn EdlvaTak;TgeTAnwgb¤b:HBal;eTAdl;esvasaFarN³Etb:ueNÑaH .

kñúgvis½yTb;sáat; ¬GnuEpñk 1[d-g]¦ muxgarcm,grbs;KN³kmμkarKW³

BinitüelIc,ab;RKb;RKgGaCJaFrsaFarN³ nigm®nþIsaFarN³ karGnuvtþ nignItiviFIGnuvtþrbs;GaCJaFrsaFarN³ nig

m®nþIsaFarN³ edIm,ICYysRmYldl;karsVHEsVgrk[eXIjnUvkarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy nigedIm,IFanakuM[)at;nUvkar

RtYtBinitüelIrebobeFVIkar b¤ nItiviFIkargar EdlKN³kmμkaryl;fa vaGacnaMeTArkkarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy.

39


ENnaM pþl;eyabl; nigCYydl;GaCJaFr b¤m®nþIsaFarN³ b¤GñkdéT ¬tamsMeNIrbs;GaCJaFr b¤m®nþIsaFarN³ b¤Gñk

déT¦ nUvrebobEdlRtUveFVIkñúgkarlubbM)at;karRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy.

ENnaMdl;GaCJaFr b¤m®nþIsaFarN³ GMBIkarpøas;bþÚrkarGnuvtþ b¤karpøas;bþÚrnItiviFI sRmab;eFVI[kargarmanRbsiT§PaB

EdlKN³kmμkarKitfa caM)ac;RtUvkat;bnßynUv»kasEdlGacnaM[ekItmankarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy.

shkarCamYyGaCJaFr nigm®nþIsaFarN³ kñúgkarBinitüelIc,ab; karGnuvtþ nignItiviFI kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,Ikat;bnßy

»kasEdlnaM[ekItmankarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy.

enAkñúgvis½yGb;rM ¬GnuEpñk 1 [h-k]¦ muxgarcm,grbs;KN³kmμkarKW³

Gb;rM nigENnaMdl;GaCJaFr nigm®nþIsaFarN³ nigshKmn_sþIBIyuT§sa®sþRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgkarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy.

Gb;rM nigEckcayB½t’mandl;saFarNCn sþIBIplGaRkk;énkarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy nigsþIBIsar³sMxan;énkar

EfrkSasc©Fm’enAkñúgEpñkrdæ)alsaFarN³.

cuHbBa¢I nigCMruj[mankarKaMRTBIsaFarNCn kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgkarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy

begáIt erobcM RKb;RKg cUlrYm nigGnuvtþkmμviFIGb;rM b¤ kmμviFIENnaMkñúgvis½yRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgkarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy

enH dUcEdl)anBiBN’naenAkñúgesckþIGMNHGMNag EdlsPaTaMgBIr)andak;[KN³kmμkar.

elIsBIenHeTot eyageTAtamGnuEpñk 13 ¬2¦ KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ RtUveFVIkaresIubGegát

edIm,IkMNt;fa³

etIkarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy)anekIteLIg kMBugekIteLIg b¤nwgekIteLIgEdrb¤eT.

etIc,ab;RKb;RKgGaCJaFr nigm®nþIsaFarN³RtUvpøas;bþÚrEdrb¤eT edIm,Ikat;bnßynUv»kas EdlnaM[ekItmankarRbRBwtþiGMeBI

BukrlYy.

etImanviFIsa®sþkargarNamYy karGnuvtþNamYy b¤nItiviFINamYyrbs;GaCJaFr nig m®nþIsaFarN³NamYy)anGnuBaØat

b¤GacGnuBaØat CMruj[ekItman b¤CamUlehtubgá[ekItmankarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYyEdrb¤eT.

bEnßmeTAelIcMNucenH muxgarsMxan;rbs; ICAC k¾rYmbBa©ÚlpgEdr nUvGMNaceFVIr)aykarN_ nigelIkeyabl;edayQrelI

mUldæanénlT§plEdlTTYl)anBIkaresIubGegátrbs;xøÜn sIþGMBIkarRbRBwtþiNamYy nigsIþBIkal³eTs³ b¤RBwtiþkarN_nana EdlkaresIub

GegátenaHmankarcab;Garm μN_eTAelI . RbkarenHGaceFVI)an eTaHbICakarrkeXIjb¤mtieyabl;Tak;TgeTAnwgkarRbRBwtþiGMeBI

BukrlYy ehIynigGMNacénkarpþl;Gnusasn_sRmab;cat;viFankarkaresIubGegátrbs;xøÜn Edl ICAC )anelIkeLIgRtUv)aneKTTYl

ykb¤minykk¾eday ¬c,ab; ICAC GnuEpñk 13 [3]¦.

dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelI KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ GaceFVIkaresIubGegáttamKMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;

xøÜnÉgpg tamBakübNþwgpg tamr)aykarN_EdleK)andak;CUnpg RBmTaMgtamesckþIGMNHGMNagEdl)andak;CUnKN³kmμkar

pg. eyagtamcMNuc GnuEpñk 10 énc,ab; ICAC {CnNak¾mansiTiædak;BakübNwþgeTAKN³kmμkar GMBIbBaðaEdlBak;B½n§ b¤EdlGac

Bak;B½n§nwgkarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy}. karesIubGegáttamBakübNþwg b¤minesIubGegát b¤karbBaÄb;karesIubGegát KWCasiT§iseRmc

rbs;KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ ¬c,ab; ICAC GnuEpñk10 [2-3]¦. b:uEnþ KN³kmμkarenHRtUvEtBieRKaH

eyabl;CamYyKN³kmμkarBinitüelIkarRbtibtiþ ¬ORC¦ munnwgseRmcfa etIRtUvp¥akb¤minRtUvp¥ak RtUvcab;epþIm b¤minRtUvcab;epþIm

eFVIkaresIubGegátelIBakübNþwgNamYy b¤elIr)aykarN_NamYy ¬c,ab; ICAC GnuEpñk 20 [4]¦. m®nþIsMxan;²énGaCJaFrsaFarN³

RtUv)anc,ab; ICAC tRmUv[raykarN_CUnKN³km μkar nUvral;karRbRBwtþinana EdleKsgS½yfamanBak;B½n§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy

40


¬GnuEpñk2¦. KN³km μkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ GacENnaMdl;GaCJaFrsmRsb [cat;viFankarkarBarsakSI

nigGñkEdlCYydl; ICAC ¬c,ab; ICAC Epñk50¦ .

sar³sMxan;énkaresIubGegát KWRtUvQrelImUldæanénkarminsn μt;famankMhus dUcEdlmanEcgenAkñúgBakübNþwg b¤kñúg

r)aykarN_EdlTTYl)aneLIy. karbgðajfa karRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy)anekIteLIg KWCatYnaTIrbs; ICAC ¬c,ab; ICAC

2004³30¦ . dUecñH eRkamc,ab; ICAC KN³kmμkarenH)anTTYlnUvsiT§iGMNacxøaMgkøa elIsBIbTbBaØtiþEdl)anpþl;dl;m®nþIb:UlIs

kñúgkaresIubGegát. siT§iGMNacTaMgenHrYmman³ GMNacTamTar[GaCJaFrsaFarN³ nigm®nþIpþl;B½t’man b¤begáItÉksar ¬c,ab; ICAC

Epñk 21 nig Epñk 22¦ GMNaccUlkñúgkariyal½ysaFarN³nana edaymankarGnuBaØatCalayl½kçGkSrBIsñgkar ¬c,ab; ICAC

Epñk 23¦ RBmTaMgmandIkaEqkeqr mansiTæicUlkñúgeKhdæan mansiTiæEqkeqr nigeFVIGFikarkic© ftcmøg nigrwbGUsÉksar b¤Psþútag

epSgeTot ¬c,ab; ICAC Epñk 41 nig 47¦ . dIkaEqkeqrGacecjedayecARkm b¤edaysñgkar ¬eTaHCasñgkarkMreRbIR)as;GMNac

enHk¾eday¦ ¬c,ab; ICAC GnuEpñk 40 [1-2]¦. GñkesIubGegátrbs; ICAC k¾GacTTYl)andIkaEdlGnuBaØat[eRbIR)as;]bkrN_

sRmab;sþab; nigsRmab;cab;semøgsnÞnatamTUrs½BÞ. eyagtambTbBaØtiþqñaM 1984 sIþBIkareRbIR)as;]bkrN_sþab;kareRbIR)as;eRKÓg

sþab;enH RtUvEtmankarGnuBaØat nigkarpþl;[edayecARkmtulakarkMBUl. eyageTAtambTbBaØtiþqñaM 1979 sIþBIkarcab;semøg

snÞnatamTUrs½BÞ karcab;semøgTUrs½BÞenHRtUvmankarGnuBaØat b¤pþl;[edaysmaCikmñak;éntulakar]TÞrN_rdæ)al. edIm,IFana[

mankareKarBtamesckIþtRmUvTaMgenH mRnþIkarBarRbCaBlrdæ (Ombudsman) eFVIGFikarkic©elIkMNt;Rtakargarrbs; ICAC

sþIBIkarcab;semøgTUrs½BÞ nigRtYtBinitüelIRbtibtiþkarpg. ICAC k¾RtUvraykarN_BIkareRbIR)as;eRKÓgsþab;semøgrbs;xøÜnCUn

naykdæanGKÁemFavIpgEdr.

KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ k¾maneKalneya)ayGnum½tépÞkñúgpgEdr munnwgdak;BaküsuMdIkaRbePT

NamYy . edayRsbCamYynwgeKalneya)ayenH GñkesIubGegátrbs; ICAC RtUvdak;BaküsuMenH eTAnaykdæanc,ab;edIm,IBinitü.

bnÞab;mkeTot BaküsuMenHRtUvdak;CUneTAnaykRbtibtiþénEpñkRbtibtiþkaryuT§sa®sþ munnwgdak;CUneTAGaCJaFrsmRsb .

edIm,IeFVIkaresIubGegátGVImYy KN³kmμkarenHGacebIksavnakar EdldwknaMedaysñgkar b¤CMnYykarsñgkar tamkarseRmc

rbs;sñgkar ¬c,ab; ICAC GnuEpñk 30 [1-2]¦. svnakarGaceFVICasaFarN³ CaÉkCn b¤rYmKñaTaMg 2 ¬c,ab; ICAC GnuEpñk 31

[1]¦. svnakarsaFarN³RtUv)aneKyl;eXIjfaCa]bkrN_sMxan;kñúgkarbgðajCUnsaFarNCnGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy nigGaceRbI

sRmab;begáInkarTukcitþBIsaFarNCn eTAelIsucritPaBénkaresIubGegát. kñúgkareFVIsvnakar KN³kmμkarenHmansiT§iekaHehA

sakSI ¬c,ab; ICAC GnuEpñk 35 [1]¦. RbsinebIsakSIEdlRtUv)anekaHehA min)ancUlmkeTenaHKN³kmμkarGacecjdIkacab;xøÜn

sakSI)an ¬ bTbBaØtiþ ICAC GnuEpñk 36 [1]¦ .

KN³kmμkarenH)anGnum½tRkmsIlFm’rbs; ICAC Edldak;ecjnUveKalkarN_Edlfa buKÁlik ICAC RtUv)aneKrMBwgfanwg

RTRTg; ehIynigRbRBwtþtamkarRbtibtiþCak;lak;kñúgvis½ynana Edlcat;TukfaCasñÚlénmuxgarrbs; ICAC. BakübNþwgGMBIkarRbRBwtþi

rbs;buKÁlik ICAC RtUv)anykcitþTukdak;y:aghμt;ct; nigRtUv)anesIubGegátedaysmaCikmYyrUbBIfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rbs; ICAC.

karesIubGegát nigcMNat;EdlesñIeLIg nwgRtUvBinitüedaysñgkar. kñúgkrNINaEdlF¶n;F¶rEmnETn GñkesIubGegátmkBIxageRkA

ICAC GacRtUvGeBa¢Ij[mkeFVIkaresIubGegát)an b:uEnþRtUvraykarN_CUnKN³kmμkarBinitüelIkarRbtibtiþ ¬ORC¦ .

edIm,IelIkkm<s;tmøaPaB kic©karrdæ)al karRsavRCav nigkarGb;rMrbs; ICAC RtUvRKbdNþb;edayc,ab;sþIBIesrIPaBén

B½t’man.

41


karerobcMkic©Rbtibtiþkar

dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelI Rkbx½NÐkargarRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IFana[mankarTTYlxusRtUvrbs; ICAC CUncMeBaH

saFarNCnénrdæj:ÚesAEvlRBmTaMgrkSatmøaPaBrbs;xøÜn. RbkarenHmansar³sMxan; CaBiessNas; ebIKiteTAdl;GMNacd¾

TUlMTUlay Edlc,ab; ICAC )anpþl;[KN³kmμkarenH. bEnßmeTAelIsßab½nEdl)anerobrab;xagelIenH mansßab½nRtYtBinitüsMxan;

2 eTot KW³ KN³kmμkarBinitüelIkarRbtibtiþ ¬ORC¦ nig KN³kmμkarsParYmsþIBI ICAC (PJC) .

KN³kmμkarBinitüelIkarRbtibtiþ ¬ORC¦ RtUv)anbegáIteLIgeRkamEpñk 58 énc,ab; ICAC edIm,Ipþl;ynþkarmYyEdlGac

Fanafa ICAC GacedaHRsayedaysmRsbcMeBaHBakübNþwgEdlTTYl)anBIsaFarNCn. tYnaTIrbs; ORC KW³ pþl;karENnaMdl;

sñgkar faetI ICAC RtUvesIubGegátBakübNþwgeRkamc,ab; ICAC Edrb¤eT RtUvp¥akkaresIubGegátelIBakübNþwgenaH nigRtUvpþl;kar

ENnaMdl;sñgkarsþIBIbBaðaepSg² EdlCYnkal sñgkarelIkykmkesñIsMueyabl;BI ORC ¬c,ab; ICAC GnuEpñk 59 [1]¦. eday

GnuelamtamGnuEpñk 60 ¬1¦ énc,ab; ICAC KN³kmμkarBinitüelIkarRbtibtiþ ¬ORC¦ RtUvmansmaCik 8 rUbKW sñgkarmYyrUbCa

RbFan CMnYykarsñgkarmYyrUb Edl)anesñIeLIgedaysñgkar sñgkarb:UlIsmYyrUbEdlRtUv)anEtgtaMgedayGPi)alrdæ tam

Gnusasn_rbs;GKÁemFavI edaymankarsRmbsRmYlCamYysñgkar nigmnusS 4nak;eTot EdlEtgtaMgedayGPi)al tamGnusasn_

rbs;rdæm®nþI edaymankarsRmbsRmYlCamYysñgkaredIm,ItMNag[TsSn³rbs;shKmn_ .

Epñk 63 énc,ab; ICAC EcgBIkarbegáItKN³kmμkarsParYm (PJC) . tYnaTIrbs; PJC dUcEdl)anEcgkñúgGnuEpñk 64 ¬1¦

énc,ab; ICAC KW³

segátkar nigBinitüelIKN³kmμkar kñúgkarGnuvtþmuxgarrbs;xøÜn.

raykarN_CUnsPaTaMgBIr edaymanCUneyabl;smRsbGMBIbBaðaEdlTak;Tgnwg ICAC b¤ Tak;TgeTAnwgkarbMeBj

muxgarrbs;xøÜnEdlxøÜnyl;eXIjfasPaKYrEtykcitþTukdak;.

BinitüsaksYrelIr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMnImYy² nigBinitüelIr)aykarN_epSgeTotrbs;KN³km μkar ehIyraykarN_CUn

sPaTaMgBIrnUvral;bBaðaEdlekItmanenAkñúg b¤Edl)anelcecjBIr)aykarN_TaMgenaH ¬CaTUeTAkarBinitüsaksYrenH

eFVIeLIgCaEbbsvnakarenAcMeBaHmux PJC¦.

BinitüeTAelIninñakar nigkarpøas;bþÚrkñúgkarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYyRBmTaMgkarGnuvtþ nigviFIsaRsþ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkar

RbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy ehIynigraykarN_CUnsPaTaMgBIrnUvkarpøas;bþÚrnanaEdl PJC KitfaCakarcaM)ac;sRmab;kargar

rcnasm½<n§ nignItiviFIrbs;KN³kmμkar.

sYrsMNYrNaEdlsPaTaMgBIr)anelIkeLIgTak;Tgnwgkargarrbs;KN³km μkar ehIyraykarN_CUnsPaTaMgBIrvijsþIBI

sMNYrenaH.

dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelI KN³kmμkarsParYm (PJC) k¾mansiT§iGMNace)aHeqñatbdiesFsMeNIEtgtaMgsñgkarsRmab;

ICAC Edr ¬c,ab; ICAC, Epñk 64A¦. eTaHbICay:agenHk¾eday KN³kmμkarsParYm (PJC) GacnwgmineFVIkaresIubGegáteTAelIbBaða

NamYyEdlTak;TgnwgkarRbRBwtþirbs; ICAC b¤BicarNaeLIgvijelIesckIþseRmcedIm,IesIubGegát b¤minesIubGegát b¤bBaÄb;kar

esIubGegátelIBakübNþwgNamYy b¤BicarNaeLIgvijelIkarrkeXIj Gnusasn_ karebþCJa b¤ karseRmcepSgeTotrbs; ICAC Tak;Tg

eTAnwgkaresIubGegát b¤BakübNþwgNamYy ¬c,ab; ICAC GnuuEpñk 64 [2]¦. edayGnuelamtamGnuEpñk 65¬1¦ énc,ab; ICAC

KN³kmμkarsParYm (PJC) RtUvmansmaCik 11rUb KW 3rUbCasmaCikRkumRbwkSanItiibBaØtiþ ehIyRtUvEtgtaMgedayRkumRbwkSanItiibBaØtiþ

8rUbeTot CasmaCiksPanItibBaØtiþ ehIyRtUvEtgtaMgedaysPanItibBaØtiþ. RbFan nigGnuRbFanrbs; PJC RtUveKeRCIserIseday

e)aHeqñatkñúgcMeNamsmaCik PJC ¬c,ab; ICAC GnuEpñk 67 [1]¦.

42


tulakarkMBUlmanEdnsmtßkic©kñúgvis½yrcnasm<½n§ nigvis½yc,ab; sRmab;RKb;RKgeTAelIdMeNIrkarénkarCMnMuCMrHépñkrdæ)al

dUcCakic©karrbs;KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy ICACCaedIm edIm,IFanafaICACenH BitCaeFVIkaredayeKarBtamc,ab;.

edayGnuelamtamGnuEpñk 16[1] énc,ab; ICAC enAeBleFVIkaresIubGegát KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

¬ICAC¦ RtUvEtshkar[)aneRcInCamYyTIPñak;garGnuvtþn_c,ab; RBmTaMgTIPñak;garepSgeTot dUcCa GKÁsvnkr nigmRnIþkarBar

RbCaBlrdæ (Ombudsman). kic©shkarenH rYmTaMgkarEtgtaMgsmaCikénkmøaMgb:UlIseTAkñúg ICAC edayGnuelamtambTbBaØtþi

énGnuEpñk 104[5] énc,ab; ICAC. munnwgb¤bnÞab;BIeFVIkaresIubGegátbBaðaNamYy ICAC k¾GacbBa¢ÚnbBaðaesIubGegátenHb¤

skmμPaBepSgeToteTA[ {CnNab¤sßab½nNa EdlKN³kmμkaryl;fasmRsbtamkal³eTs³} ¬c,ab; ICAC GnuEpñk 53[1]¦.

tYnaTIrbs; ICAC KWRtUvRbmUlPsþútag EdlebIkpøÚv[naMxøÜnCnNamñak;ykeTAkat;eTasBIbTelμIsRBhμTNÐRbqaMgnwgc,ab;

rbs;rdæ NSW nigbBa¢ÚnPsþútagTaMgenHeTACUnnaykGyükasaFarN³. eBlNamanPsþútagRKb;RKan;ehIy KN³kmμkarÉkraCü

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ nwgpþl;Gnusasn_CUnnaykGyükasaFarN³ suM[BicarNadl;karerobcMsMNMuerOg edIm,IbwþgecaTBI

bTRBh μTNÐelICnNamñak; b¤pþl;Gnusasn_dl;GaCJaFrRtYtBinitü ¬RbFansßab½n¦ suM[cat;viFankardak;vin½yelImRnþINamñak;.

bnÞab;mk naykGyükasaFarN³ b¤RbFansßab½n b¤GaCJaFrBak;B½n§ RtUvBicarNafaetIkarkat;eTas b¤viFankardak;vin½yman

lkçN³smRsbEdreT .

naykGyükasaFarN³ Edl)anEtgtaMgedayGPi)alrdæ ¬tamc,ab; DPP, GnuEpñk 4[1]¦ tamkarÉkPaBBIKN³kmμkar

sParYm PJC EdlTTYlbnÞúkEpñkkariyal½ykarBarRbCaBlrdæ (Ombudsman) nigTTYlbnÞúkEpñkKN³km μkarb:UlIssc©Fm’

¬tambTbBaØtiþ DPP, GnuEpñk 4A[1]¦ - KWCaRbFanénkariyal½ynaykGyükasaFarN³ ¬ODPP¦. ÉkraCPaBrbs;nayk RtUv

)anEcgenAkñúgc,ab; DPP EdlEcgfa eTaHCanaykTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGKÁemFavI kñúgkarbMeBjmuxgarrbs;naykeRkambBaØtiþc,ab;

enHkIþ naykmanÉkraCPaBkñúgkic©karEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarerobcMdMeNIrkar manÉkraCPaBkñúgkarbegáItEbbbTsRmab;dak;[

dMeNIrkar nigÉkraCükñúgkarGnuvtþdMeNIrkar ¬GnuEpñk 4[3]¦ . GnuelamtamGnuEpñk 7[1] énc,ab; DPP, naykmanParkic©begáIt

EbbbTénbNþwgGaCJa nigeFVIbNþwgGaCJaelIbTelμIsEdlGacecaTRbkan;)aneRkamc,ab;rdæj:ÚesAEvleTAtulakarkMBUl nigtulakar

fñak;Rsuk. enH)ann½yfa KWnaykEdlCaGñkseRmcfa etIRtUveFVIb¤minRtUveFVIbNwþgGaCJa. enAkñúgkariyal½ynaykGyüka

saFarN³ ODPP GgÁPaBBiessmYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIg KWRkum6 EdleFVIbNþwgGaCJaelIm®nþIb:UlIs nigeFVIbNþwgGaCJaelIbBaða

EdlKN³kmμkarb:UlIssc©Fm’ PIC nigKN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ )anelIkeLIgCUnkariyal½ynaykGyüka

saFarN³ ODPP RBmTaMgeFVIbNþwgGaCJaelIbBaðasMxan;²epSgeTot.

eyageTAtamGnuEpñk 129[1] énc,ab;sþIBIKN³kmμkarb:UlIssc©Fm’ PIC KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦

minGacesIubGegát b¤edaHRsaycMeBaHbBaðaTak;TgnwgkarRbRBwtiþrbs;m®nþIb:UlIseT RbsinebIbBaðaenaHminmankarBak;B½n§eTAnwgkar

RbRBwtiþrbs;m®nþIsaFarN³EdlminEmnCam®nþIb:UlIs. KN³km μkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ RtUvbBa¢ÚnBakübNþwg

TaMgGs;EdlxøÜn)anTTYl eTACUnkariyal½ykarBarBlrdæ (Ombudsman) eTaHCaerOgenHmanb¤minkarcUlrYmBIm®nþIsaFarN³epSg

eTotk¾eday. k¾b:uEnþ KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ GacbBa¢ÚnBakübNþwgTaMgenHeTA KN³kmμkarb:UlIssc©Fm’

PIC RbsinebI ICAC yl;fa BakübNþwgTaMgenHTak;TgeTAnwgkarRbRBwtiþminRtwmRtUvd¾F¶n;F¶rrbs;m®nþIb:UlIs. edayGnuelamtamEpñk

enH BakübNþwgNaEdl)anbBa¢Úndl;kariyal½ykarBarBlrdæ (Ombudsman) RtUvbBa¢ÚneTA[KN³kmμkar b:UlIssc©Fm’ PIC

RbsinebI Ombudsman yl;fa BakübNþwgb¤bBaðaenHmankarBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarRbRBwitþiminRtwmRtUvd¾F¶n;F¶rrbs;m®nþIb:UlIs ¬c,ab;

PIC Epñk 128¦.

43


KN³kmμkarb:UlIssc©Fm’ ¬PIC¦ KWCaTIPñak;garÉkraCüEdl)anbegáIteLIgedayKuNtémøénGnuEpñk 6¬1¦ énc,ab; PIC.

KN³kmμkarenHdwknaMedaysñgkar 1rUb EdlEtgtaMgedayGPi)alrdæ ¬c,ab; PIC, GnuEpñk 7[1]¦. KN³kmμkarenHminGac

EtgtaMgbuKÁlikNamñak;EdlkMBugbeRmIkar b¤Føab;)anbeRmIkarkñúgkgkmøaMgb:UlIsj:ÚesAEvleT. KN³kmμkarsParYm (PJC) Edl

TTYlbnÞúkkariyal½y Ombudsman nigKN³kmμkarb:UlIssc©Fm’ segátkar nig BinitüsareLIgvijelIkarbMeBjParkic©rbs;

KN³kmμkarb:UlIssc©Fm’ PIC ¬c,ab; PIC, Epñk 95¦. KN³kmμkarb:UlIssc©Fm’ PIC enHRtUvraykarN_BIkic©Rbtibtiþkarrbs;xøÜn

Caerogral;qñaMeTACUnsPaCati ¬c,ab; PIC, GnuEpñk 99[1]¦. eyagtamGnuEpñk 13[1] énc,ab; PIC muxgarsMxan;²rbs;

KN³kmμkarenH KW³

Tb;sáat;karRbRBwtiþxusd¾F¶n;F¶rrbs;b:UlIs nigkarRbRBwtiþminRtwmRtUvÉeTotrbs;b:UlIs.

rukrk b¤esIubGegát b¤cat;;EcgTIPñak;gardéTeTot kñúgkarrukrk b¤esIubGegátcMeBaHkarRbRBwtiþxusd¾F¶n;F¶rrbs;b:UlIs nig

rukrk b¤esIubGegát b¤BinitüeTAelIPñak;garepSgeTot kñúgkarrukrk b¤esIubGegátcMeBaHkarRbRBwtiþminRtwmRtUvepSgeTot

rbs;b:UlIs EdlKN³kmμkarb:UlIssc©Fm’ PIC yl;fasmRsb.

KN³kmμkarb:UlIssc©Fm’ PIC manGMNacTUlMTUlayRsedogKñaeTAnwg ICAC Edr kñúgkaresIubGegátkarRbRBwtiþminRtwmRtUv

b¤GMeBIBukrlYyrbs;b:UlIs .

kariyal½ysvnkmμj:ÚesAEvlEdlbegáIteLIgedayKuNtémøénEpñk 33A[1] énc,ab; PFA dwknaMedayGKÁsvnkr Edl

RtUv)anEtgtaMgedayGPi)alrdæ kñúgGaNtiþmYyEdlminGacbnþfμI)an sRmab;ry³eBl 7qñaM ¬c,ab; PFA, GnuEpñk 28[1]¦ tamkar

ÉkPaBrbs;KN³kmμaFikarKNenyüsaFarN³ ¬PFA Act GnuEpñk 28A[1]¦ . kariyal½ysvnkmμpþl;»vaTCUnsPa rdæaPi)al

nigTIPñak;garsaFarN³GMBIkarbMeBjkargarkñúgvis½ysaFarN³. tambBaØtiþc,ab;rbs; PFA nigtamc,ab;rdæj:ÚesAEvl kariyal½y

svnkmμenHRtUveFVIsvnkmμpgEdr ehIyGacnwgeFVIsvnkmμeTAelIRKb;skmμPaBTaMgGs;rbs;GaCJaFrsaFarN³Bak;B½n§nwgRbsiT§PaB

esdækic© nigkarRbtibtiþtamc,ab;EdlBak;B½n§. cMeBaHParkic©EbbenH kariyal½ysvnkm μk¾RtUvBinitüeLIgvijpgEdr elIÉksar

hirBaØvtßúnanarbs;KN³km μkar ICAC EdlmanenAkñúgr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMrbs;xøÜn. KN³km μkar ICAC k¾RtUvshkarCamYy

kariyal½ysvnkmμ edIm,pþl;[KN³kmμkarenH nUvmuxgarsvnkmμépÞkñúg.

kariyal½ykarBarRbCaBlrdæ (Ombudsman) RtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgeBlmankarEtgtaMg Ombudsman

TImYyenAkñúgqñaM 1975 edayGnuelamtamGnuEpñk 6[1] énc,ab;sIþBI Ombudsman EdlEcgfa GPi)alrdæGacEtgtaMg

Ombudsman mñak; tamGnusasn_rbs;rdæm®nþIbnÞab;BImankarGnum½t yl;RBmrbs;KN³km μkarsParYm PJC

EdlTTYlbnÞúkkariyal½y Ombudsman nigKN³km μkar b:UlIssc©Fm’ ¬c,ab; Ombudsman, Epñk 31BA¦.

KN³km μaFikarsParYm PJC k¾XøaMemIl nigBinitüeLIgvijpg EdrelI Ombudsman kñúgkarGnuvtþmuxgarrbs;xøÜn ¬c,ab;

Ombudsman Epñk 31B). eyagtamEpñk 33 énc,ab; Ombudsman, Ombudsman RtUvdak;CUnRbFansPanImYy²

nUvr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMsþIBIkic©Rbtibtiþkarrbs;xøÜn . tYnaTIcm,grbs; Ombudsman KWedIrtYCasßab½nBinitüÉkraCümYy. kñúgn½yenH

Ombudsman mantYnaTIRtUvGnuvtþ³

karBinitüeLIgvijEpñkrdæ)al edayrYmTaMgedaHRsayBakübNþwgGMBIkarRbRBwtiþEpñkrdæ)alrbs;TIPñak;garsaFarN³ nig

m®nþIsaFarN³ ehIynigkarRbRBwtiþrbs;sßab½nsmmUl nigmnusSnana.

karBinitüeLIgvijelIkarRbtibtiþtamc,ab; EdlrYmman³

BinitüeLIgvijelIkareKarBc,ab; nigtamdankarGnuvtþl¥ ]> kareKarBtamnItiviFIsmFm’ nigkarGnuvtþl¥ kñúgkaresIub

Gegát kareRbIR)as;GMNacb:UlIs RtYtBinitüRbtibtiþkar svnkmμelIÉksarcab;semøgTUrKmnaKmn_.

44


BinitüeLIgvijelIkarcat;Ecg nigkareqøIytbcMeBaHkarecaTRbkan; nigBakübNþwg

BinitüeLIgvijelIsþg;darénkarpþl;esvakmμ

BinitüeLIgvijelInItibBaØti KWfaBinitüelIkarGnuvtþbTbBaØtiþmYycMnYn EdlBRgIkGMNac[b:UlIl nigbuKÁlikmnÞIrXMuXaMg.

mRnIþkarBarRbCaBlrdæ Ombudsman GacpþÜcepþImkaresIubGegátelIkrNIepSg² eTaHCamanBakübNþwg b¤minmank¾eday

¬c,ab; Ombudsman GnuEpñk 13[1]¦. b:uEnþeTaHCay:agenHk¾eday KYrkt;smÁal;fa Ombudsman

minmanGMNacbgçM[eKeKarB tamGnusasn_EdlxøÜnelIkeLIgeLIy.

emeronEdlTTYl)an

sßanPaBcm,gmYykñúgcMeNamsßanPaBrbs; ICAC KWGtßiPaBénRkbx½NÐkargard¾TUlMTUlayTaMgxagkñúg nigxageRkA sRmab;

FanakarTTYlxusRtUv nigtmøaPaBrbs;KN³kmμkar. viFankarTaMgenHsMxan;Nas;sRmab;[saFarNCnyl;eXIjfa KN³kmμkar

BitCaGBa©wgEmn eBalKWmankarTTYlxusRtUv nigmantmøaPaB. RbkarenHmansar³sMxan;BiessNas; BIeRBaHdUcmanEcgenAkñúg

r)aykarN_BImunmYyrbs;KN³kmμkar ICAC KWfa eCaKC½yCaeRcInrbs;KN³kmμkar ICAC KWCalT§plénkarCYy nigkarpþl;B½t’man

BIsMNak;saFarNCn ehIyk¾manEcgEdrfaKN³kmμkar ICAC minGacbMeBjkargarxøÜnedayminmanCMnYy b¤karKaMRTBIsaFarN³

CnenaHeT ¬ICAC 1991³17-18¦.

viFIsa®sþ 3 muxRBYjsRmab;RbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyk¾RtUv)ancat;TukfaCamUldæanRKwHsRmab;eCaKC½yrbs;

KN³kmμkar ICAC kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaénGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgvis½ysaFarN³. emeronmYyEdlKN³kmμkareronsURtTTYl)an

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Gegátskmμ RBmTaMgENnaMdl;karEbgEckFnFancMeBaHviFankarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy ¬O’Keefe 2002³9¦.

45


KN³km μkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬ICAC¦ k¾)aneFVIkarGegátmYyeTAelITsSn³rbs;nieyaCikkñúgvis½ysaFarN³

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kMNt;bgðajnUvvis½ynanaEdlRtUvEkTRmg; eTaHCaynþkarenHmankarGnuBaØat[CnCab;ecaTrYcxøÜnk¾eday ¬Hakes Drielsma

55¦.

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F¶n;faRkbx½NÐkargarEpñkc,ab;nwgRtUvBRgwgbEnßm edIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvkarTukcitþBIsMNak;saFarN³ ¬2004³156¦ .

eTaHbICaKNkmμkar ICAC RtUv)aneKemIleXIjy:agTUlMTUlayfa maneCaKC½ykñúgkarRbyuTæRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyenA

kñúgEpñksaFarN³k¾edayk¾enAqñaM 1996 KN³km μkarPUminÞTTYlbnÞúkkgkmøaMgb:UlIsénrd§j:ÚesAEvl)anrkeXIjfa KN³km μkar

ICAC minTTYl)aneCaKC½ykñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy b¤karRbRBwtiþxusrbs;kgkmøaMgb:UlIs NSW eT. RbkarenH RtUv)an

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elIkeLIgGMBIkgVHxatbuKÁlik nigFnFanmankRmit . ktþaEdlkan;EtsμúKsμajEfmeTot KWkarEdl ICAC RtUvBwgEp¥keTAelIGñk

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mYyc,as;las;enAkñúgKN³kmμkar ICAC Edlmansmtßkic©edaHRsaybBaðaénGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;b:UlIs. KN³kmμkarPUminÞk¾)anrk

eXIjEdrfa KN³kmμkar ICAC )ansgát;F¶n;elIskmμPaBTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy nigkarGb;rM eRcInCagtYnaTIesIubGegátrbs;xøÜn.

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)anGnuvtþenAkñúgqñaM 1997 ¬Wood 2004¦ . b:uEnþ eTaHbICay:agenHk¾eday eyagtamr)aykarN_sþIBIGMeBIBukrlYykñúgBiPBelak

qñaM 2003 rbs;GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati GMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgkgkmøaMgb:UlIsrdæj:ÚesAEvlenAEtCabBaðadEdl ¬2004³117¦ .

RbPB

Doig. A. and Mclvor, S., 2004/ RbB½n§sc©Fm’Cati/ r)aykarN_sikSaGMBIRbeTsrbs; Transparency

Internationalt, GURsþalI2004

http://transparency .org/activities/not_integ_systems/country_studies.htm/#austr

46


Gorta, A., 1999 Rbkan;ykviFIsaRsþKYr[TukcitþedIm,Ikat;bnßyGMeBIBukrlYy karbgðajsRmab;viTüasßansikSaGMBI

]RkidækmμGURsþalI http://www.aic.gov.au/conferences/occasionl/gorta.pdf

Hakes Drielsma, C., yuT§saRsþRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyd¾eCaKC½yenATUTaMgBiPBelak

http://www.loksatta.org/coruption %20chris%20report.pdf

ICAC, 1991 BIrqñaMdMbUg,bBaðasMxan;²cMnYn 19 http://www.icac.nsw.gov.au/files/pdf/pub2_2q.pdf

ICAC, 1997 RbvtiþsaRsþrbs; ICAC, http://www.icac.nsw.gov.au/files/pdf/pub2_16q.pdf

ICAC, 2003 Gakb,kiriyarbs;shKmn_cMeBaHGMeBIBukrlYynig ICAC,

http://www.icac.nsw.gov.au/files/pdf/pub2_27r1.pdf

ICAC, 2004 r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaM 2003-2004

http://www.icac.nsw.gov.au/files/pdf/ICAC_Annual_Report_03_043.pdf

O’Keefe, 2002 CMrujPaBs¥ats¥M nigkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgesvasaFarN³ TsSn³vis½ymYyEdlEp¥kelI

bTBiesaFCasñgkarrbs; ICAC, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/44/11/2408954.pdf

Transparency International, 2001 r)aykarN_BiPBelakGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy 2001

http://www.globalcorruptionreport.org/gcr2001.html




http://www.globalcorruptionreport.org/download.html

Wood, J., 2004 KN³kmμkarPUminÞeTAkñúgkgkmøaMgbU:lIsj:ÚesAEvl www.isrcl.org/Papers/2004/Wood.pdf

B½t’mank¾RtUv)anRbmUlBIevbsayénsßab½nnanaEdl)anraynamxagelI.

47


sPaGKÁemFavI www.gov.bw/government/attorney_generals_chambres.html

GKÁnaykdæansþIBIGMeBIBukrlYy nig]RkidækmμEpñkesdækic© ¬DCEC¦

www.gov.bw/government/directorate_on_corruption_and_economic_crime.html

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kariyal½y Ombudsman ¬mRnIþkarBarRbCaBlrdæ¦

www.gov.bw/government/ministry_of_state_president.html/#ombudsman

bTbBaØtþicm,g

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segçbsþIBIRkug Hong Kong S.A.R.

48


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nigbNþúHbNþal .

49

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RbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy ¬Epñk16 c,ab;elx13¦. m®nþIEdl)ancat;taMgedaynayk DCEC GacXat;xøÜnbuKÁlNamYy)an RbsinebI

buKÁlenaH)anRbRBwtþ b¤erobnwgRbRBwtþbTelμIsEdlEcgenAeRkamc,ab;elx 13 ¬Epñk 10¦.

KYrkt;cMNaMpgEdrfa eyagtamKuNtémøénEpñk 34 énc,ab;elx 13 GKÁnaykdæanRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nig]RkidækmμEpñk

esdækic© GacesIubGegátelIbuKÁlNamñak;EdlmanCIvPaBrs;enAminRsbeTAnwgR)ak;cMNUlrbs;xøÜn b¤EdlmanFnFan b¤RTBüsm,tiþ

EdlminsmamaRteTAnwgRbPBR)ak;cMNUl b¤FnFanbc©úb,nñrbs;xøÜn. buKÁlmñak;nwgRtUv)ancat;TukfamaneTasBIbTRbRBwtþGMeBI

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bNwþgGaCJaelIkrNIbTel μ IsNamYyminGaceFVIeLIg)aneLIy ¬sUmemIlEpñkxageRkam sþIBITMnak;TMngrvag DCEC nigsPa

GKÁemFavI¦ .

kñúgkarbMeBjkargarrbs;xøÜn GKÁnaykdæanRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nig]Rkidækm μEpñkesdækic© DCEC )aneFVIkary:agman

RbsiT§PaB edIm,IelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgdl;saFarNCnGMBIvtþman nigtYnaTIrbs;xøÜn RBmTaMgeFVIkarGb;rMdl;saFarNCnTUeTA

BICm¶WénGMeBIBukrlYy. skmμPaBkñúgvis½yenH k¾)andak;bBa©ÚlnUvkarcuHTsSnaPUminanaenAtamtMbn;CnbT edIm,IENnaMdl;RbCaCn

mUldæanBIsiT§irbs;BYkeK nigedIm,IFanafaRKUbeRgón nigbuKÁliksaFarN³minsIusMNUkeTkñúgkarpþl;esvaEdlrdæaPi)al)an]btßmÖ

50


mUlniFi ehIyfaRbCaCnmansiT§iTTYlesvaenaHedayesrI. GKÁnaykdæanRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nig]Rkidækm μEpñkesdækic© DCEC

k¾)anecjpSaynUvsarB½t’manCaRbcaM edIm,ICUndMNwgdl;saFarNCnBIninñakarEdl)anelIkeLIgdl;RbCaCn nigBIlT§plén

ninñakarTaMgenH .


dUc)ankt;cMNaMxagelI GKÁemFavIKWCaGñkEdlseRmcfaetIRtUvb¤minRtUvpþÜcepþImeFVIkarbwþgecaTeTAelIkrNIsgS½yBIGMeBI

BukrlYy. GKÁemFavI KWCaRbFanénsPaGKÁemFavI EdlbegáIt)anCanaykdæaneRkARksYgmYy. GKÁemFavImanGaNtiþkargareRkam

rdæFmμnuBaØ nigeRkambBaØtiþc,ab;sIþBInItiviFIRBhμTNÐ nigPsþútag edIm,IdwknaMRKb;kareFVIbNwþgGaCJaEpñkRBhμTNÐ rYmTaMgkardak;bNþwg

GaCJaelIkrNIEdlTak;TgnwgGMeBIBukrlYypg. RKb;krNITaMgGs;nwgRtUv)aneFVIbNwþgGaCJaenAkñúgRbB½n§tulakarTUeTA. eTaHbICa

y:agNak¾eday b:UlIs nig DCEC mansiT§iGMNaceFVIbNwþgGaCJaCMnYs[GKÁemFavI b¤tagnam[GKÁemFavI. dUecñH GKÁemFavIGac

ENnaMdl; DCEC [eFVIbNwþgGaCJa bnÞab;BIseRmcfaRtUveFVI. b:uEnþ eTaHbICakalBIdMbUg EpñkbNwþgGaCJarbs; DCEC RtUveFVIkarkñúg

namCaTMnak;TMngmYyrvagGñkesIubGegátrbs; DCEC nwgGKÁemFavIk¾eday \LÚvenHvamanlkçN³caM)ac;kan;EteRcIneLIg ehIy

sRmab;[ DCEC eFVIbNwþgGaCJaedayxøÜnÉg edaysarEtTMhMkargarF¶n;F¶rrbs;sPaGKÁemFavI. RbkarenH k¾TamTar[ DCEC man

buKÁlikEdlmansmtßPaBedIm,IbMeBjmuxgarbEnßmrbs;xøÜn .

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mñak;. kñúgkarbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn GKÁsvnkrmineKarBtamkarENnaM b¤sßitenAeRkamkarRtYtBinitürbs;buKÁl b¤GaCJaFrNamYy

eLIy. eTaHbICaGKÁsvnkrRtUv)anEtgtaMgedayRbFanaFibtIk¾eday k¾ÉkraCPaBrbs;Kat;RtUv)anFanasuvtßiPaB edaysarkardk

hUtKat;ecjBIkariyal½yminsßitenAkñúgGMNacnItiRbtibtiþ. kariyal½yenH nwgmankarpøas;bþÚrEtenAeBlNaEdlGKÁsvnkrman

Gayudl; 60qñaM. GKÁsvnkreFVIsvnkmμelIKNnIsaFarN³rbs;RbeTsbUtsVaNa nigrbs;m®nþITaMgGs; tulakar nigGaCJaFrén

rdæaPi)al RBmTaMgKNnIénGgÁkarFM²rbs;rdæ nigrdæaPi)almUldæan. GKÁsvnkrRtUvbBa¢Únr)aykarN_eTArdæm®nþIRksYghirBaØvtßú Edl

nwgRtUverobcMEbbbTbBa¢ÚneTArdæsPa. kariyal½yGKÁsvnkr ¬OAG¦ GnuvtþtYnaTIrbs;GKÁsvnkrkñúgnamGKÁsvnkr. dUecñH

vakøayCasßab½nsvnkmμkMBUlrbs;RbeTsbUtsVaNa. eKaledAcm,grbs;GKÁsvnkr ehIynigkariyal½yGKÁsvnkr OAG KWedIm,I

eFVI[rIkceRmIndl;karGPivDÆesdækic© nigsgÁmrbs;RbeTs tamry³karelIkkm<s;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú nigkarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH

mUlniFisaFarN³ nigsm,tiþCati .

kariyal½y Ombudsman RtUv)anbegáIteLIgeday bBaØtiþc,ab;sIþBI Ombudsman qñaM 1995 ehIy Ombudsman TI1

Edl)anEtgtaMg KWenAqñaM 1997 . Ombudsman RtUv)anEtgtaMgedayRbFanaFibtI . kariyal½y Ombudsman KWCasßab½n

eRkARksYgmYyeRkamkariyal½yRbFanaFibtI. kñúgkarbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn Ombudsman minRtUvsßitenAeRkamkarRtYtBinitü b¤

eRkamkarENnaMrbs;buKÁl b¤GaCJaFrNamYyeT. bEnßmelIenHeTot dMeNIrkarrbs; Ombudsman minRtUv)antulakar c,ab;Na

mYysYredjedaleT. GaNtþikargarcm,grbs; Ombudsman KWesIubGegátBakübNþwgBIPaBGyutþiFm’ b¤rdæ)alminl¥enAkñúgesva

saFarN³EdlTTYl)anBIsaFarNCn. RbsinebIBakübNþwgTaMgenaHRtUv)anrkeXIjfamansuBlPaB Ombudsman nwgpþl;

Gnusasn_GMBIbBaðaenHCUndl;GaCJaFrmansmtßkic©. RbsinebIGnusasn_minRtUv)anGnuvtþtameTenaH Ombudsman mankatBVkic©

RtUveFVIr)aykarN_BiessCUnrdæsPa .

51

karBN’nasegçbrbs;RbeTsnImYy²³ RbeTsbUsVaNa

emeronEdlTTYl)an

GKÁnaykdæanRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nig]RkidækmμEpñkesdækic© ¬DCEC¦ EdlmanlkçN³xusEbøkBIsßab½nRsedogKñaepSgeTot

enAkñúgRbeTsGaRhVik KWedaysarvaminRKan;EtGnuvtþtamviFIsa®sþ 3muxRBYjrbs;Rkughugkug S.A.R EdlmankaresIubGegát

karTb;sáat; nigkarGb;rMEtb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþvak¾TTYl)annUveCaKC½ykñúgkarbMeBjbEnßmeTA[sßab½nepSg²eTot enAkñúgRbeTsEdleK

)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IEklMGGPi)alkic© nigCMrujkarTTYlxusRtUv nigtmøaPaB. manmUlehtuCaeRcIncMeBaHRbkarenH mUlehtu

TaMgenaHrYmmanlkçnþik³rbs; DCEC Edl)anbBa¢ak;fa vaCaTIPñak;garÉkraCü EdlGnuvtþkmμviFIcuHdl;shKmn_ EpñkÉkCn nigEpñk

saFarN³pSBVpSayBIkarxatbg;EdlbNþalmkBIGMeBIBukrlYy ehIynigmUlehtumYyeTotKW sßab½nsMxan;²epSgeTot EdlrYmKña

begáIt)anCaRbB½n§sc©Fm’fñak;Cati )andMeNIrkary:agl¥ nigmUlehtumYyeTotKW rcnasm<½n§neya)ay nigrcnasm<½n§elIkTwkcitþenA

kñúgRbeTsbUtsVaNa CYyrYmcMENkkñúgtYnaTIsMxan; EdlTIPñak;garenHRtUvGnuvtþkñúgkarbMeBjbEnßmdl;sßab½nsMxan;². elIsBIenH

eTot GKÁnaykdæanRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nig]RkidækmμEpñkesdækic© DCEC manfvikasRmab;Rbtibtiþ ¬2/4 landuløarGaemriksRmab;

qñaM 2001-2002 eRbobeFobnwgqñaMmunman 2/2 landuløar¦.

k¾b:uEnþ enAmanktþamYycMnYnEdlrYmcMENkbgábBaðadl;RbsiT§PaBrbs;GKÁnaykdæanRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nig]RkidækmμEpñk

esdækic© DCEC. eTaHbICaRbB½n§tulakarRtUv)ancat;TukfamanÉkraCüeBjelj nigmanesrIPaBkñúgkarbMeBjParkic©edayminman

karP½yxøac b¤minmankarniym ehIy)anbMeBjkargarrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarkat;eTas nigdak;TNÐkm μCnel μ IsBIbTBukrlYyk¾eday

k¾CaeRcInelIkeRcInRKa karkat;kþIRtUv)anBnüareBl EdlGacb:HBal;dl;GRtadak;eTascMeBaHkrNIEdl DCEC )anelIkeLIgCUn

tulakar ¬Frimpong 2001³17¦. krNITaMgenHRtUv)anBnüareBlenAkñúgsPaGKÁemFavI EdlCakarbgábBaðaEfmeTot.

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GMeBIBukrlYy ¬Frimpong 2001³18¦. enAkñúgkrNITaMg 2enH cMNucxVHxat KWGacbNþalmkBIkarxVHbuKÁlik nigxVHFnFan.

y:agNamij RbkarenHmanplb:HBal;CaGviC¢mandl;karyl;eXIjrbs;saFarNCn GMBIkic©xitxMEdl)aneFVIkñúgkarRbyuTæRbqaMg

nwgGMeBIBukrlYy. DCEC k¾nwgRtUvbegáInbuKÁlikpgEdr edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgTMhMkargarEdlkMBugekIneLIg ¬Frimpong

2001³23¦. dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelI mankarecaTRbkan;fa DCEC kMBugtamcab;krNIénGMeBIBukrlYykRmitTab ehIyeFVI

mindwgminB¤cMeBaH {RtIFM} ¬Frimpong 2001³14¦.

