ZTHE

KATHA SAHIT SAGARAOB

OCEAN OF THE STREAMS OF STORYTBAN8LATED PBOM THE

ORIGINAL SANSKRIT

BT

C.

H.

TAWNEY,

M. A.

VOLUME

CONTENTS OF VOL. U.

BOOKCHAPTER

X.L"VII.,,t*

Continuation of the story of Udayana and his son Story of the porter who found a bracelet

Story of the inexhaustible pitcher Story of the merchant's son, the hetsara and the wonderful ape Ala

Pag$ 10 1 2 2 4 4 101

CHAPTER

LVIII.10 1113

Continuation of the story of Udayana and his son Story of king Yikramasiuha, the hetaera and the young Brahman Story of the faithless wife who burnt herself with her husband's body .... Story of the faithless wife who had her husband murdered Story of Vajrasara whose wife cut off his nose aud ears

1713

141416

Story of king Sinhabala and his faithless wife

14 16

17

CHAPTER

LIX.17

Continuation of the story of Udayana and his son Story of king Sumanas, the Nishada maiden, and the learned parrot ....,, The parrot's account of his own life as a parrot

26 2621

1819 21

The

hermit's story of Somaprabha, Manorathaprabha, Episode of Manorathaprabha and Rasmimat

and Makarandika

- .

25

2223

CHAPTER

LX.27^-43 27

Continuation of the story of Udayana and his son Story of S'uravarman who spared his guilty wife

Story of the ox abandoned in the forest, and the Story of the monkey that pulled out the wedge Story of the jackal and the drum Story of the crane and the Makara

lion,

and the two jackals

27

43

... 31,

Story of the lion and the hareStory of the louse and the flea Story of the lion, the panther, the crow and the jackal Story of the pair of titthibhaa Story of the tortoise and the two swans

32

28 30 32 33 3435 33

35 36 37

Story of the three fishStory of the monkeys, the firefly aud the bird Story of Dharmabuddhi and Dushtabuddhi Story of the crane, the snake, and the mongoose,

37 33 394141

40....

Story of the mice that ate an iron balance

41

^2

IV

CIIAITKU LXIContiBiuUion of the itory of Udayuui and hit aoa Story of tho fiooUib morohuil who nude loai-wood into ch&rcoal

446844 44

Story of tlkd Stoiy of tho man

nn who towed roMted teed

who mixed flr and water

...' of the fool

and the omamenta and the cotton

Story of the fooUah rillagora who cut down tho palm-trees Story of the braasore-finder who was blindod Story of the fool and the salt Story of the fool and his milch -cowStory of the foolish bald man and tho fool who poltod him Story of the crow, and tho king of tho pigeons, the tortoise and tho deer8tor}- of tho. .

45 46 46

464747

474.S

v)2

mouso and tho

horniit

49

51

Story of the Brahman's wifo and tho scsamo-sceds Story of the greedy jackal Story of tho wife who falsely accused her husband of murdering a Hhilla i Story of the suako who told his secret to a woman

5051..

53

50 54 55 55 56 6657 58

54555-5

Story of the bald man and the hair-rostorer Story of a foolish servant

.*

Story of tho faithless wife who was present at her Story of tho ambitious Chandiila maiden

own S'raddha

Story of tho miserly king Story of Dhavulamukha, his trading friend, and his fighting friend Story of the thirsty fool that did not drinkStory of the fool who killed his son Stor)' of tho fool and his brother Story of the Brohmachirin's son Story of the astrologer who killed his sonStory of the violent8tor>' of tho foolish king

&7

58 58 586i)

59 59,.

man who justified his character who made his daughter grow Story of tho man who recovered half a patta from his servant Storj' of the fool who took notes of a certain spot in the sea Stor>' of the king who replaced the flesh Stor}' of the woman who wanted another son Story of the servant who tasted the fruitStor}' of theStor}'

GO

6060GO 61 61

61

62

two brothers Yajnasoma and Kirtisuma of the fool who wanted a barber

626363 63

Story of the

man who

asked for nothing at

all

CHAPTER

LXII.'

Continuation of the story of Udayana and his son Story of the war between the crows and the owlsStory of the aas in the panther's skin liow the crow diwaaded tho birds from choosing tho owl king

6

1

79

G4

65

75 65 68

Pagestory of the elephant and the hares Story of the bird, the hare, and the cat Story of the Brahman, the goat, and the rogues Story of the old incrchant and his young wife Story of the Brahman, the thief, and the Rakshasa .. Story of the carpenter and his wife Story of the mouse that was turned into a maiden Story of the snake and the frogsStory of the foolish servant Storj' of the two brothers who dividedall that they had Story of the mendicant who became emaciated from discontent Story of the fool wlio saw gold in the water

60-67.....