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kñúgkarGnuvtþGaNtþikargarrbs;xøÜn. RbkarenHGacedaHRsay)an edayTamTar[ DCEC eFVIr)aykarN_dak;CUnrdæsPaCati CaCag

CUnRbFanaFibtIdUceBl\LÚvenH. bBaðamYyeTotEdl)anelIkeLIgKWfa nayk DCEC minmankarFanasnþisuxkñúgkarkan;mux

tMENgeT ¬Frimpong 2001³6¦. rIÉkariyal½y Ombudsman EdlCaesvasaFarN³mYydUcGKÁnaykdæanRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYy nig]RkidækmμEpñkesdækic© DCEC Edr - kariyal½y Ombudsman enH)anGHGagfa xøÜnminmanÉkraCPaBRKb;RKan;

edIm,IbMeBjParkic©rbs;xøÜn[manRbsiT§PaBeT ehIymankarGMBavnav[eFVIviesaFnkm μelIbTbBaØtiþpgEdr ¬Frimpong

2001³5¦.

pÞúyGMBIGKÁnaykdæanRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nig]RkidækmμEpñkesdækic© DCEC nigkariyal½y Ombudsman, GKÁsvnkrman

ÉkraCü nigmansnþisuxkñúgmuxtMENg. manmtiyl;eXIjfa GKÁsvnkreFVIkargary:agskmμ nigRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB kñúgkar

raykarN_ nigebIkkkaykrNIénGMeBIBukrlYy nigkareRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUvnUvmUlniFisaFarN³. b:uEnþ mankarGHGagfa rdæsPamin

)aneFVIkargarxøÜn cMeBaHGnusasn_EdlmanenAkñúgr)aykarN_TaMgenHeT ¬Frimpong 2001³12-13¦.

52


karBiPakSamYyEdl)aneFVIeLIgenAkñúgGKÁnaykdæanRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nig]RkidækmμEpñkesdækic© DCEC KWfa etIRtUvGnum½t

b¤minRtUvGnum½telIRbB½n§ {kMNt;eKaledARbtibtiþ} EdlGacnaM[ DCEC epþatelIkaresIubGegátRkumeKaledACak;lak; .

eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday eK)anseRmcfa DCEC caM)ac;RtUvbnþeFVIkaresIubGegátteTAeTot cMeBaHr)aykarN_Cak;lak;NaEdlxøÜn

TTYl)an. ebImindUecñaHeT DCEC RtUvEtpþl;GaTiPaBdl;karesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy Edlb:HBal;dl;RbCaCnRkIRk.

RbPB

DCEC 2002 r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaM 2001 http://www.gov.bw/government /doc/Annual _Report_2001.doc

Frimpong, Kwame, r)aykarN_sikSarbs;RbeTsGMBIRbB½n§sc©Fm’Catia bUtsVaNa 2001

http://www.transparency.org/activities/nat_integ_systems/dnld/botswana.pdf

Kpundeh, S. and Levy, B. (eds.), 2004³ ksagsmtßPaBrdæenAGaRhVikviFIsaRsþfμI - emeronEdl)anekIteLIg

Transparency International 2001 r)aykarN_BiPBelakGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy 2001

http://www.globalcorruptionreport.org/gcr2001.htm#download


http://www.globalcorruptionreport.org/gcr2003.htm

B½t’mank¾RtUv)anRbmUlBIevbsayénsßab½nnanaEdl)anraynamxagelI .

53


KN³kmμkarsRmbsRmYlskmμPaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

TIPñak;garesIubGegáthirBaØvtßú ¬FIA¦ www.fia.minfin.bg/index_en.php?main=1

RbB½n§tulakar ¬rYmman tulakar esvaGyükarsaFarN³ nigesvaesIubGegátfñak;Cati¦

RksYgmhaépÞ ¬CaBiess esvab:UlIsfñak;Cati [NSP] esvasnþisuxfñak;Cati [NSS]

nigesvafñak;CatiedIm,IRbqaMg]Rkidækmμ CaRbB½n§ [NSCOC]¦

kariyal½ysvnkmμCati ¬NAO¦ www.bulnao.government.bg/en

Ombudsman: mRnIþkarBarRbCaBlrdæ

KN³kmμkarGcié®nþy_énrdæsPa

TIPñak;garRtYtBinitühirBaØvtßúsaFarN³épÞkñúg ¬PIFCA¦ www.advfk.minfin.bg/en

bTbBaØtþicm,g

bTbBaØtiþRbB½n§yutþiFm’ ¬JS¦ ¬State Gazette No. 59/ 1994 rhUtdl;viesaFnkmμelx 74 qñaM 2002¦

http://www.legislationonline.org/view.php?document=59751

c,ab;sþIBI Ombudsman (State Gazette No. 48 éf¶ 23 Ex ]sPa qñaM 2003

http://www.anticorruption.bg/ombudsman//eng/lefframe_eng.htm

bTbBaØtiþkariyal½ysvnkmμCati ¬NAO¦ ¬State Gazette No. 109 éf¶18 ExFñÚ qñaM 2001 rhUtdl;viesaFnkmμ

elx 38 éf¶ 11 Ex]sPa qñaM 2004¦ http://www.bulnao.government.bg/en/pages.html/?catID=50

bTbBaØtiþRtYtBinitühirBaØvtßúsaFarN³épÞkñúg ¬1 mkra 2001¦

http://www.advfk.minfin.bg/pdf_doc/Public_Internal_%20Financial_Control_Act.pdf

savta

GMeBIBukrlYyenARbeTsb‘ulhÁarI KWCabBaðasMxan; nigRtUv)aneKemIleXIjfarIkraldalenAkñúgEpñkPaKeRcInénRkummRnIþ

saFarN³ ¬GRECO 2002³3¦. GaCJaFrKy kargarEdlTak;TgnwgRbB½n§yutiþFm’ b:UlIs nigvis½ysuxaPi)al RtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa

sßitenAkñúgRkumEdlmanGMeBIBukrlYyCageKbMput ¬EC 2003³19¦. cab;taMgBIkare)aHeqñatqñaM 1997 bBaðaGMeBIBukrlYy nigkar

Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy )ankøayCabBaðaneya)ayd¾sMxan;sRmab;rdæaPi)al RBmTaMgsRmab;sgÁmsIuvilEdleFVIkary:agskmμ edIm,I

RbeTsb‘ulhÁarI

54


dak;bBaðaGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgrebobvar³TI1 enAfñak;Cati. Tak;TgnwgcMNucenH c,ab;mYycMnYnEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarRbyuT§RbqaMg

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karsRmbsRmYleTAelIkic©xitxMRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬OSI 2002³82¦.

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BukrlYy KwRbeTsb‘ulhÁarIRtUverobcMxøÜncUlCasmaCikshKmn_GWr:ub (EU). enAkñúgyuT§sa®sþRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyfñak;Cati

rdæaPi)al)anelIkeLIgfa karGnum½tykyuT§sa®sþRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenH KWCatRmUvkarcaM)ac;sRmab;Fanadl;smaCikPaB

enAkñúg EU ¬2001³1¦. karGnum½telIyuT§sa®sþfñak;Catirbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgqñaM 2001 bgðajBIkic©BüayamdMbUgkñúgkardak;kic©xitxM

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgRkbx½NÐkargarCaRbB½n§ ¬OSI 2002³91¦. yuT§sa®sþenH k¾)ansgát;F¶n;pgEdreTAelIviFankarTb;sáat;

kñúgkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy .

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RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ehIynigsRmbsRmYl RBmTaMgRtYtBinitüelIkarGnuvtþEpnkaryuT§sa®sþfñak;CatienH. KN³kmμkarGcié®nþy_

sPasþIBIGMeBIBukrlYy k¾RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgqñaM 2002. karEkTRmg;mYycMnYnepSgeTot dUcEdlmanBiPakSaenAkñúgEpñksþIBI

emeronEdlTTYl)anxageRkam KYrEtGacCYybegáInRbsiTi§PaBénkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ehIynigGacCYyrkdMeNaHRsay

cMeBaHcMNucexSayEdlmanenAkñúgRbB½n§sc©Fm’;Cati. karEtgtaMg Ombudsman enAeBlxagmux k¾GacCYy[rIkceRmInEfmeTot

kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy .

eTaHbICardæaPi)alRbeTsb‘ulhÁarI mankarrIkceRmInkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBukrlYyk¾eday k¾eK)anelIkeLIgkñúg

r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMrbs;KN³kmμkarGWr:ubqñaM 2003 sþIBIvivDÆnPaBrbs;RbeTsbu‘lhÁarI edIm,IcUlCasmaCikfa {GMeBIBukrlYyenAEt

CabBaða ehIyRbeTsb‘ulhÁarIRtUvrkSakic©xitxMedIm,IGnuvtþviFankarEdlBak;B½n§bBaðaenH} ¬2003³121¦. r)aykarN_enHk¾

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c,ab;eRcInCagkarGnuvtþc,ab;} ¬GRECO 2002³21¦. RbeTsb‘ulhÁarImancMNat;fñak;elx 55 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 159 elI

snÞsSn_énkaryl;eXIjBIGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCatiqñaM 2005. kar):an;RbmaNBIGMeBIBukrlYykñúgqñaM 2003

Edl)anGnuvtþedayRkumcMruH 20001

)anrkeXIjfa minmankarpøas;bþÚrKYr[kt;smÁal;eT cMeBaHkRmiténGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúg

RbeTskalBIqñaMmun ehIyfaGMeBIBukrlYyenAEtRtUv)aneKemIleXIjfaCabBaðad¾FMeFgenAkñúgsgÁm. mankarsnñidæanbEnßmeTotfa

{rhUtmkTl;eBlenH eK)aneRbIGs;lT§PaBehIy kñúgkarGnuvtþviFankarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy b:uEnþenAEtmineXIjmansBaØaénkar

rIkceRmInesaH} ¬Coalition 2000/ 2004³5¦.


minmanTIPñak;garCMnajsRmab;edaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBukrlYyEtmYyEpñkb:ueNÑaHeT. pÞúyeTAvij manGgÁPaB manEpñk

mannaykdæan nigmanTIPñak;garmYycMnYn RtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgenAtamRksYgnanaenAkñúgRbB½n§yutþiFm’ nigenAkñúgsßab½nb:UlIs

edIm,IRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy.

1sm<½n§PaB 2000 KWCaKMnitpþÜcepþImmYyEdl)ancab;epþImenAEx emsa qñaM 1998 edaymaneKalbMNgRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúg

sgÁménRbeTsb‘ulhÁarI tamry³kic©shRbtibtþikarKñaenAkñúgcMeNamGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigsßab½nrdæaPi)al. sRmab;B½t’man

bEnßm sUmemIl http://www.csd.bg/en/c2000.

55

karBN’nasegçbrbs;RbeTsnImYy²³ RbeTsb‘ulhÁarI

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nigdkecjedayRbFanaFibtI tamsMeNIrrbs;rdæaPi)al.

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eday k¾sßab½nEdledIrtYnaTIsMxan;bMputkñúgvis½yenH KWesvab:UlIsfñak;Cati [NSP] esvasnþisuxfñak;Cati [NSS] nigesvafñak;Cati

RbqaMg]RkidækmμCaRbB½n§ [NSCOC]. enAkñúgRKb;naykdæanb:UlIsfñak;tMbn; nigfñak;extþ manGgÁPaBCMnajsRmab;edaHRsaybT

]RkidæEpñkesdækic© rYmTaMgGMeBIBukrlYypgEdr. enAfñak;RksYgmhaépÞ sßab½nesvab:UlIsfñak;Cati NSP manGgÁPaBcMnYn 5 enAkñúg

naykdæanb:UlIsesdækic© EdledaHRsayerOgbTelμIsEdlTak;TgEtnwgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬GRECO 2004³5¦. sßab½nesvasnþisux

fñak;Cati NSS manParkic©RbqaMg nigTb;sáat;bTel μ IsRBh μTNÐRbqaMgsnþisuxCati rYmTaMgbTel μ IsBukrlYyEdlmankarBak;B½n§

CamYyesvabreTs b¤GgÁkarbreTs ¬GRECO 2002³10¦. enAkñúgsßab½n esvafñak;CatiRbqaMg]RkidækmμCaRbB½n§ NSCOC man

naykdæanRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy EdlkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYysßitenAkñúgcMeNaménParkic©CaGaTiPaBrbs;xøÜn. skmμPaBrbs;

naykdæanenH rYmmankarrukrkGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgvis½yÉkCn nigvis½ysaFarN³ RBmTaMgenAkñúgRksYgmhaépÞxøÜnÉgpgEdr

¬GRECO 2004³5¦.

enAkñúgRksYghirBaØvtßú manTIPñak;garesIubGegáthirBaØvtßú ¬FIA¦2

nigTIPñak;garRtYtBinitühirBaØvtßúsaFarN³épÞkñúg ¬PIFCA¦

EdlbMeBjkargarTak;TgeTAnwgRbB½n§sc©Fm’Cati.

TIPñak;garesIubGegáthirBaØvtßú KWCardæ)alÉkraCüfñak;Cati dwknaMedaynayk 1rUb. muxgarcm,grbs;TIPñak;garenH KWTTYl

EfTaM Binitü viPaK nigbgðajdl;sßab½nGnuvtþn_c,ab;EdlBak;B½n§ nUvB½t’manEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarlagluykxVk;.3

skmμPaBrbs;TIPñak;garRtYtBinitühirBaØvtßúsaFarN³épÞkñúg PIFCA RtUv)ankMNt;edaybBaØtiþc,ab;rbs; PIFC ehIyTIPñak;

enH dwknaMedaynayk 1rUb Edl)anEtgtaMg ¬nigdkecj¦ edayrdæm®nþIhirBaØvtßú edaymankaryl;RsbBInaykrdæm®nþI ¬maRta 6

nig7¦. eRkABIkarEtgtaMgnaykrg EdlnaykRtUvkarkarGnum½tBIrdæm®nþIhirBaØvtßú naykTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRKb;RKgbuKÁlikenAkñúg

PIFCA ¬maRta 7¦ RBmTaMgRKb;RKg nigRtYtBinitüskmμPaBrbs;TIPñak;gar ¬maRta 9[1] c,ab; PIFC¦. eKaledATUeTArbs; PIFCA

dUcmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta 2¬2¦ énc,ab; PIFC KWkarTb;sáat; karrukrk nigsþareLIgvijnUvkarxUcxatEdlmanenAkñúgRbeTs. muxgar

cm,grbs; PIFCA rYmman kareFVIEpnkar karRKb;RKg nigkarGnuvtþeKalneya)aycMruHmYyenAkñúgkarRtYtBinitühirBaØvtßúépÞkñúg

karbegáItynþkar):an;RbmaNelIhaniP½y nigkarpþl;esckIþENnaM nigGnusasn_elIkarbegáItRbB½n§RKb;RKg nigRtYtBinitühirBaØvtßú nig

BinitüelIkarGnuvtþ[)anRtwmRtUv RBmTaMgtamemIlelIkarcMNayFnFanhirBaØvtßúeRkamkmμviFI nigmUlniFishPaBGWr:ub.

elIsBIenHeTot Ombudsman ÉkraCü nigkariyal½ysvnkmμCati ¬NAO¦ edIrtYnaTI b¤RtUveKrMBwgfaCaGñkedIrtYnaTI

Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy.

Ombudsman mñak;RtUv)aneRCIserIsedayrdæsPa kñúgExemsa qñaM 2005 edayGnuelamtamc,ab;qñaM 2003 sþIBI

Ombudsman4. Ombudsman mñak; RtUveKeRCIserIssRmab;ry³eBl 5qñaM ¬maRta 8¦. c,ab;EcgGMBIzan³ sßab½n nigskmμPaB

2FIA RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgqñaM 2003 CMnYs[kariyal½yesIubGegáthirBaØvtßúelIkmun ¬FIA 2004³3¦

3FIA k¾manParkic©Tb;sáat;skmμPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;ePrvCn

4kareRCIserIs Ombudsman RtUv)aneRCIserIsedaykarBüayam 2dg nigbraC½yBImun edayrdæsPaCatieFVIkare)aHeqñat ¬CSD

2004¦

56


rbs; Ombudsman. maRta 3 énc,ab;enH Ecgfa Ombudsman RtUvCabuKÁlÉkraCü nigRtUveFVIGnþraKmn_tammeFüa)ay Edl

c,ab;)anpþl;[enAeBlNaEdlsiT§i nigesrIPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæRtUv)anrMelaPbMBanedayGMeBI b¤edaykarminbMeBjskm μPaBBI

sMNak;GaCJaFrrdæ b¤GaCJaFrRkug b¤Epñkrdæ)alrbs;GaCJaFrenaH RBmTaMgedaybuKÁlnImYy²enAkñúgesvasaFarN³ ¬maRta 2 nig 3

[1]¦. GaCJaFrrdæ b¤GaCJaFrRkug b¤Epñkrdæ)alrbs;GaCJaFrenaH b¤nItibuKÁl RBmTaMgRbCaBlrdæTUeTA mankatBVkic©RtUvCUndMNwgdl;

Ombudsman nUvB½t’manEdlBYkeKTTYl)anCapøÚvkar ehIynigmankatBVkic©RtUvCYydl; Ombudsman kñúgkic©karEdlTak;TgeTA

nwgBakübNþwgEdleK)anTTYl ¬maRta 7¦. Ombudsman RtUveFVIr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMCUndl;rdæsPa ¬maRta 22¦. GñksRmb

sRmYlsaFarN³k¾RtUv)anEtgtaMgenAkñúgRkugmYycMnYnénRbeTsb‘ulhÁarIEdr ¬CSD 2004¦.

kariyal½ysvnkmμCati ¬NAO¦ EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgtamKuNtémøénmaRta 91 énrdæFmμnuBaØ manRbFan 1rUb nig

smaCik 10rUb EdlRtUv)aneRCIstaMg ¬nigdkecj¦ sRmab;GaNtþikargar 9qñaM edayrdæsPa ¬maRta 1 [2] c,ab; NAO¦. siT§i

GMNac rcnasm<½n§GgÁkar nigskmμPaBrbs; NAO )anEcgc,as;enAkñúgbT c,ab; NAO ¬maRta 1 [2]¦. dUcmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta

2 énc,ab; NAO, NAO manÉkraCPaB edaymankarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHrdæsPa nigmanfvikapÞal;xøÜn ¬maRta 3 énc,ab; NAO¦.

RbFankariyal½ysvnkmμCati NAO TTYlxusRtUvRKb;RKgbuKÁlikrbs; NAO ¬maRta 15 énc,ab; NAO¦. kariyal½ysvnkmμCati

NAO mannaykdæanGnuvtþmYycMnYn rYmCamYynigkariyal½ytMbn;nanaEdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgtammUldæanPUmisaRsþ ¬maRta 16

énc,ab; NAO¦.

kariyal½ysvnkmμCati ¬NAO¦ KWCasßab½nrdæsRmab;eFVIsvnkmμBIxageRkAeTAelIfvikaCati nigmUlniFisaFarN³epSgeTot

ehIynigskmμPaBÉeTot² dUcmanEcgenAkñúgbBaØtiþc,ab;enH. Par³kic©cm,grbs;va KWedIm,IcUlrYmcMENkdl;karRKb;RKgfvikaCati

nigmUlniFisaFarN³epSgeTot ehIyRtUvpþl;CUneTArdæsPanUvB½t’manEdlGacTukcitþ)an sþIBIkareRbIR)as;mUlniFiTaMgenH ¬maRta 1

[2] nigmaRta 4 énc,ab; NAO¦ RBmTaMgeFVIsvnkmμelIskmμPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;KNbkSneya)aynana ¬OSI 2002³100¦. EfmBI

elIenHeTot kariyal½ysvnkmμCati NAO kan;bBa¢IRbkasRTBüsm,tiþ EdlmRnþIsaFarN³TaMgGs;Edlkan;tYnaTIFM²)andak;CUn

¬OSI 2002³99¦5. kariyal½ysvnkmμCati NAO )anTTYlnUvsiT§iGMNacmYycMnYn edIm,IbMeBjParkic©rbs;xøÜn ¬maRta 31 [1]

énc,ab; NAO¦. NAO Gacpþl;Gnusasn_ edIm,IEklm¥karRKb;RKgfvika nig¼b¤mUlniFisaFarN³epSgeTot ehIysßab½nEdlRtUv)an

eKeFVIsvnkmμenH RtUvEtGnuvtþtamGnusasn_TaMgenH ¬maRta 41 [1] nigmaRta 42 [1] énc,ab; NAO¦. RbsinebIGnusasn_

TaMgenHminRtUv)anGnuvtþtameTenaH NAO RtUvbBa¢Únr)aykarN_edaymanGnusasn_TaMgenH eTACUnsßab½nCan;x<s;EdlBak;B½n§

¬maRta 42 [2] énc,ab; NAO¦. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday kariyal½ysvnkmμCati NAO minbMeBjtYnaTICaGñkGnuvtþc,ab;eT.

RbsinebI NAO rkeXIjfamanGMeBIelμIsRBhμTNÐ NAO mankatBVkic©RtUvdak;CUnnUvskIçPaBTaMgenHeTAesvaEpñkGyükarsaFarN³

b¤eTAkan;sßab½nCan;x<s;EdlTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkardak;vin½yépñkrdæ)al b¤TNÐkm μepSg²eTot ¬GRECO 2002³16 nig OSI

2002³101¦.

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RbB½n§yutiþFm’sßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RksYgyutþiFm’ nig]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm ¬SJC¦.

]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm SJC kMNt;BIsmasPaB nigGnuvtþkarerobcMRbB½n§yutþiFm’. RkumRbwkSaenHmanrdæm®nþIRksYg

yutþiFm’CaRbFan6

nigmansmaCik 25nak; KWRbFantulakarkMBUl RbFantulakarrdæ)alkMBUl nigGKÁRBHraCGaCJaCasmaCikCab;

5katBVkic©enH edIrtamkarENnaMBIbTbBaØatiþsþIBIkarbgðajRTBüsm,tiþrbs;buKÁlEdlmantYnaTIFMenAkñúgRbeTs. m®nþIFM² rYmTaMg smaCik

rdæsPaCati RbFanaFibtI GnuRbFanaFibtI rdæm®nþI.l. ¬OSI, 2001³99¦6

rdæm®nþIénRksYgyutþiFm’ minmansiT§ie)aHeqñateT

57


tYnaTI rYmCamYysmaCikcMnYn 11nak; Edl)aneRCIserIsedayrdæsPa nigsmaCikcMnYn 11 rUbeToteRCIserIsedayRbB½n§yutiþFm’

¬maRta 16-17-26 [1] énc,ab; JS¦. ]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm SJC CaGñkesñIeTARbFanaFibtI edIm,IEtgtaMg b¤dkecj

nUvRbFantularkarkMBUl nigRbFantulakarrdæ)alkMBUl RBmTaMgGKÁRBHraCGaCJa. RbsinebIsMeNIGVImYyRtUv)anelIkeLIgCUn

RbFanaFibtICaeRcIndg RbFanaFibtIRtUvEteFVItamsMeNIrenaH. ]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm SJC k¾CaGñkEtgtaMg temøIgzan³

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27 énc,ab; JS¦.


edIm,IsRmbsRmYl nigBRgwgrcnasm<½næsßab½nsRmab;RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy KN³kmμkarsRmbsRmYlskmμPaBRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgExkumÖ³ qñaM 2002. enHCaKN³km μkarGnþrRksYg edaymantMNagmkBIRksYghirBaØvtßú

RksYgmhaépÞ RksYgyutþiFm’ ehIynigkariyal½ysvnkmμCati NAO nigmkBIsßab½nepSgeTot. KN³kmμkarenHdwknaMedayrdæmRnþI

RksYgyutþiFm’CaRbFan rYmCamYynwgGnuRbFan 2rUb nigmankarCYyKaMRTkargaredayelxaFikardæanmYyEdlRtUvdwknaMeday

elxaFikar. muxgarcm,grbs;KN³km μkarenHKWedIm,IsRmbsRmYl nigRtYtBinitüelIkarGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþCatiRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

nigkarGnuvtþEpnkarskmμPaBényuT§sa®sþenH EdlCarYmman karkMNt;karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;naykdæannanaTak;TgnwgbBaðaenH.

KN³kmμkarenH k¾manParkic©raykarN_GMBIkarGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþCati tamry³EpnkarskmμPaB nigeFVIsMeNI edIm,IeFVI[karGnuvtþkan;

EtmanRbsiT§PaB. elIsBIenHeTot KN³kmμkarenHk¾manParkic©viPaKelIRbsiT§PaBTUeTAénkic©xitxMRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nig

erobcMviFankaredIm,IbegáInRbsiT§PaBénviFankarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. b:uEnþKN³km μkarenHminmansiT§iGMNaceFVIkaresIubGegát

edayxøÜnÉgeT ehIynigminGaceFVIGnþraKmn_eTAelIkrNIénGMeBIBukrlYyNamYyeLIy ¬EC 2003³GRECO 2004³3 TI

2004³167¦.

bEnßmelIenHeTot KN³kmμkarsPaGcié®nþy_ EdlmansmaCik 24nak; RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayrdæsPakñúgExtula qñaM

2002 edIm,IRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. Parkic©cm,grbs;KN³kmμkarenHKW RtUveFVI[c,ab;CatiRsbCamYylMnaMEbbbT (Acquis)

nigkarGnuvtþrbs;shKmn_GWr:ub EU, RtUvtamBinitüemIlkarGnuvtþc,ab; nigRtUvbMeBjbEnßmeTAelIc,ab;TaMgenaH RbsinebImancMNuc

exSayekIteLIg ¬EC, 2003³20¦. KN³kmμkarenHk¾manParkic©esñIeFVIviesaFnkmμ nigtamBinitüemIlkarGnuvtþc,ab;Edlman

Rsab; RBmTaMgkMNt;karxVHcenøaHnanaenAkñúgkarGnuvtþc,ab;. KN³kmμkarenHminmansiT§iGMNacesIubGegáteT ¬TI 2004³167¦.7

RbB½n§yutiþFm’manParkic©eFVIkaresIubGegát eFVIbNwþgGaCJa nigvinicä½yeTascMeBaHkrNIénGMeBIBuklYy ¬GRECO 2002³7¦.

ÉkraCPaBénGgÁecARkm RtUv)anEcgenAkñúgmaRta 117 énrdæFmμnuBaØ RBmTaMgmaRta 13 nig 14 énc,ab; JS. minmantulakar

CMnajsRmab;edaHRsaycMeBaHkrNIénGMeBIBukrlYyeT ¬GRECO 2002³15¦. kariyal½yRBHraCGaCJadMeNIrkartamEbbExS

beNaþy nigEbbmCÄkar edayRBHraCGaCJamñak;²sßitenAeRkamcMNuHnayRBHraCGaCJa ehIyRBHraCGaCJaTaMgGs; sßitenAeRkamcMNuH

GKÁRBHraCGaCJa EdlCaRbFankariyal½yRBHraCGaCJa ¬maRta 111 nig 112 c,ab; JS¦. esvaesIubGegát manesvaesIubGegát

fñak;Cati nigesvaesIubGegátfñak;RsukEdldwknaMedaynayknana ¬maRta 122 nig 123 c,ab; JS¦. GñkesIubGegát

eFVIkaresIubGegátbzm elIkrNIRBhμTNÐdUcEdl)anEcgenAkñúgc,ab; ¬maRta 121 [1] c,ab; JS¦.

7B½t’mansþIBIKN³kmμkarenH Gacyk)anBI http://www.anticorruption.org

58


kic©shRbtibtiþkarrvagb:UlIs esvaGyükar nigesvaesIubGegát RtUv)anEbgEckenAkñúgRkmnItiviFIRBhμTNÐ nigenAkñúg

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emeronEdlTTYl)an

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Gñkneya)ay9- enHCaGVIEdlyuT§sa®sþfñak;Catibc©úb,nñ min)anyl;eXIjfaGacedaHRsay)anRKb;RCugeRCay ¬OSI 2002³82¦.

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EtgtaMg Ombudsman k¾GacrYmcMENkdl;karTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYypgEdr. bEnßmelIenHeTot tYnaTIrbs;kariyal½y

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svnkmμ nigkarecjpSaynUvlT§plénkareFVIsvnkmμ ¬EC 2003³114¦. eTaHbICay:agenHk¾eday eK)anGHGagfa r)aykarN_

nigGnusasn_rbs;kariyal½ysvnkmμCati NAO RtUv)aneKeFVIRBegIykenþIyCaxøaMg ¬OSI 2002³101¦.

karGnum½tyuT§sa®sþCati KWCaviFankarmYysRmab;edaHRsaykarxVHkm μviFIsRmbsRmYl nigTUlMTUlaymYy edIm,IRbyuT§

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. kgVHyuT§sa®sþEbbenHRtUv)anemIleXIjfaCabBaðaraMgsÞHd¾F¶n;F¶rcMeBaHkaredaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBukrlYy[

manRbsiT§PaB. yuT§sa®sþCatik¾)ansgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy pÞúyBIkic©xitxMelIkmunEdl)anepþatCaBiesseTAelI

karb®gáabGMeBIBukrlYy. rIÉyuT§sa®sþfñak;Cati k¾mineXIjmandak;bBa©ÚlnUvsmasPaBsMxan;²énkarGb;rMBIGMeBIBukrlYy b¤BIkar

elIkkm<s;karyl;dwgCasaFarN³ dUcEdl)anpþl;Gnusasn_enAkñúg GRECO 2002 kñúgr)aykarN_vaytémøsþIBIRbeTsb‘ulhÁarI

¬2002³19¦ eT.

RbeTsb‘ulhÁarIk¾)anbegáItRbB½n§B½t’manrYmmYysRmab;RbqaMgnwgbT]Rkidæ nigbegáItRkumRbwkSaGegátelIbT]Rkidæ edIm,I

edaHRsaycMeBaHkgVl;EdlTak;TgnwgkgVHB½t’manTUeTAsþIBIGMeBIBukrlYy RBmTaMgkgVl;Tak;TgnwgkarRsavRCavmin)anRKb;RKan;sþIBI

GMeBIBukrlYy - EdlRbkarTaMg 2 enHmanlkçN³caM)ac;edIm,IbegáIt nigGnuvtþ[manRbsiT§PaBnUvviFankarnanaedIm,ITb;sáat; nig

RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬GRECO 2002³17-18 nig GRECO 2004³2-3¦.

8dUckñúgkardkRsg;BI EU 2003³19

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http://www.csd.bg/news/acagensy_strenograma.doc

59


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énRbB½n§yutiþFm’. ]bsKÁmYyKWkgVHecARkm RBHraCGaCJa nigGñkesIubGegát EdlmanCMnajkñúgkrNIGMeBIBukrlYy RBmCamYynig

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eK)ansgát;F¶n;fa karbegáInCMnajsþIBIGMeBIBukrlYykñúgcMeNamm®nþIGaCJaFresIubGegát nwgGaceFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;karesIubGegát

nigdl;karvinicä½yeTaskrNIGMeBIBukrlYy. enAkñúgr)aykarN_vaytémøsþIBIRbeTsb‘ulhÁarI kñúg GRECO 2002 eK)anpþl;

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mNÐlsikSaGMBIRbCaFiibetyü CSD segçb No.5: pøÚvdl;Evgq¶ayénkarekIteLIgnUv Ombudsman: R)aMmYyExeRkay

mk http://www.cds.bg/artShow.php?id=4283

KN³kmμkarGWr:ub r)aykarN_eTogTat;GMBIvivDÆnPaBrbs;b‘ulhÁarIcMeBaHkarcUlCasmaCik 2003

http://auropa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/report_2003/pdf/rr_bg_final.pdf

TIPñak;garesIubGegátEpñkhirBaØvtßú 2004/ r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMrbs;TIPñak;garesIubGegátEpñkhirBaØvtßú 2003

http://www.fia.minfin.bg/docs_en/fia_report2003.pdf

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http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/untc/unpan009761.pdf

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http://greco.coe.int/evaluations/cylce1/GrecoRC-I(2004)3E-Bulgaria.pdf

yuT§saRsþCatiRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy 2001

http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN016837.pdf

viTüasßansgÁmebIkcMh 2002 karBinitütamdandMeNIrkarcUl EU: GMeBIBukrlYy nigeKalneya)ayRbqaMgGMeBIBuk

rlYy http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/corruption


http://www.globalcorruption report.org/download.htm


10sUmemIl]TahrN_ CSD 2003 kmμviFIRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgRbB½n§tulakar http://www.csd.bg/artshow.php?id=137

60


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KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy (ICAC) www.icac.org.hk/eng/main

kariyal½ykarBarRbCaBlrdæ (Ombudsman) www.ombudsman.gov.hk

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61

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RBmTaMgcuHbBa¢IKaMRTrbs;RbCaCn kñúgkarraykarN_GMBIbuKÁlBukrlYynana.

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enAkñúgvis½yÉkCn RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayGñkRKb;RKgGaCIvkmμCan;x<s;2.

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62



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BukrlYy)an. CMnYybec©keTsk¾RtUv)anpþl;CUnenAeBlNacaM)ac;Edr edIm,ICYynaykdæan[begáItRkm nigma’KaENnaM sIþBIkar

63


Rbtibtiþrbs;buKÁlik. naykdæank¾cUlrYmtaMgBItMNak;kaldMbUgkñúgkarbegáIteKalneya)ay nigbTbBaØtiþfμI² edIm,IbiTecal[Gs;

nUv»kasRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy.

naykdæanTMnak;TMngshKmn_ man 2Epñk EdlmYyRtUvTMnak;TMngCamYyRbB½n§pSBVpSay nigmYyeTotTMnak;TMngCamYy

saFarNCn. naykdæanenHTTYlxusRtUvGb;rMsaFarNCnGMBI\T§iBlGaRkk;énGMeBIBukrlYy nigedIm,IekogKrkarCYyKaMRTBI

saFarNCneTAelI ICAC. naykdæanenH GnuvtþkmμviFIGb;rMy:agskmμenAkñúgshKmn_. erogral;qñaM buKÁliknaykdæanCYbCamYy

GñkRKb;RKgEpñkGaCIvkmμ nayksala RKUbeRgón nigsisSfñak;mFümsikSa nig]tþmsikSa buKÁlikraCkar nigtMNagGgÁkarenAkñúg

RbeTscin edIm,IGb;rMBYkeK[yl;BIkarbg;xatelIGMeBIBukrlYy bBaØtiþc,ab;RbqaMgkarsUk):an; CaBiesskrNIEdlBak;B½n§elIerOgBI

mun² TNÐkm μ nigplvi)akénGMeBIBukrlYy. eCaKC½yénkic©xitxMTaMgenHBwgEp¥kmYyEpñkelIkrNIeCaKC½ykñúgtulakar nigkar

pSBVpSayGMBIeCaKC½yTaMgenaH Edlnwgpþl;[nUvkarKMramCak;EsþgecjBIkarkat;eTas. sikçasala kmμviFIbNþúHbNþal nigkmμviFI

kagarepSg²eTotRtUv)anerobcMeLIg edIm,IQancUleTAdl;eKaledA nigEckCUnnUvkRmgÉksarsþIBIkarTb;sáat;. naykdæanenH

)anbgá[mankarbdivtþmYykñúgcMeNamRbCaCnTUeTAcMeBaHGMeBIBukrlYy.

]bkrN_sMxan;rbs; ICAC kñúgkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy manenAkñúgEpñk 10 én POBO - sIþGMBIkmμsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tiþEdlmin

GacBnül;)an EdlEcgfa buKÁlmñak;²EdlmankRmitCIvPaBrs;enA b¤manFnFanhirBaØvtßúhYsBIkRmiténR)ak;cMNUl nigminGac

pþl;karBnül;c,as;las;)an BIrebobEdlxøÜnGacrkSakRmitCIvPaBrs;enAEbbhñwg b¤rebobEdlxøÜnTTYlFnFanhirBaØvtßúxusc,ab;

RtUvcat;TukfaCabTelμIsmYy.

ICAC eRbIRbB½n§pSBVpSayedIm,IeFVI[mnusSjejIt nigedIm,IeFVIkarGb;rM. kmμviFIpSBVpSayedIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;saFarNCn

RtUv)aneFVIeLIgtamTUrTsSn_ nigviTüú edayBnül;BIkic©xitxMrbs; ICAC edaymanRbFanbTsMxan; 3 KW GMBavnavdl;saFarNCn

[raykarN_BIGMeBIBukrlYy RBmanfa karRbRBwtiþGMeBIBukrlYynwgRtUv)anrkeXIj ehIynigplvi)akF¶n;F¶rGacnwgekItman nig

GgVrk[manPaBesμaHRtg;edIm,IGtßRbeyaCn_rbs;sgÁmCati. kRmgÉksarsRmab;Gb;rMk¾RtUv)anpþl;enAtamsalaeronpgEdr.


ICAC KWCasßab½ncm,gEdlTTYlxusRtUvRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy nigmansiT§iGMNacd¾TUlMTUlay edIm,ICMruj[KN³kmμkar

enHbMeBjGaNtþikargarrbs;xøÜn)anRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB. edaysarEt ICAC mansiT§iGMNacesIubGegátd¾TUlMTUlayenHehIy

)anCaeKRtUvbegáIt[manRbB½n§RtYtBinitüKñaeTAvijeTAmkmYy edIm,ITb;sáat;kMu[siT§iGMNacTaMgenHRtUv)aneKeRbIedayrMelaPbMBan.

edIm,IFanasc©Fm’rbs;KN³kmμkarenH skmμPaBrbs;vaRtUvsßitenAeRkamkarRtYtBinitüedayKN³kmμaFikarÉkraCücMnYn 4

EdlbegáIteLIgedayRbCaBlrdæBIRKb;EpñkénshKmn_ EdlEtgtaMgedayRbFanRbtibtiþ. KN³kmμaFikarTaMgenHTTYlr)aykarN_

nigBakübNþwg ehIytamemIlkargarrbs; ICAC edIm,IFanafa KN³kmμkar ICAC enHminrMelaPelIsiT§iGMNacrbs;xøÜn b¤minkøay

CaBukrlYy. KN³kmμaFikarTaMgenH rYmman³

KN³kmμaFikarRbwkSaBIGMeBIBukrlYy EdlBinitüelITisedATUeTArbs; ICAC nig pþl;»vaT sþIBIbBaðananaEdlTak;Tgnwg

eKalneya)ay.

KN³kmμaFikarBinitüeLIgvijelIkarRbtibtiþ EdlBinitüelIEpñkesIubGegátrbs; ICAC.

KN³km μaFikarRbwkSaBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy Edlpþl;»vaTGMBIGaTiPaBsRmab;eFVIkarsikSasþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBI

BukrlYy nigBinitüemIlr)aykarN_énkarsikSaTaMgGs;.

64


KN³kmμaFikarRbCaBlrdæRbwkSaelITMnak;TMngshKmn_ Edlpþl;»vaTdl; ICAC sþIBIyuT§sa®sþ Gb;rMdl;saFarNCn

nigcuHbBa¢IkarCYyKaMRTrbs;BYkeK.

manynþkarTTYlxusRtUv 1 eTotKW KN³kmμaFikarTTYlBakübNþwg ICAC ÉkraCü - dwknaMedaysmaCikRkumRbwkSaRbtibtiþ

1rUb EdlTTYltamdan nigBinitüeLIgvijelIral;BakübNþwgTaMgGs;EdlbwþgBI ICAC.

ICAC minmanGMNaceFVIbNwþgGaCJaelIkrNIBukrlYyeT. siT§iGMNacedIm,IeFVIbNwþgGaCJa bnÞab;BIbBa©b;karesIubGegát KwCa

karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæmRnþIRksYgyutþiFm’ edIm,IFanamin[mankrNINaeLIgeTAdl;tulakar edaysarEtkarvinicä½yrbs; ICAC

Etb:ueNÑaH. rdæmRnIþRksYgyutþiFm’ dwknaMRksYgyutþiFm’ EdlTTYlxusRtUvelIdMeNIrkarkat;eTasbTRBhμTNÐ. kñúgkarbMeBjmuxgar

enH ÉkraCPaBrbs;RksYgenHRtUv)anFanaCadrab edayKuNtémøénmaRta 63 énc,ab;CamUldæanEdlEcgfa RksYgyutþiFm’ {RtUv

RtYtBinitübNþwgGaCJaelIbTRBh μTNÐedayminmankareRCótERCk}. enAkñúgRksYgyutþiFm’ naykdæanGyükarEdldwknaMeday

RbFannaykdæanGyükarsaFarN³mantYnaTIdak;bNþwgGaCJasRmab;tulakarkat;kþI nigbþwg]TÞrN_tagnam[rdæmantYnaTIpþl;kar

ENnaMEpñkc,ab;dl;TIPñak;garGnuvtþn_c,ab;edayeyagtamkaresIubGegátrbs;xøÜn ehIyCaTUeTA tagnam[rdæmRnIþRksYgyutþiFm’

GnuvtþkargartamqnÞanusiT§ixøÜn faetIRtUvb¤minRtUveFVIbNþwgGaCJaedIm,Ikat;kIþkrNIRBhμTNÐ.

kariyal½y Ombudsman - dwknaMeday Ombudsman EdlRtUv)anEtgtaMgedayRbFanRbtibtiþ ¬GnuEpñk 3[3]

OO¦-mantYnaTIFanafasaFarNCn RtUv)anbeRmIedayrdæ)alsaFarN³RbkbedayyutþiFm’ nigRbsiT§PaB EdlmankarebþCJacitþ

TTYlxusRtUv ebþCJaRbkan;citþTUlay nigebþCJapþl;esvakmμRbkbedayKuNPaB. RbkarenHGacseRmc)antamry³karesIubGegát

edayÉkraCü nigedayminlMeGog edIm,IeqøIytbcMeBaHkarekItTukçminsuxcitþ nigedaHRsaybBaðaEdlekIteLIgBIrdæ)alminl¥enAkñúg

vis½ysaFarN³ nigeFVI[mankarEklm¥KuNPaB nigEklm¥sþg;darénrdæ)alsaFarN³ RBmTaMgelIkkm<s;PaByutþiFm’enAkñúg

rdæ)alenH. muxgarrbs;kariyal½y Ombudsman KWedIm,IFanafa³

bBaðaénkariyal½yFibetyüminrMxandl;smFm’Epñkrdæ)al.

saFarNCnGacCYbGaCJaFrsaFarN³)anCanic©.

karrMelaPbMBankñúgkareRbIsiT§iGMNac RtUv)anTb;sáat;.

kMhusqÁgRtUv)anEktRmUv.

enAeBlm®nþIsaFarN³ RtUv)anecaTRbkan;edayGyutþiFm’ karBitRtUvEtrk[eXIj.

siT§imnusSRtUv)ankarBar. ehIynig

vis½ysaFarN³ bnþEklm¥KuNPaB nigPaBs½kiþsiTi§.

emeronEdlTTYl)an

eCaKC½ykRmitx<s;rbs; ICAC CaTUeTA KWekIteLIgedaysar³

qnÞ³neya)ayEdl)anbgðaj[eXIj kñúgcMeNamRbkarepSg²eTot edaysarkarpþl;[ ICAC nUvsiT§iGMNacEpñkc,ab;

nigFnFanRKb;RKan; .

ÉkraCPaBrbs; ICAC.

siT§iGMNacrbs;sñgkar kñúgkarEtgtaMg RKb;RKg nigdkbuKÁlikecjedaymincaM)ac;Bnül;.

vtþmanénbTbBaØtiþsmRsbRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy EdlRtUv)anGnuvtþy:agRtwmRtUv.

65


karpSBVpSayCasaFarN³GMBIkarkat;eTasGMeBIBukrlYy.

c,ab;Edldak;katBVkic©[mRnIþsaFaeN³RbkasBIRTBüsm,tiþ nigRbPBmUlniFirbs;xøÜn enAeBlEdlRtUv)ansYr.

viFIsa®sþTUlMTUlaykñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBukrlYy tamry³yuT§sa®sþ 3 muxRBYj KWesIubGegát Tb;sáat; nigGb;rM

saFarNCn.

karKaMRTBIsaFarNCn. ehIynig

nItirdæ.

ebIniyay[cM²CagenHeTotKWfa sar³sMxan;bMputkñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy KWcaM)ac;RtUveFVI[mankic©shkar nigkar

TukcitþBIsaFarNCn. karpøas;bþÚrGakb,kiriyarbs;saFarNCnBIkarmanGFüaRs½yeTACakarminGFüaRs½ydac;xatcMeBaHGMeBI

BukrlYy KWCadMeNIrkard¾yWt² nigRbkbedaykarQWcab; EdleBlxøHmaneCaKC½y ehIyeBlxøHeTotminmaneCaKC½y.

karkt;smÁal;rbs;saFarNCncMeBaHGMeBIBukrlYyKWCakarcaM)ac; EdlTamTar[manyuT§nakarGb;rMRbkbedaynirnþrPaB

enAtamshKmn_ edIm,IelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgCasaFarN³. RtUveFVI[RbCaCnyl;c,as;fa GMeBIBukrlYyGacbgá[manplvi)akeRcIn

RbsinebITuk[manteTAeTot. RtUvEteFVI[BYkeKmanCMenOfa RbCaBlrdæsamBaØRKb;rUbsßitenAkñúgtYnaTImYyedIm,IeFVIGIVmYyGMBIerOg

BukrlYyenH sRmab;CaRbeyaCn_pÞal;rbs;BYkeK nigsRmab;CaRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁm. RtUvbgðajBYkeK[eXIjCak;c,as;fa GMeBI

BukrlYybgá[manEtbT]RkidæEfmeTot Edlb:HBal;dl;karrIkceRmIn nigb:HBal;dl;suxmalPaBesdækic©rbs;RbCaCn. dUecñH

ICAC )anecjesckIþRbkassRmab;Tak;TajcMNab;Garm μN_BIsaFarNCn edIm,IpSayy:agskm μCUnsaFarNCnRCabGMBIvb,Fm’

s¥ats¥M nigsucritPaB. kñúgb:unμanqñaMfμI²enH karEbgEckFnFanGb;rMmYycMnYnFM eq<aHeTArkkarbegáItPaBs¥ats¥M nigPaBesμaHRtg;kñúg

cMeNamyuvCn edIm,I[R)akdfa mnusSCMnan;eRkayyl;dwgBItRmUvkarbnþkic©xitxMRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy.

PaBP½yxøackarsgswk)anbg¥ak;TwkcitþRbCaCnmin[raykarN_BIGMeBIBukrlYy EdlcaM)ac;RtUvEt[mnusSraykarN_Ca

sm¶at; RBmTaMgRtUv[manviFIkarBarsakSI. ICAC )anxitxMy:ageBjsmtßPaBkñúgkarFanamin[manbuKÁlNamñak;TTYlrgeRKaH

edaysarraykarN_BIGMeBIBukrlYy. dMbUg ICAC maneKalkarN_TUeTAfa RtUvEteFVIkaresIubGegátral;r)aykarN_ecaTRbkan;BIGMeBI

BukrlYy. TI2 ICAC )anGnum½teKalkarN_rkSakarsm¶at; cMeBaHRKb;r)aykarN_sþIBIGMeBIBukrlYyTaMgGs;. ebIminTan;)anpþl;dIka

Eqkeqr b¤minTan;ecaTRbkan; b¤cab;xøÜnCnNamñak;eT enaHKWCabTelμIsmYyrbs;buKÁlik ICAC RbsinebIbuKÁlikenaHniyayR)ab;eK

BIeQμaHénGñkEdlRtUv)anesIubGegát. TI3 sRmab;krNIEdlmanevyiTPaBx<s; ¬KWmanPaBresIbxøaMg¦ RtUvmankmμviFITUlMTUlay

mYysRmab;karBardl;sakSI ehIyebIkñúgkrNIF¶n;F¶rbMputEmnETn CMruj[sakSIpøas;bþÚrGtþsBaØaN nig[taMglMenAfμI. bnþicmþg²

RbkarenH)anbNþal[mankarraykarN_BIGMeBIBukrlYyedayGnamikkan;EtticeLIgcab;BI 65° kñúgqñaM 1974 cuHdl; 30° kñúgqñaM

2000.

ICAC k¾)andwgtaMgBItMNak;dMbUgEdlfa karshkarCaédKUCamYyRbB½n§pSBVpSaymanlkçN³caM)ac;Nas;. RbB½n§pSBVpSay

KWCaédKUd¾manGMNacminGacpþac;)an kñúgkarpSBVpSaysarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy.

eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday kareRbIR)as;RbB½n§pSBVpSaymin)ankat;bnßynUvtRmUvkarEdlRtUvCYbRbCaCnedaypÞal;eT.

karCYbedaypÞal;KWRtUv)ancat;Tukfamansar³sMxan;sRmab; ICAC eRBaHvaBnül;BIeKaledA nigebskkmμrbs;KN³kmμkar ehIy

TTYleyabl;Eklm¥elIkargarrbs;xøÜn. sRmab;eKalbMNgenH ICAC eRbIR)as;bNþajyuT§sa®sþénkariyal½yRsukfñak;tMbn; edIm,I

rkSakarCYbedaypÞal;CamYysmaCiknanaenAkñúgshKmn_. kariyal½yTaMgenHmanmuxgarcm,g 2KW edIrtYCacMNucbegÁalsRmab;

Tak;TgCamYyGñkdwknaMshKmn_ nigGgÁkarEdlmRnþIfñak;tMbn;rbs; ICAC )anerobcMskmμPaBmYycMnYnCamYyKña kñúgkarpSBVpSay

66


nUvsarsþIBIkarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy nigkMBugGnuvtþedaybuKÁlikEdlTTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþaledIm,IEckcaynUvsarrbs; ICAC

dl;EpñkepSg²enAkñúgshKmn_. kariyal½yenH k¾beRmICamCÄmNÐlTTYlr)aykarN_EdlsaFarNCnTUeTAGacedIrcUl nigdak;

BakübNþwgGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy. bTBiesaFn_)anbgðajfaRbCaCnmanGarm μN_gayRsYlkñúgkarpþl;B½t’manenAkñúgsßanPaBminsUvCa

pøÚvkarEbbenH.

bTBiesaFn_RbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyenARkughugkug )anbgðajfa karTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyKWCasmasPaBd¾sMxan;én

yuT§sa®sþRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. karTb;sáat; k¾RtUv)aneKcat;TukfaGs;cMNayticCagcMNayelIkarGnuvtþ. Tak;TgeTAnwgcMNucenH

ICAC k¾)annigkMBugpþl;CMnYypgEdr dl;vis½ysaFarN³ nigvis½yÉkCnkñúgkarGPivDÆRkmsIlFm’.

skçIPaB)anbgðaj[eXIjpgEdrfa karcat;TukGMeBIBukrlYyfaCabT]RkidækRmitx<s; edaysgát;F¶n;elIkarFana[mankar

dak;eTaskrNIénGMeBIBukrlYy KWmansar³sMxan;Nas;. kardak;eTasEbbenHRtUvpSBVpSay[)anTUlMTUlay nigRtUv[RCYtRCabdl;

RsTab;mhaCnTUeTA. k¾b:uEnþ karkat;kþIsRmab;bTelμIstUctacmancMNayx<s; ehIybTBiesaFrbs; ICAC )anbgðajfa karRbman

cMeBaHerOgtUctac EdlCnel μ Isyl;RBmTTYledayeBjelj RtUv)anemIleXIjfaCakarcMNayEdlmanRbsiT§PaBx<s; eday

CnelμIsdwgfa xøÜnnwgRtUv)aneKXøaMemIly:agCitsñiT§ bnÞab;BIRtUv)anRBman ehIymantictYcNas;Edl)anRbRBwtþbTelμIseTot.

cMeBaHsiT§iGMNacesuIbGegátd¾TUlMTUlayrbs; ICAC KWGacmanskþanuBlénkareRbIsiTi§edaybMBan. edaysarehtuenHehIy

)anCacaM)ac;RtUvEtmanRbB½n§mYyd¾manRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarBinitüemIlKñaeTAvijeTAmk.

RbPB

kariyal½y G>s>b GMBI]RkidækmμnigeRKOgejón kmμviFIBiPBelakRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy kRmg]bkrN_RbqaMgGMeBIBuk

rlYyrbs;G>s>b,kare)aHBum<pSayTI 3 RkugvIEyn ExkBaØa 2004

http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption_toolkit.html

ICAC 2003 r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaM http://www.icac.org.hk/eng/0/1/10/16.html

Osborne, D., and Lai, A. ÉksarEdlRtUv)anbgðajkñúgGgÁRbCMuGñkCMnajrbs;G>s>b GMBIkarlmi¥t]bkrN_RbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYy RkugvIEyn 13-14 Exemsa 2001.

Lai, A. sñgkar KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy hugkug tMbn;rdæ)alBiessrbs;RbeTscin

Quah, J. karbRgáabGMeBIBukrlYyenAGasIu karsikSaeRbobeFobGMBIRbeTscMnYnR)aMmYy Eastern Universities Press,

2003.


67


GgÁPaBsvnkmμénsaFarNrdæ\NÐÚensIu (BPK) www.bpk.go.id/english/english.htm

KN³kmμkarlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy (KPK) www.kpk.go.index/php?/idunit=6

KN³kmμkarGMb‘Uds_mwnCati (KON) www.ombudsman.or.id

sßab½nGyükarsaFarN³

bTbBaØtþicm,g

c,ab;elx 15 qñaM 2002 sþIBIkarlubbM)at;GMeBIlagluykxVk;1

c,ab;elx 28 qñaM 1999 sþIBImRnþIRbtibtþirbs;rdæaPi)alEdls¥ats¥M KμanGMeBIBukrlYy KμankarXubXit nigKμanbkSBYk

niym.2

c,ab;elx 30 qñaM 2002 sþIBIKN³kmμkaredIm,IlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy (Law 30/2002)

http://www1.oecd.org/daf/ASIAcom/pdf.indonesia_302002_KPK.pdf

c,ab;elx 31 qñaM 1999 sþIBIkarlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy (Law 31/1999)3

http://www.hamline.edu/apakabard/basisdata/2000/03/13/0022/html

savta

cab;taMgBIkardYlrlMrbbs‘UhatUkñúgqñaM 1997 rdæaPi)al\NÐÚensIu)anRbkasmþgehIymþgeTot BIkarebþCJarbs;xøÜnkñúgkar

RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ehIy)anGnum½tviFankarc,ab;mYycMnYnedIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenH. viFankarTaMgenaHrYmman c,ab;sþIBI

rdæaPi)als¥ats¥M c,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIlagluykxVk; nigc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬dUcmanrayeQμaHxagelI¦ EdlRtUv)aneFVIviesaFn

kmμCabnþbnÞab;edIm,Idak;bnÞúkénkarpþl;PsþútageTAelICnCab;ecaT. b:uEnþ fVId,itEtmankarGPivDÆc,ab;KYr[cab;GarmμN_enHk¾eday

cMNucexSayrbs;RbeTs\NÐÚensIu )aneFVI[RbsiT§PaBénviFankarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy mankRmit (Transparency International,

2003³140) edaymankarrIkceRmIntictYckñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGVIEdlPasa\NÐÚensIuehAfa korupi, kolusi dan nepotisme

mann½yfaGMeBIBukrlYy GMeBIXubXitKña nigbkSBYkniym. EpñkFM²énc,ab;TaMgenaH minTan;)anGnum½tenAeLIy ehIyrdæaPi)alk¾min

)anGnuvtþnUvkartamdanEdlRtUveFVICacaM)ac;Edr. CaBiess rdæaPi)almþgehIymþgeTotmin)anEbgEckfvikaRKb;RKan;sRmab;sßab½n

EdlbegáIteLIgedIm,IGnuvtþ nigGnum½tc,ab;TaMgenHeLIy.

RbeTs\NÐÚensIu

1c,ab;enHKμankarbkERbCaPasaGg;eKøseT.

2c,ab;enHKμankarbkERbCaPasaGg;eKøseT.

3c,ab;enHRtUv)anEkedayc,ab;elx 20 qñaM 2001 sþIBIkarEkERbc,ab;elx 31 qñaM 1999.

68


b:unμanqñaMfμI²enH eKsegáteXIjmanviFankarsMxan;²kñúgkarGPivDÆsßab½n edaymansßab½ncMNuHrdæmYycMnYnRtUv)anbegáIteLIg

EdlmanGaNtiþkargarrYmcMENkdl;karRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy. sßab½nTaMgenaHrYmman KN³kmμkarsvnkmμRTBüsm,tiþm®nþI

saFarN³ (KPKPN)4

KN³kmμakarGMb‘Uds_mwnCati KN³kmμkarc,ab;Cati nigKN³kmμkarlubbM)at;GMeBIlagluykxVk; (ADB,

2004³1). b:uEnþ kic©RbwgERbgrbs;sßab½nTaMgenH RtUv)ancuHexSayedayGaNtþikargarpÞúyKña (Transparency International,

2003³145). karvivDÆd¾sMxan;mYykñúgvis½yenH KWkarbegáItKNkmμkarlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy (KPK) kñúgExFñÚ qñaM 2003 Edl

TTYlbnÞúksRmbsRmYl nigRtYtBinitüsßab½nTaMgGs;EdleKpþl;GMNac[lubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy. eKmansgÇwmfa (KPK) nwgbegáIt

)anCaEpñksMxan;mYy ehIykøayeTACacMNuckNþalénRkbxNÐsßab½nTUlMTUlaysRmab;edaHRsaybBaðaBukrlYyenA\NÐÚensIu.

GMeBIBukrlYyenAEtCabBaðaRbQmxøaMgenAeLIy RbeTs\NÐÚeNsuICab;cMNat;fñak;TI 137 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 159 elI

taragsnÞsSn_karyl;eXIjBIGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati Transparency International 2005 Edlmanpl

b:HBal;dl;smamaRténCIvPaBCnRkIRk dUc)anerobrab;kñúgÉksar The Poor Speak Up-sþIGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy 17krNI nigpl

b:HBal;GviC¢manmkelIkarGPivDÆRbeTsTaMgmUl.


KN³km μkarlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy KPK RtUv)anbegáItkñúgExFñÚ qñaM 2003 tamKuNtémøénmaRta 43 énc,ab;elx

31¼1999. rcnasm½<n§rbs;GgÁkar GaNtþikargar nigsmtßkic©én KPK RtUv)anEcgedayc,ab;elx 30¼2002. maRta 3 én

c,ab;elx 30¼2002 Ecgfa {KPK KWCaTIPñak;garrdæEdlRtUvbMeBjParkic© nigGMNacrbs;xøÜnedayÉkraCü minsßiteRkam\Ti§BlGVI

TaMgGs;}. {KPK RtUvseRmcelIeKalneya)ay nignItiviFI kñúgkarGnuvtþParkic© nigGMNacrbs;xøÜn. KPK k¾RtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH

karRKb;RKgbuKÁlikrbs;xøÜnEdr EdlrYmTaMgkarEtgtaMg nigbBa©b;kic©snüa ¬maRta 25¬1¦ c,ab;elx 30¼2002¦. tammaRta

15¬K¦énc,ab;elx 30¼2002 KPK RtUveFVIr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMGMBIskmμPaBrbs;xøÜndak;CUnRbFanaFibtI sPa nigGKÁsvnkrrdæ.

KN³kmμkarlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy KPK mansmasPaB nigdwknaMedaysñgkar 5rUb Edlman 1rUbCaRbFanrbs; KPK nig

4rUbeTotCaGnuRbFan. sñgkarTaMgenHRtUv)anEtgtaMgCam®nþIrdæaPi)al ¬maRta 21 énc,ab;elx 30¼2002¦. sñgkarRtUv)an

eRCIstaMgedaysPa ecjBIbBa¢IEdlesñIeLIgedayRbFanaFibtI. bBa¢IebkçCnRtUv)anerobcMedayKNkmμkareRCIserIsEdlEtgtaMg

edayrdæaPi)al ¬maRta 30 c,ab;elx 30¼2002¦. tMENgCasñgkarmanGaNtiþ 4qñaM ehIyGacRtUv)anEtgtaMgsRmab;mYy

GaNtiþeTot)an ¬maRta 34 c,ab;elx 30¼2002¦. KPK manGKÁelxaFikarmYyrUbCaCMnYykar. GKÁelxaFikarRtUv)anEtgtaMg

edayRbFanaFibtI b:uEnþTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHsñgkarrbs; KPK ¬maRta 27 c,ab;elx 30¼ 2002¦.

sñgkar nwgRtUvdkecjBItMENgRbsinebIKat;bMBanbTbBaØtiþénc,ab;elx 30¼2002. ebImankarsgS½yfa sñgkarNamñak;

)anRbRBwtþGMeBI]RkidæNamYy sñgkarenaHnwgRtUvdkecjBItMENgCabeNþaHGasnñ. esckþIseRmcBak;B½n§eTAnwgRbkarxagelIenH

RtUveFVIeLIgedayRbFanaFibtI ¬maRta 32 c,ab;elx 30¼2002¦.

manRkumBieRKaHeyabl;mYy EdlmansmaCikbYnrUb eRCIstaMgeday KPK BIcMeNamebkçCnEdlesñIeLIgedayKN³kmμkar

eRCIserIs ¬maRta 21 ¬1-x¦ nig 22 c,ab;elx 30¼2002¦. RkumBieRKaHeyabl;enHmaneKalbMNgpþl;mti nigkarENnaMCUn

KPK kñúgkarGnuvtþParkic© nigGMNacrbs; KPK ¬maRta 23 c,ab;elx 30¼2002¦.

4KPKPN RtUvbBa©ÚlCamYy KPK køayeTACaGgÁPaBbgáaEdlmanmuxgartamdanRTBüsm,tiþmRnIþsaFarN³ Edlsßitkñúgsmtßkic©rbs;

KPK.

69

karBN’nasegçbrbs;RbeTsnImYy²³ RbeTs\NÐÚensuI

sßab½n KPK man 4Epñk³ EpñkTb;sáat; EpñkGyükar EpñkB½t’mannigTinñn½y nigGgÁPaBRtYtBinitüépÞkñúgnigbNþwgsaFarN³.

EpñknImYy²EbgEckeTACaGgÁPaB ¬naykdæan¦tUc²CaeRcIneTot ¬maRta 26 c,ab;elx 30¼2002¦.

maRta 6 énc,ab;elx 30¼2002 Ecgfa KPK manParkic©dUcxageRkam ³

sRmbsRmYlCamYysßab½nEdlmanGaNtiþkargarlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy .

RtYtBinitüsßab½nEdlmanGaNtiþkargarlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy .

eFVIkaresIubGegát ecaTRbkan; nigeFVIbNwþgGaCJaBIbTelμIsBukrlYy .

cat;viFankarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy . ehIynig

tamdankaremIlGPi)alkic©rbs;rdæ .

KPK RtUvbMeBjParkic©kñúgkaresIubGgát ecaTRbkan; nigeFVIbNwþgGaCJaelIkrNIBukrlYy EdlBak;B½n§nwg {mRnþIGnuvtþn_c,ab;

mRnþIrdæaPi)alb¤PaKIÉeTotEdlmankarBak;B½n§CamYynwgGMeBIBukrlYyEdlRbRBwtþedaymRnþIGnuvtþn_c,ab; mRnþIrdæaPi)al} EdleFVI[

saFarNCnmankarcab;GarmμN_ b¤eFVI[)at;fvikardæya:gehacNas; 1>000>000>000 rUBI5

¬maRta 11 c,ab;elx 30¼2002¦.

kñúgGaNtþikargarenH KPK CaGñkEtgtaMgnigbBaÆb;kargarrbs;GñkesIubGegát GñkecaTRbkan; nigrdæGaCJa ¬maRta 43/ 45 nig

51¦.

maRta 12 c,ab;elx 30¼2002 pþl;[ KPK nUvGMNacTUlMTUlaykñúgkarbMeBjkargaresIubGegát karecaTRbkan; nigkar

eFVIbNwþgGaCJa rYmTaMgkarbBa¢a[sßab½nBak;B½n§ hamXat;CnsgS½ykMu[eFVIdMeNIreTAbreTs esñIsMuB½t’manhirBaØvtßúBIFnaKar nig

RKwHsßanhirBaØvtßúÉeTot nigp¥akmin[CnsgS½y b¤PaKIBak;B½n§ eRbIR)as;RTBüsm,tiþrbs;xøÜn bBa¢a[mankarBüÜrtMENgCnsgS½y

esñIsMuB½t’manBIRTBüsm,tiþ nigr)aykarN_bg;Bn§darbs;CnsgS½y esñIsMuCMnYyBIb:UlisGnþrCati\NÐÚensIu nigsßab½nGnuvtþn_c,ab;rbs;

RbeTsepSg² edIm,IEqkeqr cab;xøÜn nigdkhUtRTBüsm,tþienAbreTs nigesñIsMuCMnYyBIb:Ulis b¤sßab½nBak;B½n§déTeTot edIm,Icab;xøÜn

XMuxøÜn vayqμk; nigrwbGUsRTBükñúgkrNIGMeBIBukrlYy EdlkMBugsßitenAeRkamkaresuIbGegát.

kñúgkarGnuvtþtYnaTITb;sáat;rbs;xøÜn KPK manGMNaceFVIsvnkmμRTBüsm,tiþrbs;m®nþIsaFarN³ nigeFVIkarGb;rM nigGnuvtþ

km μviFIpSBVpSaynana dUcCaGnuvtþkmμviFIGb;rMRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyRKb;kRmitsikSa erobcMnigGnuvtþkmμviFIsgÁmRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

eFVIyuT§nakarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy eFVIkic©shkareTVPaKI nigBhuPaKI edIm,IRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬maRta 13 c,ab;elx 30¼2002¦.

kñúgkarbMeBBaJtYnaTItamdanemIlkarRKb;RKgrdærbs; KPK GacBinitüeLIgvijnUvRbB½n§RKb;RKgrbs;sßab½nTaMgGs; nigpþl;

eyabl;dl;sßab½nTaMgenaH RbsinebIkarRtYtBinitübgðaj[eXIjfaRbB½n§TaMgenaHGacnwgekItmanGMeBIBukrlYy. RbsinebIsßab½n

mineKarBtam»vaTrbs; KPK eT KPK RtUvraykarN_CUnRbFanaFibtI sPaCati nigGKÁsvnkrCati ¬maRta 14 c,ab;elx

30¼2002¦.

maRta 15 c,ab;elx 30¼2002 Ecgfa KPK RtUvEtpþl;kic©karBardl;sakSI b¤GñkbegðIbkarN_ EdlraykarN_ b¤pþl;

B½t’manBIGMeBIBukrlYy.

5esIμnwg 100>000 duløar.

70


edIm,IbMeBjParkic©sRmbsRmYlkar KPK manGaNtiþkargardUcxageRkamenH³

sRmbsRmYlkaresIubGegát karecaTRbkan; nigkareFVIbNwþgGaCJaRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

GnuvtþRbB½n§raykarN_kúñgeKalbMNglubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy

esñIsuMB½t’manGMBIc,ab;BIsßab½nBak;B½n§kñúgeKalbMNglubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy

erobcMsvnkarpþl;mti nigkic©RbCMusEmþgmtiCamYysßab½nnana EdlmanParkic©lubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy nig

esñIsMuB½t’manBIsßab½nBak;B½n§ EdlniyayBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy ¬maRta 7 c,ab;elx 30¼ 2002¦.

c,ab;elx 30¼ 2002 )ansgát;F¶n;fa KPK RtUvEtmantmøaPaB nigebIkcMhCUnsaFarNCn rYmTaMgkarEtgtaMgsñgkar

nigEtgtaMgbuKÁlikepSgeTot RBmTaMgeFVIyuT§nakarpþl;B½t’man nigelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgkñúgcMeNamsaFarNCn GMBIskmμPaBrbs;

KPK. KPK k¾manTisedAsVHEsVgrk nigelIkkm<s;y:agskmμnUvkarcUlrYmBIsaFarNCnkñúgskmμPaBrbs;xøÜn.

karerobcMkic©Rbtibtþikar

kñúgeBlGnuvtþParkic©rbs;xøÜnkñúgkarRtYtBinitüsßab½nrdæEdleFVIskm μPaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy maRta 8 énc,ab;elx

30¼2002 Ecgfa KPK manGMNaceFVIkarecaTRbkan; b¤eFVIbNþwgGaCJa EdlkMBugdMeNIrkaredaynKr)al b¤sßab½nrdæGaCJa

Edlc,ab; tRmUv[bBa¢ÚnCnCab;sgS½y nigÉksarBak;B½n§TaMgGs;eTA[ KPK RbsinebIl½kçx½NÐNamYyEdlEcgkñúgmaRta 9

c,ab;elx 30¼2002 maneRbobCag.6

eTaHbICa KPK manParkic©esIubGegát ecaTRbkan; nigeFVIbNþwgGaCJaelIkrNIBukrlYykþI k¾ KPK GacesñIsMu[nKr)al b¤sßab½n

rdæGaCJaeFVIkaresIubGegátkrNIsgS½yfamanGMeBIBukrlYy RbsinebI KPK minGacRbmUlPsþútag)anRKb;RKan;sRmab;eFVIkarecaT

Rbkan;eTenaH ¬maRta 44 c,ab;elx 30¼2002¦. nKr)alb¤sßab½nrdæGaCJa k¾GacGnuvtþkarecaTRbkan;EdlBak;B½n§nwgkrNI

BukrlYy)anEdr b:uEnþRtUvEtraykarN_CUn KPK BIbBaðaenHkñúgry³eBl 14éf¶. bnÞab;BIenH KPK manParkic©sRmbsRmYldMeNIrkar

ecaTRbkan;enH. RbsinebI KPK pþÜcepþImdMeNIrkarecaTRbkan;krNIBukrlYy b¤kMBugGnuvtþdMeNIrkarecaTRbkan;kñúgeBlCamYyKñanwg

nKr)al b¤sßab½nrdæGaCJa enaHnKr)al b¤sßab½nrdæGaCJaElgmanParkic©bnþkarecaTRbkan;teTAeTotehIy ¬maRta 50 c,ab;elx

30¼2002¦.

maRta 53 énc,ab;elx 30¼2002 Ecg[begáIttulakarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy enAkñúgRbB½n§tulakarTUeTA b:uEnþmanlkçN³

xusKñaBItulakardéTeTot. tulakarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenHmanParkic© nigGaNtþikargarvaytémønigseRmcelIkrNIBukrlYy Edl

KPK )andak;CUn. tulakarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenHk¾manParkic© nigGaNtþikargarvaytémønigseRmcelIkrNIBukrlYy EdlRbRBwtþ

enAeRkAyutþaFikarc,ab;énRbeTs\NÐÚensIu RbsinebIcarImansBa¢atiCa\NÐÚensIu ¬maRta 55 c,ab;elx 30¼2002¦. GgÁCMnuMCMrH

manecARkm 5rUb KWecARkmsaladMbUg 2rUb7

Edl)anEtgtaMgtamesckþIseRmcrbs;RbFantulakarkMBUl nigecARkmcMeBaHkic©

3rUb EdlEtgtaMgedayRbFanaFibtIedaymankarBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyRbFantulakarkMBUl ¬maRta 56 c,ab;elx 30¼2002¦.

6maRta 9 Ecgfa KPK RtUvTTYlykkarecaTRbkan; b¤bNþwgGaCJa RbsinebI³ manr)aykarN_BIsaFarNCnfamankarlak;kM)aMgGMeBI

BukrlYy dMeNIrkarkþIBukrlYyBnüareBlyUredayKμanmUlehtusmRsb karRbKl;erOgkþIBukrlYymanEcgenAkñúgbTbBa¢aedIm,IkarBar

CnCab;ecaT karRbKl;erOgkþIBukrlYysßitenAeRkamGMNacc,ab;sþIBIGMeBIBukrlYy kalNamankareRCotERCkBIsßab½nnItiRbtibtþi

nItibBaØtiþ nigGMNactulkar b¤kal³eTs³NaepSgeTot EdlnKr)al b¤sßab½nrdæGaCJaminGacGnuvtþerOgkþI)ankñúglkçN³mankarTTYl

xusRtUv nigRKb;RCugeRCay)an.7

GnuelamtammaRta 57 énc,ab;elx 30¼2002 EdltRmUv[ecARkmcMeBaHkic© laElgBImuxtMENgEdleKkMBugbeRmI.

71

karBN’nasegçbrbs;RbeTsnImYy²³ RbeTs\NÐÚensuI

GnuelamtammaRta 58¬1¦énc,ab;elx 30¼2002 tulakarRtUvEtvaytémø nigseRmcelIkrNIGMeBIBukrlYyEdl)anbþwg

kñúgry³eBl 90éf¶y:agyUr. karvaytémørbs;tulkarRtUveFVIeLIgRsbtamRkmnItiviFIRBhμTNÐ nigc,ab;elx 31¼1999 dUcEdl

)anEkERbedayc,ab;elx 20¼2001 sþIBIkarEkERbc,ab;elx 31¼1999 ¬maRta 62¼2002¦. esckþIseRmcrbs;tulakar

BukrlYy GacRtUv)aneKbþwg]T§rN_eTAtulakarCan;elI ehIyeKGacbþwg]T§rN_esckþIseRmcrbs;tulakarenHeTAtulakarkMBUl)an

¬maRta 59-60 énc,ab;elx 30¼2002¦.

sßab½nGyükarsaFarN³ KWCasßab½nrdæaPi)alEdlGnuvtþGMNacrdæ CaBiess kñúgvis½yeFVIbNwþgGaCJa enAkñúgGMNacc,ab;

nigTIPñak;garGnuvtþn_yutþiFm’ nigdwknaMedayGKÁemFavI EdlEtgtaMgeday nigTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHmuxRbFanaFibtI. sßab½nGyükar

saFarN³EckecjCakariyal½yGKÁemFavI kariyal½yrdæGaCJaCan;x<s; nigkariyal½yrdæGaCJasaladMbUg EdltMNag[GgÁPaBEt

mYyEdlminGacbMEbk)an.

RkumRbwkSasvnkmμ KWCasßab½nsvnkm μkMBUlenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐÚensIu ehIyTTYlxusRtUveFVIsvnkmμelIPaBTTYlxusRtUvén

hirBaØvtßúrdæ rYmTaMg kareRbIR)asfvikarbs;rdæaPi)alkNþal rdæaPi)altMbn; shRKasrdæ nigkareRbIR)asfvikarbs;shRKas

rdæaPi)altMbn;. KPK manParkic©raykarN_BIskmμPaBrbs;xøÜnCUneTAsvnkrCati. svnkrCati KWCasßab½nmYyEdlsßitenAeRkam

smtßkic©RtYtBinitürbs; KPK edaysarEtsßab½nsvnkrCatienHmanParkic©RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy.

KN³kmμakarGMb‘Uds_mwnCati KWCasßab½nsaFarN³ÉkraCüEdlmanTisedAEfrkSasucritPaB karTTYlxusRtUv nigkardwknaMd¾

s½kiþsiT§rbs;rdæ. kñúgkargarrbs;xøÜn KN³kmμkarenHTTYlBakübNþwg nigBüayamrukrk nigedaHRsaytamBakübNþwgEdlsaFarN

CnbþwgRbqaMgnwgkMhusqÁgEpñkrdæ)alrbs;rdæaPi)al RBmTaMgBüayambegáItlkçxNÐ EdlnaMeTAdl;karRTRTg;rdæmYy EdlRtUvpþl;

esvaCUnRbCaBlrdæ tamrebobEdlKμanGMeBIBukrlYy.

emeronEdlTTYl)an

bTBiesaFBImunrbs;RbeTs\NÐÚensIuKWfa kþIsgÇwmd¾xøaMgeTAelIsßab½nEdlbegáIteLIg sRmab;RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenaH

RtUv)anGnþrayeTAvij edaysarKμankarKaMRTBIrdæaPi)al nigfvikaminRKb;RKan;. kMENTRmg;tulakar EdlCaFatupSMsMxan;sRmab;

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyk¾)annaM[mankarxkcitþEdr. kalBImun rdæaPi)alminTan;manyuT§saRsþrYm EdlRbmUlpMþúnUvKMnitd¾KYrCaTITukcitþ

Edl)anpþÜcepþImrYcmkehIy sRmab;edaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBukrlYyenAeLIyeT. RbeTs\NÐÚensIuRtUvkarEpnTIvifIc,as;las;mYy

sRmab;kMENTRmg; nigkarebþCJarbs;rdæaPi)al edIm,ICMruj sRmbsRmYl nigtamdankMENTRmg;enH. mkTl;nwgéf¶enH RbvtþiénKMnit

pþÜcepþImRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgsm½yeRkayrbbs‘UhatU KWRKan;EtCaerOgniTanmYyénkarepþImKMnitd¾Qøasév ehIynigRKan;EtCakar

snüamYyfanwgcgRkgc,ab;nana b:uEnþminRtUv)anGnuvtþtam. GñksegátkarN_xøHniyayfa c,ab; nigsßab½nBak;B½n§nana RtUv)anerobcM

eLIgedIm,I[braC½y edaymankarebþCJaEtsMbkeRkAfaRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy b:uEnþmanrcnasm<½n§épÞkñúg EdlnaM[sßab½nTaMgenH

minGacdMeNIrkar)an. RbkarenHGaccat;TukfaCaTRmg;én {rcnasm<½n§rdæ} EdlmanlkçN³s μ úKs μajxøaMg nigcaM)ac;RtUvEtman

qnÞ³neya)ayenAfñak;kMBUl edIm,I[kic©RbwgERbgRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyman»kasTTYleCaKC½y.

eKkMBugcaMemIlfa etIrdæaPi)alrbs;RbFanaFibtI Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono EdlCab;eqñat kalBIExkBaØa qñaM 2004

manTisedARbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyGVIxøH. RbFanbTcm,gmYykñúgyuT§nakareXasnaEdlnaM[Kat;Cab;eqñatCaRbFanaFibtI KWsarsMxan;

énkarlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy. eKk¾kMBugcaMemIlfakarbegáIt KPK nwgmanplb:HBal;GVIxøH. bBaðamYyEdlRtUvykcitþTukdak;edIm,I[

KPK maneCaKC½yeBjeljkñúgGaNtiþkargarrbs;xøÜn KWkareFVI[c,ab;déTeTotmanPaBrlUnCamYynwgc,ab;elx 30¼2002.

72


bTbBaØtiþnanaénc,ab;elx 30¼2002 enH minsUvmanPaBrlUnCamYylixitbTdæanRKb;RKgsßab½nepSgeToteT. ]TahrN_mYykñúg

RbkarenHKWfa eTaHbICac,ab;pþl;GMNac[ KPK GacesñIsMuB½t’manBIsßab½nrdækþI k¾KμanbTbBaØtiþNaEdltRmUv[sßab½nenaHpþl; b¤lat

RtdagB½t’manEdlRtUv)anesñIsMueLIy (ADB: 2004:2).

karbegáIt KPK bgðaj[eXIjc,as;fa vaminRtwmEtmankarcaM)ac;RtUvBinitüemIlGaNtiþkargarrbs;sßab½nRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYyEtb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþRtUvFana[lixitbTbdæanrbs;sßab½nepSgeTot qøúHbBa©aMgBIGaNtiþkargarrbs;sßab½nRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

pgEdr CaBiess RbsinebIsßab½nenHmantYnaTIRtUvsRmbsRmYl. kñúgsßanPaBEdlRbeTsmYymansßab½nRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyeRcIn

ehIymanesckþIseRmcedIm,IbegáItsßab½nsRmbsRmYlmYy bBaðaenHRtUveFVI[Rkbx½NÐc,ab;manPaBrlUn ehIyRtUvEtFanaminTuk[

enAmansl;c,ab;NaEdlGgÁPaBBukrlYyGacykeTAeRbIedIm,ICaRbPBkarBarTl;nwgrdæ)an.

RbPB

Transparency International 2003 r)aykarN_GMeBIBukrlYysklelakqñaM 2003

http://www.globalcoruuptionreport.org/gcr2003.htm

Hardjono Ratih and Teggemann, Stefanie (eds.) 2002 The Poor Speak Up - GMeBIBukrlYy 17krNI

PaBCaédKUedIm,IkMENTRmg;GPi)alkic© http://www.kemitraan.or.id/data/pdf/poor%20speak%up.pdf

Asian Development Bank Ex]sPa qñaM 2004 TAR: INO 37025 CMnYybec©keTssRmab;RbeTs\NÐÚensIu

sRmab;BRgwgsmtßPaBKNkmμakarlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYyRbeTs\NÐÚensIu

ttp://www.adb.org/Documents/TARs/INO/tar_ino_37025.pdf

B½t’manTaMgenHRtUv)anRbmUlecjBIeKhTMB½rrbs;sßab½nnanaEdl)anrayeQμaHxagelI.

73


kariyal½yTb;sáat;niglubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy (CPCB) www.knab.gov.Iv/en

RkumRbwkSaTb;sáat;bTelμIsnigGMeBIBukrlYy (CCPC)

kariyal½ysvnkmμCati (SAO) www.Irvk.gov.Iv/htmls/english/engindex.htm

RksYgmhaépÞ www.iem.gov.Iv/?ing=en&cat=136

nrK)alrdæ www.vp.gov.Iv/?setl=2&PHPSESSID=10e32a205f1c94ca81fc3748e907be35

nrK)alsnþisux www.iem.gov.Iv/iem/2nd/?Ing=en&cat=136

sßab½nRKb;RKgcMNUlCati (SRS) www.vid.gov.Iv/Ing/Index.htm

bTbBaØtþicm,g

c,ab;RBhμTNÐ ¬17 mifuna 1998 nigviesaFnkmμrhUtdl; 1 mifuna 2000¦

http://www.tm.gov.Iv/str/569_the%20Criminal%20Law.htm

c,ab;sþIBIkariyal½yTb;sáat;nigRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (CCPC) 18 emsa 2002

http://www.knab.gov.Iv/uploads/en_htm/EN_bureau.htm

c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;TMnas;plRbeyaCn_kñúgskmμPaBmRnþIsaFarN³ (PCIAPO) 05 emsa 2002

http://www.knab.gov.Iv/uploads/en_htm/EN_amatpersonas.htm

c,ab;sþIBIkariyal½yrdæGaCJa (PPO) 1 kkáda 1994 http://www.humanrights.Iv/doc/latlik/prok.htm

c,ab;sþIBIsßab½nRKb;RKgcMNUlCati (SRS) 28 tula 1993 http://www.vid.gov.Iv/eng/4laws/docs/203-01.pdf

c,ab;sþIBIsßab½nsvnkmμCati (SAO) 29 ]sPa 2002 www.Irvk.gov.Iv/page/php?id=1779

savta

smÞúHd¾sMxan;mYyénkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgRbeTsLatevo KWCalkçN³vinicä½ytwgruwg EdltRmUv[RbeTsenH

Gnum½t edIm,Ieq<aHeTArkkarcUlCasmaCikshPaBGWr:ub enAEx]sPa qñaM 2004. shPaBGWr:ubxøÜnÉg)ankøayeTACakmøaMgclkrmYy

kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgRbeTsLatevo (Transparency International 2003³177-178).

viFankarCaeRcInRtUv)aneKGnuvtþkñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM1990 edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBukrlYy. CamYynwgkarbegáIt

RbeTsLatevo

74


RkumRbwkSaTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYykñúgqñaM 1997 rdæaPi)al)ancat;viFankarTImYykñúgkarGPivDÆeKalneya)ayRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

(OSI, 2002³300). k¾b:uEnþrcnasm<½n§sßab½nedIm,IRbqaMgnwgTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyenAminTan;rwgmaM ehIyK μanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkar

sRmbsRmYl. CaTUeTAeKyl;eXIjfa GMeBIBukrlYyKWCa)atuPUtGaRkk;mYy Edlb:HBal;CaGviC¢maneTAelIskm μPaBsßab½n

saFarN³mYycMnYn (GRECO, 2002³6). RbFanaFibtIbc©úb,nñ)anbegáItKNbkSsm½yf μ I kñúgKMnitkat;bnßyGMeBIBukrlYykñúg

RbeTs. rhUtmkdl;kare)aHeqñatqñaM 2002 EdlnaM[KNbkSsm½yfμIenHTTYl)ansemøgKaMRTx<s;bMput karkat;bnßyGMeBIBuk

rlYy KWCakarsnüacm,gkñúgyuT§nakareXasnakare)aHeqñat (FHI, 2004³18).

rdæaPi)alLatevoenArkSakarebþCJaenHya:grwgmaMkñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyteTAeTot ehIy)ancat;viFankarsMxan;²

mYycMnYn edIm,IbegáInRbsiT§PaBeKalneya)ayRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. viFankarenH rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarEklm¥c,ab; dUcCakarGnum½t

c,ab; sþIBIkarTb;sáat;TMnas;plRbeyaCn_kñúgskmμPaBmRnþIsaFarN³ PCIAPO kñúgqñaM 2002 RBmTaMgkarCRmHecalnUvPaBmin

c,as;las; nigkarBRgwgbBa©ÚlKñanUvrcnasm<½n§sßab½n tamry³karbegáItkariyal½yRbqaMg nigTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyfñak;Cati (KNAB)

Edl)andMeNIrkarTaMgRsugcab;taMgBIExkumÖ³ qñaM 2003 (EC, 2003³14). viFankarsMxan;²epSgeTot KWkarbegáItRkumRbwkSa

Tb;sáat;bTelμIs nigTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy (CCPC) kñúgqñaM 2002 nigfμI²enHkarGnum½t yuT§saRsþCatiedIm,ITb;sáat; nigRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy qñaM 2004-2008.

RbeTsLatevosßitkñúgcMNat;fñak;TI 51 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 159 elItaragsnÞsSn_rbs;GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati qñaM 2005

sIþBIkaryl;eXIjBIGMeBIBukrlYy. eTaHbICaRbeTsLatevo)ancat;viFankarsMxan;²CaeRcIn edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBukrlYy

k¾eday k¾enAkñúgr)aykarN_tamdanlMGitrbs;LatevosþIBIkareRtomcUlCasmaCikshKmn_GWr:ub)ansgát;F¶n;fa karRbqaMgGMeBIBuk

rlYy{RtUvEtenACaGaTiPaBx<s;CabnþeTAeTot}. CaBiess RtUvmankic©RbwgERbgbEnßm edIm,IcgRkgc,ab;mUldæan[)ancb;sBVRKb;

nigBRgwgkariyal½yRbqaMg nigTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyfñak;Cati KNAB(2003:56).


kariyal½yTb;sáat; nigRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (CCPC) RtUv)anbegáItkñúgExtula qñaM 2002 KWCasßab½nrdæ EdlsßiteRkamkar

RtYtBinitürbs;KN³rdæm®nþI ¬maRta 2¬1¦ énc,ab; CPCB¦. c,ab; CPCB EcgBInitüanukUlPaB nigeKaledArbs;kariyal½yenH.

CPCB dwknaMedayRbFanmYyrUb EdlEtgtaMgnigdkhUt edaysPa Saeima tamGnusasn_rbs;KN³rdæm®nþI ¬maRta 41¬1¦én

c,ab; CPCB¦ nigmanGnuRbFan2rUb EdlTTYlxusRtUvedayELkBIKña KWkic©karTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy nigkic©karRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy.

kariyal½yTb;sáat; nigRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (CPCB) EckCa 16Epñk Edlman 9EpñksßitenAeRkamkardwknaMpÞal;rbs;RbFan

EdlCacm,gbMeBjmuxgarépÞkñúg1. kñúgcMeNamGgÁPaBepSgeTot manGgÁPaBRtYtBinitüskmμPaBmRnþIsaFarN³ GgÁPaBRtYtBinitü

hirBaØúb,Tanrbs;KNbkSneya)ay GgÁPaBviPaKGMeBIBukrlYynigviFIsaRsþviFankarTb;Tl; nigGgÁPaBTMnak;TMngsaFarN³

nigshRbtibtþikarGnþrCati sßitenAeRkamkardwknaMrbs;GnuRbFanTTYlbnÞúkkic©karTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy. GgÁPaBesuIbkarN_sm¶at;

Bak;B½n§nwgbTelμIs GgÁPaBesIubsYr nigGgÁPaBrdæ)alEpñkcaMXøaMemIl sßitenAeRkamkardwknaMrbs;GnuRbFanTTYlbnÞúkRbyuT§RbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYy.

1TaMgGs;enHmanEpñkc,ab; EpñkhirBaØvtßú EpñkbuKÁlik Epñkrdæ)al EpñkRKb;RKgépÞkñúg EpñkkarBarB½t’mansm¶at; EpñkB½t’manviTüa

EpñksvnkmμépÞkñúg nigmNÐlr)aykarN_

75

karBN’nasegçbrbs;RbeTsnImYy²³ RbeTsLatevo

skmμPaBrbs; CPCB Ep¥kelIssrRTUgbI KWkarTb;sáat;GMBIBukrlYy karesIubGegátkrNIGMeBIBukrlYy nigbegáInkaryl;dwg

dl;saFarNCn. GnuelamtammaRta 7¬1¦énc,ab; CPCB kariyal½yenHmanParkic©erobcMyuT§saRsþCatiedIm,ITb;sáat; nig

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyqñaM 2004-2008 EdleRkaymkRtUv)anGnum½tedayKN³rdæm®nþIkñúgqñaM 2004. kariyal½yTb;sáat; nig

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy CPCB manGaNtiþkargarCak;lak;kñúgkarsRmbsRmYl karGnuvtþviFankarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgsßab½nrdæ

nigsßab½nrdæaPi)almUldæan ehIykariyal½yenHk¾TTYlbnÞúkFanakarsRmbsRmYlkic©RbwgERbg nigkic©shRbtibtþikarrvagsßab½n

TaMgGs;EdlmanParkic©RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy RsbtamyuT§saRsþCati ¬maRta 7¬1¦ énc,ab; CPCB ¦. Bak;B½n§nwgbBaðaenH

CPCB k¾TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarpþl;CUnRkumRbwkSaTb;sáat;GMBIBukrlYynigbTelμIs (CCPC) nUvB½t’mannigGnusasn_ sþIBIbBaðaTak;Tinnwg

GMeBIBukrlYy. enAkñúgEpñkEdlmancMNgeCIgfa karerobcMkic©Rbtibtþikar manniyayBisþarGMBI CPCB.

GnuelamtammaRta 7 énc,ab; CPCB muxgarsMxan;²rbs;kariyal½yenHkñúgkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy rYmman³

ksagyuT§saRsþRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy.

BinitübNþwgTaMgLayEdlsßitkñúgsmtßkic©rbs;kariyal½y.

viPaKskmμPaBGnuvtþkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYykñúgsßab½nrdæ nigrdæaPi)almUldæan ehIykñúgkrNIrkeXIjGMeBIBukrlYy

dak;CUnGnusasn_eTARksYgnigsßab½nBak;B½n§.

ksagviFIsaRsþTb;sáat; nigRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgsßab½nrdæ nigrdæaPi)almUldæan RBmTaMgsRmab;vis½yÉkCnpgEdr.

viPaK nigerobcMesckþIRBagc,ab; nigesñIviesaFnkmμ nigpþl;Gnusasn_sRmab;esckþIRBagc,ab;.

eFVIkarsÞabsÞg;mtisaFarNCn nigviPaKlT§pl.

Gb;rMsaFarNCnGMBITidæPaBc,ab; nigTidæPaBRkmsIlFm’EdlBak;B½n§GMeBIBukrlYy.

pþl;B½t’mandl;saFarNCnGMBIkarvivDÆénGMeBIBukrlYykñúgRbeTs krNIBukrlYyEdlrkeXIj

RBmTaMgkic©RbwgERbgkñúgkarTb;sáat; nigkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy .

ksag nigGnuvtþyuT§saRsþTMnak;TMngsaFarN³ nig

edayGnuelamtamsmtßkic©rbs;xøÜn vaytémøelIkaresuIbGegátEdleFVIeLIgedaysßab½nÉeTot².

dUcmanEcgkñúgc,ab; CPCB kñúgvis½yRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy kariyal½yTb;sáat; nigRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy CPCB man

Parkic©eFVIkarecaTRbkan;mRnþIsaFarN³EdlmankarxusqÁgxagrdæ)al nigtRmUv[dak;TNÐkm μmRnþIsaFarN³ kñúgkrNImankar

rMelaPbMBanrdæ)alkúñgvis½yBukrlYy dUcmanEcgkñúgc,ab; nigeFVIkaresIubGegát nigdak;viFankarRbtibtþi edIm,IEsVgrkGMeBIBukrlYy

enAkñúgmuxgarsaFarN³. sßab½nTaMgGs;epSgeTotEdlmanParkic©esIubGegát RtUv)antRmUv[CYykariyal½yenHkñúgkaresIub

Gegát. kariyal½yenHk¾bMeBjmuxgartamdanemIlGgÁkarneya)aynana kñúgkarRbtibtiþtambBaØtiþc,ab;sIþBIkarpþl;mUlniFiKNbkS

¬maRta 9 c,ab; CPCB¦.

maRta 10 énc,ab; CPCB pþl;CUnm®nþIkariyal½yenH nUvsiT§i nigGMNacTUlMTUlay dUcCa ³

eFVIkaresIubGegátdUcmanEcgkñúgRkmnItiviFIRBhμTNÐ.

eFVIRbtibtþikaresIubGegát dUcEdlc,ab;GnuBaØat edIm,IEvkmux nigTb;sáat;bTelμIsRBhμTNÐ kñúgvis½yGMeBIBukrlYy nig

vis½yhirBaØb,Tandl;KNbkS.

erobcMkarecaTRbkan;bTelμ Isrdæ)al kñúgkrNIrkeXIjkarbMBan BinitükrNIbMBanxagrdæ)al nigdak;vin½yrdæ)alkñúg

krNIbMBan ehIytamRkmsIþBIkarrMelaPEpñkrdæ)al karBinitüenHsißteRkamsmtßkic©rbs;kariyal½y.

TTYlB½t’man TTYlÉksar nigTTYlB½t’mantamsMeNIrbs;rdæaPi)al nigrdæ)almUldæan Rkumh‘un GgÁkar mRnþI nigbuKÁl

76


epSgeTot edayminKitBIsßanPaBlak;karsm¶at;rbs;BYkeKeLIy.

TTYlB½t’manBIsßab½nhirBaØvtßúEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;erOgkþIRBhμTNÐ tamry³TIPñak;garénGKÁrdæGaCJa .

ecjdIkaekaHehA[eTA CPCB nUvbuKÁlEdlCab;Bak;B½n§nwgkaresIubGegáterOgkþIRBhμTNÐ b¤smÖar³Bak;B½n§ ehIykñúg

krNIEdlbuKÁlminRBmbgðajxøÜnbnÞab;BITTYldIkaekaHenH RtUveRbIkmøaMgedIm,InaMxøÜnCnenaH ehIynig

eRbIkmøaMgebImankarcaM)ac;.

tamkarsRmuHsRmYlrbs;GKÁrdæGaCJa kariyal½y CPCB Gacdak;krNIRBh μTNÐ b¤vtßútagCUnsßab½nsaksYrepSgeTot

sRmab;bnþdMeNIrkaresIubsYr RBmTaMgTTYlykkrNIRBhμTNÐ nigÉksarsaksYrBIsßab½nesIubGegátÉeTot² Edlsßitkñúgsmtßkic©

rbs;kariyal½yenH ¬maRta 10¬17¦ c,ab; CPCB ¦.

eRkABIkargarxagelI maRta 7¬3¦énc,ab; CPCB Ecgfa kariyal½yenHmanParkic©tamXøaMemIlkarRbtibtiþtamc,ab;sþIBIkar

Tb;sáat;TMnas;plRbeyaCn_kñúgskm μPaBm®nþIsaFarN³. kargarenHrab;TaMgParkic©BinitüemIlesckþIRbkasrbs;mRnþIsaFarN³2

Edl)andak;CUn CPCB tamEpñkTI 23¬4¦ énc,ab; PCIAPO ¬maRta 7 ¬16¦ c,ab; CPCB¦. vtßúbMNgénc,ab; PCIAPO KWedIm,I

Fanafa esckþIseRmc nigskmμPaBEdlGnuvtþedaym®nþIsaFarN³KWedIm,IbeRmIplRbeyaCn_saFarN³ nigedIm,ITb;sáat;\T§iBlBI

xageRkA b¤plRbeyaCn_hirBaØvtßú. enATIbMput kargarenHmaneKalbMNgelIkkm<s;esckþITukcitþBIsaFarNCneTAelIskm μPaB

rbs;mRnþIsaFarN³ ¬EpñkTI 2 c,ab; PCIAPO¦.