676868-69

697070

71-72

727374 76 76

,

75-7676

Story of the servants

who kept

rain off the trunks

767777

Story of (he fool and the cakes Story of the servant who looked after 1j^ door Story of the simpletons who ate the buffalo Story of the fool who behaved like a Brahmany drake Story of the physician

77

777878

who

tried to cure a

hunchback

......

Continuation of the story of TJdayana and his son ,.. Naravahanadatta crowned emperor of the Vidyadharas

469478473

474

BOOK

XVI.CXI..

CHAPTER

Continuation of the story of TJdayana and his son 8tory of the devoted couple Surasena and Suahena

......

479 480

^83481

Death of Chandamahasena and Angaravati Death of Udayana king of Yatsa Continuation of the story of Naravahanadatta son of Udayana

482 48S....

....,

484

485

CHAPTER CXn.Continuation of the story of Naravahanadatta son of TJdayana Story of king Chandamahasena and tho Asura's daughter..........4 85 486 488

497 488

Story Of princepAvantivardhana and the daughter of the Slatanga Story of the young Chandala who married the daughter of king Prasenajit Story of the young fisherman who married a princessStory of the Merchant's daughter

496491 493

who

fell

in love with a thief

490 491 493

495

CHAPITER CXIII.Continuation of the story of Naravahanadatta son of TJdayana Story of Taravaloka

497

SOS-

498503;

BOOK

XVII.CXIV..

CHAPTERStory of king Brahmadatta and the swans

Continuation of tho story of Naravahanadatta son of Udayana...

....

605

613

.....i

...t

Story of the golden deer

CHAPTER

CXXII.

Continuation of the story of Vikramdditya king of Ujjayini ..,,,,, Story of Malaya vati tho man-hating maiden .,,,,, ,,,,,. ...tt* (*?*

586593587

593

CHAPTERStory oi Kalingasena's marriage

CXXIII., ,,

Continuation of tho story of Vikramaditya king of Ujjayini

503593611

XIUragt

How

Dcvascna obtained the magic ointmeut

i

594

Story of the grateful monkey Story of the two princesses Story of Dhanadatta Story of Ke&ta and Kandarpa Story of Kusumiyudha and Eamalalochanu

596597 598599 600601601

610 607

606

CHAPTER CXXIV.Conclusion of the story of Kalingasona's marriageStory of Chandrasvamin Conclusion of the story of Vikramaditya king of Ujjayini

611 611614617

614

612 624618

Story of Devasvamin Story of AgniSarman

;

616617

Story of MtUadeva Conclusion of the story of Naravahanadatta son of Udayana Conclusion of the Katha Sarit Sagara

618624624 625

TRANSLATIONOF THE

KATIIA SARIT SAGARAOB

OCEAN OF THE STEJIAMS OE STORY.

BOOKi.

X.^

aSCS3

5e. .

CHAPTERWe

LVII.

worship the elephantine pi-oboscis of Gane^a, not to be resisted by

a sword disponing great arrogance.* the third eye of S'iva, which, when all three were equally wildly-rolling, May blazed forth beyond the others, as he made ready his arrow upon the string,his enemies, reddened with vermilion,

for the burning of Pura, protect you. May the row of nails of the Man-lion, t curved and red with blood, when he slew his enemy, and his fiery

look askance, destroy your calamities.Storybracelet.

of the porter

who found a

Thus Naravahanadatta, the sonof the king of

Vatsa, remained in

Kausambi in happiness, with his wives, and his ministers. And one day, when he was present, a merchant living in the city, came to make aThat merrepresentation to his father, as he was sitting on his throne. cham;, of the name of llatnadatta, entered, announced by the warder, and " king, there is a poor porter bowing before the king, said as follows:

O

here, of the

is found of late to be and bestowing alms. So, out of curiosity, I took him to my eating, drinking, house, and gave him food and drink to his heart's content, and |rheu I had;

name

of Vasundhara

and suddenly he

1 read mada for nittdya. t Nrisinha, Vishnu asaumod

thia

form for tho destruction of Ilira^yakA^pu.

X

inmlehim drunk, 1 questioned him, and he gave mo this answer, I obtained I from the door of the king's palace a bracelet with splendid jewels, and picked and sold it. And I sold it for a lakh of dimrs to a merchant out one jewel named Hirapyagupta this is how I come to bo living in comfort at present.' When he bad said this, he shewed me that bracelet, which was marked with the*;

I have come to inform your majesty of the circumking's name, and therefore When the king of Vatsa heard that, he had the porter and the stance."

merchant of precious jewels summoned with all courtesy, and when he saw " Ah I remember, this bracelet slipped the bracelet, he said of hiniself arm when I was going round the city." And the courtiers asked from my " the porter, Why did you, when you had got hold of a bracelet marked;!