RkumRbwkSaTb;sáat;bTelμIsnigGMeBIBukrlYy (CPCC) énrdæsPaRtUv)anbegáIteLIIgkñúgqñaM 2002 nigdwknaMedaynaykrdæm®nþI

EdlmantYnaTIRtYtBinitükic©RbwgERbgTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy nigRbyuT§RbqaMg]RkidækmμGgÁkarcat;taMg. dUcenH CPCC manParkic©

sRmbsRmYl nigRtYtBinitüskmμPaBrdæGMNacTaMgGs; kñúgvis½yTb;sáat;]Rkidækmμ nigTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy (GRECO, 2004a:4).

kñúgParkic©enH RkumRbwkSa)andwknaMkarRtYtBinitüelIkariyal½yRbqaMg nigTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyfñak;Cati KNAB (EC, 2003:15).

eRkABIenH RkumRbwkSaTb;sáat;bTelμIs nigGMeBIBukrlYy CPCC énrdæsPa manParkic©KaMRTkarcUlrYmrbs;sgÁmsIuvil kñúgeKal

neya)ayRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy karelIkkm<s;EpnkarTb;sáat;]RkidækmμGgÁkarcat;taMg nigTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy nigKaMRTkarsikSa

RsavRCavBI]Rkidækmμ. RkumRbwkSa CPCC enHk¾mansiTi§elIksMeNI edIm,IEklm¥esckþIRBagc,ab; nigkarGnuvtþeKalneya)ayyutþiFm’

nigeKalneya)aykic©karmhaépÞ edIm,IFananUvkic©sRmbsRmYlskm μPaBenAkñúgsßab½n EdlRbyuT§RbqaMgnwg]Rkidækm μ nigGMeBI

BukrlYy RBmTaMgFananUvkic©shkarrbs;sßab½nCatirbs;Latevo CamYysßab½nGnþrCatinana (GRECO, 2004a:4-5).

kariyal½ysvnkmμrdæ (SAO) RtUv)anbegáItCasßab½nÉkraCü tammaRta 87énrdæFmμnuBaØ EdlsißtenAEteRkamGMNacc,ab;

mYy (Subsection 1[2] SAO Law). kariyal½ysvnkmμrdæ KWCasßab½nkMBUl nigdwknaMedayGKÁsvnkr EdlEtgtaMgedaysPa

Saeima sRmab;GaNtþi 7qñaM (Subsection 26[1] SAO Law) nigRkumRbwkSasvnkmμ EdlsmaCikénRkumRbwkSaenHk¾manGaNtiþ

7qñaMEdr RtUv)anpþl;karyl;RBmedaysPa Saeima tamGnusasn_rbs;GKÁsvnkr (Subsection 27[1] SAO Law). karerobcM

nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;kariyal½ysvnkmμrdæ manEcgkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkariyal½ysvnkmμrdæ. GnuelamtammaRta 2 énc,ab;sþIBI

kariyal½ysvnkmμrdæ kariyal½yenHmanParkic©RtYtBinitücMNUl nigcMNayrbs;rdæ nigRbPBfvikardæaPi)almUldæan kareRbIR)as;

FnFanrbs;shPaBGWr:ub nigGgÁkar b¤sßab½nGnþrCatiÉeTot Edl)andak;bBa©Úlkñúgfvikardæ b¤kñúgfvikardæaPi)almUldæan nigdak;

viFankarRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tiþrdæ nigRTBüsm,tiþrdæaPi)almUldæan edIm,IFana[kareRbIFnFanenaH)anRsbc,ab; RtwmRtUv snSMsMéc

nigmanRbsiT§PaB. RbsinebIkariyal½ysvnkmμrdæ rkeXIjPaBminRbRktIEdlnaM[mankarsgS½yBIGMeBIBukrlYy krNIenHnwgRtUv

2EpñTI 4 énc,ab; PCIAPO kMNt;BIEdnsmtßkic©rbs;m®nþIsaFarN³tamc,ab;.

77


raykarN_pÞal;eTAsßab½nrdæGaCJasaFarN³ PPO RbsinebImanPsþútagBIskmμPaB]Rkidæ. ebImindUecñaHeT krNIenHk¾RtUvraykarN_

CUnsßab½nRKb;RKgcMNUlrdæ (SRS), (GRECO, 2002:17). kariyal½ysvnkmμrdæRtUvraykarN_GMBIskmμPaBxøÜnCUnsPa Saeima

nigCUnrdæaPi)al (Section 3, SAO Law).

sßab½nRKb;RKgcMNUlrdæ (SRS) KWCasßab½nrdæ)alrbs;rdæ EdleFVIkareRkam»vaTRksYghirBaØvtßú (Article 1, SRS Law)

nigdwknaMedayGKÁnaykmñak; EdlEtgtaMgedayrdæm®nþIhirBaØvtßú tamkarÉkPaBBIrdæaPi)al (Article 4[1], SRS Law). karerobcM

nigkarRbRBwtþieTArbs;sßab½nRKb;RKgcMNUlrdæ SRS manEcgkñúgc,ab; SRS. dUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta 2 énc,ab; SRS Parkic©cm,grbs;

SRS mandUcxageRkamenH³

FanakarRbmUlBn§Gakr Bn§Ky nigkarTUTat;CakatBVkic©ÉeTot² EdldwknaMeday SRS enAkñúgRbeTsLatevo nigenA

tamRBMEdn ]> Bn§Ky.

GnuvtþeKalneya)ayCatisRmab;Ky nigFanakarkarBarRBMEdnKy.

tamRkbxNÐGMNacrbs;xøÜndUckMNt;kñúgc,ab; RtYtBinitüelIkarGnuvtþviFankarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy RBmTaMgFana[

mankareKarBtamkMhitbEnßmEdldak;eTA[mRnþIrdækar dUcEdlmanEcg edayc,ab;ÉeTot².

Tb;sáat; nigtamrkbTelμIskñúgvis½ybg;Bn§dar Bn§Ky nigkarTUTat;CakatBVkic©ÉeTot² EdlkMNt;edayrdæ.

enAkñúgsßab½nRKb;RKgcMNUlrdæ SRS nKr)alhirBaØvtúßmanGMNacTUlMTUlay dUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta 16 énc,ab;sþIBIsßab½n

RKb;RKgcMNUlrdæ enAkñúgRkbxNÐénBn§cMNUlrbs;rdæ. GnuelamtammaRta 14 nKr)alhirBaØvtßúmanParkic©dUcxageRkamenH ³

eFVIkaresIubGegát kñúgeKalbMNgebIkmux nigTb;sáat;bTelμIskñúgRkbxNÐénBn§cMNUlrbs;rdæ.

eFVIkaresIubGegát kñúgeKalbMNgebIkmux nigTb;sáat;bTel μIskñúgskmμPaBrbs;mRnþI nignieyaCitrbs;sßab½nRKb;RKg

cMNUlrdæ nig

eFVIkaresIubGegátkrNIrt;Bn§ nigkrNIRBh μTNÐTak;TinnwgbTel μ IsEdlrkeXIjenAkñúgRkbxNÐénBn§cMNUlrbs;rdæ

RBmTaMgenAkñúgskmμPaBrbs;m®nþI nignieyaCitrbs;sßab½nRKb;RKgcMNUlrdæ.

eRkABIkariyal½yRbqaMg nigTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyfñak;Cati KNAB nKr)alhirBaØvtßúRKan;EtCasßab½nGnuvtþn_c,ab;mYykñúg

cMeNamsßab½nGnuvtþn_c,ab;CaeRcInEdlBak;B½n§nwgkaresIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy. bEnßmBIelIenHeTotman nKr)alsnþisux RBmTaMg

nKr)alCati CaBiessKW naykdæannKr)alesdækic© (EPD) rbs;nKr)alCatienH nignaykdæanGnuvtþn_c,ab;sIþBIbT]Rkidæ

GgÁkarcat;taMg (OCED) k¾cUlrYmkñúgkaresIubGegátEdr. naykdæan EPD mantYnaTIcm,gkñúgkaresIubGegátkrNIBukrlYyenAkñúg

vis½yÉkCn cMENkÉnaykdæan OCED manParkic©Tb;sáat; nigtamrkbTelμIsBukrlYyEdlBak;B½n§nwg]RkidækmμEdlmanGgÁkar

cat;taMg nigbTelμIsesdækic© (GRECO, 2004a:5). kñúgkaresIubGegátkrNIBak;B½n§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy BYkeKTaMgGs;eFVIkarCitsñiT§

CamYy KNAB ehIynigdUcEdl)anbBa¢ak;BIxagelI sßab½nTaMgenHmanParkic©CYydl;kariyal½yRbqaMg nigTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy

fñak;Cati (KNAB) kñúgkaresuIbGegát RbsinebImansMeNI. TaMgnKr)alsnþisux TaMgnKr)alCati Casßab½nrdæ)alrbs;rdæEdl

cMNuH[RksYgmhaépÞ.

sßab½nGyükarsaFarN³ PPO KWCaRbB½n§ÉkPaB nigmCÄkar EdlmanbIfñak; KWkariyal½yGKÁrdæGaCJa kariyal½yrdæGaCJa

tulakartMbn; nigkariyal½yrdæGaCJatulakarRsuk RBmTaMgkariyal½yrdæGaCJaCMnaj ¬maRta 22 c,ab;sþIBIrdæGaCJa¦. sßab½nrdæGaCJa

saFarN³ PPO dwknaMedayGKÁrdæGaCJa EdlEtgtaMgedaysPa Saeima tamGnusasn_rbs;RbFantulakarkMBUl sRmab;GaNtiþ

78


5qñaM ¬maRta 38¬1¦ c,ab;sþIBIrdæGaCJa¦. rdæGaCJaTaMgLayRtUv)anEtgtaMg nigdkhUtBItMENgedayGKÁrdæGaCJa tamnItiviFIEdl

Ecgkñúgc,ab;sþIBIrdæGaCJa ¬maRta 23¬2¦ c,ab;sþIBIrdæGaCJa¦. maRta 5 énc,ab;sþIBIrdæGaCJaEcgfa kñúgeBlBicarNaerOgkþI rdæGaCJa

RtUveFVIesckþIseRmcedayÉkraCü nigGnuelamtamc,ab;. elIsBIenHeTot maRta6 énc,ab;sþIBIrdæGaCJaEcgfa rdæGaCJaRtUvman

ÉkraCüBI\T§iBlrbs;sßab½nÉeTot b¤mRnþIepSgeTot. dUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta 2 énc,ab;sþIBIrdæGaCJa sßab½nGyükarsaFarN³ PPO

manParkic©dUcxageRkamenH³

RtYtBinitüskmμPaBsßab½nesIubGegát nigskmμPaBGnuvtþrbs;sßab½nepSgeTot

erobcM cat;Ecg nigGnuvtþkaresIubGegát muneBlkat;eTas

pþÜcepþIm nigGnuvtþkarecaTbTelμIsRBhμTNÐkñúgnamrdæ

RtYtBinitükarGnuvtþeTas[)anRtwmRtUv

karBarsiTi§ nigkarBarplRbeyaCn_Rsbc,ab;rbs;buKÁl nigrdæ RsbtamnItiviFIEdlkMNt;edayc,ab;.

dak;BakübNþwg b¤dak;sMGagCUntulakarcMeBaHkrNIEdlc,ab;kMNt; nig

cUlrYmkñúgbNþwgesIerIrbs;tulakar enAeBlEdlc,ab;tRmUv.

enAkñúgsßab½nGyükarsaFarN³ PPO naykdæanmYycMnYnRtUv)aneKRbKl;muxgarBiess[. b:uEnþ kñúgcMeNamnaykdæan

TaMgenH KμannaykdæanNamYyTTYlmuxgarcm,gsRmab;EtkrNIGMeBIBukrlYyeT (GRECO, 2002:24). erOgkþITaMgGs;rYmTaMgkrNI

GMeBIBukrlYypg RtUv)anbþwgeTAtulakaredaysßab½nGyükarsaFarN³ PPO.

ÉkraCPaBénecARkm nigtulakar RtUv)anFanaedayrdæFmμnuBaØ EdlEcgfa ecARkmRtUvEtmanÉkraCü ehIysßitenAeRkam

GMNacc,ab;EtmYyKt;. erOgkþIBukrlYyRtUvedaHRsayedaytulakardUcKña nwgbNþwgepSgeTotEdl)anbþwgeTAtulakarEdr.

RbeTsLatevominmansßab½nGMb‘Uds_mwneT. pÞúyeTAvij manmuxgarxøHEdltam®béBNI RtUvGnuvtþedayGMb‘Uds_mwn

RtUv)anGnuvtþedaysßab½nepSg²eTot dUcCa kariyal½yrdæTTYlbnÞúkkarBarsiTi§mnusS nigsßab½nGyükarsaFarN³ PPO (GRECO,

2004b:9 and 13).

emeronEdlTTYl)an

r)aykarN_vaytémøRbeTsLatevo GRECO 2002 bBa¢ak;fa kgVHkardwknaM nigkgVHkic©sRmbsRmYlrvagsßab½nGnuvtþ

kic©karnKr)alnana EdlTTYlbnÞúkRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy KWCabBaðaRBYy)armÖcm,g nigCa]bsKÁdl;kic©RbwgERbgRbyuT§

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYypgEdr. tamTsSn³enH caM)ac;RtUvmanGnusasn_fñak;CatimYy edIm,IelIkkm<s;karsRmbsRmYl karEckrMElk

bTBiesaF nigkarcracrB½t’mankñúgcMeNamsßab½nTaMgenaH. kargarenH k¾Gacrab;TaMgkarbegáItGgÁPaBmYysRmab;tamdan

karsRmbsRmYl ¬2002³21¦. karbegáItkariyal½yRbqaMg nigTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyfñak;Cati KNAB nigRkumRbwkSaTb;sáat;

bTelμIs nigGMeBIBukrlYyénrdæsPa CPCC )ankøayeTACakaredaHRsaybBaðaenHkñúgkRmitmYy. b:uEnþ kñúgvis½yesIubGegátGMeBI

BukrlYy bBaðaenAmanlkçN³EbkExJkBIsßab½nGnuvtþmYycMnYndUc)anerobrab;xagelI (GRECO, 2004a:6). r)aykarN_tamdan

rbs;shKmn_GWr:ub )ankt;smÁal;fa RbeTsenHRtUvkarbegáItynþkarshkar[manRbsiT§PaB rvagsßab½nRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy dUcCa

sßab½nsvnkmμ nigsßab½nRKb;RKgcMNUlrdæ (EC, 2003:15).

79


karRBYy)armÖmYyeTot KWkarKμanRbB½n§s½kiþsiT§sRmab;esuIbkarN_elIGMeBIBukrlYyEdlmanmuxgarGnuvtþ rYmTaMgkarRsavRCav

elIvis½yEdlgayrgeRKaH nigkarksagyuT§sa®sþGnþraKmn_Camun. karRBYy)armÖTaMgenHRtUv)anedaHRsay tamry³karbegáIt

naykdæanTTYlbnÞúkskmμPaBesIubGegátBiess nigviPaK RBmTaMgnaykdæanviPaKGMeBIBukrlYy nigbegáItviFIsaRsþTb;Tl;enAkñúg

kariyal½yRbqaMg nigTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyfñak;Cati KNAB (GRECO 2004a:6).

karRBYy)armÖepSgeTot KWkaryl;eXIjrbs;saFarNCn Edlyl;fasßab½ntulakar nigsßab½nGyükar KμanRbsiT§PaBkñúg

karRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. bBaðaenHKWmYyEpñk edaysarPaBxusKñarvagbTelμIsEdlmancuHkñúgbBa¢I nigcMnYnbuKÁlEdlTTYl

eTaskñúgerOgkþIBukrlYy. eRkABIenH mankarkt;smÁal;fa KμanGgÁPaBenAkñúgsßab½nGyükar EdlmanmuxCMnajxagGMeBIBukrlYy.

RbkarenHRtUveKcat;TukfaCabBaðamYy BIeRBaHkaresIubGegát nigkareFVIbNwþgGaCJaelIGMeBIBukrlYyRtUvmankarhVwkhVWnBiess CMnaj

nigbTBiesaFn_. r)aykarN_ GRECO )anesñI[sßab½nGyükarbegáItGgÁPaBEtmYysRmab;edaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBukrlYy edayman

karTTYlxusRtUvbEnßménkarbNþúHbNþal karKaMRT nigEckrMElkbTBiesaFCamYyGgÁPaBdéTeTot EdlBak;B½n§karRbyuT§RbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYy. karbNþúHbNþalTUeTAk¾CabBaðacMa)ac;EdrcMeBaHecARkm nigm®nþInKr)al (GRECO 2002:24). eRkABIenHk¾mankar

sgát;F¶n;elIkic©shkar nigsRmbsRmYltYnaTIrbs;sßab½nGyükar (EC, 2003:15). mancat;viFankaredIm,IBRgwgkarbNþúHbNþal

rdæGaCJa ecARkm nigm®nþInKr)al b:uEnþminmaneKarBtamGnusasn_ EdlsMu[begáItGgÁPaBEtmYykñúgsßab½nGyükarsRmab;

edaHRsaykrNIGMeBIBukrlYyeT (GRECO 2004a:8).

dUc)anbBa¢ak;xagelI eTaHbImansßab½nepSg²bMeBjmuxgarEdlGnuvtþedaysßab½nGMb‘Uds_mwnk¾eday k¾eKyl;faenAmin

RKb;RKan;eT. sar³sMxan;énsßab½nGMb‘Uds_mwn sßitenARtg;karBitEdlfa kñúgzan³Casßab½nÉkraCümYy sßab½nenHGacCa]bkrN_

sMxan;bEnßmmYysRmab;Tb;sáat; nigRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. bBaðaenHKWedaysartYnaTIrbs;sßab½nGMb‘Uds_mwnRKbdNþb;elI

skmμPaBnanaEdlxusGMBIskmμPaBrbs;sßab½nEdlmanRsab; eRBaHsßab½nGMb‘Uds_mwn epþateTAelIkarkarBarRbCaBlrdæ[rYcputBI

karbMBanrbs;GMNacsaFarN³. manr)aykarN_fa karerobcMbegáItsßab½nGMb‘Uds_mwn kMBugEtRtUv)anBicarNa (GRECO

2004b:13). emeronsMxan;mYyEdlTTYl)anBIsßab½nRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyKW sar³sMxan;énkarTTYl)annUvkarTukcitþBIsaFarNCn

tamry³karbgðajnUvRbsiT§PaBkargar nigbeBa©jCalT§plkargar. dUcEdlr)aykarN_ GRECO )ankt;smÁal;kgVHkardak;eTas

cMeBaHkrNIGMeBIBukrlYyBImun naM[saFarNCn)at;bg;esckþITukcitþelIkic©RbwgERbgEdlkMBugeFVI nig)at;bg;esckþITukcitþelI

sßab½nEdlmanParkic©Tb;sáat; nigRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (GRECO 2002:26). eyIgsgÇwmfabBaðaenHnwgRtUvedaHRsayeday

kariyal½yRbqaMg nigTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyfñak;Cati KNAB Edl)anykcitþTukdak;xøaMgelITMnak;TMngsaFarN³ nigbegáInkar

yl;dwg. b:uEnþ r)aykarN_tamdanrbs;shKmn_GWr:ub )ankt;smÁal;fa enAeBlNaEdlkaryl;dwgCasaFarN³sIþGMBIGMeBI

BukrlYy nigtYnaTI nigmuxgarbs; KNAB RtUv)anekIneLIgCaTUeTA caM)ac;RtUvEtmankic©RbwgERbgCabnþeTot edIm,IbegáInkaryl;dwg

dl;sßab½nGnuvtþn_c,ab; vis½yGaCIvkmμ nigshKmn_CaTUeTA (EC 2003:15).

RbPB

KN³kmμkarGWr:ub 2003 r)aykarN_tamdanTUlMTUlayGMBIeRtomcUlCasmaCikrbs;Latevo

http://www.europa.eu.int./comm/enlargement/report_2003.pdf.cmr_Iv_final.pdf

Freedom House International 2004 RbeTsLatevokñúgGnþrkal 2004

http://unpan1.un.org/introduc/groups/public/documents/NISPAcee/UNPAN016580.pdf

GRECO 2002 karvaytémøelIkTImYy r)aykarN_vaytémøelIRbeTsLatevo

http://unpan1.un.org/introduc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN009754.pdf

80


GRECO 2004a karvaytémøelIkTImYy r)aykarN_GnuelamPaBRbeTsLatevo

http://www.greco.coe.int/evaluations/Default.htm

GRECO 2004b karvaytémøelIkTI2 r)aykarN_vaytémøRbeTsLatevo


yuT§sa®sþCatisþIBIkarTb;sáat;nigRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy 2004-2008/ 2004

http://www.knab.gov.IV/uploads/en_htm/National_Strategy.htm

Open Society Institute 2002 kartamdandMeNIrkarcUlCasmaCikshPaBGWru:b³ eKalneya)ayRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/corruption

Transparency International 2003 r)aykarN_GMeBIBukrlYyskl 2003


B½t’manTaMgenHRtUv)anRbmUlecjBIeKhTMB½rrbs;sßab½nanaEdl)anrayeQμaHxagelI.

81


KN³kmμkarRkmsIlFm’m®nþICan;x<s; (COEC) www.vtek.It/enver.htm/

GgÁPaBRtYtBinitürdæ (SC) ¬kariyal½ysvnkmμrdæ¦ www.vkontrole.It/en/about_general.shtm/

Seimas Ombudsmen’s Office (SOO) kariyal½ykarBarRbCaBlrdæénsPa Seimas

www3.Irs/It/Pls/Inter/www_viewer.viewer.ViewTheme?p_int_tv_id=823&p_kalb_id=2

sßab½nesIubGegátBiess (SIS) www.stt.It?lang=en

bTbBaØtþicm,g

c,ab;sþIBIkarsRmbsRmYlplRbeyaCn_saFarN³ nigÉkCnkñúgvis½ysaFarN³ (APIPPS)

http://www.unpan1.un.org/introduc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN017541.pdf

c,ab;sþIBI Seimas Ombudsmen ¬ExFñÚ 1998 No. VIII-950¦

http://www3.Irs.It/cgi-bin/preps2?Condition1=85986&Condition2

c,ab;sþIBIesvaesIubGegátBiess ¬2 ]sPa 2002 No. VIII-1649¦ http://www.stt.It/en/files/stt_law.pdf

c,ab;sþIBIGgÁPaBRtYtBinitürdæ ¬2 ]sPa 2000 No. I-907¦ c,ab;viesaFnkmμ éf¶TI 13 FñÚ qñaM 2001 No. IX-950)

http://www.vkontrole.It/en/_back_law.shtml http://www.vid.gov.Iv/eng/4laws/docs/203-01.pdf

c,ab;Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy ¬28 ]sPa 2002 No. I-904¦ http://www.stt.It/en/files/prvention.pdf

savta

snÞúHd¾sMxan;énkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy enAkñúgRbeTslITuyGanI KWCalkçN³vinicä½ytwgruwg EdltRmUv[RbeTsenH

Gnum½t edIm,Ieq<aHeTArkkarcUlCasmaCikshPaBGWr:ub enAEx]sPa qñaM 2004. shPaBGWr:ub)ankøayeTACakmøaMgclkr kñúgkar

RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgRbeTslITuyGanI (Transparency International, 2003: 177-178).

cab;taMgBIGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 RbeTslITuyGanI)anbegIátnUvGgÁPaBPaKeRcInénRkbxNÐc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

(OSI, 2002:356). eRkABIenH RbeTslITuyGanI)anbegáItsßab½n nigTIPñak;garCaeRcIn CaBiess kñúgvis½yGnuvtþn_c,ab; edIm,ITb;sáat;

tamdan nigRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (GRECO, 2002:5). GgÁPaBsMxan;CageKKWsßab½nesIubGegátBiess (SIS) EdlbegáItkñúgqñaM 1997

kñúgRksYgmhaépÞ (GRECO, 2002:8). kñúgqñaM2000 eRkABIkarGnum½tc,ab;sIþBIsßab½nesIubGegátBiess SIS enH eK)anBinitüeXIjfa

RbeTslITuyGanI

82


SIS )ankøayeTACaGVIEdleKcat;TukfaCaGgÁPaBRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyÉkraCüBitR)akdEtmYyKt; kñúgRbeTsCaeRcInEdl)ancUlCa

smaCikshPaBGWr:ubnaqñaM 2004 nigRbeTsEdlkMBugBüayamcUlCasmaCik.

karGPivDÆsMxan;BIreTotKWkarGnum½trbs;sPa Seimas nUvkmμvIFICatiRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy kñúgExmkra qñaM 2002 nigkar

Gnum½tc,ab;Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYykñúgEx]sPa qñaM 2002. kmμviFICatiTUlMTUlayRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy kMNt;nUvmeFüa)aybIya:g

edIm,IRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy dUcCa³

karTb;sáat; edayrab;TaMgkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyEpñkneya)ay nigTMnas;plRbeyaCn_ GMeBIBukrlYykñúgrdæ)al

kñúgBn§dar nigkñúgGaCJaFrKy kñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al kñúgsßab½nGnuvtþn_c,ab; nigkñúgsßab½ntulakar ehIyCMruj[manlT§kmμ

saFarN³ nigÉkCnPavUbnIykmμ shRbtibtþikarGnþrCati nigCMruj[mankarcUlrYmrbs;saFarNCn kñúgkarTb;sáat;

GMeBIBukrlYy.

karesIubGegát edIm,IbegáInRbsiTi§PaBkñúgkaresIubGegát cab;BIbBaØtiþc,ab;dak;kMhitbuBVsiTi§ rhUtdl;karbegáInkarEck

rMElkB½t’manrvagsßab½nepSg²EdlBak;B½n§nwgkaresIubGegát nigkareFVIbNþwgGaCJa.

karGb;rM rYmTaMgkarbBa©ÚlRbFanbTsIþBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyeTAkñúgkmμviFIsikSaenAkRmitmFümsikSa nig]tþmsikSa.

RbeTslITuyGanIsßitkñúgcMNat;fñak;TI 44 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 159 elItaragsnÞsSn_rbs;GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati qñaM

2005 sIþBIkaryl;eXIjBIGMeBIBukrlYy. fVIt,itEtRbeTslITuyGanI)ancat;viFankarsMxan;²CaeRcIn edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBuk

rlYyk¾eday k¾enAkñúgr)aykarN_tamdanlm¥itrbs;lITuyGanIsþIBIkareRtomcUlCasmaCikshKmn_GWr:ub)ansgát;F¶n;fa karRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYy {RtUvEtbnþTTYlnUvGaTiPaBx<s;} (2003:54). enAkñúgkarkMNt;GMeBIBukrlYyEdleFVIeLIgedayGgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati

Transparency International RbcaMRbeTslITuyGanIenH naqñaM 2004 eK)anrkeXIjfa RbCaBlrdæPaKeRcInyl;faGMeBIBukrlYy

KWCakarKMramkMEhgdl;RbeTsCati. shPaBGWr:ub)ansnñidæanfa {GMeBIBukrlYyenAEtCaRbPBénkarRBYy)armÖenAeLIy CaBiess

enAkñúgsßab½nKy sßab½nlT§kmμsaFarN³ nKr)alcracr ehIynigvis½ysuxaPi)al RBmTaMgRbB½n§tulakar (2003:13). eTaHbICa

GMeBIBukrlYykñúgneya)aykRmitx<s;CabBaðatUctack¾eday k¾GMeBIBukrlYyxagrdæ)alenAEtmankRmitx<s;enAeLIy (OSI,

2002:351).


kariyal½yesIubGegátBiess SIS RtUv)anbegáItdMbUgenAkñúgRksYgmhaépÞ naqñaM1997 Edlmanmuxgarcm,g RbmUl nigeRbI

B½t’mansm¶at;sIþGMBIbNþaj]RkidæCn nigm®nþIsaFarN³BukrlYy bEnßmeTAelIkarGnuvtþskmμPaBTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy (GRECO,

2002:8). bnÞab;BIkarGnum½tc,ab;sþIBIkariyal½yesIubGegátBiess kñúgqñaM 2000 sßab½nenH EdlkalenaHTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH

rdæaPi)al \LÚvenH )ankøayCasßab½neRkamc,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØ TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHRbFanaFibtI nigsPa Seimas ¬maRta 2¬1¦

énc,ab; SIS¦ edIm,IbegáInÉkraCPaBrbs;xøÜn BRgwgRbsiT§PaBrbs;xøÜn nigbegáInsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜn kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

enAkñúgEpñknItiRbtibtþi. dUecñH sßab½nenHmankatBVkic©eFVIr)aykarN_BIskm μPaBrbs;xøÜnCalaylkçN_GkSrCUnRbFanaFibtI

nigRbFansPa Seimas ya:gehacNas;BIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM ¬maRta 8¬7¦ énc,ab; SIS¦. c,ab;sIþBI SIS enH EcgBIvtßúbMNg

nigmUldæanc,ab;sRmab;skmμPaBrbs; SIS RBmTaMgParkic© nigmuxgarrbs;xøÜneTotpg ¬maRta 1 énc,ab; SIS¦.

naykkariyal½yesIubGegátBiess SIS RtUv)anEtgtaMgsRmab;GaNtþi 5qñaM edayRbFanaFibtI nigedaymankarÉkPaB

BIsPa Seimas. ebkçCnsRmab;tMENgnaykkariyal½yesIubGegátBiessenH RtUv)anesñIeLIgedayRbFanaFibtI dak;CUnsPa

83

karBN’nasegçbrbs;RbeTsnImYy²³ RbeTslITuyGanI

Seimas. RbFanaFibtIGacdkhUttMENgnaykkariyal½yesIubGegátBiess)an edaysarnigedaymankarÉkPaBBIsPa Seimas

GnuelamtambTbBaØtiþ maRta 12 énc,ab; SIS ¬maRta 11¬1¦ énc,ab; SIS¦. GnuRbFanTI1 nigGnuRbFanénkariyal½y

esIubGegátBiessRtUv)anEtgtaMg nigdkhUtedayRbFanaFibtI tamkarBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyRbFan SIS ¬maRta 11¬2¦ énc,ab;

SIS¦.

kariyal½yesIubGegátBies SIS EckecjCaEpñk nignaykdæanmYycMnYn dUcCa naykdæanskmμPaBesIubkarN_ naykdæan

Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy nigkariyal½ymUldæan 4 Edlkariyal½ynImYy²manEpñkesIubGegáterog²xøÜn RBmTaMgmannaykdæan nigman

EpñkmYycMnYnsRmab;EtGnuvtþkic©karépÞkñúg.1

kariyal½yesIubGegátBiess SIS RtUv)anbegáItCaGgÁPaBcm,gsRmab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy EdlmankarTTYlxusRtUv

CaeRcIn dUcCa karsRmbsRmYlkmμviFIRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy kartamrk nigTb;sáat;bTelμIsBukrlYy RBmTaMgkarFananUvviFankar

sRmbsRmYlenAkñúgsßab½nrdæ nigrvagsßab½nTaMgenaH CamYynwgsgÁm (Open Society Institute, 2002:367) GRECO, 2002:8).

muxgarcm,grbs;kariyal½yesIubGegátBiess manEcgenAkñúgmaRta 8 énc,ab;sþIBIkariyal½yesIubGegátBiess KW³

GnuvtþskmμPaBRbtibtþikar kñúgkartamrknigTb;sáat;bTelIμsTak;TinnwgGMeBIBukrlYy.

GnuvtþkarsaksYr nigesIubGegátbzmelIbTelIμsTak;TinnwgGMeBIBukrlYy.

shkarCamYysßab½nGnuvtþn_c,ab;ÉeTot dUcEdlmanEcgkñúgc,ab;.

RbmUl rkSaTuk nigviPaKB½t’mansIþGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy nig)atuPaBsgÁm nigesdækic©déTeTotEdlBak;B½n§ nig

erobcM nigGnuvtþkmμviFIRtYtBinitünigTb;sáat;bTelμIs edayQrelImUldæanén B½t’manEdlRbmUl)an.

kñúgkarbMeBjParkic©EdlRbKl;CUneTAkariyal½yesIubGegátBiess SIS m®nþIrbs;kariyal½yenHTTYl)anGMNacTUlMTUlay

rYmTaMgkartamdanlixiteqøIyqøg TMnak;TMngtameGLicRtUnik niglMenAdæan karcUlkñúgTItaMgénshRKasRKb;RbePT nigkareFVI

GFikarkic©enAcMNucRBMEdn ¬maRta 13 c,ab;begáItkariyal½yesIubGegátBiess SIS¦. maRta 16¬2¦ énc,ab;begáItkariyal½y

esIubGegátBiess Ecgc,as;fa {sßab½nrdænigTIPñak;garrdæ b¤nieyaCiténsßab½nTaMgenaH KNbkSneya)ay GgÁkar nigclna

saFarN³ bNþajsarB½t’man nItibuKÁl b¤rUbvnþbuKÁlÉeTot} RtUv)anhamXat;min[eRCotERCkkñúgkic©Rbtibtþikar b¤kargardéT

eTotrbs;m®nþIénkariyal½yesIubGegátBiess. karesIubsYr nigkaresIubGegátbzm EdleFVIeLIgedaykariyal½yesIubGegátBiess

SIS ¬edaynaykdæanesIubGegátrbs;kariyal½yenH¦ RtUv)anRtYtBinitü erobcM nigdwknaMedaysßab½nGyükar (Article 22[2], SIS

Law). edIm,IFanaÉkraCPaBrbs;xøÜn naykdæanesuIbGegátTaMgenHRtUvraykarN_pÞal;eTACUnGKÁrdæGaCJa ehIyminGacrg\T§iBlGVIBI

RbFanrbs; SIS eLIy (GRECO, 2002:9).

eRkABIenH maRta 15 énc,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy Ecgfakariyal½yesIubGegátBiess SIS RtUvEt³

cUlrYmkñúgkarksag nigGnuvtþkmμviFICatiRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy edayrYmCamYynwgTIPñak;garnana enAfñak;Cati nigfñak;extþ-

Rkug.

dak;CUnRbFanaFibtI sPa Seimas nigrdæaPi)al nUvsMeNIsIþBIkardak;[Gnuvtþ nigkarEklm¥c,ab;fμI² EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;

karGnuvtþskmμPaBTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy.

1manRkumsvnkmμépÞkñúg KNenyükr naykdæannItikmμ naykdæanbuKÁliknigesIubGegátépÞkñúg kariyal½ybec©kviTüaB½t’man kariyal½y

kic©karGgÁkar kariyal½yrdæ)al nigkariyal½ynItiviFIrdæ)al. ehIyk¾manTIRbwkSarbs;RbFan nigmRnþIB½t’man.

84


cUlrYmCamYyrdæaPi)alkñúgkarGnuvtþmuxgarsRmbsRmYlrbs;xøÜn ehIynigRtYtBinitüskm μPaBTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy

rbs;TIPñak;garepSg² enAfñak;Cati nigfñak;extþ-Rkug ehIynig

rYmCamYynwgTIPñak;garnana enAfñak;Cati nigfñak;extþ-Rkug edIm,IGnuvtþviFankarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy.

taMgBIedImerogmk kariyal½y SIS )andMeNIrkarCasßab½nGnuvtþn_c,ab;mYy EdlepþatCaBiessEtelIviFIsaRsþRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYytamEbbbRgáab \LÚvenH kariyal½y SIS )anEbrmkGnum½tykkan;EteRcIneLIgnUvmeFüa)ay 3 muxRBYj kñúgkarRbyuT§

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy EdlepþateTAelIkarTb;sáat; karesIubGegát nigkarGb;rMsaFarN³ edayGnuelamtamGaTiPaB Edldak;ecj

eday NACP (GRECO, 2002:23-24 and SIS, 2004:3). karGPivDÆenHnwgmankarBiPakSateTAeTotenAkñúgEpñkEdlniyayGMBI

emeronEdlTTYl)an.


maRta 12 énc,ab;Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyEcgfa karGnuvtþviFankarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYydUcmanEcgkñúgc,ab; RtUvGnuvtþ

edayrdæaPi)al KN³kmμakarRkmsIlFm’sRmab;m®nþIfñak;dwknaM (COEC) nigTIPñak;garnanafñak;Catinigfñak;extþ-RRkug2

bEnßmeTAelI

kariyal½yesIubGegátBiess SIS.

dUcBN’nakñúgmaRta 13 énc,ab;Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy rdæaPi)aledIrtYsMxan;kñúgkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy EdlkñúgenaH

rdæaPi)almanParkic©³ FanafaRksYgnanaRtUvEtGnuvtþviFankarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy ksagkm μviFIRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyfñak;Cati

CamYykariyal½yesIubGegátBiess SIS ¬sRmab;dak;CUneTA nigGnum½tedaysPa Saeimas¦ nigpþl;Gnusasn_CUnsPa Saeimas

edIm,Idak;[Gnuvtþ nigeFVIviesaFnkmμc,ab; niglixitbTdæanÉeTot EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy.

KN³kmμkarRkmsIlFm’m®nþIfñak;dwknaM (COEC) EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgqñaM 1997 KWCaGgÁPaBÉkraCümYyTTYlxusRtUv

cMeBaHsPa Saeimas. KN³kmμakarenHmansmaCik 5rUb smaCik 1rUb EtgtaMgedayRbFanaFibtI 1rUb EtgtaMgedayRbFansPa

Saeimas 1rUb EtgtaMgedaynaykrdæm®nþI nig 2rUb EtgtaMgedayrdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’. RbFanRtUv)anEtgtaMgedaysPa

Saeimas. KN³kmμakarenHmanelxaFikardæanEdlmansmaCik 6rUb CaCMnYykar (GECO, 2002:18).

muxgarsMxan;énKN³kmμkar COEC KWtamemIl nigRtYtBinitüm®nþIrdækarkñúgkareKarBc,ab; APPIPS sþIBIkarsRmYlRbeyaCn_

saFarN³ nigRbeyaCn_ÉkCnkñúgsßab½nrdæ EdlmaneKalbMNgFana[ {Gñkkan;tMENgsaFarN³RtUvEteFVIesckþIseRmceday

Ep¥kEtelIplRbeyaCn_saFarN³ FanaGBüaRkitPaBénesckþIseRmcEdlxøÜn)aneFVI nigTb;sáat;karekIteLIg nigkarrIksayén

GMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgmuxgarsaFarN³} ¬maRta 1 énc,ab; APPIPS sþIBIkarsRmYlRbeyaCn_saFarN³ nigRbeyaCn_ÉkCnkñúgsßab½n

rdærbs;m®nþIrdækar¦. maRta 4 énc,ab; APPIPS enH k¾)anEcgEdrfa m®nþICan;x<s;RtUvEtRbkasBIplRbeyaCn_ÉkCn ¬eBalKW

karRbkasBIRTBüsm,tiþ nigR)ak;cMNUl¦ EdlRtUvdak;CUnKN³km μkarRkmsIlFm’mRnþIfñak;dwknaM COEC ¬maRta 5¬6¦¦.

KN³kmμkar COEC viPaKesckþIRbkasTaMgenH ehIyGacpþÜcepþImeFVIkaresIubGegátelIkareKarBtamc,ab; APPIPS sþIBIkarsRmYl

RbeyaCn_saFarN³ nigRbeyaCn_ÉkCnkñúgsßab½nrdærbs;m®nþIrdækar edayEp¥ktamB½t’manEdlTTYl)an. Ep¥ktamkarviPaK

nigkaresIubGegát KN³kmμkar COEC Gacpþl;Gnusasn_[cat;viFankarepSg² dUcCa karpakBin½y b¤karbeNþjecjBIkargar.

viFankarTaMgenHRtUvEtdak;eTAtulakar. KN³kmμkar COEC k¾GacbBa¢ÚnB½t’maneTAGgÁPaBGnuvtþn_c,ab; edIm,IeFIVkaresIubGegát

bEnßm (GECO, 2002:18 and OSI, 2002:364).

2c,ab;Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy k¾manEcgBI {GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al} kñúgmaRta 12. b:uEnþmaRta 16 )anEcgeyagfaCa {TIPñak;garminEmn

rdæaPi)al}.

85


eRkABIenH tammaRta 14 énc,ab;Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy KN³kmμkar COEC manParkic©viPaKbBaðaRkmsIlFm’EdlRbQm

nwgm®nþIrdækar nigpþl;Gnusasn_Tak;TinnwgkmμviFIRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigdak;[Gnuvtþ nigEklm¥nUvc,ab; BüayamlubbM)at;lkçxNÐ

EdlnaM[manTMnas;plRbeyaCn_ÉkCn nigplRbeyaCn_saFarN³enAkñúgRkbxNÐkic©karsIuvil pþl;Gnusasn_CUnsPa Seimas

nigTIPñak;garÉeTot²enAfñak;Cati nigfñak;extþ-Rkug Tak;TinnwgkarGnuvtþtambBaØtiþnanaénc,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy nig

erobcMesckþIsegçbénkarGnuvtþviFanc,ab; EdlkMNt;BItRmUvkar[manRkmsIlFm’sßab½nenAkñúgvis½yepSg² ehIynigRtUvcUlrYmkñúg

karerobcMesckþIRBag nigkartak;EtgviFanTaMgenaH[eTACac,ab;.

maRta 16 énc,ab;Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyEcgfa edayGnuelamtamc,ab;enH TIPñak;garrdænigextþ-RRkugTaMgGs;GacbegáIt

GgÁPaBépÞkñúgsRmab;Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYykñúgvis½yénGaNtiþkargarrbs;xøÜn ehIyRtUvGnuvtþeKalneya)ayCatikñúgvis½yTb;sáat;

GMeBIBukrlYy. RtUvFana[mankareKarBtamesckIþtRmUvrbs;c,ab;sIþBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy RtUvksag nigGnum½tkmμviFIRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYykñúgRkbxNÐénkarTTYUlxusRtUvrbs;xøÜn RBmTaMgbegáInkaryl;dwgkñúgcMeNambuKÁlikrbs;xøÜnelIbBaðaTb;sáat;GMeBI

BukrlYy.

kñúgExtula qñaM 2001 KN³kmμkarsPaRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy Seimas RtUv)anbegáItedIm,Ibnþkargarrbs;KNkmμakaresIub

GegátbTelμIsesdækic©. tYnaTIcm,grbs;KN³kmμkarenH KWtamemIlsßanPaBGMeBIBukrlYykñúgRbeTs sþab;r)aykarN_ nigviPaK

skmμPaB nigesckþIseRmcrbs;sßab½nTaMgLay elIviFankarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ehIynigdak;CUnnUvesckIþesñIsIþBIviFankarRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYy (GECO, 2002:18 and OSI, 2002:369).

eRkABIGgÁPaBEdlbBa¢ak;xagelI GgÁPaBRtYtBinitürdæ (SC) RtUv)anbegáItedaymaRta 133 énc,ab;rdæFm μnuBaØ nig

kariyal½yGMb‘Uds_mwnrbs;sPa Seimas (SOO) RtUv)anbegáItedaymaRta 73 énc,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØ EdlmantYnaTITb;sáat;GMeBI

BukrlYy.

skmμPaBénGgÁPaBRtYtBitnitürdæ (SC) RtUv)anRKb;RKgedayc,ab;sþIBIkarRtYtBinitürdæ ¬maRta 1¦. GgÁPaBRtYtBinitü

rdæenH KWCasßab½nsvnkmμkMBUlrbs;rdæaPi)al ehIyTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHmuxsPa Seimas ¬maRta 5 ¬1¦¦. GgÁPaBRtYtBitnitürdæ

dwknaMedayGKÁsvkr ¬maRta 6¦ EdlEtgtaMgedayRbFanaFibtI tamGnusasn_rbs;sPa Seimas. muxgarcm,grbs;GgÁPaB

RtYtBinitürdæ KWRtYtBinitüPaBRsbc,ab;nigRbsiT§PaBénkarRKb;RKg nigkareRbIR)as;RTBüsm,tþirdæ nigcat;Ecgfvikardæ nigFana

[kargarsvnkmμrbs;rdæaPi)alRsbeTAtamsþg;darGnþrCati ¬maRta 4¦. enAkñúgkarBiinitü RbsinebIGgÁPaBRtYtBinitürdæ (SC)

rkeXIjPaBminRbRktI GgÁPaBenHmanParkic©esIubGegátmunnwgbBa¢ÚnkrNIenHeTACUnrdæGaCJa (GRECO, 2002:20). GgÁPaB

RtYtBinitürdæmanÉkraCPaBkñúgkarbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn ¬maRta5¦. karRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaParkic©

sMxan;rbs;GgÁPaBRtYtBinitürdæ CaBiesskñúgvis½yesuIbrk nigshkarCamYyGgÁPaBGnuvtþn_c,ab;nana (GRECO, 2002:20).

eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab; nigskmμPaBrbs;GMb‘Uds_mwnsPa Seimas nigrcnasm<½n§cat;taMg nigGMNacrbs; SOO RtUv)an

kMNt;edayc,ab;sþIBIsßab½nGMb‘Uds_mwnsPa Seimas ¬maRta 1¦. sßab½nGMb‘Uds_mwnsPaKWCaGgÁPaBrdæÉkraCü ¬maRta 10¦ Edl

mansmaCik 5rUb Edlmñak;²manParkic©tamemIlkic©karenAkñúgmuxgarsaFarN³mYymux²edayELkBIKña ehIyEtgtaMgsRmab;

GaNtiþ 4qñaM ecjBIebkçCnEdlesñIedayRbFansPa Seimas ¬maRta 6¦. tMENgGMb‘Uds_mwnGacdkhUt)anEttamkare)aHeqñat

semøgPaKeRcInBIsPa Seimas ¬maRta 7¦. GMb‘Uds_mwnRtUveFVIr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMCUnsPa Seimas ¬maRta 25¦.

86


muxgarcm,grbs;GMb‘Uds_mwn ¬mRnIþkarBarRbCaBlrdæ¦ KWesIubGegátBakübNþwgrbs;RbCaBlrdæ EdlBak;B½n§nwgkarbMBan

GMNac nigkariyaFibetyürbs;sßab½nrdæ rdæaPi)almUldæan nigrdæ)almUldæan RBmTaMgrbs;sßab½neyaFa elIkElgEtc,ab;Ecg

epSgBIenH ¬maRta 4¦. bnÞab;BI)anesIubGegátehIy GMb‘Uds_mwnGacpþl;Gnusasn_CUnGaCJaFrEdlrgkaresIubGegát RBmTaMgdak;

krNIenHCUneTAGaCJaFresIubGegátepSg² RbsinebIrkeXIjfamanPsþútagBIbTelμIs ¬maRta 22¦ . GMb‘Uds_mwnk¾mantYnaTIGb;rM

dl;saFarNCnGMBIsiTi§ nigviFIeRbIsiT§iTaMgenaHpgEdr ¬GRECO, 2002:26¦.

GMNactulakar manÉkraCPaBTaMgkñúgc,ab;nigkarGnuvtþ ¬OSI, 2001:377¦. minmannItiviFI BiesssRmab;erOgkþIEdl

Tak;TinnwgGMeBIBukrlYyeTenAkñúgtulakar ehIytulakarxVHCMnajBiesskñúgerOgBukrlYy. erOgkþIBukrlYyRtUv)anesIubGegáttam

nItiviFIFmμtasRmab;karesIubGegátmunCMnMuCRmH ¬GRECO, 2002:15¦.

tamKuNtémøénmaRta 118 énrdæFmμnuBaØ KWrdæGaCJaEdlRtUverobcM nigTTYlbnÞúkkaresIubGegátbzm nigerobcMEbbbTdak;

bNwþgecaTelIerOgkþIRBhμTNÐkñúgnamrdæ . mankarbBa¢ak;bgðajfa rdæGaCJaRtUvmanÉkraCükñúgkarbMeBjParkic©rbs;xøÜn. sßab½n

GyükarEckecjCakariyal½yGKÁrdæGaCJa nigkariyal½yrdæGaCJaEdndI nigdwknaMedayGKÁrdæGaCJa EdlEtgtaMgnigdkhUteday

RbFanaFibtI tamkarÉkPaBrbs;sPa Seimas. RbB½n§GyükarKWmanzananuRkmtwgruwg ehIyGKÁrdæGaCJamanGMNacTUlMTUlay

kñúgkareFVIGnþraKmn_RKb;lMdab;fñak; ¬GRECO, 2002:12-13¦.

mannaykdæan]RkidækmμGgÁkarcat;taMg nigesuIbGegátGMeBIBukrlYymYy EdlRtUv)anbegáItenAkñúgsßab½nGyükar ehIyman

GgÁPaBbuKÁlikEdlmanCMnajxag]RkidækmμGgÁkarcat;taMg nigesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy enAkñúgkariyal½yrdæGaCJaepSg². rYmKña

TaMgGs; sßab½nTaMgenaHbegáIt)anCaRbB½n§GyükarÉkPaB nigmCÄkarmYy sRmab;edaHRsaybTelμIsRbePTTaMgenH. naykdæan

enH mantYnaTIcab;epþIm nigeFVIbNwþgGaCJaRbqaMgnwg]Rkidækmμ GgÁkarcat;taMg nigbTelμIsBak;B½n§GMeBIBukrlYy RtYtBinitüskmμPaB

sYrcemøIy nigGgÁPaBesIubGegátmunCMnMuCRmHedayepþatelIGMeBIBukrlYy eFVIkaresIubGegátmunCMnuMCRmHelIbTel μ IsBukrlYy

KMaRTkarecaTRbkan;rbs;rdæenAkñúgtulakar esIubGegátkrNIGMeBIBukrlYyEdlBak;B½n§ nigsRmbsRmYlskmμPaBsYrcemøIy nigkar

esIubGegátmunCMnuMCRmHkñúgkrNIbTel μ IsBak;B½n§GMeBIBukrlYy. sßab½nenHk¾GacTTYlykerOgkþIBIGKÁrdæGaCJamkeFVIkarbnþpgEdr

¬GRECO, 2002:14¦.

nKr)al mankatBVkic©esIubGegátral;bTelμIsEdl)anbþwg rab;TaMgGMeBIBukrlYypgEdr. b:uEnþ erOgkþIBukrlYy RtUv)anbBa¢Ún

eTAsßab½nesIubGegátrdæ b¤ naykdæan]RkidækmμGgÁkarcat;taMg nigesuIbGegátGMeBIBukrlYy ¬GRECO, 2002:10¦. sßab½nGnuvtþn_

c,ab;CaeRcIn )ancuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBogedIm,IbegáInkic©shkar nigEckrMElkB½t’man[kan;EtmanRbsiT§PaB edIm,Itamdan nig

esIubGegátbTel μ IsGMeBIBukrlYy ¬EC, 2003:14¦. b:uEnþ KWrdæGaCJaEdlmanParkic©EbgEckerOgRBhμTNÐ cMeBaHsmtßkic©rbs;

GgÁPaBGnuvtþn_c,ab;. dUecñH manEtsßab½nesIubGegátrdæeT EdlmanParkic©esIubGegáterOgBukrlYy ¬GRECO, 2004:7¦.

kñúgcMNucenH skmμPaBrbs;sßab½nesIubGegátrdæRtUv)antamemIledaysßab½nGyükar ¬GRECO, 2002:24¦. KwrdæGaCJa EdlCaGñk

dak;bNþwgGaCJaGMBIGMeBIBukrlYyeTAtulakar ¬GRECO, 2002:16¦.

emeronEdlTTYl)an

dUcEdl)anbBa¢ak;kñúgr)aykarN_vaytémøRbeTslITuyGanI ¬GRECO, 2002:22¦ nigr)aykarN_lm¥itrbs;shPaBGWru:b

sþIBIkarerobcMrbs;RbeTslITuyGanI edIm,IcUlCasmaCikshPaBGWru:b ¬2003³13¦ RbeTslITuyGanI)ancat;viFankar

TUlMTUlayRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy CaBiessKW eKalneya)ayRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy rYmTaMgRkbxNÐc,ab; nigkarbegáItsßab½n KWkMBug

87


sßitkñúgdMeNIrkarl¥ ehIysmtßPaBkñúgvis½yRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyRtUv)anBRgwg. b:uEnþenAEtmankarRBYy)armÖCaeRcIn nigenAman

vis½yCaeRcInEdlRtUvEklm¥. shKmn_GWru:b)ansnñidæanfa{mankarcaM)ac;kñúgkarBenøÓnkarGnuvtþnUvkmμviFIenAfñak;Cati nigkmμviFItam

vis½y edaysgát;F¶n;elIfñak;mUldæan RBmTaMgFana[manFnFanRKb;RKan;} ¬TMB½r 13-14¦.

karRBYy)armÖmYyKW karxVHB½t’manGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy rYmTaMgxVHkarRsavRCav RBmTaMgTinñn½y nigsßitipøÚvkar. manmtielIk

eLIgfa Tinñn½y nigkarRsavRCav EdlsRmYldl;karvaytémøsßanPaBGMeBIBukrlYy GacnwgCYydl;karGnum½t nigkarGnuvtþviFankar

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (GRECO 2002:22). kan;Etmankarcab;Garm μN_xøaMgeLIgelIkarRsavRCavnigkarRbmUlTinñn½ynigsßiti.

]TahrN_sMxan;mYyKW kic©shkarrvagsßab½nesIubGegátrdæ nigGgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati Transparency International kñúgkar

RsavRCavxagsgÁmelIkrNIBukrlYy (GRECO 2004:2-3).

eTaHbICasßab½nesIubGegátrdæTTYl)ankarekatsresIrCaTUeTAk¾eday k¾mankarRBYy)armÖfa sßab½nenHRKan;EtCasßab½n

Gnuvtþn_c,ab;mYyb:ueNÑaH. enHCakarRBYy)armÖEdlTak;Tg CaBiess CamYytYnaTIsRmbsRmYlrbs;sßab½nesIubGegátrdæ nig

kmμviFICatiRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy edaymankarsgát;F¶n;elIkarTb;sáat; nigkarGb;rMEfmeTAelItYnaTIkñúgkaresIubGegát. r)aykarN_

vaytémø GRECO k¾)anesñI[begáItTIPñak;garBiess EdlmankarTTYlxusRtUvelIkmμviFIfñak;CatiRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. eK)ancat;Tuk

famankarepþatGarmμN_xøaMgeBkeTAelIkarGnuvtþ ehIyRtUvmankarepþatGarmμN_bEnßmeToteTAelIkarTb;sáat; nigkarGb;rMsaFarN³

TaMgsßab½nesIubGegátrdæ nigsßab½nepSgeTotEdlRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy (CE, 2003:14 and GRECO, 2002:23).

eTaHbICakarTTYlxusRtUvelIkmμviFICatiRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYysßitenAelIsßab½nesIubGegátrdæk¾eday k¾karbegáItnaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBI

BukrlYyrbs;sßab½nenH GacGnuBaØat[sßab½nenHepþatkan;EtTUlayTaMgeTAelIkarTb;sáat; TaMgeTAelIkarGb;rMpgEdr (GRECO,

2004: 3-4). GMbU‘ds_mwnk¾edIrtYsMxan;kñúgkarGb;rMsaFarNCnpgEdr (GRECO, 2004:26).

karRBYy)armÖxøaMgCagenHKW kgVHkic©shkarrvagsßab½nesIubGegátkñúgerOgkþIBukrlYy ehIyK μannItiviFIc,as;las;sRmab;

EbgEckkrNIBukrlYy. kalNakaresIubGegátmunCMnMuCRmHelIerOgBukrlYy EdlmanCab;Tak;TineTAnwgbTel μ IsepSgeTot

kic©shkark¾kan;EtmankarlM)akxøaMg. elIsBIenHeTot eKBinitüeXIjfa karesIubGegátmunCMnuMCMrHKμanKuNPaB EdlnaM[tulakar

RtUvEtbBa¢ÚnsMNMuerOgeTA[GñkCMnajBinitü. kargarEbbenHk¾naM[nItiviFItulakareRbIeBlevlaEvgpgEdr EdlnaM[mankarkksÞH

erOgkþIBukrlYyCaeRcIn (GRECO, 2005:24-25). eK)ancat;viFankaredIm,IedaHRsaykgVl;TaMgenH tamry³karcat;taMgrdæGaCJa

CaGaCJaFrEckrMElkerOgkþIRBh μTNÐ nigpþl;karbNþúHbNþalCMnajdl;buKÁlikesIubGegát (GRECO, 2004:6-7). b:uEnþ

shKmn_GWr: ub enAEtbBa¢ak;fa RtUv[mankic©RbwgERbg[)anxøaMg {edIm,IbegáItbNþajmYysmRsb nigs½kiþsiT§

sRmab;[manRbsiT§PaBkñúgkar EckrMElkB½t’man} rvagsßab½nGnuvtþn_c,ab;nana (2003: 14).

RbPB

KN³kmμakarGWr:ub 2003 r)aykarN_tamdanTUlMTUlayGMBIeRtomcUlCasmaCikrbs;lITuyGanI

http://www.europa.eu.int./comm/enlargement/report_2003.pdf.cmr_Iv_final.pdf

GRECO 2002 karvaytémøelIkTI1 r)aykarN_vaytémøelIRbeTslITuyGanI

http://unpan1.un.org/introduc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN009762.pdf

GRECO 2004a karvaytémøelIkTI1 r)aykarN_GnuelamPaBrbs;RbeTslITuyGanI


kmμviFICatiRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyénsaFarNrdælITuyGanI http://www.stt.It/en/files/programme.pdf

88


Open Society Institute, 2002 kartamdandMeNIrkarcUlCasmaCikshPaBGWru:b³ eKalneya)ayRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/corruption

sßab½nesIubGegátBiess qñaM 2004 r)aykarN_Gnuvtþn_RbcaMqñaM 2003

http://www.stt.It/en/files/report_2003.pdf

Transparency International 2003 r)aykarN_GMeBIBukrlYyskl 2003


Transparency International 2003 CMBUkRbeTslITuyGanI 2004 sßanPaBGMeBIBukrlYykñúgRbeTslITuyGanI

karRsavRCavGMBIGakb,kiriyaBlrdænigshRKincMeBaHGMeBIBukrlYy nigbTBiesaFkñúgkarRbQmmuxnwgkrNIBukrlYy

qñaM 2004 http://www.transparency.It/up/1101479107_MAP_OF_CORR2004_WWW.zip

B½t’manTaMgenHRtUv)anRbmUlecjBIeKhTMB½rrbs;sßab½nnanaEdl)anrayeQμaHxagelI.

89


TIPñak;garRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (ACA) sUmemIleKhTMB½r www.bpr.gov.my/English/acamain.htm/

sParbs;GKÁRBHGaCJarbs;RbeTsm:aeLsIu sUmemIleKhTMB½r www.agc.gov.my/agc/index-eng.htm

viTüasßansucritPaBrbs;RbeTsm:aeLsIu (IIM)

naykdæansvnkmμCati (NAD) ¬kariyal½yGKÁsvnkr¦ sUmemIleKhTMB½r www.audit.gov.my

kariyal½yTTYlBakübNþwgsaFarN³ (PBC) sUmemIleKhTMB½r www.bpa.jpam.my/index1.php?lang=E

bTbBaØtþicm,g

c,ab;sþIBIsvnkmμqñaM 1957

c,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬c,ab;elx 575¼1997¦ sUmemIleKhTMB½r www.bpr.gov.my/English/mainact.htm

savta

c,ab;dMbUgEdl)anGnum½tenAkñúgRbeTsm:aeLsIu EdlmaneKalbMNgRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyKW c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;

GMeBIBukrlYy qñaM1950. eRkayBI)anTTYlÉkraCükñúgqñaM 1957 viFankarmYykñúgcMeNamviFankarCaeRcInrbs;raCrdæaPi)alKW

karsikSaBIGMeBIBukrlYykñúgRbeTs. eRkayBI)anbB©ab;karsikSaenH viFankarmYycMnYn®tUv)aneKcat;eLIgedIm,IRbyuT§RbqaMgnwg

GMeBIBukrlYy edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarbegáItnUvkgkmøaMgBiessedIm,IesIubGegátnUverOgBak;B½n§nwgGMeBIBukrlYynana (Kassim Bin

Mohamad, 2005:3). bnÞab;BIenHmk mankarGnum½tc,ab; sþIBIkarTb;sáat;nUvGMeBIBukrlYy ehAkat;fa (PCA) enAqñaM1961 ehIy

nigkarbegáItTIPñak;garRbqaMgGMeBIrBukrlYy ehAkat;fa (ACA) kñúgqñaM1967. bnÞab;BIkarGnum½tc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItkariyal½yCati

sRmab;karesIubGegátkñúgqñaM 1973mk TIPñak;garRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy®tUv)aneKbþÚreQ μaHeTACakariyal½yCatisRmab;karesIub

Gegát ehAkat;fa (NBI). eTaHbICakarpøas;bþÚreQμaHenHminmankarERb®bYlCak;lak;NamYykñúgGaNtþikargarrbs;xøÜnk¾eday k¾

karpøas;bþÚrenH®tUv)ansaFarNCnyl;eXIjfa NBI ®tUv)aneKpþl;GaNtþikargareRcInTUlMTUlayCagGaNtþirbs; ACA EdlFøab;

manBImun ehIytYnaTIrbs;vak¾)anRKbdNþb;eTAelIEl,gsIusg nigkarrt;Bn§ RBmTaMgtYnaTIepSg²eTot. CamYynwgkarGnum½tc,ab;

sþIBIkarbegáItTIPñak;garRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy kñúgqñaM 1982mk sßab½nenHk¾®tUv)aneKbþÚreQ μaHmþgeToteTACaTIPñak;garRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYy EdlehAfa (ACA) kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgkargarBitR)akdrbs;TIPñak;garenH KWkargarTb;sáat;GMeBI

BukrlYy.

RbeTsm:aeLsuI

90


eRkABITIPñak;garRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (ACA) sßab½nepSg²mYycMnYneTot®tUv)aneKbegáIteLIgkñúgeKalbMNgedaHRsaybBaða

GMeBIBukrlYy BRgwgnUvPaBesμaHRtg; dUcCa kariyal½yTTYlBakübNþwgsaFarN³ (PCB) EdlbegáIteLIgkñúgqñaM 1971. edIm,I[

RsbeTAtamkarGPivDÆCati nigGnþrCati c,ab;enH®tUv)aneKeFVIviesaFnkmμkñúgqñaM 1971 ehIyk¾)annirakrN_ecj nigdak;CMnYs

edayc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgqñaM 1997(Kassim Bin Mohamed, 2003). c,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy EcgnUvkarpþnÞaeTasy:ag

F¶n;F¶rcMeBaHral;GMeBIBukrlYy . tamc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy karpþl;sMNUkk¾dUcCakarTTYlsMNUk RtUvcat;TukfaCabTelμIs ehIy

ral;m®nþIraCkarEdleKyksMNUkeTACUnenaH KWRtUvraykarN_eTATIPñak;garRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy b¤raykarN_eTAb:UlIs ¬EpñkTI 10

nigTI 17¦.

RbeTsm:aeLsIu sßitenAkñúgcMNat;fñak;elx 39 kñúgcMeNambNþaRbeTs 159 elItaragsnÞsSn_rbs;GgÁkartmøaPaB

GnþrCatiqñaM 2005 sIþBIkaryl;eXIjBIGMeBIBukrlYy. kñúgkareRbobeFobCamYyRbeTsepSgeTotenAkñúgtMbn;GasIu RbeTsm:aeLsIu

manGMeBIBukrlYykñúgkRmitmYyTabCageK b:uEnþ RbeTsenHTTYlsÁal;fa GMeBIBukrlYyGacbgánUvkarKMramKMEhgdl;karGPivDÆeTA

éf¶GnaKt. edayyl;eXIjBIbBaðaenH dMNak;kalCaeRcIn®tUv)aneKcat;eLIgedIm,IBRgwgnUvPaBesμaHRtg;enAkñúgCYrrdæaPi)al TaMgenA

fñak;shB½n§ nigfñak;Cati . edayKitdl;bBaðaenH enAkñúgqñaM2004 rdæaPi)al)anerobcM[manEpnkarsucritPaBCati (NIP). Epnkar

sucritPaBCati (NIP) enHcg¥úlbgðajnUvGaTiPaBdMbUgcMnYn 5 kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,IC®mujnUvPaBesμaHRtg;enAkñúgsgÁmCatiTaMgmUl.

GaTiPaBTaMgenaHman³

kat;bnßy[)anCadac;xatnUvGMeBIBukrlYy karGnuvtþminRtwm®tUv nigkarrMelaPGMNac.

begáIn[PaBs½kiþsiT§énRbB½n§EckcayCasaFarN³ ehIynigCMnH[)annUvnItiviFIsμúKsμajrbs;kariyaFibetyü.

eFVI[RbesIeLIgnUvGPi)alkic©saCIvkmμ nigRkmsIlFm’muxC¿nYj.

BRgwgsßab½nRKYsar ehIynig

begáInCIvPaBtrs;enA nigsuxmalPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæ.

viTüasßansucritPaBrbs;RbeTsm:aeLsIu (IIM) RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IelIkkm<s; nigsRmbsRmYlkarGnuvtþEpnkar

sucritPaBCati (NIP).


TIPñak;garRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (ACA) cab;epþImkic©Rbtibtþikarrbs;xøÜnenAéf¶TI 1 Extula qñaM1967. ACA KWCasßab½n

dMbUgEdlTTYlbnÞúkRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgvis½ysaFarN³ nigvis½yÉkCn Edl)anGnum½tykviFIsa®sþsMxan; 3 mux

RBYj KWesIubGegát Tb;sáat; nigGb;rM. c,ab;sþIBIkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYykMNt;nUvGaNtþikargar nigmuxgarrbs; ACA. cMeBaH

dMeNIkarRbtibtiþ ACA ®tUv)aneKdak;[sßitenAeRkamnaykdæanrbs;naykrdæm®nþI.

TIPñak;garRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (ACA) dwknaMedayGKÁnaykmñak; EdleRCIserIsecjBIcMeNamsmaCikm®nIþrdæaPi)al

EtgtaMgedayRBHmhakSRt (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) tameyabl;rbs;naykrdæm®nþI ¬kfaPaK 3-2 énc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy¦. GKÁnaykminmansniþsuxmuxtMENgeT eRBaHKat;RtUvbMeBjkargareRkamRBHtRmiHrbs;RBHmhakSRt Yang di-Pertuan

Agong tamkaresñIrsMurbs;naykrdæm®nþI ¬kfaPaK 3-4 énc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy¦. Bak;B½n§nwgkardak;vin½y GKÁnayk

KWhak;bIdUcCasmaCikrbs;rdæaPi)al ¬kfaPaK 3-5 énc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy¦. eyagtamc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYy GKÁnaykTTYlxus®tUvcMeBaHkardwknaM karRKb;RKg nigkar®tYtBinitünUvral;bBaðaTaMgGs;Bak;B½n§eTAnwg ACA ¬kfaPaK

38-6¦ . GKÁnaykmanC¿nYykarEdlCaGKÁnaykrgcMnYn 2 rUb . ACA mankariyal½ykNþalmYy EdlmannaykdæancMNuHcMnYn

91

karBN’nasegçbrbs;RbeTsnImYy²³ RbeTsm:aeLsIu

9 RBmTaMgmankariyal½yfñak;rdæenAkñúgrdæcMnYn 14 rbs;RbeTsm:aeLsIu EdlenAtamkariyal½ynImYy²dwknaMedaynayk

kariyal½yrdæ. enAtamrdæTaMgenaH manbegáItGnusaxaCaeRcIn kñúgeKalbMNgBRgIknUvvtþmanrbs; ACA enAtamtMbn;dac;Rsyal

EfmeTotenAkñúgRbeTs. bc©úb,nñenH eKeRKagerobcMbegáItGnusaxabEnßmeTot (Kassim Bin Hohamed, 2005:3).

muxgarsMxan;²mYycMnYnrbs; ACA KW³

TTYl nigBicarNanUvral;r)aykarN_Bak;B½n§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy ehIynigeFVIkaresIubGegátedaycMh k¾dUcCaedaysm¶at;

elIr)aykarN_nana EdleKyl;faGaceFVI)an.

tamrk nigesIubGegátnUvral;bTelμIsEdlmankarsgS½y karb:unb:gRbRBwtþnUvbTelμIs b¤karXubXitkñúgkarRbRBwtþnUv

bTelμIsNamYy EdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy.

RbmUlPsþútagedIm,IbgðajnUvkarRbRBwtþbTelμIs karrMelaPGMNac nig¼b¤ kardak;vin½ycMeBaHkarRbRBwtiþminRtwm®tUv.

FanafaplRbeyaCn¾saFarN³ nigyutþiFm’®tUv)ankarBar[Rsbtamc,ab;Cati nigbTbBaØatiþEdlBak;B½n§ tamry³kar

pþl;karBieRKaHEpñkc,ab; nigkarkat;kIþd¾yutþiFm’cMeBaHerOgBak;B½n§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy nigkarrMelaPGMNac.

CYydl;RbFansßab½nrdæ nigsßab½nÉkCn kñúgkarGnuvtþkardak;vin½ycMeBaHm®nþIEdl)anrMelaPelIc,ab;kargar nigrMelaP

RkmsIlFm’kargar dUcEdl)anraykarN_enAkñúgr)aykarN_dak;vin½yrbs; ACA.

BinitüelIkarbMeBjkargar BinitüelIRbB½n§ nignItiviFIepSg²rbs;GgÁPaBrdæ edIm,ICYys®mYldl;karEsVgrkbTel μ Is

edayEp¥ktamc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy RBmTaMgFananUvkarBinitüeLIgvijelIkarbMeBjkargar RbB½n§ nignItiviFITaMgenaH

EdlGKÁnaykyl;eXIjfa Gacbgá[manGMeBIBukrlYy.

ENnaMdl;RbmuxdwknaMGgÁPaBrdæ kñúgkarEkERbkarGnuvtþ EkERbRbB½n§ nigEkERbnItiviFIepSg² Edltammtieyabl;rbs;

GKÁnayk vamanPaBcaM)ac;sRmab;kat;bnßynUv»kasénkarRbRBwtiþGMeBIBukrlYy.

RtYtBinitüelIkareRCIserIs nigelIkarGnum½tyl;RBm cMeBaHm®nþIEdls½kiþsmeTAnwgtMENgx<s;²enAkñúgvis½ysaFarN³

RBmTaMgenAkñúgsßab½nmYycMnYn edIm,IFanafa manEtebkçCnEdlminFøab;Bak;B½n§eTAnwgGMeBIBukrlYy nigkarrMelaPGMNac

b:ueNÑaHeT EdlRtUv)aneKTTYlyk. ehIynig

Gb;rMdl;saFarNCn ]TahrN¾dUcCa eFVI[saFarNCnyl;dwgBIplGaRkk;énGMeBIBukrlYy RBmTaMgeFVI[karKaMRTBI

saFarNCn kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy mankarrIkceRmInnigKg;vgS.

m®nþIrbs; ACA KW®tUv)aneKpþl;nUvGMNacCaeRcInTUlMTUlayedIm,IbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn. GnuEpñkTI 7-2 énc,ab;sþIBIkar

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy Ecgfa {cMeBaHeKalbMNgénc,ab;enH ral;m®nþIrbs;TIPñak;garmanGMNac nigGP½yÉksiTi§ dUcKñaeTAnwgGMNac

nigGP½yÉksiT§iTaMgGs;rbs;m®nþIb:UlIs Edl)anTTYlkarEtgtaMgtamc,ab;sþIBIb:UlIsqñaM 1967.{ m®nþICan;x<s;rbs; ACA

RtUv)aneKpþl;siT§i dUcKñaeTAnigsiT§irbs;GFikarRsuk kñúgkarecjdIkaepSg² nigecjnUvlixitbBa¢ak;nana ¬kfaPaKTI 7-4

énc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy¦. eBlNaEdlm®nþINamñak;rbs; ACA manehtuplEdlGaceCO)anfa bTelμIsEdlmanEcg

enAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy )anekIteLIg b¤GacnwgekIteLIgenaHKat;GacepþImeFVIkaresIubGegát ehIyedIm,IeFVIkic©karenH

Kat;nwgGnuvtþnUvGMNacTaMgGs;kñúgkaresIubGegát dUcmanEcgkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgnUvGMeBIBukrlYy nigRkmnItiviFIRBh μTNÐ

¬kfaPaK 21-3 énc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy¦. EpñkTI 22 énc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyEcgfa kñúgeKalbMNg

edIm,IeFVIkaresIubGegát m®nþIrbs;TIPñak;garmanGMNackñúgkarekaHehAsakSI EdleKt®mUv[mkbgðajxøÜn RBmTaMgbgðajnUvral;

B½t’mancMeBaHbBðaaEdleKsYrKat; ehIyk¾Gact®mUv[buKÁlÉeTotbgðaj b¤dak;CUnnUvÉksarepSg²CaedIm. b:uEnþ siT§ienHmin®tUv

GnuvtþcMeBaHesovePAFnaKareLIy. RbsinebIbuKÁlNamñak;RbRBwtþpÞúyeTAnwgEpñkTI 22 Kat;®tUvmaneTasBIbTRbRBwtþbTel μIs.

EpñkTI 28 énc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyk¾)anEcgpgEdrfa³

92


ral;buKÁlTaMgGs; Edlm®nþIrbs;TIPñak;gartRmUv[pþl;nUvB½t’mancMeBaHkrNINamYy EdlvaCakatBVkic©rbs;Kat;kñúgkar

esIubGegát dUcEdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy ehIyEdlB½t’manenaHsßitenAkñúgkNþab;édrbs;

buKÁlenaH CnenaHRtUvCab;katBVkic©kñúgkarpþl;nUvB½t’manenaH.

enAeBleFVIkaresIubGegát cln³RTBüEdlKitfaGacykmkeFVICaPsþútag)anBak;B½n§eTAnwgbT el μ IsdUcEdlmanEcgkñúg

c,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyenaH KWGac®tUv)anrwbGUsedaym®nþIrbs;TIPñak;gar Edlmanzan³CaGñkesIubGegát b¤zan³x<s;

CagGñkesIubGegát ¬EpñkTI 25 énc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy¦. m®nþIrbs;TIPñak;gark¾man siT§ipgEdrkñúgkarcab;xøÜnbuKÁlNamñak;

EdlsgS½yfa)anRbRBwtþbTelμIs dUcmanEcgkñúgc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬EpñkTI 30 énc,ab;enH¦. GMNacepSg²eTotrbs;

m®nþIrbs;TIPñak;gar KWkMNt;edayRBHraCGaCJa EdlnwgmanEcgbEnßmenAxageRkam.

ACA )anbegáItnUvRbB½n§TTYlBakübNþwgsaFarN³ kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,IFanafasaFarNCn Gacdak;BakübNþwg)aneday

®sYl. RbB½n§TaMgenH rYmTaMgelxRbGb;b:usþ×éRbsNIy_Edlmint®mUv[mankarbiTEtm ehIybNþwgGaceFVIedayGnamik)an

RBmTaMgelxTUrs½BÞniyayeday\tKitéføRbcaMkar 24 em:ag. kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,IFanafa RbCaBlrdædwgnUvRbB½n§énkarbþwgenH

meFüa)ayTMnak;TMngTaMgenH ®tUv)ancuHpSayenAkñúgkaEstCatinana EdlCaEpñkmYyénkarGb;rM nigkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³rbs;

ACA EdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarpSBVpSaytamviTüú nigTUrTsSn_ EdlGMBavnavsMu[mankarshRbtibtþikarBIRbCaBlrdæ kñúgkarRbyuT§

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy.


eTaHbICa ACA mankarTTYlxus®tUvTaMgmUl kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyk¾eday k¾enAqñaM 1998 naykrdæmRnþI)an

ENnaMdl;RksYg-mnÞIrénrdæaPi)alshB½n§ RBmTaMgrdæaPi)alRbcaMrdæ naykdæan nigTIPñak;garepSg² [eFVIkarbegáItnUvKN³kmμaFikar

RKb;RKgPaBesμaHRtg; ehAkat;fa (IMC) edIm,ICYydl;kargarrbs;TIPñak;gar ACA. muxgarrbs; IMC KWbMeBjkargaredIm,IQan

eTArkkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy karrMelaPbMBanGMNac nigkarRKb;RKgminRtwm®tUv tamry³karelIkeLIgnUvbBaðaGPi)alkic©l¥.

bEnßmelIenHeTot eKalbMNgrbs; IMC KWedIm,Idak;[manCanic©nUvkarRKb;RKgépÞkñúgRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy. ACA rYmCamYynwg

GgÁPaBeFVIEpnkarTMenIbPavUbnIykmμ rdæ)al kmøaMgBlkmμ ehAkat;fa (MAMPU) RtUv)aneKEtgtaMg[eFVICashGñksRmbs®mYl

rbs;KN³km μkarCatiRKb;RKgPaBes μaHRtg; IMC. tamry³ynþkarenH ACA ®tUv)aneKpþl;[nUvExSbeNþayedaypÞal;kñúgkar

RKb;RKgeTAelInaykénnaykdæan nigTIPñak;garnana EdlGnuBaØat[mankic©shRbtibtþikarkan;EtCitsñiT§EfmeTot kñúgkarRbyuT§

RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy (Kassim Bin Mohamad, 2005:4).

ral;bNþwgGaCJaelIbTelμIsEdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy Gaccab;epþImeFVIedayRBHraCGaCJa b¤eday

mankaryl;RBmBIRBHraCGaCJa ¬EpñkTI 50 énc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy¦. ¬3¦ eyagtamkfax½NÐTI 3 énmaRta 145 én

rdæFm μnujrbs;rdæshB½n§ KWGKÁemFavI EdlCaGñkmanGMNackñúgkarseRmcfa cab;epþImeFVIkarecaTRbkan; bnþkarecaTRbkan;

b¤bBaÄb;karecaTRbkan; cMeBaHbTelμIsNamYyCaCagkardMeNIrkarnItiviFIenAcMeBaHmuxtulakar Syariah tulakarenAtamRsuk b¤

tulakarswk. GKÁemFavIk¾CaRbFanénsPaénGKÁemFavIrbs;RbeTsm:aeLsIupgEdr. GKÁemFavIRtUv)anEtgtaMgedayRBHmhakSRt

Yang di-Pertuan Agong tamkaresñIsMurbs;naykrdæm®nþI. edIm,IkøayCaGKÁemFavI CnenaH®tUvEtmanlkçN³sm,tþiCaecARkm

éntulakarshB½n§.

93


enAkñúgsPaénGKÁemFavI manEpñkGyükarEdlTTYlbnÞúkGnuvtþGMNacrbs;GKÁemFavI kñúgtYnaTICaRBHraCGaCJa eday

GnuelamtamEpñkTI 376 énRkmnItiviFIRBhμTNÐ. muxgarbEnßmeTotrbs;EpñkGyükar ¬KWEpñkTTYlbnÞúkxagkarecaTRbkan;¦

enHman³

eFVIbNwþgGaCJaenAtulakarextþ-Rkug ¬saladMbUg¦ nigtulakarCan;TabbMput¬salalhu¦.

kat;esckþIerOgRBhμTNÐ bNwþg]T§rN_ dak;BaküsMu nigBinitüsareLIgvijenAtulakarkMBUl.

eFVIkarbþwgTas; nigdak;BaküsMuepSg²eTAsala]T§rN_ nigtulakarrdæshBn½§.

pþl;eyabl; nigeFVIkarENnaMdl;TIPñak;garTTYlbnÞúkxagesIubGegát nigecaTRbkan;bTelμIs.

erobcMsMNMuÉksaresIubGegát nigseRmcfaetI®tUvcab;epþImkarecaTRbkan; b¤minecaT.

edayeyagtamc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy RBHraCGaCJa®tUv)aneKpþl;[bEnßmnUvGMNac EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarRbyuT§

RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy. RBHraCGaCJaGacGnuBaØat[m®nþIrbs; ACA cuHeFVIGFikarkic©elIesovePAFnaKar nigRbmUlnUvsmÖar³ nig

B½t’manepSg²BIFnaKar ¬EpñkTI 31 énc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy¦. RBHraCGaCJak¾GacGnuBaØatpgEdrdl;ral;m®nþIrbs; ACA

[cUleTAkñúgbrievN b¤TItaMgnana nigeFVIkarEqkeqrbrievN b¤TItaMgenaH RBmTaMgbuKÁlRKb;rUbEdlmanvtþmanenATIenaH. RbsinebI

m®nþIrbs; ACA yl;eXIjfavaminsmRsbkñúgkarsMukarGnuBaØatBIRBHraCGaCJa m®nþI ACA enaHGaccUleTAkan;brievN b¤TItaMgenaH

ehIyepþImeFVIkarEqkeqredaymincaM)ac;mankarGnuBaØat ¬épñkTI 23 énc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy¦. enAkñúgkal³eTs³xøH

enAeBlEdlRBHraCGaCJayl;RsbtamB½t’manEdl)anraykarN_eday ACA RBHraCGaCJaGacbBa¢a[eFVIkarXat;Tuk b¤rwbGUsRTBü

sm,tþi ¬EpñkTI 33 nig 34 énc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy¦.

RBHraCGaCJak¾Gact®mUv[buKÁlRKb;rUbRbkasRTBüsm,tþi enAeBlEdlbuKÁlenaHRtUv)aneKsgS½yfa)anRbRBwtþbTel μ Is

EdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqMagGMeBIBukrlYy. RbsinebIRBHraCGaCJamanehtuplsmRsbGaceCO)anfa sac;BaØatiNamñak;

mitþP½kiþ b¤buKÁlepSgeTotGacCaRbeyaCn_kñúgkaresIubGegátrbs;Kat; Kat;k¾Gact®mUv[buKÁlenaHeFVIkarRbkasRTBüsm,tþipgEdr.

enAkñúgkrNIenH RBHraCGaCJak¾GacesñIrsMueTAFnaKar [pþl;nUvB½t’mansþIBIRTBüsm,tþirbs;buKÁlTaMgenaH dUcEdl)anbgðajxagelI.

RbsinebIRBHraCGaCJamannUvehtuplsmRsbEdlGaceCO)anfa ral;m®nþINamñak;rbs;rdæaPi)al RtUv)aneKesñIrsMu[eFVIkarRbkas

RTBüsm,tþiEdlxøÜnman cMeBaHRTBüEdlmancMnYneRcInelIsBIR)ak;cMNUlrbs;Kat; ehIyedayeFIVkarBicarNaeTAelIsßankarN_

epSg²eTotenH Kat;GacesñIrsMu[buKÁlenaHeFVIkarBnül;faetIRTBüenaH)anmkedayrebobNa. RbsinebIm®nþImin)aneFVIkarBnül;

[)anc,as;las;eT Kat;nwgmankMhusBIbTelμIsmYy ehIyRbsinebItulakaryl;eXIjfamankMhus Kat;nwg®tUvmaneTasdUcKñaeTA

nwgbuKÁlEdl®tUv)anecaTRbkan;fa)anRbRBwtþnUvGMeBIBukrlYyEdr. karpþnÞaeTasdUcKñaenH k¾®tUvGnuvtþpgEdrcMeBaHbuKÁlNaEdlmin

)anRbtibtþitam enAkñúgkargaresIubGegátrbs;RBHraCGaCJa ¬EpñkTI 32 énc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy¦. KYrkt;smÁal;fa

cMeBaHkrNITaMgenH karbgðajPsþútagKWCabnÞúkrbs;CnCab;ecaT.

naykdæansvnkmμCati (NAD) dwknaMedayGKÁsvnkr Edl®tUv)anEtgtaMgedayRBHmhakSRt Yang di-Pertuan Agong

tamkaresñIsMurbs;naykrdæm®nþI ¬maRta 105-1 rbs;rdæFmμnuBaØshB½n§¦. eTaHbICa NAD sßitenAeRkamnaykdæanénnaykrdæm®nþI

k¾eday tamry³kardwknaMrbs;GKÁsvnkr naykdæansvnkmμCati NAD KWCasßab½nÉkraCümYy ehIyenAkñúgsßab½nÉkraCüenH

GKÁsvnkr mansniþsuxmuxtMENg ehIy®tUvraykarN_eTACUnrdæsPatamry³RBHmhakSRt Yang di-Pertuan Agong ¬maRta

105-3 nig 107-1 énrdæFmμnujshB½n§¦. bEnßmelIenHeTot GKÁsvnkrminsßitenAeRkamsmtßkic©rbs;KN³kmμkarmuxgar

saFarN³eT ¬maRta 109 énrdæFmμnujshB½n§¦. eyagtammaRta 106-1 KWGKÁsvnkreT EdlmansiT§ieFVIsvnkmμelIKNnI nig

eFVIr)aykarN_GMBIKNnIrbs;shB½n§ nigrdæ. edayEp¥ktamEpñkTI 7 énc,ab;sþIBIsvnkmμ kñúgkarbMeBjkargarbs;xøÜn dUcEdlman

94


EcgenAkñúgrdæFm μnujshB½n§ GKÁsvnkrGacekaHehAbuKÁlRKb;rUb edIm,ImkBnül; nigpþl;B½t’man EdlGKÁsvnkryl;faCakar

caM)ac;kñúgkarbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn. GKÁsvnkrGacBinitüral;kMNt;ehtuTaMgGs;EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;bMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn.

CagenHeTAeTot GKÁsvnkrGacGnuBaØat[m®nþINamñak;eFVIkaresIubGegát Binitü nigeFVIsvnkmμkñúgnamrbs;Kat; ehIyraykarN_BI

bBaðaenHeTA[Kat;vij RBmTaMgGacRbKl;GMNacrbs;Kat;CalaylkçN_GkSreTA[m®nþINamñak;dUcmanEcgenAkñúgEpñkTI 7. KWtam

ry³bBaØtiþ enHehIyEdlm®nþIrbs; NAD GacTTYlkarepÞrGMNacBIGKÁsvnkr)an. tamviFIenH NAD mankatBVkic©FananUvGaTiPaB

énkarTTYlxus®tUvenAkñúgkarRKb;RKg nigcat;EcgmUlniFisaFarN³ tamry³kareFVIsvnkm μelIbBa¢IKNnI nigelIskm μPaBrbs;

rdæaPi)alshB½n§ rdæaPi)alrdæ GgÁPaBEdlbegIátedayc,ab; GaCJaFrmUldæan nigGgÁPaBepSg²eTot. buKÁlikrbs; NAD KWCa

smaCikénm®nþIraCkarénRbeTsm:aeLsIu. eRkABItYnaTIEdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIsvnkmμ GKÁsvnkrk¾GacbMeBjtYnaTIenAtam

TIPñak;garsaFarN³epSg²eTot kñúgkarGPivDÆeKalkarN_GPi)alkic©smRsbsRmab;Rkbx½NÐsaFarN³.

kariyal½yTTYlbNþwgsaFarN³ (PCB) ®tUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgqñaM 1971 ehIyCaEpñkmYyenAkñúgnaykdæanrbs;

naykrdæm®nþI. PCB edIrtYCaynþkarmYy Edltamry³ynþkarenH saFarNCnGacdak;BakübNþwgGMBIkarbMeBjkargarminRtwm®tUv

nigkarrMelaPGMNacenAkñúgesvasaFarN³ ¬KWenAkúñgRksYgmnIÞrbs;rdæaPi)al¦. PCB dwknaMedayGKÁnaykmYyrUb CamYyKñanwg

GKÁnaykrgmYyrUb. manKN³kmμaFikarGcié®nþTTYlBakübNþwgsaFarN³ (PCPC) pgEdr Edlmanmuxgar nigkarTTYlxusRtUv

kñúgkarbegáIteKalneya)ansþIBIRbB½n§RKb;RKgbNþwgsaFarN³ BinitünigseRmcelIr)aykarN_TTYlbNþwgsaFarN³ EdlerobcM

eday PCB ENnaMdl;RbFanGaCJaFrepSg²EdlCab;Bak;B½n§ [cUlrYmkñúgkarRbCMurbs; PCPC edIm,IbMPøWGMBIBakübNwþg b¤erOgepSg²

ehIynigENnaMGaCJaFrEdlCab;Bak;B½n§[edaHRsaybBaða edayEp¥kelIlT§plénkaresIubGegátelIbNþwg. PCPC manGMNac

rdæ)alkñúgkaresñIsMu nigTTYlB½t’man BinitüemIlsMNMuÉksar nigÉksarEdlBak;B½n§epSg²eTot nigesñIsMu[m®nþIEdlmankarCab;

Bak;B½n§ eFVIkarBnül;.

emeronEdlTTYl)an

karGnum½tc,ab;bc©úb,nñ KWc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy - ekItecjmkBITsSn³Edlyl;fac,ab;munmanPaBTn;exSay

ehIyk¾begáItc,ab;enHeLIgedIm,IC¿nYsc,ab;cas;. CaBiess KWc,ab;munenaHRtUv)aneKyl;faminmanRbsiT§PaB BIeRBaHkarpþnÞaeTas

bTelμIsGMeBIBukrlYymanPaBRsaleBk. elIsBIenHeTot m®nþIrbs; ACA minmanGMNacRKb;RKan;edIm,IbMeBjkargarrbs;xøÜnkñúg

karRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgvis½ysaFarN³eLIy. RbkarenHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkrNI EdlmanlT§PaBtictYckñúgkarrwbGUs

RTBüFn Edl)anTTYlBIskmμPaBBukrlYy. bBaðaenHmanEcgkñúgc,ab;bc©úb,nñ RBmTaMgmandak;bBaØatiþenAkñúgEpñkmYyEdlEcgfa

karmansm,tiþRTBüEdlminGacBnül;[c,as;las;)an RtUvcat;TukCabTelμIssRmab;karesIubGegát. (Kassin Bin Mohamed,

2003)

eCaKC½yrbs; ACA KWedaysarEtmanqnÞ³neya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)al rYmCamYynwgkarbnþnUvkarBRgwgc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMg

GMeBIBukrlYy ehIyBRgwgnUvGaNtþikargarrbs; ACA [kan;EtmanRbsiT§PaB kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (Kassim Bin

Mohamad, 2005:5 and 10).

dUc)aneBalxagelI rdæaPi)al)anTTYlsÁal;faKWCakarcaM)ac;kñúgkarCRmuj[manPaBes μaHRtg;enAkñúgsgÁmCatiTaMgmUl

minEmnEtenAkñúgvis½ysaFarN³EtmYyenaHeT. eqøIytbnwgKMnitenH rdæaPi)al)anGnum½tnUvEpnkarsucriPaBCati (NIP) EdledIr

tYCaEpnkarskm μPaBmYysRmab;RKb;vis½yTaMgGs; kñúgkarCRmujnUvPaBes μaHRtg; nigksagnUvsgÁmd¾s¥ats¥MmYy. TidæPaBd¾

sMxan;rbs; NIP KWfa vamanmUldæanecjBIeKalkarN_énrdæFmμnuBaØshB½n§ RBmTaMgeKalneya)ayENnaMdéTeTot. RbkarenHGac

95


Fana)anfavaRsbKñaCamYynwgGaTiPaB eKalkarN_ nigkitüanuPaBCati. elIsBIenHeTot NIP edaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúg

vis½ysaFarN³ d¾dUcCakñúgvis½yÉkCn nigsMxan;CagenHeTotenaH KWvaepþateTAkñúg®KYsarEdlykyuvCnCaTisedA. vapÞúyeTAnwg

GVIEdlEtgEtekIteLIgenaH NIP min)an)at;bg;nUvckçúvis½yénTisedArbs;xøÜnkñúgkarCRmujnUvPaBesμaHRtg; karTTYlxus®tUv nig

PaBesμaHRtg;kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgPaBRkIRk nigelIkKuNPaBénCIvitrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæ.

dUc)anelIkeLIgxagelI edIm,IC®muj nigsRmbsRmYl karbMeBjkargarrbs; NIP [kan;EtmanRbsiT§PaB viTüasßansc©Fm’

rbs;RbeTsm:aeLsIu (IIM) ®tUv)anbegáIteLIg. IIM ®tUv)anbegáIteLIgedaysareXIjc,as;fa ACA RtUvRbQmmuxnwgbBaðaFM²

CaeRcIn kñúgkarBRgwgkic©karrbs;xøÜn kñúgkarCRmuj[saFarNCnyl;dwgGMBIeRKaHfñak;énGMeBIBukrlYy nigkarrMelaPGMNac.

PaBTn;exSayrbs; ACA kñúgvis½½yGb;rM GacBnül;)anfa TIPñak;gar ACA enH epþatCacm,gEteTAelIkaresIubGegát nigTb;sáat;GMeBI

BukrlYy. dUecñH tYnaTIrbs; IIM KWedIm,IC®mujpgEdr nUvkaryl;dwgGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy nigPaBcaM)ac;éntmøaPaBenAkñúgesvasaFarN³

(ADB and OECD, 2004:55). b:uEnþ IIM EdlCaviTüasßanmYyEdleTIbEtbegáIteLIgfμI nwgTamTar[mankarbegáInsmtßPaB

RBmTaMgFnFanbEnßmeTot edIm,I[ IIM GacbMeBjParkic©rbs;xøÜnedaymanRbsiT§PaB. rIÉ ACA k¾kMBugEtepþatGarmμN¾kan;EteRcIn

eLIgeTAelIkarTb;sáat; nigkarGb;rMBIGMeBIBukrlYyEdr BIeRBaH ACA )anTTYlsÁal;fa GMeBIBukrlYyminGackat;pþac;)an nigminGac

RKb;RKg)antamry³kardak;TNÐkmμEtmYymuxenaHeT (Kassim Bin Mohamad, 2005:9).

RbPB

Abu Kassim Bin Mohamed EdlniyayGMBIkarkat;pþac;b¤sKl;énGMeBIBukrlYy - R)ak;Bin½yEdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;RbeTsm:aeLsIu eday)anbgðajenAÉsnñisIT Interpol niyayBIPaBCaédKUkñúgkarRbyuT§

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ehAkat;fa ICAC BIéf¶TI22-24 Exmkra qñaM 2003 enATIRkughugkugRbeTscin sUmemIleKhTMB½r

www.icac.org.hk/conference/Presentation/Day2/Cutting%20off%20th%20lifeline%20Corruption%20

(Mohamed %20-%205 Speech).pdf .

Abu Kassim Bin Mohamed EdlniyayGMBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYykñúgCMnYy Tsunami³ karGnuvtþnUvkarRbqaMgGMeBI

BukrlYyRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nigynþkarénkaredaHRsaybNþwg bTBiesaFrbs;RbeTsm:aeLsIu ÉksarEdl)an

bBa¢ÚneTAkic©RbCMuCMnajkarsþIBIkarTb;sáat;nUvGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgkic©xitxMRbwgERbgpþl;CMnYy Tsunami 7-8 Exemsa

qñaM 2005 TIRkughSakata RbeTs\NÐÚeNsIu.

ADBnig OECD eKalneya)ayRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgGasIu nig):asIuPik Rkbx½NÐ Ktiyutþ nigRkbx½NÐsßab½n.

rdæaPi)alrbs;RbeTsm:aeLsIu nigkm μviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati Exemsa qñaM 2005 karGPivDÆnUvsmtßPaBrbs;

viTüasßansc©PaBrbs;RbeTsm:aeLsIu sRmab;GnuvtþnUvEpnkarsþIBIPaBesμaHRtg;rbs;Cati ¬ÉksarKeRmag¦.

Bt’mank¾GacTTYl)anpgEdrBIevbsayrbs;sßab½nepSg²Edl)anbgðajxagelI.

96


GgÁPaBtamemIlfvika nigesIubtémø (BMPIU)

kariyal½yRkmsIlFm’ (CCB)

KN³kmμkarTTYlbnÞúkxagbTelμIsesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú ehAkat;fa EFCC sUmemIleKhTMB½r www.icpcnigeria.com

KN³km μkarÉkraCüTTYlbnÞúkbTel μ IsBukrlYy nigbTel μ IsEdlBak;B½n§epSg²eTot ehAkat;fa ICPC sUmemIl

eKhTMB½r www.icpcnigeria.com

bTbBaØtþicm,g1

c,ab;sþIBIkarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy nigbTelμIsBak;B½n§epSg²eTot qñaM2000 ehAkat;fa CPRO sUmemIleKhTMB½r

www.icpcnigeria.com

c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItKN³kmμkarTTYlbnÞúkbTelμIIsesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú qñaM 2002

savta

RbeTsnIehSrIy:a sßitenAkñúgcMNat;fñak;elx 152 kñúgcMeNambNþaRbeTs 159 enAelItaragsnÞsSn_rbs;GgÁkartmøaPaB

GnþrCati qñaM 2005 sIþBIkaryl;eXIjBIGMeBIBukrlYy. RbeTsnIehSrIy:a )ankøayCasgÁmmYy EdlGMeBIBukrlYy)anekItman

eLIgCalkçN³sßab½npg nigCalkçN³RbB½n§pg (Agbu, 2004:22). sar³sMxan;énkaredaHRsayelIbBaðaGMeBIBukrlYyd¾Basval

BaskalEbbenHKWCaPsþútagCak;Esþg eRBaHfa GMeBIBukrlYyKW®tUv)aneKemIleXIjfaCaktþacm,gmYycMeBaHPaBRkIRky:agF¶n;F¶r

rbs;RbeTs ehIyk¾CaktþasMxan;mYyEdlrYmcMENkdl;CIvitrs;enAd¾lM)ak EdlRbCaBlrdærbs;xøÜn)anCYbRbTH (Osborne,

2005:3). enAkñúgqñaM 2001 karcuHsÞg;mti EdleFVIeLIgedaysßab½nrYmKñamYycMnYn )anbgðajfa RbCaBlrdænIehSrIy:a)anyl;eXIj

faGMeBIBukrlYy KWsßitkñúgcMNat;fñak;elxBIr bnÞab;BIPaB\tkargareFVI EdlCa]bsKÁdl;karGPivDÆ. PaBbnÞan;énkarRbyuT§RbqaMg

nwgGMeBIBukrlYyk¾®tUv)anTTYlsÁal;edayelakRbFanaFibtI Olusegun Obasanjo EdlenAkñúgsnÞrkfarbs;Kat;enABIFIsemÖaF

mYy bnÞab;BIRbeTsnIehSrIy:a )anvilRtLb;eTAkan;rbbRbCaFibetyüvijkñúgqñaM 1999 )ancg¥úlbgðajfaGMeBIBukrlYyCa]bsKÁ

mYyd¾FMkñúgkarGPivDÆ ehIy)ansnüafanwgcat;viFankarRbqaMgnwgbBaðaenH. eRkayBIelakRbFanaFibtI)aneLIgkan;tMENg

enAkñúgExmifuna qñaM2003 Kat;)ancab;epþImGnum½tc,ab;sþIBIkarRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy nigbTelμIsBak;B½n§epSg²eTot (CPRO) (Agbu,

2004:9). c,ab; CPRO )anbegáItKN³kmμkarÉkraCüTTYlbnÞúkbTelμIsGMeBIBukrlYy nigbTelμIsBak;B½n§epSg²eTot (ICPC)

Casßab½nkMBUlTTYlbnÞúkRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigbTelμIsBak;B½n§epSg²eTot.