" with the king's name, conceal it ?" He replied, I am one who gets his living by carrying burdens, and how am I to know the letters of the king's name ?

I got hold of it, I appropriated it, being burnt up with the misery When he said this, the jewel-merchant, being reproached of poverty." " I bought it in the market, without putting for keeping the jewel, said

Wiien

any pressure on the man, and there was no royal mark upon

it,

now

it is

said that

it

belongs to the king.is

And

he has taken

five

though thousand

of the price, the rest

with me."

When

Yaugandharayana, who was

" No one is in fault present, heard this speech of Hiranyagupta's, he said in this matter. What can we say against the porter who does not know his letters ? Poverty makes men steal, and who ever gave up what he had

found

?

And

the merchant

who bought

it

from him cannot be blamed."

The

king when he heard

And

prime minister's, approved it. back his jewel from the merchant, paying him the five thousand dinars, which had been spent by the porter, and he set the porterhe tookat liberty, after taking back his bracelet, and he, having five thousand, went free from anxiety to his own house.

this decision of his

consumed

his

And

the king,

in the bottom of his heart he hated that merchant llatnadatta, as being a man who ruined those that reposed confidence in him, honoured him for his service. When they had all departed, Vasantaka came before the king, and said, " Ah when men are cursed by destiny, even the

though

!

wealth they obtain departs, for the incident of the inexhaustible pitcher has happened to this jiorter."Stor,j

of the incxhamlihU pitcher*

^^'^.

^"""^

"^8S.

insurta

nUho

after kfitam,

8

nit

compftoy of

many

Vldyaclbara females.

And

in the middle of tboie

elittering ones,in

saw a maiden charming to the eye like a digit of the moon the middle of the stars, with face like an oi>ening lotus, with rollinglie

with the swimming gait of a swan, diffusing the eyes like circling bees, waist perfume of a blue lotus, with dimples charming like waves, with with a string of pearls, -like the presiding goddess of the lovely adorned

And the prince, when he lake in Cupid's garden, appearing in bodily form. saw that charming enamoured creature, a medicine ])otcnt to revive the of love, was disturbed like the sea, when it beholds the orb of thegod moon.he approached her, saying to his ministers-i-Ah extraordinary is the variet}' in producing fair ones that is characteristic of Providence ! And when she looked at him with a sidelong look tender with passion, he!

And

asked her

WhenInit

Who arc you, auspicious one, and why have you come here " the maiden heard that, she said, Listen, 1 will tell you."is

"

?'*

" There

a town of gold on the Himalayas,

named Kanchana^ringa.

there lives a king of the Vidyadharas, named Spba^lkayasas, who ia kind to the wretched, the unprotected, and those who seek his aid. just, and that I am his daughter, born to him by the queen Hemaprabha, in Know

consequence of a boon granted by Gauri. And child, and having five brothers, and being dear tohis advice propitiating Gauri with

I,

being the youngestfather as hislife,

my

vows and hymns. She, being kept by bestowed on me all the magic sciences, and deigned to address me pleased, thus Thy might in science shall be tenfold that of thy father, and thy husband shall be Naravahanadatta, the son of the king of Vatsa, the future emperor of the Vidyddharas ? After the consort of S^iva had said this, she disappeared, and by her favour I obtained the sciences and gradually grew up. And last night the goddess ap^ieared to me and commanded me To-morrow, my daughter, thou must go and visit thy husband, and thou must return here the same day, for in a month thy father, who has long'

'

The goddess, after entertained this intention, will give thee in marriage.* giving me this command, disajjpeared, and the night came to an end so here;

I

am

come, your Highness, to pay you asaid this, S'aktiya&is flewcity.

visit.

So now I

will depart."*

Having

up into the heaven with her attendants,

and returned to her father's

But Naravahanadatta, being eager to marry her, went in disappointed, And Gomukha, seeing tliat he considering the month as long as a yiiffa. was despondent, said to him, ** Listen, prince, I will tell you a delightfulstory."Storif of king Stimanas, the * maiden, and the Uartud parrot

Nhhdda

In old time there was a city

named Kanchanapuri, and

in

it

there

in

Im

Cp. tho falcon in Chaucer's Squire's Tale and the parallels quoted by Skeat Introduction to Chaucvr'ii rnorobdca Tulo tScc, p. xlvii.