RbeTsnIehSrIy:a

97

karBN’nasegçbrbs;RbeTsnImYy²³ RbeTsnIehSrIy:a

b:uEnþ PaBcRmUgcRmas;)anekItmancMeBaH ICPC taMgBIcab;epþImdMbUg edaysarFmμnujPaBénKN³kmμkarenHRtUveKbwþgtv:aeTA

tulakar. eBlEdlerOgenHkMBugsßitenAÉtulakar KN³kmμkar ICPC enHminGacesIubGegát ehIyk¾minGaceFVIbNþwgecaTelIGMeBI

EdlCabTelμIsBukrlYy)aneLIy. 2 qñaMeRkaymk eTIbtulakar)anseRmcfa ICPC mansiT§ieFVIkic©karTaMgenaH (Osborne,

2005:10). b:uEnþ enAmankarBnüaeBlbEnßmeTot edaysarenAqñaM2003 RBwT§sPa)ane)aHeqñatGnum½tc,ab;mYyCaCMnYsc,ab;

CPRO EdleFVI[GaNtþikargarrbs; ICPC cuHexSay1. b:uEnþ c,ab;EdlykmkCMnYsenH ®tUv)anRbkasemaXPaBedaytulakar

Can;x<s;rbs;rdæshB½n§ (TI, 2004:225). luHRtaEtdl;edImqñaM 2004 eTIbKN³kmμkar ICPC Gaccab;dMeNIkar)anedayesrI

dUcEdleK)aneRKagTukBImun. kñúgry³eBl 4 qñaMdMbUg KN³km μkar ICPC )anTTYlr)aykarN_Et 1>200 b:ueNÑaH. cMnYn

r)aykarN_tictYcenH )aneFVI[nItiviFIénkarraykarN_manPaBTn;exSay (Osborne, 2005:10). ehIycMeBaHr)aykarN_Edl)an

TTYl KN³kmμkarGaceFVIkaresIubGegát)anEtBak;kNþalb:ueNÑaH edaysarxVHfvika (Agbu, 2004:10). manTsSn³mYyyl;fa

ICPC )anbMeBjkargarTabCagGVIEdleK)anrMBwgTuk (TI, 2004:225) ehIyminmanqnÞ³Büayam eFVIkaresIubGegátelIerOgkþIBukrlYy

FM²enaHeT (Agbu, 2004:11).

karGnum½tc,ab; CPRO nigkarbegáItKN³km μkar ICPC KWRKan;EtCaEpñkmYyénkic©xitxMRbwgERbgnaeBlbc©úb,nñrbs;

rdæaPi)al edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaBukrlYy. viFankarepSgeTotKW rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarbegáItKN³kmμkarTTYlbnÞúkbTelμIsesdækic© nig

hirBaØvtßú (EFCC) nigEpñk®tYtBinitüfvika nigcarkmμtémø (BMPIU-®tUv)aneKsÁal;eQμaHfaCakariyal½yrebob) RBmTaMgkarBRgIk

GaNtþikargarrbs;kariyal½yxagRkmsIlFm’ (CCB)/karEkTRmg;esvasaFarN³ nigkic©xitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IBRgwgsucritPaB

nigsmtßPaBrbs;tulakar. karpþÜcepþImKMnitenHbgðajR)ab;fa rdæaPi)alBitCamanbMNgRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyEmn. b:uEnþ

rhUtmkTl;eBlenH KWmanPsþútagtictYcNas;EdlbBa¢ak;fa eK)anseRmcplCadMukMPYn. bBaðasMxan;KWkgVHxatqnÞ³neya)ay

CaBiessBIsMNak;RBwT§sPa (Agbu, 2004:11) RBmTaMg]bsKÁepSg²eTotenAkñúgsgÁmEdleFVI[BYkeKTTYlbraC½y kñúgs®gÁam

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. bBaðaenH qøúHbBa©aMgeTAelIkgVHqnÞ³kñúgkarbþwgecaTRbkan;buKÁlEdlmantMENgx<s;². ]bsKÁepSgeTotKW

PaByWty:avxagnItiviFIrbs;tulakar (Agbu, 2004:22-33). eyagtam Osborne karBitKWfa RbCaCnPaKeRcInmanTMlab;rs;enA

kñúgEbbbT nigcriklkçN³BukrlYy ehIymankic©RbwgERbgEtbnþicbnþÜc b¤k¾esÞIrEtK μanpgeT edIm,Ipøas;bþÚrEbbbTrs;enA nig

criklkçN³enaH (2005:5).


KN³km μkarÉkraCüTTYlbnÞúkbTel μ IsGMeBIBukrlYy nigbTel μ IsBak;B½n§epSg²eTot ¬ICPC¦ KWCasßab½nkMBUlsRmab;

RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigbTelμIsEdlBak;B½n§epSg²eTot . edayGnuelamtamKuNtémøénGnuEpñkTI 3¬1¦ énc,ab; CPRO

KN³kmμkarenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAExkBaØa qñaM 2000 CaGgÁPaBsaCIvkm μ. ÉkraCPaBrbs;KN³km μkar RtUv)anFanaeday

GnuEpñk 3¬14¦EdlEcgfa {kñúgkarbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn dUcmanEcgkñúgc,ab; CPRO KN³kmμkarmin®tUvsßitenAeRkamkarENnaM

b¤eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;buKÁlNamñak; b¤sßab½nNamYyeLIy.{ c,ab;k¾)ankMNt;niymn½yénGMeBIBukrlYy EcgGMBIkarpþnÞaeTas

bTelμIsBak;B½n§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy RBmTaMg)ankMNt;nUvGaNtþikargar nigmuxgarrbs;KN³kmμkarÉkraCü ICPC.

eyageTAtamGnuEpñk 3¬3¦ ICPC manRbFanmYyrUb nigsmaCikcMnYn 12nak;. RbFan nigsmaCikepSg²eTot®tUvEtgtaMg

edayRbFanaFibtI tamkarÉkPaBBIRBwT§sPa ¬GnuEpñkTI 3¬6¦. eyagtamGnuEpñk 3¬8¦ RbFan b¤smaCikepSg²eTotrbs;

ICPC Gacnwg®tUvdkecjBItMENgedayRbFanaFibtI tamkarGnum½tyl;RBm 2¼3énsmaCikRBwT§sPa. KN³km μkarminGac

cab;epþImbMeBjtYnaTIrbs;xøÜn)aneLIy Tal;EtsmaCikTaMgGs;)anRbkasnUvRTBüskmμ nigRTBüGkm μrbs;xøÜn. RbFan®tUvEtCa

1KYrkt;smÁal;fa karEkERbmYycMnYnEdlC®muj[mankarGnum½tnUvc,ab;fμIGacniglubnUvbBaØatiþsMxan;²mYycMnYn EdlkareFVIdUecñHeFVI[kar

dwknaMrbs;RBwT§sPa nigrdæsPa sßitenAkñúgkaresIubGegátenAeLIy.

98


buKÁlEdlFøab;eFVICaecARkm b¤manlkçN³sm,tþiCaecARkméntulakarCan;x<s;. smaCik 12nak;epSgeTotrbs;KN³km μkarenH

KW®tUvEtCa³ 2nak;Cam®nþIb:UlIsEdl)ancUlnivtþn_ ¬®tUvmanzan³cab;BIsñgkareLIg¦ 2nak;eTotCaGñkeFVIkarkñúgvis½yc,ab;

¬®tUvmanbTBiesaFn_BImunmkcMnYn 10 qñaM¦ 2nak;eTotCam®nþIraCkarEdl)ancUlnivtþn_ ¬edaymanzan³cab;BIfñak;naykeLIg¦ ®sIþ

2nak; nigyuvCncMnYn 2nak; ¬manGayumineRkam 21 qñaM b¤minelIsBI 30qñaM KitmkRtwméf¶Edl®tUvEtgtaMg¦ ¬GnuEpñk 3¬3¦¦.

elxaFikarmñak;EtgtaMgedayRbFanaFibtI EdlTTYlbnÞúkkargarrdæ)alTUeTA nigRKb;RKgbuKÁlikrbs; ICPC tamkarENnaM

rbs;RbFanGnuEpñk 4¬6¦. eyagtamGnuEpñk 3¬12¦ KN³kmμkarmansiT§iEtgtaMg dkecj nigdak;vin½ycMeBaHbuKÁlikrbs;xøÜn

ehIyGacGnum½tbTbBa¢arbs;xøÜnsRmab;eRbIR)as;.

kñúglkçN³Casßab½nkMBUlkñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ICPC manParkic©eFVIbNwþgGaCJa ¬KWerobcMEbbTbwþgecaTRbkan;¦

nigkMNt;TNÐkmμcMeBaHkarRbRBwtþbTelμIsGMeBIBukrlYy nigbTelμIsepSg²eTotEdlmankarBak;B½n§. karTTYlxus®tUvcm,grbs;

KN³kmμkar dUcEdlmanEcgenAkñúgEpñkTI 6 énc,ab; CPRO Gacnwg®tUvEbgEckCabIEpñk EdlxageRkam³

karesIubGegát

TTYlr)aykarN_ ehIynigkñúgkrNIsmRsb eFVIkaresIubGegát nigbwþgecaTbuKÁlenaH RbsinebImanehtupl

RKb;RKan;sgS½yfabuKÁlenaH)anXubXwtkñúgkarRbRBwtþi b¤)anRbRBwtþbTel μ IsEdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab; CPRO

b¤c,ab;epSg²eTotsþIBIGMeBIBukrlYy b¤bTelμIsEdlBak;B½n§.

Tb;sáat;

BinitükarGnuvtþ BinitüRbB½n§ nignItiviFIrbs;sßab½nsaFarN³ kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,Irk[eXIj nigedIm,IFananUvkar

BinitüsareLIgvijelIkarGnuvtþ BinitüelIRbB½n§ nignItiviFIEdltammtirbs;KN³km μkar vaGacbNþal[mankar

RbRBwtiþGMeBIBukrlYy.

pþl;eyabl; ENnaM nigCYydl;sßab½nsaFarN³GMBIrebobEdlRtUvkat;bnßy b¤lubbM)at;kare)akbnøM nigkarRbRBwtiþ

GMeBIBukrlYy. ehIynig

ENnaM;RbFansßab½nsaFarN³GMBIkarGnuvtþ GMBIRbB½n§ b¤nItiviFIepSg² Edl ICPC eCOCak;favaGacQaneTArkkar

kat;bnßynUv»kasénkarsUk):an; karRbRBwtiþGMeBIBukrlYy nigbTelμIsepSg²eTot.

karGb;rMCasaFarN³

Gb;rMdl;RbCaBlrdæsþIBI ¬nigkarRbqaMg¦karsUk):an; GMeBIBukrlYy nigbTelμIsEdlBak;B½n§epSg²eTot. ehIynig

RKaMRT nigCRmujkñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy.

rcnasm<½n§énkarRbRBwtþieTArbs; ICPC manKN³kmμaFikar 3³ ¬1¦esIubGegát nigbþwgecaT ¬2¦Tb;sáat; nigsikSaRbB½n§

nig¬3¦pSBVpSay nigGb;rMsaFarN³. KN³kmμaFikarTaMgbIenH RKb;RKgelInaykdæanEdlTTYlbnÞúktamEpñkénkic©karrbs;xøÜn.

bEnßmelIenHeTot manGgÁPaBBiessrbs;RbFan nigRkumebskkmμpøÚvkat; ¬EdlmanRkumGñkesIubGegát nigRBHraCGaCJafñak;kMBUl¦

EdlTaMgGs;Kña TTYlxus®tUvcMeBaHmuxRbFan. eyageTAtamGnuEpñkTI 7¬2¦ ICPC GacbegáItsaxaenAtamrdænImYy² RBmTaMg

enAkñúgEdndIénrdæshB½n§. b:uEnþ kariyal½ysaxaTaMgenaH minTan;)anbegáItenAeLIyeT.

r)aykarN_Edl ICPC )anTTYl®tUvbBa¢ÚneTAnaykdæanesIubGegát edIm,IeFVIkaresIubGegátbzm. c,ab; CPRO pþl;[m®nþI

rbs; ICPC nUvGMNacTUlMTUlaykñúgkaresIubGegát dUcCa karEqkeqr karrwbGUs nigkarcab;xøÜnCaedIm. RbFanmansiTi§ENnaMm®nþI

ICPC [sMudIkaBItulakaredIm,IcUledaybgMç nigEqkeqrkñúgbrievNTItaMg ¬EpñkTI 36¦. eRkayBI)anTTYldIkaBItulakar RbFanGac

GnuBaØat[m®nþIrbs; ICPC eFVIkarGnuvtþnUvGMNacTaMgGs;kñúgkaresIubGegátBak;B½n§eTAnwgFnaKar nigsßab½nhirBaØvtßú dUcEdlman

99


EcgenAkñúgGnuEpñkTI 43¬2¦. ral;buKÁlTaMgGs; Edl®tUv)anesñIredaym®nþIrbs;KN³km μkar[pþl;B½t’manelIbBaðaBak;B½n§

eTAnwgParkic©rbs;xøÜn KW®tUvEteFVItamkaeesñIsMuenaH. karxkxankñúgkarpþl;Bt’manKWCabTelμIsmYyEdlGacdak;TNÐkmμ)an ¬EpñkTI

40¦. eyagtamEpñkTI 5 énc,ab; CPRO enAeBleFVIkaresIubGegát b¤ecaTRbkan;erOgkþIbTelμIsBak;B½n§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy m®nþIrbs;

ICPC manGMNac nigGP½yÉksiT§idUcKñaeTAnwgGMNac nigGP½yÉksiT§irbs;m®nþIb:UlIs edayGnuelamtamc,ab;sþIBIb:UlIs

RBmTaMgc,ab;epSg²eTotEdlRbKl;GMNaceTA[b:UlIs b¤BRgwgGMNacnigkarBarPñak;garGnuvtþc,ab;.

bEnßmelIenHeTot RbFank¾GacesñIsMu[buKÁlRKb;rUb RBmTaMgsac;jatiþ nigKUknrbs;bKÁlenaH pþl;nUvB½t’manCa

laylkçN_GkSrGMBIclnRTBü nigGclnRTBü. RbsinebIRbFanmanehtuplEdlsgS½yfaclnRTBü b¤GclnRTBürbs;

buKÁlEdlmankarsgS½yenH RbsinebIKat;Cam®nþIraCkar mancMnYneRcInhYsBIR)ak;cMNUlnaeBlbc©úb,nñ b¤R)ak;cMNUlBIGtItkal

Kat;GacesñIsMu[buKÁlm©as;RTBüeFVIkarBnül;)an. RbsinebIkarBnül;minmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;eTKW buKÁlenaH®tUv)ansnμt;fa)an

eRbIR)as;tMENgrbs;xøÜnedIm,ICaRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn edayGMeBIBukrlYy ¬épñkTI 44¦. RbFanGacbBa¢a[rwbGUsnUvRTBü Edl)an

TTYledayedaykarRbRBwtþbTelμIs dUcmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab; CPRO RBmTaMgtambBa¢arbs;tulakar esñIsMudkhUtÉksareFVIdMeNIr

TaMgGs;BIbuKÁlEdlsßitenAeRkamkaresIubGegát ¬EpñkTI 45 nig 50¦. KYrkt;smÁal;pgEdrfa ecARkmrbs;tulakarCan;x<s;Gac

ENnaMdl;emFavI nigTIRbwkSa [bgðajral;B½t’manEdlBYkeKman EdlGacCab;Bak;B½n§eTAnwgkaresIubGegátrbs; ICPC tamBaküsMu

Edl)aneFVIeLIgBak;B½n§eTAnwgkaresIubGegát EdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab; CPRO ¬EpñkTI 39¦.

eRkayBI)anbBa©b;karesIubGegát m®nþITTYlbnÞúkesIubGegátRtUverobcMr)aykarN_bBa¢ÚneTA[naykdæanGyükar edIm,IeFVIkar

kMNt;fa etImanP½sþútagRKb;RKan;edIm,IbegáItsMNMuerOgb¤eT. RbsinebIbegáItsMNMuerOg)an karecaTRbkan;mYyGacnwg®tUvRBageLIg

ehIydak;CUneTAtulakar EdleK)ankMNt; ¬sUmemIlbEnßmnUvkñúgEpñksþIBIkarerobcMkic©Rbtibtiþkar¦. cMeBaHr)aykarN_NaEdl

Bak;B½n§nwgbTel μ IsEdlminmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab; CPRO eTenaH sMNMuerOgnwg®tUvbBa¢ÚneTA[sßab½nNamYyEdlsmRsb (Raji,

2004).

c,ab; CPRO Ecgfam®nþIraCkarEdl®tUv)aneKRbKl;[ snüafa[b¤pþl;[nUvsMNUkb¤buKÁlNaEdl®tUv)aneKTTUcsMu[TTYl

sMNUkb¤buKÁlNaEdlmaneKBüayamRbKl;sMNUk[ KWRtUvEtraykarN_BIbBaðaenHeTA[m®nþIrbs;KN³km μkar ¬b¤m®nþIb:UlIs¦.

karxkxanmin)anraykarN_ KWCabTelμIsmYyGacdak;TNÐkmμ)an ehIyEdlnwgnaM[Cab;Bn§FnaKarrhUtdl; 2qñaM ¬EpñkTI 23¦.

karerobkic©cMRbtibtþikar

eTaHbICa ICPC manebskm μeFVIbNþwgGaCJa ¬bwþgecaT¦GMBIerOgBukrlYyk¾eday ral;karbwþgecaTnwg®tUvseRmcfaGac

cab;epþIm)an luHRtaEtmankaryl;RBmBIGKÁemFavI edayGnuelamtamGnuEpñkTI 61 ¬1¦ énc,ab; CPRO. erOgkþI®tUvbBa¢ÚneTA

tulakar b¤ecARkmEdlRtUv)ancat;taMgedayRbFantulakarrbs;rdæ. eRkayBI)anTTYlkarcat;taMgenH ecARkm b¤tulakarenaH

minGaceFVIkarCMnMuCRmHerOgkþIepSgeTot)aneLIy ¬GnuEpñkTI 61 ¬3¦¦. KYrkt;smÁal;fa eyagtamEpñkTI 174 énrdæFmμnuj

GKÁemFavImanGMNacseRmcbBaÄb;dMeNIrkarkrNINamYy)anRKb;eBlevla. ]bsKÁbEnßmeTAelIRbsiT§PaB nigcMNat;karCa

RbBaJ:ab;elIkrNIBak;B½n§eTAnwgerOgBukrlYy KWfa tulakarxøÜnÉgxVHsmtßPaB ehIyk¾®tUv)aneKeXIjfamanTMenareTArkGMeBI

BukrlYypgEdr. ICPC kMBugEteFVIkarCamYykariyal½yGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkeRKÓgejón nig]Rkidækm μ (UNODC)

edIm,IBRgwgsucritPaB nigBRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;tulakar2.

2s®mab;B½t’manbEnßmsUmemIleKhTMB½r www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption_projects_nigeria.html

100


eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgRbeTsnIehSrIy:a KWminEmnCakarTTYlxus®tUvEtmñak;Ég

eT. CaEpñkmYyényuT§sa®sþRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ICPC )anBüayambegáItGgÁPaBRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyCaeRcInenAtam

bNþaRksYg naykdæan nigTIPñak;garepSg² (Osborne. 2005:20). rhUtmkTl;bc©úb,nñenH manEpñkRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

EbbenHCag 100 ®tUv)anbegáIteLIg (Agbu, 2004:10).

dUc)ankt;smÁal;xagelI mansßab½nepSg²eTotEdledIrtYy:agsMxan;kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. sßab½nsMxan;²

enAkñúgcMeNamsßab½nTaMgenaHmandUcCa GgÁPaBtamemIlfvikanigesIubtémø (BMPIUP) nigkariyal½yRkmsIlFm’ (CCB)

nigKN³kmμkarTTYlbnÞúkbTelμIsesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú (EFCC).

KN³kmμkar EFCCRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayKuNtémøénEpñkTI1 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItKN³kmμkarTTYlbnÞúkbTelμIsesdækic©

nighirBaØvtßú (EFCC(A)) EdlmanRbFan 1rUb nigsmaCikcMnYn 18rUbepSgeTot edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgsmaCikEdltMNag[RksYg

TIPñak;gar nigsßab½nepSg²mYycMnYn RBmTaMgsmaCikeRCIstaMgpgEdr. manGKÁnayk 1rUbpgEdr Edl®tUv)anEtgtaMgeday

RbFanaFibtI EdlCaGñkdwknaMelxaFikardæanrbs; EFCC ¬GnuEpñkTI 7-1¦. KN³kmμkarenHk¾manGMNac EtgtaMg bBaÄb; nig

dak;vin½ycMeBaHbuKÁlikrbs;xøÜn ehIynigGaceFVIbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgsRmab;eRbIR)as;kñúgsßab½nrbs;xøÜn ¬EpñkTI 7 nigTI 8¦. EFCC man

EpñkCaeRcIn rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgEpñkesIubGegát EpñkRbtibtþikar EpñknItikmμ nigEpñkGyüka EpñkRsavRCav Epñksvnkmμ RBmTaMgEpñk

RbB½n§pSBVpSay nigpSBVpSay. EFCC k¾manviTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavmYypgEdr.

dUc)anbgðajkñúgEpñkTI 2 énc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIt EFCC muxgarrbs; EFCC rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkaresIubGegátbTel μIsxag

hirBaØvtßúTaMgGs; karsRmbsRmYl nigkarGnuvtþral;c,ab;sþIBIbTelμIsesdækic© nigbTelμIshirBaØvtßú nigkarGnuvtþmuxnaTI Edl)an

RbKl;eTA[buKÁlmñak;b¤sßab½nNamYy karGnum½tviFankaredIm,IlubbM)at;bTelμIsesdækic© nigbTelμIshirBaØvtßú karBinitü nigesIub

GegátelIral;krNIEdl)anraykarN_sIþBIbTelμIsesdækic© nigbTelμIshirBaØvtßú nigkarGnuvtþnUvyuT§nakarelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgdl;

RbCaBlrdæ sþIBIbTel μ Isesdækic© nigbTel μ IshirBaØvtßú. KN³km μkark¾manGMNacpgEdr kñúgkaresñIsMu[eFVIkaresIubGegátelI

buKÁlNamñak; faetIKat;)anRbRBwtþbTel μ IsdUcEdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;rbs; EFCC(A) b¤Gt;. bEnßmelIenHeTot EFCC

mantYnaTIeFVIbNþwgGaCJa ¬b¤bwþgecaT¦elICnel μ Is RBmTaMgdMeNIrkartamnItiviFIénbNwþgGaCJaenH eRBaHfavaGacmankarcaM)ac;

edIm,IeFVIkarEsVgrkRTBüsm,tþiEdlRtUvrwbGUs edayGnuelamtamc,ab; EFCC(A) ¬GnuEpñkTI 12-2¦. b:uEnþ KYrcgcaMfa

eyagtamEpñkTI 39 énc,ab; EFCC(A) GKÁemFavIGacdak;ecjviFan b¤bTbBaØtiþ edIm,IykeTAeRbIkñúgkarGnuvtþtamtYnaTI muxgar

b¤GMNacrbs; EFCC EdlmanEcgkñúgc,ab;. enAkñúgkMLúgeBlénGtßiPaBrbs;xøÜn EFCC )ankøaymkCasßab½nEdleKyl;faman

RbsiT§PaBkñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (Agbu, 2004:18) ehIyxusKñaBI ICPC edaysarKN³kmμkarenH)aneFVIbNþwgGaCJa

¬bþwgecaT¦elIerOgFM²CaeRcIn.

enAkñúgqñaM 2003 BMPIU3

EdleKsÁal;eQ μaHfa kariyal½ynItiviFI ®tUv)anbegáIteLIgenAeRkamkariyal½yén

elxaFikardæankNþalrbs;RbFanaFibtI edaydMeNIrkarCasßab½nÉkraCümYy. EpñkenH®tUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,ITb;Tl;eTAnwg

TsSn³EdlfaRbeTsnIehSrIy:aCaRbeTsBukrlYy. EpñkenH®tUv)aneKbegáIteLIg[edIrtYeFVICaGñkBinitüemIlnUvral;kic©snüa

rbs;rdæaPi)al RBmTaMgkarpÁt;pÁg;nUvTMnij nigesvanana. muxgarrbs;kariyal½ynItiviFIenH KWWedIm,Idak;kMhit[m®nþIraCkarénvis½y

saFarN³ Rbtibtiþ[)aneBjelj tamkarENnaM nigtamnItiviFInana Edl)anbegáIteLIgsRmab;eRbIR)as;kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;TMnij.

KYrcgcaMfa enAkñúgExmina qñaM 2005 karbegáItCapøÚvkarnUv BMPIU ®tUv)anCab;KaMgenArdæsPaeTaHbICaeK)anrMBwgfaesckþIRBagc,ab;fμI

nwg®tUveKGnum½tnaeBlqab;²k¾eday (Osborne, 2005:7).

3B½t’mansþIGMBI BMPIU KW)anBIeKhTMB½r www.nigeriafirst.org/article_841.shtml

101


CCB RtUvdwknaMedayRkumRbwkSaPi)alEdlmanRbFanmYyrUb ¬ehIyCanaykRbtibtþirbs;kariyal½ypgEdr¦ nigsmaCik 9

rUbepSgeTot ¬kfax½NÐTI1 cMNucTI3 EpñkTI1 énrdæFmμnuj¦ RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgqñaM 1989 edaymanParkic©begáIt nigEfrkSa

karRbRBwtiþeTAénkargarrbs;rdæaPi)al nigedIm,IFanafa skmμPaB nigGtþcrikrbs;m®nþIraCkarRsbeTAtamsþg;damYyd¾x<s;bMput xag

sIlFm’ nigkarTTYlxus®tUvcMeBaHsaFarN³. CCB manTIsñak;karkNþalrbs;xøÜnenATIRkug Abuja RBmTaMgkariyal½yenAtamrdæ

nImYy² nigenATIRkugrbs;rdæshB½n§. CCB mannaykdæanRbtibtiþkarcMnYn 3³¬1¦RbkasRTBüsm,tþi ¬2¦esIubGegát nigXøaMemIl

nig¬3¦esvaGb;rM nigpþl;eyabl; nignaykdæanesvakm μEdlman³ Epñkrdæ)al nighirBaØvtßú. naykdæannImYy²dwknaMeday

naykmYyrUb . elxaFikarrbs;RkumRbwkSaPi)aledIrtYeFVICaRbFanrdæ)alrbs; CCB. kariyal½yenHmankariyal½ymYyGmCamYy

KWsalaCMnMuCRmHxagRkmsIlFm’EdledIrtYCatulakarrbs; CCB.

GaNtiþkargarrbs; CCB ®tUv)anBRgwgeLIgenAeBlEdlvakøayCaGgÁkarRbtibtþirbs;rdæshB½n§ dUcmanEcgenAkñúg

rdæFmμnujqñaM 1999. rdæFmμnuj)anRbKl;GMNac[kariyal½yenHkñúgkarTTYlesckIþRbkasRTBüsm,tþi EdleFVIedaym®nþIraCkar

tamkarTamTaredayGnuelamtamRkmsIlFm’rbs;m®nþIraCkarsIuvil ehAkat;fa (CoC)4

eFVIkarBinitünUvkarRbkasFananUvkareKarB

tam CoC nigTTYlBakübNþwgsþIBIkarmineKarBtam b¤rMelaPelI CoC ¬rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarecaTRbkan;elIGMeBIBukrlYy¦ nigbBa¢Ún

bBaðaenaHeTA[tulakarxagRkmsIlFm’ RbsinebIyl;fasmRsb. edaysarEtFnFanmankRmit enAeBlbc©úb,nñenH CCB

t®mUv[Etm®nþIraCkarCan;x<s;Etb:ueNÑaHeT Edl®tUvRbkasRTBüsm,tþi b:uEnþTisedArbs;xøÜneTAéf¶mux KWnwgt®mUv[m®nþIraCkar

TaMgGs;RbkasRTBüsm,tþi(Saba, 2001). CCB k¾manGMNackñúgkareRCIstaMg CMruj bBaÄb; nigdak;vin½ycMeBaHbuKÁlikrbs;xøÜnEdr.

emeronEdlTTYl)an

dUcEdl)anKUsbBa¢ak;xagelI tamBit rdæaPi)al)ancat;viFankarCaeRcInedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgGMeBIBukrlYyd¾rIkraldalenAkñúg

RbeTsnIehSrIy:a. b:uEnþ manskçIPaBCak;EsþgtictYcNas; EdlbBa¢ak;fa viFankarTaMgenaH)anCH\T§iBlKYr[kt;smÁal;cMeBaHkRmit

énGMeBIBukrlYy. GñkxøHha‘nsEmþgmtifas®gÁamRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy rhUtmkTl;nwgeBlenH )anTTYlbraC½y (Agbu,

2004:24). eTaHbICakrNIenHvaBitb¤minBitk¾eday manktþamYycMnYn)anrYmcMENkeTAnwgkarxVHlT§plenH eTaHbICamanFnFan

CaeRcIn rYmTaMgFnFanmnusS nigsmÖar³Edl®tUv)aneKykmkeRbIk¾eday.

lT§plmYyénkic©RbwgERbgCaeRcInrbs;rdæaPi)al KWkarbegáIteLIgnUvsßab½nCaeRcIn EdlmantYnaTIepSg²BIKñakñúgkargar

RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. karbegáItsßab½nTaMgenHnaM[mankarRbQmmuxdak;Kña edaysarPaBminc,as;las;énEdnsmtßkic© nigkgVH

kic©shRbtibtþikar. edIm,ITb;sáat;bBaðaenHmin[ekItmaneLIg kic©shRbtibtþikard¾CitsñiT§KWCakarcaM)ac;Nas; edIm,IGnuvtþ[)an

nUvviFIsa®sþTaMgmUlénkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (Osborne, 2005:8). mankarpþl;eyabl;fa KYrEtbegáItsßab½ncMruHmYyrvag

sßab½nTaMgenaH edaymanRbFanrbs; ICPC eFVICaRbFan. eTaHbICay:agenHkIþ eyageTAtam Osborne mankarCMTas;mYycMnYncMeBaH

TsSn³énkic©shRbtibtþikarrvagbNþasßab½nTaMgenaH eRBaHfa BYkeKcUlcitþshkarKñaeRkApøÚvkarCag. kic©RbCMurvagbuKÁlEdl

Bak;B½n§TaMgGs;k¾®tUv)aneKcat;Tukfamansar³sMxan;pgEdr eRBaHfa tamry³karEckrMElknUvB½t’man BYkeKGacman»kaseFVI[

sßab½nTaMgenaHeCosvag)annUvkargarCan;Kña nigeCosvagkarxatbg;FnFan (2005:15-16).

ICPC Edl®tUv)anbegáIteLIgeFVICasßab½nkMBUlcMeBaHkic©xitxMRbwgERbgRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy dUcEdl)aneBalxagelI

enaH ®tUv)aneKdwgfa)anbMeBjmuxgarTabCagGVIEdleK)anrMBwgTuk. bBaðaenH)anbgáreLIgedaysarktþaCaeRcIn. CakarBitNas;

]bsKÁmYyd¾FMbMputenaHKW karCMTas;BIRBwT§sPa. dUcKñaenHpgEdr c,ab; CPRO hamXat;min[KN³kmμkareFVIkaresIubGegátelI

4RkmsIlFm’rbs;m®nþIraCkarsIuvilKWmanEcgenAkñúgmatikaTI 1 EpñkTI 1 énrdæFmμnuj.

102


erOgBukrlYyTaMgLayNaEdl)anekIteLIgmuneBlEdlKN³km μkar®tUv)anbegáIt. r)aykarN_mYycMnYntUcEdlKN³km μkar)an

TTYl EpñkxøH)anbgðaj[eXIjfamannItiviFIsμúKsμaj raraMgTwkcitþsaFarNCnmin[eFVIr)aykarN_. GRtad¾TabénkaresIubGegát

elIr)aykarN_Edl)anTTYl KWbgáeLIgedaykarxVHmUlniFi. tamBit ICPC xøÜnÉg )anRbkasCaeRcInelIkfa xøÜnkMBugEt®tUvkar

CMnYyhirBaØvtßú (Agbu, 2004:10 nig IT, 2004:225). bEnßmelIenHeTot kargaresIubGegátrbs; ICPC manPaBRbtiskmμCa

CagPaBskmμ. CagenHeTot kargaresIubGegátrbs; ICPC min)anrkeXIjkMhuscMeBaHerOgkþIFM²enaHeT. ICPC EdlkMBugEtman

smtßPaBsþÜcesþIgenATUTaMgRbeTs RtUvCYbRbTHnUvPaBsμúKsμajkan;EteRcInEfmeTot Cak;Esþg edaysarminmankic©xitxMRbwgERbg

CalkçN³ÉkraCüNamYyBIsMNak;GaCJaFrrdæxøÜnÉg kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (TI, 2004:226). ICPC xøÚnÉgk¾minman

tmøaPaB Edlkñúgn½yenH ICPC minTan;)ane)aHBumÖnUvr)aykarN_ ehIyk¾minTan;manKNnI EdlebIk[mansvnkmμsaFarN³)an

(Osborne, 2005:13). elIsBIenHeTot KN³km μkar®tUv)aneKecaTfaminmanÉkraCPaB ehIy®tUv)aneKsegáteXIjfa

KN³kmμkaenH®tUv)aneKykmkeRbIeFVICa]bkrN_beRmIplRbeyaCn_neya)ay (TI, 2004:225).

kgVHqnÞ³neya)aydUc)anbBa¢ak;tamskm μPaBmYycMnYnrbs;RBwT§sPa Edl)anbgðajxagelI k¾Ca]bsKÁcMeBaHkic©xitxM

RbwgERbgRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. kgVHqnÞ³neya)ayenH nwgrIkraldaleTAdl;Gñkneya)aymYycMnYnEdlminEmnCasmaCik

RBwT§sPa RBmTaMgb:UlIs (Agbu, 2004:22) EdlRbCaBlrdæcat;TukfaCasßab½nBukrlYybMputenAkñúgRbeTs. karKμanKMrUénkar

dwknaMl¥BIkñúgcMeNamvrCnrbs;RbeTs KWCabBaðamYy. manbNþwgmYycMnYn)anelIkeLIgfa kgVHqnÞ³neya)ayenH)anGnuBaØat[

m®nþIrdæaPi)almYycMnYnd¾Esnl,I² EdlKYrEtRtUv)aneKesIubGegátBIbTRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy GaceFVIkarbeBa¢ós b¤eKcputBIkar

esIubGegátenH (TI, 2005:225). tamBiteTA eTaHbICary³eBl 5 qñaM)anknøgputeTA cab;taMgBIelakRbFanaFibtI GU)asancU

(Obasanjo) )anebþCJafa cat;viFankarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyk¾eday rhUtmkTl;eBlenHminTan;eXIjmanm®nþICan;x<s;Namñak;®tUv)an

pþnÞaeTasdak;KukBIbTRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYyeLIy (Agbu, 2004:24).

kargarsMxan;mYyKWRtUvCMruj[RbCaCnrbs;RbeTsnIehSrIy:a cUlrYmkñúgs®gÁamRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. karsnüaCaeRcInEdl

min)anbMeBjEdlfanwge)assm¥atnUvplvi)akénGMeBIBukrlYy ehIyedaysarminEdlmankarcab;kMhuscMeBaHerOgFM² ehIynig

rdæaPi)al b¤Gñkneya)aysMxan;²min)anpþl;KMrUl¥kñúgkardwknaM )anbNþal[RbCaBlrdæmankarlM)akkñúgkarcUlrYm. eTaHbICaGMeBI

BukrlYy®tUv)aneKykcitþTukdak;tamry³RbB½n§pSBVpSayk¾eday eKeCOCak;faRbCaBlrdæCaeRcInBitCaenAEtminTan;)andwgBIbBaða

enHenAeLIy (Osborne, 2005:4). karrab;bBa©ÚlsgÁmsIuvil nigRbB½n§pSBVpSay eTAkñúgsRgÁamRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy KWGacCa

meFüa)aymYysRmab;Tak;TajkarKaMRTBIRbCaBlrdæ eRBaHfasgÁmsIuvil nigRbB½n§pSBVpSay sßitenAkñúgcMeNambNþasßab½n Edl

RbCaBlrdæTukcitþeRcInCageKenAkñúgRbeTs (agbu, 2004:14). ]TahrN_mYyKW RksYghirBaØvtßú)anTTYlyksgÁmsIuvilmYy[dak;

bNþajTUrs½BVsRmab;[RbCaBlrdæraykarN_Pøam²tamTUrs½BÞ. eKeCOCak;fa kareFVIEbbenHmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarTTYl)annUvkar

TukcitþBIRbCaBlrdæ CaCagesvaEdlpþl;edayrdæaPi)al b¤sßab½nNamYy EdlKaMRTedayrdæaPi)al (Osborne, 2005:14).

sßab½nEdlmanParkic©elIkkm<s; b¤rkSakarBarc,ab; dUcCasßab½nb:UlIs nigsßab½ntulakar KW®tUv)aneKyl;faCasßab½nBIr

EdlmanGMeBIBukrlYyeRcInbMput. ral;kic©RbwgERbgTb;Tl;nwgbBðaaBukrlYyenAkñúgRbeTs KW®tUvedaHRsaybBaðaenHmuneK. dUcEdl

)anbgðajenAxagelI mankic©xitxMRbwgERbgeFVIshRbtibtþkarCamYyRbeTspþl;CMnYy edIm,IBRgwgsucritPaB nigsmtßPaBrbs;

sßab½ntulakar. b:uEnþ viFanrbs;tulakarCan;x<s;minRsbKñaxøaMgNas;eTAnwgRbePTénerOgEdlsßab½ndUcCa EFCC nig ICPC bþwg.

kñúgkrNICaeRcIn viFanTaMgenH®tUv)aneKeqøótTajykRbeyaCn_ kñúgeKalbMNgeFVI[Cab;KaMgnUverOgkþIEdl)andak;eTAtulakar

(Agbu, 2004:16). Cakarc,as;Nas;fa edIm,ITTYl)annUveCaKC½yelIs®gÁamRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy RtUvBRgwgral;kic©xitxMRbwgERbg

edIm,IbegáInsucritPaBrbs;tulakar.

103


RbPB

Agbu, Osita, 2004 bUCnIykic©RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgRbeTsnIehSrIy:a³ karRbQmnwgbBaðakñúgkarpþl;esvaÉksar

dak;CUneTAkic©RbCMuenARbeTseKny:a sIþGMBIrdæaPi)alRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyfμI² EdlshkarerobcMedayrdæaPi)alrbs;

RbeTseKny:a, TI-Kenya nigGgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati BIéf¶TI 11-13 Ex tula qñaM 2004 enATIRkug Nairobi RbeTs

eKny:a.

Osbourne, Denis Ex mina qñaM 2005 bTsikSarbs;RbeTsnIehSrIy:a UNDP-PACT ¬esckþIRBagdMbUg¦.

Raji, Hannuti 2004 KN³kmμkarÉkraCüTTYlbnÞúkbTelμIsBukrlYy nigbTelμIsBak;B½n§epSg²eTot - TsSn³TUeTA

edaysegçb sUmemIleKhTMB½r www.icac.org.hk/news/issue 17eng/button2.htm

Saba, San 2002 kariyal½yRkmsIlFm’rbs;RbeTsnIehSrIy:a sUmemIleKhTMB½r

www.icac.org.hk/newsl/issue8eng/button2.htm

GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati 2004 r)aykarN_sþIBIGMeBIBukrlYyTUeTAqñaM2004 sUmemIleKhTMB½r

www.globalcorruptionreport.org/gcr2004.htm

B½t’mank¾GacTTYl)anpgEdrBIevbsayénsßab½nEdl)anbgðajxagelI.

104


RkumRbwkSasvnkmμnigGFikarkic© (BAI) www.bai.go.kr/gamsa/plsql/bai_ehome

KN³kmμkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy

KN³kmμkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (KICAC) www.kicac.go.kr

KN³kmμkarkarBarBlrdækUer: (Ombudsman) www.ombudsmam.go.kr/pub_root/english

naykdæanGyükar ¬RksYgyutþiFm’¦ www.moj.go.kr

kariyal½yRBHraCGaCJakMBUlénsaFarNrdækUer: (SPO) http://www.spo.go.kr

bTbBaØtþicm,g

c,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬c,ab;elx 6494 cuHéf¶TI 24 Exkkáda qñaM 2001¦ www.kicac.go.kr

c,ab;sþIBIRkumRbwkSasvnkmμnigGFikarkic© ¬qñaM 1963¦ c,ab; (BAI)

RkwtüGnuvtþn_ ¬RkwtüecjedayRbFanaFibtI elx 17420 éf¶TI 29 Exvicäika qñaM 2001 www.kicac.go.kr

c,ab;sþIBIkariyal½yRBHraCGaCJa (PPO)Act

www1.oecd.org/daf/ASIAcom/pdf/korea_public_prosecutors_office_act.pdf

savta

CMhanTImYy kñúgkarGnuvtþviFIsaRsþrYmmYy sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyenAkUer: RtUv)aneFIVeLIgedayrdæaPi)alsIuvil Edl

kan;kab;GMNackñúgqñaM 1993 tamry³kare)aHeqñateRCIserIsRbFanaFibtI ¬Cho, 2001³8¦. kic©karenHrYmmankarbegáIt

RbB½n§RbkaspSayRTBüsm,tþirbs;mRnþIsaFarN³ Edldak;CakatBVkic©tRmUv[mRnþIsaFarN³RKb;rUbcuHbBa¢I nigebIkcMhRTBüsm,tþi

rbs;xøÜn[saFarNCn)andwg RBmTaMgkarbegáItc,ab;sþIBInItiviFIrdæ)al nigc,ab;sþIBIkarR)ab;B½t’man edayTIPñak;garsaFarN³

Edlc,ab;TaMgBIrenH )anpþl;viPaKTandl;tmøaPaBénesvasaFarN³EdlecHEtekIneLIg. y:agNak¾eday lMnaMedaHRsayGMeBI

BukrlYyenAEtminRtUvtamk,ÜnxñatenAeLIy nigxVHPaBTUlMTUlay.

karEkERbcm,gmYyenAkñúgTsSn³rbs;saFarNCn nigeKalneya)ayCapøÚvkarsþIBIGMeBIBukrlYy)anekIteLIg eRkayBIman

vibtþiesdækic©kñúgqñaM 1997. eK)anTTYlsÁal;fa GMeBIBukrlYyKWCaktþamYykñúgcMeNamktþacm,gnana Edlbgá[manPaBF¶n;F¶rdl;

vibtþiesdækic© EdleFIV[rdæaPi)alRbkassRgÁamPøam²RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgqñaM 1998 ¬KICAC 2003³37¦. enHk¾CalT§plén

sm<aFEdlecHEtekIneLIgeTAelIrdæaPi)alpgEdr sMu[mancMNat;karRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy KWeFIVeLIgedaysaFarNCn Edlmankar

saFarNrdækUer:

105

karBN’nasegçbrbs;RbeTsnImYy²³ saFarNrdækUer:

Fujfb;kñúgkaremIleXIjGMeBIBukrlYykñúgkRmity:agx<s; nigkarPJak;ep¥IlBIGMeBIBukrlYyEdlecHekIteLIgvij ¬KICAC

2004³81¦. enAqñaM 1999 manbegáItKN³kmμkarRbFanaFibtIRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy (PCAC). y:agNak¾eday KN³kmμkar PCAC

enHminRtUv)anbMBak;]bkrN_RKb;RKan;sRmab;edaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBukrlYyeT ehIytYnaTIrbs;KN³kmμkarmanPaBminc,as;las;

nigmankRmit edaybMeBjmuxgarRtwmEtCaRkumRbwkSapþl;eyabl;dl;RbFanaFibtIEtb:ueNÑaH ¬KICAC 2003³38¦.

kñúgqñaM 2001 c,ab;RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy ACA RtUv)anGnum½teday)anpþl;[RbeTskUer: nUvc,ab;TUlMTUlaysþIBIGMeBI

BukrlYyCaelIkTImYYy. munkarGnum½tc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ACA enH karRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigskmμPaBTb;sáat;GMeBI

BukrlYy Edlbc©úb,nñenHRtUv)anBRgIk[mankarcUlrYmBIsaFarNCnTUeTA RtUv)ankRmitRtwmEtkariyal½yRBHraCGaCJa

naykdæanb:UlIs RkumRbwkSasvnkmμ nigGFikarkic© BAI nigsßab½nGFikarkic©epSg²eTotb:ueNÑaH. c,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ACA

)anEcgBIkarbegáItKN³kmμkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy KICAC pgEdr. KN³kmμkar KICAC enH Rbkan;yklMnaMeFVIkar

mYyEdlmanvisalPaBhYsBIkarGnuvtþ eday)anepþateTAelIkarTb;sáat; karGb;rM k¾dUcCakarelIksÞÜykarcUlrYmBIsaFarNCnpg

Edr enAkñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. dUcEdlelakRbFanénKN³km μkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy KICAC )ankt;

smÁal;fa KN³kmμkarenHmankarrIkceRmInCadMukMPYnenAkñúgkarbegáItehdæarcnasm<½n§sRmab;RbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy enAkñúgqñaMTImYy

nigTIBIrénkarbegáItKN³km μkarenH fVIebIK μankarrIkceRmInRKb;RKan;tamesckþIrMBwgTuky:agx<s;rbs;saFarNCnk¾eday ¬KICAC

2004¦.

RbeTskUer:RtUv)ancat;fñak;CaRbeTsTI 40 kñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMg 159 enAkñúgsnÞsSn_rbs;GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati sþIBI

karyl;eXIjGMBIGMeBIBukrlYyqñaM 2005 Edlbgðaj[eXIjfa GMeBIBukrlYyenAkUer:mankRmitx<s;CagRbeTsepSgeTot Edlman

karGPivDÆesdækic©Rbhak;RbEhlKña.


KN³kmμkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬KICAC¦ RtUv)anbegáIteLIgeRkamGFibtIPaBRbFanaFibtI enAExmkra qñaM

2002 tammaRta 10 énc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ACA. c,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ACA rYmKñaCamYynwgc,ab;sþIBIkarGPivDÆ

esdækic© ED EcgGMBIGaNtþikargar kic©Rbtibtþikar nigkarerobcMénKN³km μkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy KICAC.

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énc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy EdlEcgfa KN³kmμkarRtUvbMeBjkargarEdlsßitenAeRkamsmtßkic©bs;xøÜnedayÉkraCü. bEnßmelI

enH KN³kmμkarRtUv)anFanar:ab;rgnUvsnþisuxmuxtMENgpgEdr.

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cm,grbs;KN³kmμkaÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy EckCabYnEpñk dUcteTAenH³

106


karerobcMeKalneya)ay nigkar)a:n;RbmaN rYmman³

erobcMeKalneya)ay nigkmμvIFIRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy

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eFIVkarsÞabsÞg;rkcMNucexSaysþIBIkRmitGnuvtþn_enAkñúgsßab½nsaFarN³

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begáIt nigRbkaspSaynUvkarvaytémøelIeKalneya)ayRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy.

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begáItRkmCak;lak;sRmab;TIPñak;garsaFarN³epSg² edIm,IelIkkm<s;sIlFm’enAkñúgEpñksaFarN³.

karRKb;RKgdl;karbegðIbR)ab;BIGMeBIBukrlYy rYmman³

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BukrlYy karkarBarGñkbegðIbR)ab;BIGMeBIBukrlYy nigRbB½n§elIkTwkcitþ edIm,ICMruj[mankarcUlrYmCasaFarN³enA

kñúgkarRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy nig

eRbIR)as;GMNackñúgkarecaTRbkan;mRnþIsaFarN³Can;x<s;EdlBukrlYy dak;BakübNþwg[tulakarkat;eTas nigesñI

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R)ab;BIGMeBIBukrlYy.1

skmμPaBGb;rMnigelIksÞÜy rYmman³

elIkkm<s;karyl;dwgCasaFarN³GMBIplb:HBal;d¾eRKaHfñak;énGMeBIBukrlYy

BRgIkkmμviFIsikSaGMBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYyenAtamsalaeron nigenAtamGgÁkarsaFarN³

eFIVyuT§nakar edaymansm<½n§PaBCamYyGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al edIm,IEkERbkarKitrbs;saFarNCn nig

begáInshRbtibtþikarCamYynwgédKU nigGgÁkarGnþrCati.

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KN³kmμkar KICAC. edIm,IseRmc)antamParkic©enH KN³kmμkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy KICAC )anbegáItmCÄmNÐl

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TTYlxusRtUvCak;lak;rbs;mCÄmNÐlenHrYmman³

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ebIkbnÞb;TTYlr)aykarN_ EdleFVIkar 24 em:ag

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esckþI manBiPakSaEfmeTotenAkñúgkic©sRmsRmYlRbtibtþikar.

107


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karerobkic©cMRbtibtþikar

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nwgGMeBIBukrlYy¦.

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b¤RBHraCGaCJa mRnþIeyaFaEdlmanzannþrs½kþiesμInwg]tþmesnIy nig¼b¤smaCikrdæsPa.

108


rdæGaCJakñúgkarseRmcfaetIRtUveFVIbNwþgGaCJaelIerOgkþIenaH b¤y:agNa. enAkñúgkrNIEdlkaresIubGegát)anekIteLIgedaykarecaT

Rbkan;tammaRta 29¼4 énc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ehIyrdæGaCJaseRmcmineFVIbNwþgGaCJa KN³kmμkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgGMeBI

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mnsikarbs;xøÜn nigedaysmRsbtamrdæFmμnuBaØ nigc,ab;.

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pg. RbFanRtUv)anEtgtaMgedayRbFanaFibtI edaymankaryl;RBmBIrdæsPa ehIysmaCikepSgeTotRtUv)anEtgtaMgeday

RbFanaFibtI tamGnusasn_rbs;RbFanRkumRbwkSa ¬maRta 98 énrdæFm μnuBaØ¦. esckþIseRmcsþIBImuxgarRkumRbwkSasvnkm μ

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BukrlYy.

109


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TaMgGs;enHRtUv)anEtgtaMgedayRbFanaFibtI. esckþIseRmcrbs;RkumRbwkSaRtUv)aneFIVeLIgedaysemøgeqñatPaKeRcIn eday

smaCikmñak;²Gace)aHeqñat)anmYysemøg. kariyal½yGKÁelxaFikar EdlCaRbFanrdæ)alénelxaFikardæan Edlpþl;karKaMRTdl;

RkumRbwkSaénGñkkarBarBlrdæ RtUv)andwknaMedaysmaCikGciéRnþy_mñak;. kariyal½ykarBarBlrdækUer: manGMNaceFIVkaresIubGegát

GMBIbNþwgsarTukçEdlsaFarNCn)andak;CUn. kariyal½ykarBarBlrdækUer: minmanGMNacEcgenAkñúgc,ab;sRmab;eFIVkaresIubGegát

tamkarpþÜcepþImKMnitrbs;xøÜneT. kariyal½yenH Gacpþl;Gnusasn_sþIBIviFankarEklm¥ enAeBlEdlkaresIubGegátrbs;xøÜn bgðaj

BInItiviFIrdæ)alminRtwmRtUvtamc,ab;b¤minsmehtupl RBmTaMgpþl;mti b¤pþl;Gnusasn_ sRmab;eFIV[RbB½n§rdæ)al nigRbtibtþikar

rbs;RbB½n§enHmanPaBRbesIreLIg. y:agNak¾eday mti b¤Gnusasn_énkariyal½ykarBarBlrdækUer: minCab;katBVkic©Gnuvtþn_eT.

pÞúyeTAvijkariyal½ykarBarBlrdækUer: manGMNacesñIsMuRbFanTIPñak;garrdæ)alBak;B½n§ [CUndMNwgdl;kariyal½yenHnUvviFankar

Edl)ancat;karCakareqøIytbeTAnwgmti nigGnusassn_ Edlkariyal½ykarBarBlrdækUer:)anpþl;dl;TIPñak;garenaH. bnÞab;mk

kariyal½ykarBarBlrdækUer:GacRbkaspSayr)aykarN_TaMgenHdl;RbB½n§pSBVpSayB½t’man nigsaFarNCnTUeTA nigraykarN_

edaypÞal;CUnRbFanaFibtI. mankRmitxøH² cMeBaHyutþaFikarénkariyal½ykarBarBlrdækUer: rYmTaMgkarkMhitfasßab½nenHminGac

esIubGegátbNþwgsarTukçTl;nwgRkumRbwkSasvnkmμnigGFikarkic©b¤krNIEdlsßitenAeRkamkaresIubGegátrbs;RkumRbwkSasvnkmμ nig

GFikarkic©)aneT.

emeronEdlTTYl)an

karbegáIteKalkarN_bc©úb,nñ sRmab;RbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkUer: ekItecjBIbTBiesaFEdl)anTTYlBIkarbraC½ykñúgRKa

GtItkal. rdæaPi)alTTYlsÁal;faeKalneya)ayRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy RtUvEtmanPaBTUlMTUlay nigRtUvtamk,Ünxñat.

eKalneya)ayBImunKWCaRbePTEdlxVHlMnaMedaHRsay EdlmankarKitKUr[)anl¥itl¥n; nigKμank,Ünxñat ¬KICAC 2003³42¦.

110


kic©RbwgERbgRtUv)antak;EtgeLIg CaBiess edIm,IRtYtemIlGgÁkarCak;lak;mYycMnYn b¤BRgIkkarkan;muxtMENg eBalKW edaysar

ehtuplneya)ay CaCagcMNUlcitþBitR)akdkñúgkarcab;epþImedaHRsaybBaðaBukrlYy ¬KICAC 2003³40¦.

karGnum½tc,ab;RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy nigkarbegáItKN³kmμkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy RtUv)anemIleXIjfaCa

CMhand¾sMxan;sRmab;CMnHelIkgVHxatBImun. KN³km μkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy )anRbkan;yklMnaMedaHRsay

Rbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwglMnaMedaHRsayEdl eKehAfa lMnaMedaHRsaytamviFIsaRsþ 3muxsBaØa EdlKN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMg

nwgGMeBIBukrlYyenAhugkug)anGnum½t fVIt,itEtKN³km μkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy K μanGMNacesIubGegátk¾eday.

pÞúyeTAvij karRbkan;yklMnaMedaHRsayEbbenH epþateTAelIkarcgRkg nigkarvaytémøeKalneya)ay karerobcMsßab½n karTTYl

nigkarcat;Ecgr)aykarN_ ehIynigskmμPaBGb;rM nigkarCMruj. dUc)anbBa¢ak;BIxagelI fVIt,itEtKN³kmμkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgnwg

GMeBIBukrlYy)aneCaKC½y kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyk¾eday k¾mtisaFarN³enAEtyl;faminTan;RKb;RKan;. ]bsKÁ

cm,gmYycMeBaH KICAC kñúgkarbMeBjParkic©rbs;xøÜn KWkgVHGMNacesuIbGegát ¬KICAC 2003³39¦. enAkñúgkrNIEdlkariyal½y

karBarBlrdækUer: (OK) K μanGMNacsRmab;pþÜcepþImeFIVkaresIubGegátedayÉkraCüRtUv)anemIleXIjfa Ca]bsKÁcMeBaHkarbMeBj

Parkic©rbs;xøÜnEdr.

RbB½n§sRmab;ebIk[mankarbegðIbR)ab;BIGMeBIBukrlYy RtUv)aneKemIleXIjfaCa]bkrN_mYyEdlmanRbsiT§PaBbMput

EdlKN³km μkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyGaceRbIR)as;)an EdlkñúgenaH karpþl;rgVan; nigkarkarBarmansar³sMxan;

CaBiess. y:agNak¾eday KN³kmμkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy )ansgát;fa mantRmUvkarBRgwgTidæPaBTaMgBIrenHén

RbB½n§ begðIbR)ab;BIGMeBIBukrlYy ¬KICAC 2004³37¦.

Gtßn½yTUlMTUlayénGMeBIBukrlYy EdlkMNt;edayc,ab;RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy ACA )anpþl;dl;KN³kmμkarÉkraCükUer:

RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy KICAC nUvRkbx½NÐkargarFMeFgpgEdr. kalBImun EdlGtßn½yenHmanrYmbBa©ÚlEtsßab½nmYycMnYntYc

b:ueNÑaH bc©úb,nñenH TsSn³sþIBIGMeBIBukrlYyrYmbBa©ÚlminRKan;EtmRnþIsaFarN³b:ueNÑaHeT k¾b:uEnþrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgsar³RbeyaCn_

saFarN³pgEdr ¬KICAC 2003³40¦. y:agNak¾eday EpñkÉkCnmin)anrYmbBa©ÚleTAkñúgGtßn½yénGMeBIBukrlYy dUcEdlc,ab;

RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy)anEcgenaHeT.

KN³kmμkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy KICAC )anTTYlsÁal;fa karTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYymanRbsiT§PaBCagRbB½n§

RtYtBinitüGMeBIBukrlYy EdlGaRs½yelIkarEvkmux nigkarpþnÞaeTasmRnþIsaFarN³ eRkayBIkarRbRBwtþiminl¥ekIteLIgb:ueNÑaH.

y:agNak¾eday edIm,I[manviFankarTb;sáat;EdlmanRbsiT§PaB caM)ac;RtUvmancMeNHdwgBitR)akdBIRbePT nigkRmiténGMeBI

BukrlYy. dUecñH KN³km μkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy )anedAbBa¢ak;BIkar)a:n;RbmaNGMBIGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgEpñk

saFarN³ edayeFIVkar)a:n;RbmaNGMBIPaBsucriteTogRtg; ¬KICAC 2004³41¦.

cMeBaHerOgenH KN³kmμkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYybBa¢ak;pgEdrBIsar³sMxan;énkarGb;rMCasaFarN³ minRKan;Et

elIkkm<s;karyl;dwgkñúgkarRbyuT§Tl;nwgGMeBIBukrlYyb:ueNÑaHeT k¾b:uEnþ CMrujsaFarNCn[raykarN_BIGMeBIBukrlYyEdlCab;

sgS½y k¾dUcCaelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgGMBIkic©karBar nigkarpþl;rgVan;dl;Gñkpþl;B½t’man tamRbB½n§énkarbegðIbR)ab;BIGMeBIBukrlYy

¬KICAC 2004³53 nig KICAC 2003³139¦. karGb;rMCasaFarN³ GacelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgCasaFarN³ GMBIskmμPaBrbs;

KN³kmμkarÉkraCükUer:RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYypgEdr k¾dUcCa[)anTTYlTMnukcitþBIsaFarNCn. sar³sMxan;énkarTTYl)anTMnuk

citþ nigkarKaMRTBIsaFarNCn KWCaemeronEdl)anTTYlBIkic©RbwgERbgBImunkñúgkarRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYyEdlTTYlbraC½yeday

GenøI² eRBaHEtxVHkarKaMRTnigTMnukcitþBIsaFarNCn ¬Cho, 2001³8¦. kgVHkic©shkarBIsaFarNCn nigkgVHcMeNHdwgBI

111


saFarNCnGMBIskmμPaBrbs;RkumRbwkSaénkariyal½ykarBarBlrdækUer: (OK) RtUv)anemIleXIjfaCabBaðacMeBaH (OK) EdleFIV;[

RkumRbwkSaGñkkarBarBlrdæepþatkarykcitþTukdak;Pøam²eTAelITMnak;TMngsaFarN³ nigskmμPaBRbkaspSayB½t’man.

enARbeTskUer: karcUlrYmrbs;sgÁmsIuvil kñúgTRmg;CaGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigRkumBlrdæ KwCaGgÁFatud¾sMxan;enAkñúgkar

RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati 2003³137¦. RkumsgÁmsIuvilTaMgenHsMxan;Nas;kñúgkarCMruj[man

rebobvar³sþIBIGMeBIBukrlYy ehIynigehtuEdlfa c,ab;RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyRtUv)anGnum½t eTaHCamankarRbqaMgy:agxøaMgBIGñk

kan;kab;GMNack¾eday k¾mYyEpñk edaysarkic©RbwgERbgrbs;RkumsgÁmsIuvilTaMgenHEdr ¬KICAC 2003³39¦.

RbPB

Cho, Eun-Kyoung 2001 r)aykarN_RsavRCavrdæGMBIRbB½n§CatisþIBIPaBsucriteTogRtg; saFarNrdækUer: qñaM 2001

http://transparency.org/activities/nat_integ_systems/dnld/rep_korea.pdf

KICAC 2003 r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaM rbs; KICAC qñaM 2002

KICAC 2004 r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaM rbs; KICAC qñaM 2003 http://www.kicac.go.kr

GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati 2003 r)aykarN_sklGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy qñaM 2003.


B½t’mank¾GacTTYl)anpgEdrBIevbsayénsßab½nEdl)anbgðajxagelI.

112


GgÁsPaGKÁemFavIsigðbUrI http://www.agc.gov.sg/index.html

kariyal½yesIubGegátRbRBwtiþkmμBukrlYy (CPIB) http://www.cpib.gov.sg

bTbBaØtþicm,g1

c,ab;sþIBIGMeBIBukrlYy cracreRKOgejon nig]RkidækmμF¶n;F¶repSgeTot ¬karrwbGUspl¦ c,ab;elx29 qñaM1992

eFIVviesaFnkmμrhUtdl;qñaM2004 (CBA).

c,ab;sIþBIRkmRBhμTNÞ c,ab;elx 4¼1871 eFIVviesaFnkmμrhUtdl;qñaM 1998.

c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy ¬elx 251¦ bTbBa¢a elx 39¼1960 eFIVviesaFnkmμ rhUtdl;qñaM 2002

(POCA).

savta

enAeBlEdlsigðbUrI)anÉkraCükñúgqñaM 1959 RbeTsenHbnþRbB½n§GPi)alkic©mYyRbePT EdlmanGMeBIBukrlYyy:ag

TUlMTUlay. GMeBIBukrlYy)ankøayCarebobénkarrs;enA edaymanGMeBIBukrlYyEbbGgÁkarcat;taMgy:agTUlMTUlay ehIykarsUk

mRnþIsaFarN³edIm,I[)anTTYlesva KWCakarGnuvtþsamBaØmYy ¬Ali 2000³3¦. GMeBIBukrlYyRtUveKemIleXIjfaCaskmμPaB

EdlmanhaniP½yTab¼rgVan;x<s; ehIykRmcab;)anmRnþIBukrlYyNas; nigenAeBlEdlcab;)an k¾mRnþIenaHminTTYlkarpþnÞaeTas

F¶n;F¶rEdr ¬Quah 1999³82¦. erOghñwgKWvaGBa©wg sUm,IEtenAeBlEdlkariyal½yesIubGegátRbRBwtiþkmμ BukrlYy (CPIB) RtUv)an

begáIteLIgenAkñúgqñaM 1952 k¾edaykIþ. karbraC½ydMbUgénkariyal½yesIubGegátRbRBwtiþkm μBukrlYy (CPIB) kñúgkarcab;epþIm

edaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBukrlYy KWedaysareKalkarN_c,ab;minrwgmaM nigedayehtufaBIdMbUgmRnþIénkariyal½yesIubGegátRbRBwtiþkmμ

BukrlYy (CPIB) RtUv)aneRCIserIsBIkmøaMgb:UlIssigðbUrI EdlCaplvi)ak mRnþITaMgenHmin)anbþÚpþac;esIubGegátelIkarRbRBwtiþGMeBI

BukrlYy EdlPaKeRcInBak;B½n§nwgmRnþIb:UlIsEdlCaGtItshesvikrbs;BYkxøÜnenaHeT. ehIyenAkñúgkarbMeBjkargarCa

beNþaHGasnñ mRnþIb:UlIsTaMgenaHmin)anTTYlkic©karBar nigsnþisuxmuxtMENgRKb;RKan;sRmab;karbMeBjkargaresaHeLIy.

CalT§pl mRnþICaeRcInRtUv)anTTYlkarEtgtaMgf μ ImunnwgBYkeKGaceFIVkaresIubGegátrbs;eK)ancb;sBVRKb;. bEnßmelIenHeTot

esvasaFarN³manTmøab;RbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy edaysarEtmansmtßPaBTn;Tab R)ak;ebovtStic nigxVHPaBsucriteTogRtg; rYmpSMnwg

vb,Fm’TUeTAEdlKitfa mRnþIsaFarN³man]tþmPaBelIBlrdæ nigkaryl;RBmTTYlykCasaFarN³nUvRbRBwtþikm μminsmRsbBI

sMNak;mRnþIsaFarN³ ¬Ali 2000³3-4¦. karKaMRTBIkñúgcMeNamBlrdæk¾K μanEdr edayehtufasaFarNCnminTukcitþeTAelI

RbsiT§PaBénkariyal½yesIubGegátRbRBwtiþkmμBukrlYy (CPIB) enH.

RbeTssigðbUrI

1RKb;nItikmμTaMgGs;manenA http://statutes.org.gov.sg.

113

karBN’nasegçbrbs;RbeTsnImYy²³ RbeTssigðbUrI

enAeBlEdlKN³bkS People's Action Party eLIgkan;GMNackñúgqñaM 1959 rdæaPi)alfμI )anRbkasCabnÞan; GMBIkarkat;

bnßyGMeBIBukrlYy[enAticbMput nig)ancat;TukGMeBIBukrlYyfaCaskm μPaBEdlmanhaniP½yx<s;¼rgVan;tic. dUecñH enAkñúgqñaM

1960 yuT§saRsþTUlMTUlayRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIgtamry³karGnum½tc,ab;sIþBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy

(POCA). yuT§saRsþenH manmUldæanelIeKalkarN_Edlfa {GMeBIBukrlYybgáeLIgedayeRKOgelIkTwkcitþpg nigeday»kas

RbRBwtþBukrlYypg} dUecñHeKtRmUvfa RtUvEtkMcat;TaMgeRKOgelIkTwkcitþ TaMg»kasRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYyenHecj ¬Quah

1999³83¦. kardwknaMl¥eFVICaKMrU nigeKalneya)ayminGt;eGancMeBaHGMeBIBukrlYy KWCaGgÁFatusMxan;ényuTßsaRsþsRmab;EkERb

\riyabfrbs;Blrdæ. c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy POCA )anBRgIkGMNacesIubGegátrbs;kariyal½yesIubGegátRbRBwtiþkmμ

BukrlYy (CPIB) eday)anpþl;dl;kariyal½yenH nUv]bkrN_EdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;sRmab;RbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy RBmTaMgbegáIn

karpþnÞaeTaselIkarRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYypgEdr. CalT§pl viFankarmWugm:at;RtUv)andak;RbqaMgnwgmRnþIIBukrlYy EdlbNþal[man

karKaMRT nigshRbtibtþikarkan;EteRcIneLIgBIsaFarNCn ehIynigCabNþaMc,as;las;mYy EdlR)ab;fa c,ab;RtUv)anGnuvtþy:ag

twgrwug nigfaGMeBIBukrlYy KWCaskmμPaBEdlmanhaniP½yx<s;¼rgVan;tic.

RbeTssigðbUrIRtUv)ancat;fñak;CaRbeTsTI5 kñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMg 159 enAkñúgsnÞsSn_qñaM 2005 rbs;GgÁkartmøaPaB

GnþrCati sþIBITsSn³elIGMeBIBukrlYy. dUecñH sigðbUrIRtUv)ancat;fñak;CaRbeTsEdlmanGMeBIBukrlYyticCageKbMputRbcaMtMbn;GasIu

enAkñúgsnÞsSn_enH ehIybc©úb,nñenH sigðbUrICaRbeTsmYykñúgcMeNamRbeTsEdlmanGMeBIBukrlYyticCageKenAkñúgBiPBelak.

kñúgsßanPaBEbbenH sigðbUrI)anTTYlkarTTYlsÁal;TUTaMgBiPBelak nigkareKarBcMeBaHvb,Fm’énPaBsucriteTogRtg;rbs;RbeTs

enH EdlRCabcUleTAkñúgrdæ)alsaFarN³ k¾dUcCaEpñkÉkCnEdr.


kariyal½yTb;sáat; nigesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy (CPIB) RtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgqñaM1952. kariyal½yenHKWCasßab½nÉkraCü

mYy EdlsßitenAkñúgkariyal½ynaykrdæmRnþI (PMO). kariyal½yTb;sáat; nigesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy (CPIB) dwknaMedaynayk

mñak; EdlEtgtaMgedayRbFanaFibtI tamGnusasn_rbs;KN³rdæmRnþI b¤rdæmRnþImñak;EdlCatMNagsßitenAeRkamGMNacTUeTAén

KN³rdæmRnþI. RbFanaFibtIGacbdiesF b¤dkhUtkarEtgtaMgnaykenH RbsinebIRbFanaFibtIminÉkPaBtamGnusasn_Edldak;CUn

¬GnuEpñk 3¼1 énc,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy¦. naykRtUvTTYlxusRtUvpÞal;cMeBaHnaykrdæmRnþI. RbFanaFibtIEtgtaMg

naykrgpgEdr nignaykCMnYykar nigGñkesIubGegátBiessmYYycMnYntamkarcaM)ac; ¬GnuEpñk 3¼2 énc,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBI

BukrlYy POCA¦. GñkTaMgGs;enHCamRnþIsaFarN³ tambBaØtþiuénGnuEpñk 4¼1 énc,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy POCA.

karTTYlxusRtUvcm,grbs;kariyal½yTb;sáat; nigesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy (CPIB) KWGnuvtþc,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBuk

rlYy POCA dUecñH CPIB KWCaGgÁPaBcm,gEdlTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkaresIubGegát nigTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy. kñúgsßanPaBEbbenH

muxgarbIRbePTénkariyal½yTb;sáat; nigesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy (CPIB) rYmman³

TTYlnigesIubGegátelIbNþwgsþIBIGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgEpñksaFarN³ nigEpñkÉkCn

esIubGegátkarGnuvtþminl¥ nigGakb,kiriyaminsmRsbrbs;mRnþIsaFarN³ nig

BinitüemIlkarGnuvtþ nignItiviFIenAkñúgesvasaFarN³ edIm,Ikat;bnßy»kasRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy[enAticbMput.

rcnasm<½n§énkariyal½yTb;sáat; nigesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy (CPIB) EckecjCabIsaxadUcteTAenH³

114


saxaesIubGegát EdlCasaxaFMCageK manbYnGgÁPaB EdlGgÁPaBnImYy²dwknaMedayeTsCMnYykarnaykmñak; Edl

TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarcat;Ecg nigRtYtemIlkaresIubGegát.

saxaRKb;RKgTinñn½ynigKaMRT Edlkan;kab; nigcat;EcgRbB½n§B½t’mantamkMuBüÚT½r EdlGacbgálkçN³[kariyal½y

Tb;sáat; nigesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy (CPIB) Gactak;EtgyuT§saRsþTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy nigeRCIserIsebkçCnsRmab;

EtgtaMgCamRnþIsaFarN³ kartemøIgzannþrskþi GaharUbkrN_ nigkarhwVkhWVn. GgÁPaBRsavRCavenAkñúgsaxaenH Binitü

emIlnItiviFI;bMeBjkargarrbs;naykdæannanaEdlgayrgGMeBIBukrlYy. GgÁPaBesIubkarN_pþl;B½t’man EdltRmUv[

mansRmab;bMeBjtamtRmUvkarRbtibtþikarénsaxaesIubGegát.

saxardæ)al Edlpþl;karKaMRTEpñkrdæ)aldl;saxaBIrepSgeTot nigTTYlxusRtUvEpñkRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú nigRKb;RKg

buKÁlikrbs;kariyal½yTb;sáat; nigesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy (CPIB) ¬Quah 2003¦.

kariyal½yTb;sáat; nigesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy (CPIB) manTMhMtUc EdlmanbuKÁlikEtCag 80 nak;b:ueNÑaH. ]TahrN_

KN³kmμkarÉkraCüRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyenAhugkug manbuKÁlik 15dgeRcInCagenH. y:agNak¾eday TItaMgrbs;kariyal½y

Tb;sáat; nigesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy (CPIB) EdlsßitenAkñúgkariyal½ynaykrdæm®nþI ehIynigGMNacpøÚvc,ab;rbs;kariyal½yenH

kñúgkarTTYl)anshRbtibtþikarBIGgÁkarsaFarN³ nigÉkCn Gac[kariyal½y (CPIB) enHbMeBjkargarrbs;xøÜn)an edaymin)ac;

tRmUv[manbuKÁlikbEnßm eTaHCamanbnÞúkkargareRcInelIslubk¾eday ¬Quah 1999³84¦.

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mYyqñaMmþg.

115


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116


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Yew enAkñúg Quah 1999³76¦.

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117


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140¦.

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RbPB

Ali, Muhammed, karbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy - bTBiesaFrbs;sigðbUrI ÉksarbgðajCUnenA kñúgsikçasalasþIBIbTBiesaF

CaGnþrCatiGMBIGPi)alkic©l¥ nigkarRbyuuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy )agkk ExkumÖ³ qñaM 2000.

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Rkug)agkk Exkkáda qñaM 1998.

Quah, Jon S.T - kareRbobeFobviFankarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgRbeTskñúgtMbn;GasIu³ emeronEdlTTYl)an

TsSnavdþIGasIuGMBIrdæ)alsaFarN³ elx 2 ¬kkáda-FñÚ qñaM 1999¦.

Quah, Jon S.T, 2003 karTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyenAtMbn;GasIu karsikSaeRbobeFobenAkñúgRbeTsR)aMmYy.

GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati 2003 r)aykarN_sklGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy qñaM 2003.


B½t’manRbEmRbmUlpgEdrBIRbB½n§ website rbs;sßab½nepSg²Edl)anerobrab;xagelI.

118


naykdæanesvasaFarN³ nigrdæ)al (DPSA) www.dpsa.govza

naykdæanbNþwgtv:aépÞkñúg (ICD) www.icd.gov.za

GaCJaFrCatiGyükarGaRhVikxagt,Úg (NPA) CaBiessKW GgÁPaBrwbGUsRTBü nignaykdæanRbtibtþikarBiess

www.npa.gov.za

kariyal½yGKÁsvnkr www.agsa.co.za

kariyal½ykarBarsaFarN³ www.polity.org.za/html/govt/pobprot/index.html?rebookmark=1

KN³kmμkaresvasaFarN³ (PSC) www.psc.gov.za

esvab:UlIsGaRhiVkxagt,Úg (SAPS) CaBiess esvaesIubGegátEpñksaxaBaNiC¢kmμ www.saps.gov.za

esvacMNUlBn§darGaRhiVkxagt,Úg (SARS) www.sars.gov.za

GgÁPaBesIubGegátBiess (SIU) www.siu.org.za

bTbBaØtþicm,g

rdæFmμnuBaØénsaFarNrdæGaRhiVkxagt,Úg ¬qñaM 1996¦

c,ab;sþIBITIPñak;garGyükarCati elx 32 qñaM 1998

c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;nigRbyuT§nwgskmμPaBBukrlYy elx 12 qñaM 2004

c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;]RkidækmμGgÁkarcat;taMg elx 121 qñaM 1998

c,ab;sþIBIkarelIksÞÜysiTi§eRbIR)as;B½t’man elx 2 qñaM 2000

c,ab;sþIBIkarelIksÞÜyrdæ)altulakar elx 3 qñaM 2000

c,ab;sþIBIkarkarBarkarRbkaspSay elx 26 qñaM 2000 ¬c,ab;elx 26¦

c,ab;sþIBIkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ elx 1 qñaM 1999

c,ab;sþIBIGgÁPaBesIubGegátBiessnigsalakþIBiess elx 74 qñaM 1996 ¬c,ab;elx 74¦.

savta

cab;taMgBIcb;rbbGa)a:eftmk GaRhVikxagt,Úg)anecjBIrbbneya)ayCardæRbkan;BUCsasn_CiHCan; BukrlYy tamEbb

bri)alkic©neya)ay eq<aHeTArkrbbRbCaFibetyüTMenIbGaRs½yrdæFmμnuBaØ. y:agNak¾eday karbBa©b;rdæGa)a:eft minEmnCakar

cab;epþIménrdæaPi)alRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyedaypÞal;enaHeT. pÞúyeTAvij RbeTsenH)an[sBaØabgðajBIdMeNIrkarénkarEkTRmg;

rdæy:agRCaleRCAeTAvijeT ¬Van Vuuren 2004³2¦. dUecñH kic©kardMbUgminEmnCakartak;EtgEpnkarsRmab;RbyuT§nwgGMeBI

RbeTsGaRhiVkxagt,Úg

119

karBN’nasegçbrbs;RbeTsnImYy²³ RbeTsGaRhiVkxagt,Úg

BukrlYyenaHeT k¾b:uEnþ Cakarksagsßab½n EdltRmUv[mansRmab;bMeBjkatBVkic©rbs;rdæ dUcmanEcgenAkñúgrdæFm μnuBaØ.

EfmelIenHeTot kic©karenHRtUveFIVCamYysmasPaBBIrbbmun Edlkan;kab;muxgarsMxan;²enAkñúgesvasaFarN³ kñúgbriFansnþisux

RBmTaMgesdækic© CabnþeTAkñúgsm½yGnþrkal Edl)ancrcaKña. dUecñH EpnkarBIedImTI minEmnsRmab;RbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYyeT.

karbegáItKeRmagRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy)ankøayeTACaGaTiPaBTImYyenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RbFanaFibtI ENlsun EmndWLa

(Nelson Mandela) ¬1994-1999¦. enHCameFüa)aycaM)ac;sRmab;karBarsuvtßiPaBelIsmiT§ipl EdlseRmc)anenAkñúgqñaMdMbUg

eRkayBIkardYlrlMénRbB½n§Ga)a:eft nigmankarrIkceRmInEfmeTotenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgkñúgGaNtiþTImYyrbs;RbFanaFibtI fab‘U

GwmebkKI (Thabo Mbeki) ¬1999-2004¦.

GVICabnþbnÞab;mkeTotKW rdæsPaEdlRtUv)ane)aHeqñateRCIserIstamlT§iRbCaFibetyü )anGnum½tc,ab;mYycMnYnTak;TineTA

nwgkarRRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy k¾dUcCakarbegáItTIPñak;garepSg²mYycMnYn EdlmanGaNtiþkargarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy KWCa

GaNtiþkargarrMElkbnÞúkKña EdlpÞúyBIGaNtiþkargarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyénTIPñak;garEtmYy. bEnßmelIenHeTot sgÁmsIuvil nig

RbB½n§pSBVpSayB½t’man)anedIrtYnaTIpgEdr kñúgkarrkSasnÞúHénkMENTRmg;. fVIebIc,ab;bBaØtiþsþIBIGMeBIBukrlYy CaTUeTA RtUveKKitfa

RKb;RKan;k¾eday k¾mankrNIEdlbgðajfa karGnuvtþc,ab;TaMgenHenAmanPaBminRKb;RKan;enAeLIy. RbkarenHmYyEpñkk¾edaysar

xVHFnFan ¬GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati 2004³259-260¦. elIsBIenHeTot mankarRtYtKñarvagGaNtiþkargarénTIPñak;garepSg²

nigkgVHkic©sRmbsRmYlrvagTIPñak;garTaMgenaH EdlmanParkic©RbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬kariyal½yGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIeRKOg

ejon nig]Rkidækmμ UNODC 2003¦.

fVIt,itEtmankarBiPakSasIþGMBIfa etIRtUvbegáItTIPñak;garRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyEtmYyb¤y:agNa k¾rdæaPi)al)anseRmcrkSa

TuknUvrcnasm<½n§sßab½nEdlmanGaNtiþkargarrMElkbnÞúkKñasRmab;RbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYyenHdEdl edayeRCIsykkareFVI[RbesIr

eLIgEfmeTot cMeBaHTIPñak;garEdlmanRsab; dUcEdleK)andak;esñIeLIgenAkñúgyuT§saRsþesvasaFarN³RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyqñaM

2002. RsbtamGnusasn_EdlmanEcgenAkñúgyuT§saRsþenH KN³km μaFikarsRmbsRmYlRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYymYyRtUv)an

begáIteLIgsRmab;sRmbsRmYlkargarrbs;TIPñak;garepSg² ¬kariyal½yGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIeRKOgejon nig]Rkidækm μ

UNODC 2003¦. karGnum½tyuT§saRsþesvasaFarN³RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy KWCakarGPivDÆCaviC¢manedaypÞal; edaypþl;[

manKeRmagTUlMTUlaykñúgkarTb;sáat; nigRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgEpñksaFarN³ ¬KWRksYgmnÞInanarbs;rdæaPi)al¦. kar

GPivDÆEdlCakmøaMgCMrujbEnßmmYyeTot KWkardak;c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;nigkarRbyuT§nwgskmμPaBBukrlYy EdlRtUv)anGnum½tkñúgqñaM

2004 CaCMnYsc,ab;sþIBIGMeBIBukrlYyqñaM 1992 EdlCaTUeTA RtUv)anemIleXIjfamanPaBminRKb;RKan;. c,ab;fμImanEcgGtßn½y

c,as;las;BIGMeBIBukrlYy RBmTaMgTTYlsÁal;TaMgEpñksUknigEpñkTTYlsMNUk faCabTel μ Is eBalKWcat;CabTel μ IsRBh μTNÐ

TaMgkarb:unb:gsUk b¤karb:unb:gBukrlYy.

RbeTsGaRhiVkxagt,ÚgRtUv)ancat;fñak;CaRbeTsTI 46 kñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMg 159 enAkñúgtaragsnÞsSn_qñaM 2005

rbs;GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati sþIBITsSn³GMBIGMeBIBukrlYy. b:uEnþ fVIebIGMeBIBukrlYymankRmitTabk¾eday ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwg

RbeTsCitxag k¾r)aykarN_RbeTssþIBIkar)a:n;RbmaNGMeBIBukrlYy EdleFIVeLIgedaykariyal½yGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBI

eRKOgejon nig]Rkidækmμ (UNODC) rYmKñaCamYynwgrdæaPi)alGaRhVikxagt,Úg bgðaj[eXIjfa TsSn³GMBIGMeBIBukrlYymankRmit

x<s; fVIebIeKraykarN_fa GñkEdlRbQmmuxnwgGMeBIBukrlYyCak;EsþgmancMnYnticCagk¾eday.


enAGaRhiVkxagt,ÚgminmanTIPñak;garRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyEtmYyeT. pÞúyeTAvij Parkic©RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyRtUv)an

120


rMElkbnÞúkeTA[sßab½nepSg²mYycMnYn. karesIubGegát nigkardak;bNþwgGaCJa ¬KWbþwgecaTtamnItiviFItulakar¦ BIGMeBIBukrlYysßit

enAelIGaCJaFrCatiGyükarGaRhVikxagt,Úg (NPA) GgÁPaBesIubGegátBiess (SIU) nigesvab:UlIsGaRhiVkxagt,Úg (SAPS).

sßab½nnana dUcCakariyal½yGKÁsvnkr kariyal½yGñkkarBarsaFarN³ esvacMNUlBn§darGaRhiVkxagt,Úg nigKN³kmμkaresva

saFarN³ tammuxgarsñÚlrbs;xøÜn RtUvBRgwgesckþIsucriteTogRtg;rbs;nieyaCit karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú nigKuNPaBrdæ)alenAkñúg

esvasaFarN³ EdlTaMgGs;enHKWCakic©karsñÚlkñúgkarTb;sáat;nigkarEvkmuxGMeBIBukrlYy.

GaCJaFrCatiGyükarGaRhiVkxagt,Úg (NPA) EdldwknaMedaynaykCatiénmhaGyükar ¬KWGKÁrdæGaCJa¦ (NDPD) nig

EtgtaMgedayRbFanaFibtI RtUv)anbegáIteLIgtambBaØtþimaRta 179 énrdæFmμnuBaØ EdlEcgfa GaCJaFrCatiGyükarGaRhVikxagt,Úg

(NPA) RtUvbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜnedayKμankarP½yxøac KμankareyaKyl; b¤karerIseGIgNamYyeLIy. naykCatiEnmhaGyükar

(NDPD) raykarN_CUnsPa nigRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHrdæmRnþIRksYgyutþiFm’. muxgar nigParkic©énGaCJaFrCatiGyükarGaRhVik

xagt,Úg (NPA) dUcEdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIGaCJaFrCatiGyükarGaRhVikxagt,Úg (NPA) mandUcteTAenH³

pþÜcepþIm nigdwknaMdMeNIrkarerOgkþIRBhμTNÐ kñúgnamrdæ

bMeBjmuxgarcaM)ac;NamYy EdlRtUvpþÜcepþImnigdwknaMdMeNIrkarerOgkþIRBhμTNÐEbbhñwg ehIynig

bBaÄb;dMeNIrkarkþIRBhμTNÐ.

kñúgParkic©EbbenH GaCJaFrCatiGyükarGaRhVikxagt,Úg (NPA) KWCasßab½nEdlmanTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§CamYynwgkic©RbwgERbg

rbs;rdæ kñúgkarRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy nig]RkidækmμGgÁkarcat;taMgenAGaRhVikxagt,Úg.

GgÁPaBBIrénGaCJaFrCatiGyükarGaRhVikxagt,Úg (NPA) EdledIrtYnaTIpÞal;bMputkñúgkarRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy

KWnaykdæan RbtibtþikarBiess (DSO) EdleKehApgEdrfaxüadMrI nigGgÁPaBrwbGUsRTBü (AFU).

eKaledAcm,gmYyénGaCJaFrCatiGyükarGaRhiVkxagt,Úg (NPA) KWRtUvGnuvtþbBaØtþisþIBIkarrwbGUsRTBü EdlmanEcgenA

CMBUk 5 nigCMBUk 6 énc,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;]RkidækmμGgÁkarcat;taMg. GgÁPaBrwbGUsRTBü (AFU) RtUv)anbegáIteLIgsRmab;bMeBj

eKaledAenH. fVIIebIGgÁPaBrwbGUsRTBüenH minmanParkic©edaypÞal;kñúgkarRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYyk¾eday k¾kargarrbs;GgÁPaBenH

mansar³sMxan;CamUldæanEdr cMeBaHkarTb;sáat;tamry³karTarykRbeyaCn_mkvij nigRTBüEdl)anmk EdlCalT§plénkar

Bak;B½n§enAkñúgskmμPaB]Rkidækmμ rYmTaMgGMeBIBukrlYypg.

naykdæanRbtibtþikarBiess (DSO) RtUv)andak;[dMeNIrkarkñúgqñaM 1999 kñúglkçN³CaEpñkmYYyénkarbegáInsmtßPaBrdæ

sRmab;esIubGegátnigdak;bNwþgGaCJa edaymanRbsiT§PaBcMeBaH]Rkidækm μEdlCaGaTiPaBCati. kñúgParkic©EbbenH naykdæan

RbtibtþikarBiess (DSO) KWCaTIPñak;garBhuEpñk CaBiess manGMNaccat;karTl;nwg]RkidækmμEdl)anRbRBwtþþedaymanGgÁkar

cat;taMg. GMNacenH rYmman karesIubGegát nigkardak;bNwþgGaCJaRbqaMgnwg]RkidækmμGgÁkarcat;taMg nigGMeBIBukrlYy.

Cacm,g naykdæanRbtibtþikarBiess (DSO) epþateTAelIkrNIGMeBIBukrlYyfñak;x<s;. naykdæanRbtibtþikarBiess (DSO)

)anGnum½tykviFIsaRsþGnuvtþn_c,ab;EbøkeKmYy EdlrYmpSMkarviPaK]Rkidækm μ karesuIbGegát nigkardak;bNwþgGaCJa tamrebob

bRBa¢abcUlKñaedayeRbIbec©kviTüafμI.

121


GgÁPaBesIubGegátBiess (SIU) RtUv)anbegáIteLIgtamc,ab;elx 74 nigRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHrdæmRnþIRksYgyutþiFm’ nig

sPa. GgÁPaBesIubGegátBiess (SIU) KWCasßab½nBak;kNþalÉkraCü EdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab; edayRtUvTTYlParkic©esIubGegát

elIkarlYcbnøM GMeBIBukrlYy nigkarRKb;RKgminRtwmRtUvelIRTBüsm,tþirdæ nigR)ak;kassaFarN³. kñúgsßanPaBEbbenH GgÁPaBe

sIubGegátBiess (SIU) KWCaTIPñak;garEtmYyKt;EdlmanGaNtþikargardac;mux kñúgkarRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy. eRkaykaresIub

Gegát RbsinebImanPsþútagBIkarlYcbnøM GMeBIBukrlYy nigkarRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþirdæedayminRtwmRtUv GgÁPaBesIubGegátBiess

(SIU) manGMNaccat;viFankarbNþwgrdæb,evNIenAsalakþIBiess edIm,ITamTarykmkvijnUvRTBüsm,tiþrdæ nigR)ak;kassaFarN³

EdlRtUv)ancMNay b¤eRbIR)as;edayminRtwmRtUv. GgÁPaBesIubGegátBiessenH epþatelIkrNIrdæb,evNI nigkarTamTarykmkvij.

GgÁPaBesIubGegátBiess (SIU) minmanGMNaccat;viFankarerOgRBhμTNÐNamYyYeT. GgÁPaBesIubGegátBiess (SIU) eFIVkareday

manshRbtibtþikary:agCitsñiT§CamYyGaCJaFrCatiGyükarGaRhVikxagt,Úg (NPA) naykdæanRbtibtþikarBiess (DSO) GgÁPaB

rwbGUsRTBü (AFU) nigesvab:UlIsGaRhVikxagt,Úg (SAPS). eBlNaEdlGgÁPaBesIubGegátBiess (SIU) )anRbTHeXIjskmμPaB

]Rkidæ b¤rkeXIj]Rkidækmμ EdleKraykarN_B½t’manénkarrkeXIjenHRtUvbBa¢ÚneTAsßab½nesIubGegát]RkidækmμBak;B½n§ edIm,IbnþerOgkþI

GMeBIbTBukrlYy TaMgEpñkrdæb,evNI TaMgEpñkRBhμTNÐ.

enAkñúgsßab½nesvab:UlIsGaRhiVkxagt,Úg (SAPS) KWsaxaBaNiC¢kmμénEpñkesvaesIubGegát EdlmankarTTYlxusRtUvcm,g

Tak;TinnwgGMeBIBukrlYy. erOgenHbNþal[mankarbBa©ÚlGgÁPaBRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyénesvab:UlIsGaRhVikxagt,Úg (SAPS)

eTAkñúgEpñkesvaesIubGegát.

naykdæanbNþwgtv:aépÞkñúg (ICD) EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaybBaØtþiénCMBUk 10 Epñk 50¼1 énc,ab;sþIBIesvab:UlIsGaRhiVk

xagt,Úg elx 68¼1995 ¬c,ab;elx 68¦ manGMNacesIubGegátelIkarRbRBwtþiminRtwmRtUv EdlRbRBwtþedaysmaCikesvab:UlIs

GaRhiVkxagt,Úg nigsmaCikesvab:UlIsRkug ¬Epñk 53>2¼c,ab;elx 68¦ kñúgeKalbMNgelIksÞÜykarRbRBwtþil¥RtwmRtUvrbs;

b:UlIs. Parkic©enHrYmbBa©ÚlpgEdr TaMgkaresuIbGegátelIbTecaTRbkan;eTAelIsmaCikesvab:UlIsGaRhVikxagt,Úg EdlBak;B½n§enA

kñúgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgTRmg;NamYy. naykdæanbNþwgtv:aépÞkñúg (ICD) KWCanaykdæanrbs;rdæaPi)al EdldwknaMedaynaykRbtibtþi

mñak; EdlRtUv)anesñIeQ μaHedayrdæmRnþI nigEtgtaMgedayKN³km μaFikarsPa EdlRbtibtþikaredayÉkraCüBIesvab:UlIsGaRhVik

xagt,Úg ¬Epñk 51¼c,ab;elx 68¦.

tamKuNtémøénCMBUk 9 énrdæFmμuBaØ EdlEcgGMBIsßab½nrdæKaMRTlTi§RbCaFibetyüGaRs½yrdæFmμnuBaØ sßab½nrdæÉkraCümYy

cMnYnRtUv)anbegáIteLIg. kñúgcMeNamenHmankariyal½yGKÁsvnkr nigkariyal½yGKÁrdæGaCJa manTMnak;TMngBiessCamYYynwgRbB½n§

sucritPaBCati. sßab½nTaMgenHRtUv)ankarBarTl;nwgGnþraKmn_BIxageRkA nigRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHrdæsPa Edlsßab½nTaMgenHRtUv

)antRmUv[raykarN_GMBIskmμPaB nigkarbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜnCaerogral;qñaM ¬Epñk 181 énrdæFmμnuBaØ¦.

GKÁsvnkr EdldwknaMkariyal½yGKÁsvnkr dUcEdlmanEcgenAkñúgEpñk 188 énrdæFmμnuBaØ RtUveFIVsvnkmμ nigraykarN_

GMBIKNenyü r)aykarN_hirBaØvtßú nigkarcat;EcghirBaØvtßúrbs;sßab½nxageRkamenH³

RKb;naykdæannigrdæ)al fñak;Catinigfñak;extþ

RKb;salaRkugTaMgGs; nig

sßab½n b¤GgÁPaBKNeenyüNamYyepSgeTottamtRmUvkar.

122


dUecñH GKÁsvnkrmantYnaTIsMxan;kñúgkarRtYtBinitü]Rkidækm μesdækic©enAGaRhVikxagt,Úg rYmTaMg rYmcMENkkñúgkarTb;sáat;

GMeBIBukrlYypgEdr.

muxgarénkariyal½yGKÁrdæGaCJa EdldwknaMedayGKÁrdæGaCJa manEcgenAkñúgEpñk 182 énrdæFmμnuBaØ. dUcEdlmanEcgenA

kñúgbTbBa¢aCati GKÁrdæGaCJamanGMNacdUcteTAenH³

esIubGegátGMBIkarbMeBjkargarrdæ b¤enAkñúgr)alsaFarN³enAkñúgvis½yNamYYyénrdæaPi)al EdlRtUv)anecaT b¤mankar

sgS½yfaminRtwmRtUv b¤Edlbgá[manPaBxusqÁg b¤karxUcRbeyaCn_.

raykarN_GMBIkarbMeBjkargarenaH nig

cat;viFankarEklm¥smRsb.

bEnßmeTAnwgsßab½ncm,g²Edl)anerobrab;xagelImanTIPñak;garbEnßmmYycMnYneTot EdledIrtYnaTIenAkñúgkarTb;sáat;

GMeBIBukrlYy dUcCaKN³kmμkaresvasaFarN³ nigesvacMNUlBn§dar GaRhiVkxagt,Úg k¾dUcCaevTikaCatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy

EdlCasßab½nmYyEdlmanGñktMNagBIEpñkrdæaPi)al ÉkCn nigsgÁmsIuvil.


edaysarEtminmanTIPñak;garEtmYyRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy KN³kmμaFikarsRmbsRmYlRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy RtUv)anbegáIt

eLIgtamGnusasn_ EdlmanEcgenAkñúgyuT§saRsþesvasaFarN³RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy. KN³kmμaFikarenH rYmman naykdæan

Cati nignaykdæanextþ RBmTaMgTIPñak;gar nigsßabn½CatiepSgeTot EdlmanmuxgarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy. KN³kmμaFikar man

Parkic©eFIVkarsRmbsRmYl nigeFIVsmahrNkmμkargarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy.

enAkñúgnaykdæanesvasaFarN³ nigrdæ)al GgÁPaBesvasaFarN³RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy mantYnaTIsRmbsRmYlpgEdr

nigRtUvTTYlxusRtUvelI³

karGPivDÆnigkarGnuvtþyuT§saRsþsþIBIesvasaFarN³RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy

kic©sRmbsRmYl nigkareFIVsmahrNkm μkargarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;rdæaPi)alenAkRmiteKalneya)ay nig

kRmityuT§saRsþ

KaMRTkmμviFICatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy

eKalneya)aynigshRbtibtþikarkñúgtMbn;nigGnþrCatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy

RbEmRbmUlnigviPaKB½t’manGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy nigkarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy nig

KaMRTrdæmRnþIRksYgesvasaFarN³ nigrdæ)alcMeBaHkarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRbyuT§nwgGMeBI BukrlYy.

GgÁPaBesvasaFarN³RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy (PSAC) pþl;pgEdr nUvesvapþl;eyabl; nigesvaKaMRT dl;EpñksaFarN³

sþIBIkarGnuvtþeKalneya)ay nignItikm μRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy RBmTaMgekaHRbCMuKN³km μaFikarsRmbsRmYlRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBuk

rlYy. ya:gNak¾eday GgÁPaBesvasaFarN³RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy mineFIVkaresIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYyedayxøÜnÉgenaHeT.

123


yuT§saRsþénesvasaFarN³RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy KWCaKeRmagEdlCakarepIþmKMnitTUlMTUlaysRmab;RbyuT§ nigTb;sáat;

GMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgesvasaFarN³ EdlRtUv)anGnum½tenAkñúgqñaM 2002 pþl;karENnaMenAkñúgkic©RbwgERbgrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkar

RbyuT§GMeBIBukrlYy. yuT§saRsþesñIfa RtUvEtbegáIt[manlMnaMedaHRsaytamEbbRbTak;RkLa nigrYmbBa©ÚlKña sRmab;RbyuT§nwg

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124


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125


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RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy dUcEdlc,ab;)antRmUvenaH.

RbPB

tmøaPaBGnþrCati 2004 r)aykarN_sklGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy qñaM 2004.

http://www.globalcorruptionreport.org/download.htm

UNODC ¬kariyal½yGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIeRKOgejonnig]Rkidækm μ¦ nigrdæaPi)alGaRhiVkxagt,Úg qñaM 2003

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http://www.unodc.org/southafrica_reports/

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2004.

http://www.kenyangm.co.ke/pdfs/south_africa.pdf

B½t’manRbEmRbmUlpgEdrBIRbB½n§evbsayrbs;sßab½nepSg²Edl)anerobrab;xagelI.

126


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kariyal½yKN³kmμkarB½t’manpøÚvkar (OIC)

kariyal½ykarBarBlrdæéf Ombudsman

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bTbBaØtþicm,g

c,ab;sþIBIbTelμIsTak;TinnwgkaredjéføBukrlYycMeBaHTIPñak;garrdæ ¬qñaM 1999¦

c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIttulakarrdæ)al ¬qñaM 1999¦

c,ab;RbqaMgnwgkarlagluykxVk; ¬qñaM 1999¦

c,ab;sþIBIbTelμIskñúgkaredjéføenATIPñak;garrdæaPi)al ¬qñaM 1999¦

c,ab;sþIBIkariyal½ytulakarFmμnuBaØ ¬qñaM 1999¦

c,ab;sþIBIB½t’manpøÚvkar ¬qñaM 1999¦

c,ab;begáItGgÁkarsþIBIkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬qñaM 1999¦

c,ab;begáItGgÁkarsþIBIKNbkSneya)ay ¬qñaM 1998¦

c,ab;begáItGgÁkarsþIBIsvnkmμrdæ ¬qñaM 1999¦

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127

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128


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129+


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130


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131


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KN³kmμkarenH RBmTaMgsßitenAkñúgKN³kmμkarGPivDÆn_EpñksaFarN³ (PSDC). KN³kmμkarRksYgsIuvil (CSC) kMNt;eKal

neya)ay nigeKalkarN_ENnaMsRmab;karRKb;RKg nigrdæ)alénRksYgsIuvil nigRtYtRta nigsegátemIlelIkic©Rbtibtþikar.

KN³kmμkarRksYgsIuvil (CSC) mansmaCik 15-17 nak; EdlsuT§EtCamRnþIrdæaPi)alCan;x<s; nigbuKÁlEdlmanKuNsm,tþix<s; mk

9KN³kmμaFikarkargarBiessenH KWRtUvRbEmRbmUlB½t’manEfmeTot sRmab;dak;CUnGKÁRBHraCGaCJaeFIVkarkat;esckþIbnþ. enAeBlEdl

K μankic©RBmeRBog KN³km μkarCatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyedaypÞal;RtUvmanGMNackat;esckþI b¤cat;taMgemFavINamñak;[kat;esckþI

CYsKN³kmμkar.

132


BIEpñksaFarN³ nigEpñkÉkCn10

. KN³kmμkarRksYgsIuvil (CSC) kMNt;sþg;darsIlFm’sRmab;[TIPñak;garrdæaPi)alRbtibtþitam

nigpþl;eyabl; nigKaMRTRksYg naykdæan nigextþ kñúgkarbegáItbec©keTsRKb;RKgd¾manRbsiTi§iPaB nigs½kþisiTi§ ¬cuHesahu‘ytic¦.

KN³km μkarRksYgsIuvil(CSC)manParkic©BRgwgkaryl;dwgrbs;Blrdæ GMBItémøénRksYgsIuvil nigTMnukcitþrbs;BlrdæelIRbB½n§

esvasaFarN³. kariyal½yénKN³kmμkarRksYgsIuvil (OCSC) KWCaTIPñak;garmYyrbs;rdæaPi)al EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgén

kariyal½ynaykrdæmRnþI. kariyal½yénKN³kmμkarRksYgsIuvil (OCSC) RtUv)andwknaMedayGKÁelxaFikarmñak; EdlRtUvTTYl

xusRtUvpÞal;cMeBaHnaykrdæmRnþI EdlCaRbFanénKN³kmμkarRksYgsIuvil (CSC). Parkic©cm,génKN³kmμkarRksYgsIuvil (CSC)

KWpþl;Gnusasn_ nigeyabl;dl;KN³rdæmRnþI GMBIeKalneya)ayRKb;RKgbuKÁlik segátemIlkarRKb;RKgbuKÁlikEpñksaFarN³

bMeBjmuxgarCaTIPñak;garkNþalkñúgkarkarBarRbB½n§temøIgzannþrs½kþiedayGaRs½yelIKuNsm,tþi RBmTaMgelIkTwkcitþdl;

viC¢aCIv³niym RbsiT§PaB lT§plEdlGaRs½yelIkarbMeBjkargar tmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaBenAkñúgEpñksaFarN³. RksYgmRnþI

RbtibtþiCan;x<s; EdlerobcM;fμI;enH maneKaledAbegáIntmøaPaBenAkñúgkarEtgtaMgmRnþIsaFarN³Can;x<s; edayGaRs½yelIKuNsm,tþi.

rdæFm μnuBaØEcgpgEdrfa smaCiksPaminGaceRbItMENgrbs;xøÜnsRmab;eFIVGnþraKmn_enAkñúgkarEtgtaMg kareRCIserIs karepÞr

b¤kartemøIgzannþrskþiénmRnIþrdæaPi)aleT.

enAkñúgqñaM 2001 kariyal½yénKN³kmμkarRksYgsIuvil (OCSC) )anbegáItmUlniFiéfsRmab;tmøaPaB nigPaBs¥ats¥M.

mUlniFienH KWCakic©RbwgERbgrYmrvagkariyal½yénKN³kmμkar RksYgsIuvil (OCSC) GgÁkarsaFarN³ nigGgÁkarÉkCnBak;B½n§

nigsaFarNCnTUeTA. eKaledAénmUlniFienH KWelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgkñúgcMeNamRKb;EpñkTaMgGs;énsgÁméf rYmTaMgGñkneya)ay

nieyaCikrdæ GaCIvkr nigsaFarNCnTUeTA edIm,IRbkan;x¢ab;nUvsþg;darsIlFm’ nigkarRbRBwtþi RbkbedayPaBsucriteTogRtg; RBmTaMg

elIkTwkcitþ[mankic©shRbtibtþikarKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigP¢ab;bNþajKñakñúgcMeNamGgÁkarnigbuKÁl edIm,IFanasuvtßiPaBRbqaMg

nwgGMeBIBukrlYy. yuT§nakarEdleK[eQ μaHfa {minRBmsUk nigminRBmTTYlsMNUk} maneKaledAbegáIttémøsIlFm’f μIsRmab;

sgÁméf.

enAkñúgqñaM 2002 rdæaPi)albegáItKN³kmμkarGPivDÆn_EpñksaFarN³ (PSDC). KN³kmμkar (PSDC) enH edIrtYnaTIsMxan;

enAkñúgkarsegátemIlkarGnuvtþraCRkwwtüsþIBIviFan nignItiviFIsRmab;rdæ)alsaFarN³l¥ ¬qñaM 2003¦. edayGnuelamtam

raCRkwtüenH elxaFikarGciéRnþy_enAkñúgRksYgnImYy²RtUvbegáItmNÐlesvaRckecjcUlEtmYy (OSSC) EdlbMeBjtYnaTICaGñk

kNþalrvagBlrdæ nigTIPñak;garrdæaPi)al nigeFVI[RbesIeLIgnUvtmøaPaB PaBgayRsYldl;saFarNCnkñúgkareRbIR)as;B½t’man nig

karpþl;esvarh½s. mNÐlesvaRckecjcUlEtmYy (OSSC) Rbhak;RbEhlKñaenHEdrRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAfñak;extþ Rsuk nigXMu.

kariyal½yKN³kmμkarB½t’manpøÚvkar (OIC) TTYlbnÞúkkñúgkarbegáItkaryl;dwg nigkarGnuvtþc,ab;sþIBIB½t’manpøÚvkar ¬qñaM

1997¦. CasMxan; TIPñak;garsaFarN³mankatBVkic©RtUvpþl;B½t’mantamkaresñIsMuBIsaFarNCn edaymankarelIkElgtictYc

b:ueNÑaH. BlrdæGaceFIVbNþwgeTAKN³km μkarB½t’manpøÚvkar (OIC) kñúgkrNIEdlmanTIPñak;garsaFarN³NaminRbtibtþitam

ehIyKN³kmμkarB½t’manpøÚvkar (OIC) manGMNacbgÁab;eTATIPñak;garenaH[RbKl;nUvB½t’mantamkaresñIsMu. raCRkwwtüsþIBIviFan nig

nItiviFIsRmab;rdæ)alsaFarN³l¥ ¬qñaM 2003¦ k¾)antRmUv[RbkaspSaynUvParkic©pøÚvkarpgEdr11

. karsm¶at;CapøÚvkarGacmin

RbkaspSay)ankñúgeKalbMNgrkSasnþisuxCati esßrPaBesdækic©Cati esckþIerobrysaFarN³ b¤edIm,IkarBarsiTi§rbs;buKÁl.

10mansmaCikCab;eqñatR)aMnak; GñkÉkeTsbNÐitsPaBIR)aMeTAR)aMBIrnak; nigsmaCikcas;R)aMnak; ¬rYmman naykrdæmRnþI b¤]bnayk

rdæmRnþI elxaFikarGciéRnþy_énRksYghirBaØvtßú RbFannaykdæanfvika GKÁelxaFikarénRkumRbwkSaCatiesdækic©nigGPivDÆn_sgÁm nig

GKÁelxaFikarénKN³kmμkarRksYgsIuvil.11

TIPñak;garrdæaPi)alnanaRtUv)antRmUv[RbkaspSayCasaFrN³nUvfvikaRbcaMqñaM lT§km μRbcaMqñaM k¾dUcCakic©snüalT§km μNamYy

rbs;xøÜn Edl)aneFIVrYcehIy.

133


KN³kmμkarsvnkmμrdæ epÞógpÞat;emIlPaBRtwmRtUvénsRmg;cMNUl cMNay karrkSaTuk nigkarcMNayR)ak;kas nigkareRbI

RTBüepSgeTotrbs;TIPñak;garsaFarN³nigshRKasrdæ. KN³km μkarsvnkm μrdæ nwgeFVIesckIþbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa etIkarcat;Ecg

cMNUlcMNayRtUv)aneFIVeLIgtameKaledAkMNt; nigmanpll¥RKb;RKan;b¤y:agNa. GKÁsvnkrRtUv)anEtgtaMgedayRBHmhakSRt

eRkayBImankaryl;RBmBIrdæsPa. GKÁsvnkrkan;kab;kariyal½yrhUtdl;eBlcUlnivtþn_enAGayu 60qñaM.

c,ab;begáItGgÁkar qñaM 1999 sþIBIkariyal½yGñkkarBarBlrdæ (Ombudsman) KitTukCamunfa RtUvmanGñkkarBarBlrdæ

y:ageRcInbMputbInak;. GñkkarBarBlrdæ (Ombudsman) manGMNacEsVgrkGgÁehtuénbNþwgtv:aTl;nwgmRnþIsaFarN³ Edlmin

bMeBjkargartamc,ab; xkxanmin)anbMeBjParkic©rbs;xøÜnEdlc,ab;)antRmUv b¤eRbIGMNacelIsBIsiT§iGMNacrbs;xøÜn. dUecñH

GñkkarBarBlrdæ (Ombudsman) KWCabNþajmYyeTot Edltamry³bNþajenH eKGacelIkkrNIGMeBIBukrlYy)aneTot.

GñkkarBarBlrdæminmanGMNacesIubGegáteT ehIyRtUvbþwgerOgGMeBIBukrlYyEdlRtUv)anecaTRbkan; eTAKN³kmμkarCatiRbqaMgnwg

GMeBIBukrlYy. kariyal½yGñkkarBarBlrdæ (Ombudsman) GacbBa¢ÚnsMNMuerOgeTAtulakarFmμnuBaØ b¤eTAtulakarrdæ)al)anpg

Edr edIm,IeFIVesckþIseRmc. kariyal½y GñkkarBarBlrdæ (Ombudsman) RtUvpþl;r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMdl;sPapgEdr EdlCa

bNþajmYyeTot sRmab;bgðaj[dwgBIsßanPaBGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgRbeTs.

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mñak;²GacbeRmI)anEtmYyGaNtþib:ueNÑaH. Parkic©rbs;KN³kmμkar (NHRC) KWRtUv ¬1¦ elIksÞÜÜykareKarBsiTi§mnusS ¬2¦ Binitü

emIl nigraykarN_GMBIRbRBwtiþkm μEdlrMelaPsiTi§mnusS b¤RbRBwtiþkm μEdlminbMeBjtamkatBVkic©GnþrCati ¬3¦ dak;esñIeKal

neya)ay nigviesaFnkmμc,ab; viFan nigbTbBa¢asRmab;elIksÞÜÜynigkarBarsiTi§mnusS ¬4¦ elIksÞÜÜykarGb;rMsiTi§mnusS nig

RsavRCavGMBIsiTi§mnusS rYmTaMgkarRbkaspSayBt’manGMBIsiTi§mnusS ¬5¦ elIksÞÜÜykic©sRmbsRmYl nigshRbtibtþikarCamYYy

nwgTIPñak;garrdæaPi)al GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigsßab½nepSgeTotnig ¬6¦ pþl;eyabl;enAeBlEdlrdæaPi)alBicarNaelIkarcUl

CaPaKIénsn§isBaØasiTi§mnusS. kariyal½yénKN³km μkarCatisiTi§mnusSéfsßitenAeRkamkardwknaMrbs;GKÁelxaFikarmñak;.

KN³kmμkarCatisiTi§mnusSéf dak;r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMrbs;xøÜnCUnsPa nigKN³rdæmRnþI.

TMnak;TMngrvagrdæ nigBlrdærbs;xøÜn RtUv)ancat;EcgedayesckþIseRmcrbs;tulakarrdæ)alpgEdr. yutþaFikaréntulakar

rdæ)alRKbdNþb;elIvivaTrvagBlrdænigrdæ rYmTaMgerOgBukrlYypgEdr. yutþaFikarenHRKbdNþb;pgEdrelIvivaTGMBIkrNI EdlmRnþI

raCkarmankareFVsRbEhskñúgkarbMeBjtYnaTIrbs;xøÜn b¤bMeBjtYnaTIrbs;xøÜnedaymankaryWty:avminsmehtupl. CnNaEdl

dwgxøÜnfa xøÜn)anTTYlkarerIseGIgedayminRtwmRtUvBITIPñak;garrdæ GacbþwgeTAtulakarrdæ)al EdlCaehtueFIV[tulakarenHkøayeTA

CakEnøgsMxan; sRmab;saFarNCnkñúgkarBinitüemIlcMNat;karrbs;rdæ.

kariyal½yRbqaMgnwgkarlagluykxVk; (AMLO) bMeBjmuxgarCaGgÁPaBesIubkarN_hirBaØvtßúsRmab;TIPñak;garGnuvtþn_c,ab;

enAéf. kñúgParkic©EbbenH muxgarcm,génkariyal½yenH KWRtUvRbEmRbmUl nigviPaKr)aykarN_epSg² Edlsßab½nhirBaØvtßú nig

RbPBB½t’manepSgeTot)andak;CUnkariyal½yRbqaMgnwgkarlagluykxVk; (AMLO) edIm,IkMNt;RbFanbTsRmab;eFIVkaresIubGegát.

GMeBIBukrlYyKWCabnÞúkmYykñúgcMeNambnÞúkTaMgR)aMBIr Edlc,ab;RbqaMgnwgkarlagluykxVk; qñaM1999 )anEcg. kariyal½yRbqaMg

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RbqaMgnwgkarlagluykxVk;. kariyal½yenHRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHRkumRbwkSaPi)almYy EdlRKb;RKgedaynaykrdæmRnþI.

kariyal½yRbqaMgnwgkarlagluykxVk; (AMLO) TTYlxusRtUveFIVkaresIubGegát EdlGacnaMeTAdl;karXat;Tuk nigrwbGUsRTBü

Edl)anmkedaysarplénkarRbRBwtþibTel μ Isedaysn μt;. karTTYlxusRtUvEfmeToténkariyal½yRbqaMgnwgkarlagluykxVk;

(AMLO) KWkarGb;rMsaFarNCn nigEpñkÉkCn GMBIc,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgnwgkarlagluykxVk;.

134


RBHraCRkwtüsþIBIGPi)alkic©l¥RtUv)ancat;taMgkargareTA[RkumRbwkSapþl;eyabl;kic©karsgÁmkic©nigesdækic© (NSEAB)

pgEdr kñúgkarbegáIt nigsRmYlshRbtibtþikarrvagrdæaPi)al GaCIvkmμ nigsaFarNCnTUeTA kñúgkarbegáItGPi)alkic©l¥smRsb.

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[)any:agtic 50>000 edIm,IeFIVBaØtþieTARbFanRBwwT§sPa CMTas;nwgGñkneya)ay nigmRnþIrdæCan;x<s;12

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RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy¦.

12tMENgTaMg 17 EdlGacbþwgBaØtþiCMTas;)an manEcgenAkñúgc,ab;GgÁkarsþIBIkarRbqaMgnwgGMBIBukrlYy.

135


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k¾ynþkarXøaMemIl enAEtxVHenAeLIy. TImYy tMNagsgÁmsIuvilminGacdak;BaküsMueFIVCasmaCikén KN³km μkarCatiRbqaMg

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dUcCakrNIénmRnþICan;x<s;epSgeTot.

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erOgEdlrg;caMkarkat;esckþImanRbEhl 3>000 erOg. bc©úb,nñenH erOgEdlrg;caMkarkat;esckþI )anekIneLIgRbEhlCit 5>000

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rYmTaMgfñak;mUldæan nigmRnþIraCkarRKb;kRmitTaMgGs;. edaymanbuKÁlikRbEhl 500nak; sRmab;beRmIRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;cMnYn

65lannak; vaesÞIrEtminGac[KN³km μkarCatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy (NCCC) bMeBjParkic©tamGaNtþikargarTaMgRsugrbs;

KN³km μkarenH)an13

. bc©úub,nñenH KN³km μkarCatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYykMBugEterocMbegáIt[manynþkarsRmaMgmYyenAkñúg

RksYgnImYy² munnwgerOgBukrlYyNamYyRtUvbBa¢ÚneTAKN³kmμkar (NCCC).

bBaðasmtßPaBk¾kan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIg edaysarehtufa esckþIRbkasGMBIRTBüsm,tiþrbs;mRnþIEdlminEmnCasmaCikKN³rdæ

mRnþI RtUv)anc,ab;cat;faCakarsm¶at;. dUecñH KN³kmμkarCatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyminGacCYlbuKÁlik b¤sßab½nBIeRkA[CYyenA

kñúgkarepÞógpÞat;PaBRtwmRtUvénesckþIRbkasRTBüTaMgenaHeLIy.

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eQagdl;BlrdæEdlraykarN_GMBIGMeBIBukrlYyenaH. PaBK μanRbsiT§PaBénkm μviFIGñkbegðIbR)ab;BIGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;KN³km μkar

CatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy )ankat;bnßykarcUlrYmrbs;Blrdæ. KN³kmμkarCatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy k¾RtUvelIksÞÜykarksag

smtßPaBRbyuT§nwg]Rkidækmμesdækic©pgEdr. k¾b:uEnþ fVIebIKN³kmμkarCatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy )anpþl;Gnusasn_dl;TIPñak;gar

rdæk¾eday edaysarEtxVHbuKÁlikEdl)anhVwkhVWn k¾KN³kmμkarenHminGaceFIVdUecñH)aneT cMeBaHRkumh‘unGaCIvkmμÉkCn Edlxus

KñaBIKN³kmμkarÉkraCRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyenAhugkug ICAC. edayTTYlsÁal;fa GMeBIBukrlYyRtUv)aneKemIleXIjkan;EteRcIn

eLIgfaCa]Rkidækmμqøgkat;BICatimYyeTACatimYy EdlRtUvEtcab;epþImedaHRsayenAkRmittMbn; nigenATUTaMgBiPBelak kic©RBmeRBog

GnþrCatinanaRtUv)aneFIVeLIgedIm,IrYmkmøaMgKña ¬]TahrN_ qñaMmunenH RbeTséf nigRbeTsevotNam)ancuHktikasBaØaRbqaMgnwgkar

lagluykxVk;¦.

13KN³kmμkarÉkraCRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyenAhugkug manbuKÁlikRbEhl 1>300nak; ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgcMnYnBlrdæ EdlmanEt

R)aMmYylanR)aMbIEsnnak;b:ueNÑaH.

136


RbPB

Phongpaichit nig Piriyarangsan S. GMeBIBukrlYynigRbCaFibetyüenAéf saklviTüal½yCULaLúugkn qñaM 1994

¬e)aHBum<eLIgvij qñaM 2001¦.

kariyal½yCatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy kUnesovePAB½t’man.

viTüasßanRsavRCavkarGPivDÆéf qñaM 2000 rdæFmμnuBaØéf nigynþkarfμIsRmab;sgÁm EdlmantmøaPaB nigRbqaMgnwgGMeBI

BukkrlYy.

tmøaPaBGnþrCati 2003 r)aykarN_sklGMBIGMeBIBukrlYy qñaM 2003.


B½t’manRbEmRbmUlpgEdrBIRbB½n§evbsayén OECD nigtmøaPaBGnþrCati k¾dUcCaBIRbB½n§evbsayrbs;sßab½nepSg²

Edl)anerobrab;xagelI.

137


KN³kmμkarsiTi§mnusSnigGPi)alkic©l¥

kariyal½yCatisvnkmμ

kariyal½yRbFanaFibtI http://www.tanzania.go.tz/government

naykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy (PCB) http://www.tanzania.go.tz/pcb/

elxaFikardæansIlFm’sRmab;GñkdwknaMsaFarN³

bTbBaØtþicm,g

c,ab;sþIBIkarRtYtBinitüesdækic©nig]RkidækmμGgÁkarcat;taMg qñaM 1984

c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIt KN³kmμkarsiTi§mnusSnigGPi)alkic©l¥ qñaM 2002

c,ab;viesaFnkmμsþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy elx 2 qñaM 1974

c,ab;viesaFnkmμsIþBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy elx 20 qñaM 1990

c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy elx 16 qñaM 1971

c,ab;sþIBIRkmsIlFm’sRmab;GñkdwknaMsaFarN³ elx 13 qñaM 1995

savta

tg;hSanI Føab;maneQμaHl,IfaCaRbeTsRkIRk b:uEnþ CaRbeTsEdlKμanGMeBIBukrlYy. eRkamrbbsgÁmniymeRkayqñaM 1967

mRnþIsaFarN³RtUv)anGnuBaØat[manpÞHEtmYy nig[eRbIR)as;rfynþsml μmEtb:ueNÑaH. kargarRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYyRtUv)an

bMeBjedayRksYgmhaépÞ edaynaykdæankmøaMgb:UlIs EdlmanParkic©eFVIkaresIubGegát nigdak;bNwþgGaCJaRbqaMgnwgbTel μ Is

BukrlYy. k¾b:uEnþ plvi)akénesdækic©bgÁab;bBa¢a )anepþImelcecjnUvskIçPaBénÉkaFPaBenAkñúgEpñkesdækic© Edl)anpþl;»kas

FMeFgdl;karkMEhgykR)ak;. edIm,IRbyuT§nwgkRmiténGMeBIBukrlYyEdlkan;EtekIneLIg c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyRtUv)an

Gnum½tkñúgqñaM1971. bnÞab;mkmankarbegáItRkumRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy (ACS) kñúgqñaM 1975 edayRbFanaFibtI Julius Nyerere

tamc,ab;viesaFnkmμsþIBI karTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy ¬qñaM 1994¦. edImeLIy RkumRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy (ACS) sßitenAeRkam

RksYgmhaépÞ. y:agNak¾eday kñúgkic©RbwgERbgeFIV[RkumRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYymanÉkraCPaBeBjeljkñúgkarbMeBjParkic©

rbs;xøÜn karRtYtemIlRkumRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyRtUv)anepÞreTA[kariyal½ynaykrdæmRnþI nigbnÞab;mkepÞreTA[kariyal½y

RbFanaFibtI.

saFarNrdærYmtg;hSanI

138


enAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 fVIebImanbegáItRkumRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy (ACS) k¾eday k¾GMeBIBukrlYymanlkçN³xøaMgkøa

CaBiessenAkñúgRksYgb:UlIs ehIykarqk;bøn;RTBüsm,tiþ nigkarrt;Bn§manenABasvalBaskal. enAkñúgqñaM 1984 rdæaPi)al)an

Gnum½tc,ab;sþIBIkarRtYtBinitüesdækic© nig]Rkidækm μGgÁkarcat;taMg Edldak;bTel μ IseRkamc,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy

køayeTACa]Rkidækmμesdækic©. enAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 kRmiténGMeBIBukrlYyenAEtekIneLIg edaymanGMeBIBukrlYytictYcenARKb;

EpñkTaMgGs;énesdækic© nigesvasgÁm. kRmitx<s;énrdæaPi)al nigesvasaFarN³RtUv)anb:HBal;edayGMeBIBukrlYypgEdr

¬rdæaPi)altg;hSanI qñaM 1996¦.

enAedImTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 rdæaPi)al)ancab;epþImBüa)alCmW¶énGMeBIBukrlYyCabnþbnÞab; edayepþaty:agxøaMgeTAelIkarelIk

sÞÜykarcUlrYmrbs;Blrdæ ]TahrN_ raykarN_BIGñkRbRBwtþxus k¾dUcCayuT§nakareFIV[manPaBRbesIreLIgdl;TMnak;TMngrvagb:UlIs

nigesvasaFarN³. enHrYmman pþl;karelIkTwkcitþdl;karraykarN_GMBITMnijrt;Bn§ b¤rbs;ecarlYc¼bøn; nigm®nIþb:UlIsRtUv)anelIk

Twkcitþmin[TTYlyksMNUkTaMgenaH. fVIebIeKeCOfa yuT§nakarTaMgenH)anbNþal[mankarkat;bnßyGMeBIBukrlYyxøH²k¾eday

k¾karGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþenH)anCYbRbTH]bKÁCaeRcIn. GMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúglT§kmμenAEtx<s;enAeLIy mUlniFiBIsb,úrsCn nigBIGgÁkar

minEmnrdæaPi)al enAEtbnþepÞrcUleTAkñúgKNnIÉkCn nigmankareKcBn§darkñúgkRmitx<s;. bEnßmelIenH cMNat;karrbs;tulakar

manPaByWty:avenAeLIy nigmankarxkxanpÞÜn²Kñakñúgkardak;TNÐkm μCnEdltulakarrkeXIjfamankMhus. enAkñúgqñaM 1991

RkumRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy ACS RtUv)andUreQμaHeTACa naykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy (PCB) edaymanbMNgbegáIt[mansßab½n

EdlGacGnuvtþlMnaMedaHRsaytamEbbviTüasaRsþcMeBaHkarRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy.

GMeBIBukrlYyKWCabBaðacm,gmYyenAkñúgkare)aHeqñatqñaM 1995 EdlCakare)aHeqñatBhubkSelIkTImYYyenAtg;hSanI ehIy

ebkçCnEdlQñHeqñat )anbgðaj]TahrN_ eday)aneFIVesckþIRbkasRTBüsm,tiþrbs;xøÜn nigrbs;RKYsarxøÜnenAkñúgyuT§nakar

e)aHeqñat1. RbFanaFibtIf μ IseRmcbegáItKN³km μkarRbFanaFibtIsRmab;esIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYy ¬EdlCasamBaØeKehAfa

KN³kmμkar ¬Warioba¦ ehIynwgbegáItelxaFikardæansIlFm’sRmab;GñkdwknaMsaFarN³Edr.

KN³kmμkar Warioba RtUv)anEtgtaMgenAedImqñaM 1996 edIm,IeFIVkarriHrky:agxøaMgkøaGMBIbBaðaGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgRbeTs

nigEcgCaGnusasn_sRmab;cat;viFankar. r)aykarN_rbs;KN³km μkarerobrab;y:aglm¥itfa GMeBIBukrlYyTaMgtUcTaMgFM)an

RCYtRCabenARKb;kRmiténsgÁm EdlbegáIt)anCasøaksñamTuy’sdl;RksYg naykdæan nigTIPñak;gar EdlBak;B½n§nwgkarGnuvtþ

BukrlYy. GMeBIBukrlYyd¾FMeFgenHRtUv)anBnül;fa mYyEpñkmkBIR)ak;ebovtSTabenAkñúgRksYgsIuvil k¾b:uEnþ r)aykarN_snñidæanfa

CnelμIsEdlGaRkk;bMput Cak;EsþgKWCamRnþICan;x<s;enAkñúgrdæaPi)al. KN³kmμkarkMNt;fa KWCakarxVHsIlFm’sRmab;GñkdwknaM nig

karxkxanmin)andkmRnþICan;x<s;BukrlYyecjBItMENgb¤min)ankat;eTasmRnþITaMgenH EdlCamUlehtucm,génGMeBIBukrlYy.

erOgenHrYmpSMCamYynwgkarEdlPaKIBak;B½n§mineGIeBInwgr)aykarN_rbs;Blrdæ GMBI]b,tþiehtuénGMeBIBukrlYy KWCamUlehtubNþal

[BlrdæxVHTMnukcitþeTAelIsßab½nrdæ CaBiessKW GgÁtulakar nigb:UlIs. mü:ageTot KN³kmμkar)anrkeXIjfa naykdæanTb;sáat;

GMeBIBukrlYyPCB)anepþateTAelIkaresIubGegát CaCagTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy. r)aykarN_rkeXIjpgEdrfa naykdæanTb;sáat;

GMeBIBukrlYy PCBmanFnFanminRKb;Kan; edIm,IbMeBjGaNtþikargarrbs;xøÜn edaymanRbsiT§PaB ¬rdæaPi)altg;hSanI qñaM 1996¦.

bnÞab;BI)anTTYlr)aykarN_rbs;KN³kmμkarmk rdæaPi)alcab;epþImbegáItyuT§saRsþCatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy. dMeNIrkar

enHBak;B½n§dl;RksYgrdæaPi)al GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigEpñkÉkCn smaKmBlrdæ Gñkpþl;GMeNay RbB½n§pSBVpSayB½t’man

nigGgÁkarsasna. lT§plEdlekItecjBIdMeNIrkartamEbbcUlrYmEbbenH KWyuT§saRsþCatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy nigEpnkar

1tamc,ab;sþIBIRkmsIlFm’sRmab;GñkdwknaMsaFarN³ elx 13 EdlRtUv)anGnum½tkñúgqñaM 1995 RKb;GñkdwknaMTaMgGs;RtUveFIVesckþI

RbkasGMBIRTBürbs;xøÜn.

139

karBN’nasegçbrbs;RbeTsnImYy²³ saFarNrdærYmtg;hSanI

skmμPaB EdlRtUv)anGnum½tkñúgqñaM 1999. yuT§saRsþenHRKbdNþb;RKb;EpñkTaMgGs; nigkMNt;eKalkarN_bYncMNucsRmab;RbyuT§

nwgGMeBIBukrlYy rYmman ¬1¦ karTb;sáat; ¬2¦ karGnuvtþ ¬3¦ karyl;dwg nigkarcUlrYmrbs;saFarNCn nig ¬4¦ karksag

smtßPaBsßab½n. yuT§saRsþbBa¢ak;pgEdrBIsar³sMxan;énqnÞ³neya)aysRmab;eCaKC½yénviFankarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy.

tg;hSanIRtUv)ancat;fñak;CaRbeTsTI 88 kñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMg 159 enAkñúgsnÞsSn_qñaM 2005 rbs;GgÁkartmøaPaB

GnþrCati sþIBITsSn³GMBIGMeBIBukrlYy. fVIebIRbeTsenHenAEtRbQmmuxnwgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgkRmitx<s; EdlRCYtRCabcUlRKb;Epñkén

sgÁmk¾eday k¾tg;hSanI)anbgðajBIPaBRbesIreLIgcab;BIedImTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 Edr.


naykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy ¬CaeQμaHfμIénRkumRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy¦ cab;kMeNItenAkñúgqñaM 1991 tamry³karCUn

dMNwgrbs;rdæaPi)alelx 27¼1991 . naykdæanenH Casßab½nrdæaPi)alBak;kNþalsVy½t edaymanParkic©RbyuT§nwgGMeBI

BukrlYyenAelITwkdItg;hSanI eRkamkarRtYtemIlrbs;kariyal½yRbFanaFibtI. naykdæanenHRtUv)andwknaMedayGKÁnaykmñak;

EdlTTYlxusRtUvpÞal;cMeBaHRbFanaFibtI. GKÁnaykmannaykbYnnak;CaCMnYykar ¬c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCA Epñk

2¼k¦. Tak;Tinnwgkic©karrdæ)alnighirBaØvtßúénnaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCA GKÁnaykRtUvTTYlxusRtUvedaypÞal;cMeBaH

elxaFikarnaykénkariyal½yRbFanaFibtI. GKÁnaykGnuBaØat[mankaresIubGegátGMBIkarGnuvtþBukrlYy EdlBak;B½n§dl;mRnþI

rdæaPi)alCan;x<s; KN³bkSneya)ay sßab½nsaFarN³ nigEpñkÉkCn nigpþl;eyabl;dl;RbFanaFibtIGMBIviFankar EdlRtUvcat;

eRkayBI)anbBa©b;karesIubGegátGMBIerOgBukrlYyEdlRtUveKbwþg.

tamc,ab;viesaFnkmμsþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PC[A]A¼Epñk 3¼k¬3¦ muxgarénnaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB

mandUcteTA³

cat;viFankarcaM)ac;edIm,ITb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgEpñksaFarN³ rdæRbtiB½T§ nigÉkCn.

esIubGegát ehIynigtamkarENnaMrbs;naykmhaGyükar eFVIbNwþgGaCJa ¬KWbwþgecaT¦ cMeBaHbTelμIsEdlsßitenA

eRkamc,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáatGMeBIBukrlYy PCA nigbTelμIsepSgeTot EdlTak;TinnwgRbtibtþikarBukrlYy.

pþl;eyabl;dl;rdæaPi)al GgÁkarsaFarN³ GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil GgÁkarrdæRbtiB½T§ nigEpñkÉkCn GMBIviFI

nigmeFüa)ayTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy.

naykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB EckecjCabYnkariyal½y³ ¬1¦ kariyal½yesIubGegát2

¬2¦kariyal½yRsavRCav

RtYtBinitü nigsßiti3

¬3¦kariyal½yGb;rMshKmn_4

nig ¬4¦ kariyal½yrdæ)al nigbuKÁlik5. kariyal½ynImYy²EckecjCaeRcIn

Epñk. manGgÁPaBKNnI nig GgÁPaBsvnkmμépÞkñúg nigGgÁPaBbBa¢Ism¶at;pgEdr.

2kariyal½yesIubGegátrYmmanEpñkesIubGegátEpñksaFarN³ EpñkesIubGegátEpñkÉkCn Epñkc,ab;nigkat;esckþI nigEpñkesvaTMnak;TMng

nigbec©keTs.3

kariyal½yRsavRCav RtYtBinitü nigsßiti rYmmanEpñkRsavRCav EpñkRtYtBinitü nigEpñksßiti. 4

kariyal½yGb;rMshKmn _rYmmanEpñksm<½n§kar¼sRmbsRmYl EpñkGb;rMsaFarN³ EpñkbNÑal½y nigEpñk Epnkar¼pÁt;pÁg;PsþúPa. 5

kariyal½yrdæ)alnigbuKÁlik rYmmanEpñkrdæ)al EpñkbuKÁlik nigEpñkhVwkhVWn.

140


tamc,ab; naykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB manGMNacesIubGegátGMeBIBukrlYyRKb;TRmg;TaMgGs;enAkñúgEpñksaFarN³

EpñkrdæRbtiB½T§ RBmTaMgEpñkÉkCnpgEdr. GKÁnaykGacykmkkan;kab;CMnYsb:UlIs nUvkaresIubGegát b¤bNþwgGaCJaNamYy

EdlRtUv)ancab;epþImedayb:UlIs cMeBaHbTelμIsTak;TinnwgGMeBIBukrlYy ¬c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCA Epñk 24¼4¦.

naykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB sVaKmn_ nigBicarNaelIbNþwgnana rYmTaMgbNþwgGnamikEdl)andak;CUnpgEdr. CaEpñkmYy

énGMNacesIubGegátrbs;xøÜn naykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB pþÜcepþImkarXøaMemIlpgEdr. tamkaryl;RBmBInaykmha

Gyükar naykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB GaceFVIbNwþgGaCJa elIkrNIBukrlYypgEdr.

mRnþInaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy manGMNackñúgkarbMeBjmuxgar dUcKñanwgGMNacrbs;mRnþIb:UlIsEdr6. GMNacenH CarYm

manGMNaccab;xøÜn GMNaccUleTAkñúgbrievN GMNacXMuXøÜnCnCab;sgS½y nigrwbGUsykRTBü kalebImanehtuplsgS½yfa

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elIenH GKÁnaykGacpþl;GMNacesIubGegátBiess dl;mRnþInaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy ]TahrN_ esIubGegátKNnIFnaKar

¬c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáatGMeBIBukrlYy Epñk 12¼1¦.

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kariyal½yTaMgenHminGacepþImcat;kar b¤elIkElgcat;karerOgGMeBIBukrlYyNamYy edayKμanesckþIENnaMBIGKÁnayk)aneLIy.

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kariyal½ytMbn;.


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nigvaytémø nigKN³kmμaFikarnayk. KN³kmμaFikarRtYtBinitünigvaytémø TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRtYtemIlTUeTAelIkarbMeBjkargar

énnaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB. KN³km μaFikarenHdwknaMedayelxaFikarnaykénkariyal½yRbFanaFibtI CamYynwg

GKÁnaykénnaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy GKÁnaykénRbB½n§esIubkarN_nigsnþisuxtg;hSanI nigelxaFikarpÞal;rbs;RbFanaFibtI

CasmaCikbEnßm. naykrdæ)alnigbuKÁlikénnaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy bMeBjmuxgarCaelxaFikar. KN³kmμaFikarnayk

dwknaMedayGKÁnaykénnaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB edaymannaykénnaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyCasmaCik.

RbtibtþikarénnaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyRtUv)ansegátemIledayGKÁsvnkrpgEdr. r)aykarN_rbs;GKÁsvnkrRtUv)an

RbkasCasaFarN³ nigsßitenAeRkamkarvaytémørbs;saFarNCn.

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edIm,IeFIVdUecñH)an naykdæanRtUvEsVgrkkaryl;RBmBInaykmhaGyükar ¬c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy Epñk 18¦. KWEpñk

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Gyükar edayKμankaryl;RBmCamunBIKN³kmμaFikarnaykenaHeT. bTelμIseRkamc,ab; sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy RtUvkat;kþI

edaytulakarCan;x<s; (High Court) tulakarCan;TabbMput Court of Resident Magistrate b¤tulakarfñak;Rsuk.

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141


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pSBVpSayB½t’manCaedIm¦. kñúgkic©karEbbenH kariyal½yGPi)alkic©l¥mankarTTYlxusRtUvTUeTAkñúgkarsRmbsRmYlkarRbyuT§nwg

GMeBIBukrlYy. y:agNak¾eday kariyal½yGPi)alkic©l¥ mansmtßPaBtictYckñúgkarbMeBjGaNtþikargard¾FMeFgenH.

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mRnIþfñak;dwknaMsaFarN³TaMgGs;raykarN_GMBIRTBüsm,tiþxøÜn ¬rYmTaMgRTBüsm,tiþsmaCikRKYsarxøÜnTaMgGs;¦. elxaFikardæan

RkmsIlFm’sRmab;mRnIþfñak;dwknaMsaFarN³ manParkic©TTYlr)aykarN_TaMgenH RBmTaMgmanParkic©R)ab;[dwgGMBIkarrMelaPelI

RkmsIlFm’EdlRbRBwtþedaymRnIþTaMgenaH nigsYredjedalelIkrNI EdleKecaTRbkan; b¤EdleKsgS½yGMBIkarrMelaPbMBanelIRkm

sIlFm’ dUcmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab; PLCE Epñk19 [2] EdlRbRBwtþedaymRnIþTaMgenaH . elxaFikardæanRkmsIlFm’RtUv)anbegáIteLIg

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RbFanaFibtI .

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RbFanaFibtI BIGKÁemFavI b¤BIGKÁnaykénnaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB mRnþIsaFarN³Nak¾eday k¾GacRtUv)antRmUv[pþl;

r)aykarN_GMBIRTBüTaMgGs;EdlxøÜnkan;kab; RBmTaMgRTBüEdlRKYsar b¤GñkesBKb;CamYyxøÜn)ankan;kab;. RbsinebImRnþI

saFarN³enaHRtUv)aneKrkeXIjfamankan;kab;RTBüsm,tþi EdleKsgS½yfa)anmkedayBukrlYy samuICnRtUvBnül;GMBIerOgenH.

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Tb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCA ehIytulakarGacbBa¢a[dkhUtykRTBüEdl)anmkedaymeFüa)ayBukrlYy ¬c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;

GMeBIBukrlYy PCA Epñk 9¦.

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mnusSpgEdr. fμI²enH KN³kmμkar)anbBa¢ak;BIsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜn edayRbQmmuxCamYynwgrdæaPi)alenAkñúgerOgkþImYy Edlbþwg

edaysmaCikCaeRcInénPUmimYyenA Serengeti EdlRtUvGaCJaFrRsukdkecjedaybgçM. erOgkþIenHmanmnusStamemIleRcInNas;

ehIyKN³km μkar)anTTYlkareKarBBIsaFarNCn edaysarEtesckþIseRmcrbs;KN³km μkar EdlmanPaBresIbxagEpñk

neya)ay b:uEnþRtUv)anmtimhaCnyl;fa esckþIseRmcenHRtwmRtUv nigyutþiFm’.

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enAkñúgGPi)alkic©sRmab;RkumGñkdwknaMenAkñúgRbeTs. RkumRbwkSaCatiKNenyükr nigsvnkr KWCasmaCiksßabnikmYyénviTüasßan

GPi)alkic©saCIvkm μtg;hSanI EdlCasßab½nEpñkÉkCn Edlf μ I²enH)ancab;epþImdwknaMpSaybBaðaGPi)alkic©saCIvkm μenHenAkñúg

RbeTs.

142


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BukrlYyeFIV;[b:HBaldl;RbeTsenHenARKb;kRmitTaMgGs; ehIyfñak;dwknaM)anRbwgERbgedaHRsaybBaðaBukrlYytictYcNas;.

elIsBIenHeTot enAeBlEdlsaFarNCnraykarN_BImRnþIBukrlYyfñak;Tabénrdæ)al Cajwkjy rdæ)alminmancat;viFankarGVI

elImRnþIenaHeT edayehtufa mRnþICan;x<s;EdlCaecAhVaynayrbs;mRnþIenaHmankarBak;B½n§edaypÞal;enAkñúgGMeBIBukrlYy b¤

ecAhVaynayenaHmincat;TukGMeBIBukrlYyenaHfaCaGaTiPaBeLIy ¬rdæaPi)altg;hSanI qñaM 1996¦.

edIm,IelIkykmkedaHRsaybBaða EdlsaFarNCn)anyl;eXIjfafñak;dwknaMxVHsIlFm’ c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy

PLCE EcgGMBIkarbegáItRkmsIlFm’sRmab;fñak;dwknaMsaFarN³ ehIynwgEcgGMBIkarbegáItKN³km μkarsIlFm’sRmab;fñak;dwknaM

saFarN³ nigkariyal½ysñgkarsIlFm’. y:agNak¾eday sñgkarenHRtUv)ankRmit[eFIVkaresIubGegátEtelIbNþwgNaEdl)an

TTYlBIbuKÁlEdlsÁal;GtþsBaØaN nigBIr)aykarN_enAkñúgRbB½n§pSBVpSayBt’manEtb:ueNÑaH. sñgkarminGaceFIVkaresIubGegátelI

bNþwgGnamikeT. ehIykñúgkaresIubGegátenH elxaFikardæanRtUvBwgBak;pgEdr elIb:UlIs nignaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB.

elIsBIenHeTot drabNaminmankarkMNt;sþg;darc,as;las; nigminmanEcgc,as;las;GMBITNÐkm μcMeBaHkarrMelaPbMBaneTenaH

Parkic©rbs;sñgkarRtUvsßitkñúgkRmitmYyy:agceg¥ót . ]bsKÁmYyEfmeTotcMeBaHdMeNIrkard¾manRbsiTi§PaBénelxaFikardæan

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RbkasRTBü b¤BIkarmanePaKRTBüy:agelIslubenaHeT.

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sÁal;faCabBaðamYyrbs;xøÜnpgEdr. b:uEnþ KN³km μkarsnñidæanfa RbkarenHminRtUvemIleXIjfaCaktþacm,gcMeBaHGMeBIBukrlYy

enaHeT edayehtufa GñkEdlBukrlYybMputenaHKWCamRnþIfñak;x<s;enAkñúgrdæaPi)al nigEdl)anTTYlR)ak;ebovtSeRcInrYceTAehIy.

dUecñH kartemøIgR)ak;ebovtS KWRKan;EtCYyGñkTaMgenaH[elIkkm<s;témøGMeBIBukrlYyEtb:ueNÑaH. GMeBIBukrlYyenH EdlmanlkçN³

TUeTAkñúgcMeNammRnþIfñak;x<s;énesvasaFarN³ RtUv)anelIkeLIgpgEdrenAkñúgyuT§saRsCatiRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigEpnkar

skm μPaB. y:agNak¾eday yuT§saRsþenHEcgfa kartemøIgR)ak;ebovtS nigkarbegáIneRKOgelIkTwkcitþsRmab;mRnþIsFarN³

KWCaEpñkmYyényuT§saRsþ k¾b:uEnþ CaTUeTA KWmin)anedaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIBukrlYyfñak;elIeT.

naykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB xøÜnÉgk¾minsUvmanRbsiT§PaBEdr edaysar)aneFVIbNwþgGaCJaerOgBukrlYyEtmYy

cMnYntUcb:ueNÑaH ehIycMnYnerOgEdlRtUv)ankat;Cab;eTasenaHrwtEtticeTAeTot. bBaðamYy KWbBaðaerobcMrcnasm<½n§rbs;naykdæan

eBalKWedayehtufanaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy KWCaEpñkmYyénkic©karrbs;kariyal½yRbFanaFibtI dUecñHKWvaxVHÉkraCPaB

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RtUv)anEtgtaMgedayRbFanaFibtI nigRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHRbFanaFibtI. edayminmankMNt;ry³eBlGaNtþic,as;las;

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143


[)anmWugm:at;cMeBaHGMeBIBukrlYy EdlBak;B½n§nwgCnelμIs EdlCitdwtCamYyRbFanaFibtI .

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PCB RtUv)andwknaMedayelxaFikarnaykénkariyal½yRbFanaFibtI. karrkeXIjrbs;KN³kmμaFikarenH minRtUv)anRbkaspSay

eT. bEnßmelIenHeTot TaMgsPa nigKN³kmμaFikarBlrdæ minmanGMNacXøaMemIlCapøÚvkarelInaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyenaH

eT. TaMgenHehIyKWCaktþaEdlTMngCabNþal[saFarNCnminTukcitþelInaykdæanenH. GñksegátkarN_xøH)anelIkehtuplmk

sMGagfa naykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB min)anTTYlkarKaMRT nigkareCOTukcitþBIsaFarNCn kñúgkarbMeBjkargar)aneday

ÉkraCüenaHeT edaysarEtkarP½yxøac PaBRBegIykenþIy nigkarxVHkaryl;dwgGMBIebskkmμrbs; PCB. fVIebImankarEkERbkñúg

b:un μanqñaMenH enAkñúgkarbegáItrcnasm<½nÐénRkumRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyk¾eday k¾muxgar nigkarTTYlxusRtUvénnaykdæanTb;sáat;

GMeBIBukrlYy PCB sßitenAEtdEdl dUcEdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyqñaM 1971.

FatupSMsMxan;mYyénTIPñak;garRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy PCB KWRtUvmansmtßPaBkñúgkarRsavRCavGMBIkRmit nigmUlehtuén

GMeBIBukrlYy. EpñkRsavRCavénkariyal½yRsavRCav RtYtBinitü nigsßitienAkñúgnaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB eFIVkar

RsavRCavGMBIeKalneya)ayepSg² edIm,IFanamin[mancenøaHsRmab;RbRBwtþBukrlYy nigRsavRCavGMBIesvaEdlsßab½nepSg²

)anpþl;[edIm,Irk[eXIjPaBcenøaHRbehag EdlbNþal[manGMeBIBukrlYy RsavRCavGMBIR)ak;ebovtSrbs;mRnþIsaFarN³

nieyaCiténKNbkSneya)ay EpñkrdæRbtiB½T§ nigEpñkÉkCn RsavRCavGMBIc,ab;sþIBIesvasaFarN³ nigbTbBa¢a edIm,IkMNt;faetI

]bkrN_c,ab;EbbenHsmrmü nigRsbtamkarRbRBwtþirbs;nieyaCitEdrb¤eT nigRsavRCavGMBIviFIRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy EdlRbeTs

epSgeTot)anGnum½teRbI.

karrMxanmYyEfmeTotcMeBaHRbsiT§PaBrbs;naykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB KWsm½<n§PaBGn;fy EdlnaykdæanenHman

CamYynwgTIPñak;gardæaPi)alepSgeTot CaBiessKWGgÁtulakar. GgÁtulakarxøÜnÉgpÞal;k¾manPaBTn;exSay EdltRmUv[manFnFan

nigsmtßPaBeRcIneLIg². edIm,I[karRbyuTnwgGMeBIBukrlYymanRbsiT§PaB nigedIm,IGacGnuvtþyuT§saRsþCatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBI

BukrlYy nigEpnkarskm μPaB)an naykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy PCB RtUvEtmansm<½n§PaB[xøaMgEfmeTotCamYyrdæaPi)al

RBmTaMgsgÁmsIuvil nigEpñkÉkCn. ebIRKan;EtBRgwgnaykdæanTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYy nigGnuvtþyuT§saRsþEtb:uNwÑg minRKb;RKan;eT.

RtUvmankMENTRmg;epSg²pgEdr dUcCa kMENTRmg;rdæ)almUldæan kMENTRmg;hirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ nigkMENTRmg;EpñksaFarN³

EdlTaMgGs;enHsuT§EtedIrtYnaTIsMxan;kñúgkarRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy. bEnßmelIenHeTot RtUv[mankarEkERbvb,Fm’ nig\riyabT

enAkñúgkardwknaM nigRtUvEtmanqnÞ³neya)ayBIfñak;kMBUlpgEdr kñúgkarRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy.

RbPB

rdæaPi)altg;hSanI qñaM 1996³ r)aykarN_rbs;KN³kmμkarGMBIsßanPaBénGMeBIBukrlYy enAkñúgRbeTs.

rdæaPi)altg;hSanI qñaM 1999³ yuT§saRsþCatiRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy nigEpnkarskmμPaB sRmab;tg;hSanI.

Kpundeh, S. nig Levy, B.(eds) 2004³ karksagsmtßPaBrdæenAGaRhiVk³lMnaMedaHRsayfμI emeronEdleTIbnwg

elceLIg.

B½t’manRbEmRbmUlpgEdrBIRbB½n§ website rbs;sßab½nepSg²Edl)anerobrab;xagelI.

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