19lived a great king named Sumanas. He was of extraordinary splendour, and crossing difficult and inaccessible regions, he conquered the fortresses and fastnesses of his foes. Once, as he was sitting in "The hall of assembly, the

warder said to him

"

King, the daughter of the king of the

Nishadas, named Muktalata, is standing outside the door with a parrot in a cage, accompanied by her brother Viraprabha, and wishes to see your

The king said "Let her enter," and, introduced by the the Bhilla maiden entered the enclosure of the king's hall of warder, And all there, when they saw her beauty, thought " This assembly.Majesty."is not a mortal maiden, And she surely this is some heavenly nymph." bowed before the king and spoke as follows " King, here is a parrot that knows the four Vedas, called S'astraganja, a poet skilled in all the sciences and in the graceful arts, and I have brought him here to-day by the

order of king Maya, so receive him." With these words she handed over the parrot, and it was brought by the warder near the king, as he had a curiosity to see it, and it recited the following s'loka : " King, this is natural, that the black-faced smoke of thy valour should

be continually increased by the windy sighs of the widows of thy enemies, but this is strange, that the strong flame of thy valour blazes in the teu cardinal points all the more fiercely on account of the overflowing of thecopious tears wrung from them by the humiliation of defeat." When the parrot had recited this sloka, it began to reflect, and said"

again,recite."

What

do you wish to know

? tell

me from what

s'dstra I shall

Then the king was much astonished, but his minister said " I suspect, my lord, this is some rishi of ancient days become a parrot on account of a curse, but owing to his piety he remembers his former birth, and so recollects what he formerly read." When the ministers said this to the king, the" I feel curiosity, my good parrot, tell me your king said to the parrot How comes it that in your parrot story, where is your place of birth ?

condition youtearstell

know

the sdstras ?:

Whois

are

you ?"tell,

and slowly spoke " The story it in obedience to thy command.The parrot's account of hit ownlife

sad to

parrot shed king, but listen, I will

Then the

a parrot.

bles the Vedas, in that

many

Near the Himalayas, O king, t^ere is a roAmt tree, which resembirds take refuge in its branches that extendat

through the heaven, as Brahmans in the various branches of the sacred There a cock-parrot used to dwell with his hen, and to that tradition.* I was born, by the influence of my evil works in a former life. And pairas soon as I was born, the hen-parrot,*

my

mother, died, butand iakhd.

my

old father

An

elaborate

pun on

dv\;'a

20and fostered me tenderly. And be continued to wbat remained over from tbe fruits brougbt by the otber parrots, and giving some to me. Once on a time, there came tbere to bunt a terrible army of Bhillas,putbis wing,;

mo under

live tbere, eating

making a noise with cows' horns strongly blown and the whole of that great wood was like an army 'fleeing in rout, with terriBed antelopes fordust-stained banners, and

the

bushy

tails

in fear, resembling cJioiories, as the host of Pulindas

of the cliamari deer, agitated rubbed upon it to

And after the army of S'avaras had spent slay various living creatures. day in the hunting-grounds, in tbe sport of death, tliey returned with the loads of flesh which they had obtained. But a certain agedthe

who had not obtained any flesh, saw the tree in the evening, and being hungry, approached it, and he quickly climbed up it, and kept dragging parrots and other birds from their nests, killing them, and flinging them on the ground. And when I saw birn coming near, like the minister&avara,in fear underneath tbe wing of my father. And meanwhile the ruffian came near our nest, and dragged out my father, and wringing his neck, flung him down on the ground at tbe foot of tbe tree. And I fell with my father, and slipping out from underneath Then tlie his wing, I slowly crept in my fear into tbe grass and leaves.

of

Yama, I slowly crept

in the

rascally Bhilla came down, and roasted some of tbe parrots and ate them, and others he carried off to bis own village. Then my fear was at an end, but I spent a night long from grief, and in the morning, when tbe flaming eye* of tbe world bad mounted high in tbe heaven, I, being thirsty, went to tbe bank of a neighbouring lake full of lotuses, tumbling frequently, clinging to the earth with

my

wings, and there I saw on the sand of the lake a hermit, named Marichi, who had just bathed, as it were my good works in a former state of existence. He, when he saw me, refreshed me with drops of

water flung inof pity, carried

myme

face,

and, putting

me

in

tbe hollow of a

leaf,

out

to his hermitage.

There Pulastya, the bead of the

hermitage, laughed when he saw me, and being asked by the other hermits, " When I beheld why be laughed, having supernatural insight, he said in consequence of a curse, I laughed out this parrot, who is a parrot of sorrow, but after I have said my daily prayers, I will tell a story

connected with him, which shall cause him to remember bis former birth, and the occurrences of his former lives." After saying this, the hermit Pulastya rose up for his daily prayer, and, after he had performed bis dailyFor the conception of the sun as an eye see Kuhn, Die Herabkunft des Feuers pp 62, 53. The idea is common in English poetry. See for instance Milton, P. L. V. 171, Spenser's Faery Queene, I, 3, 4. For instances iu olaaaical poetry, see Ovid, Met. IV, 228, Ar. Nub. 286, Soph. Tr. 101.Tind des Gottcrtranks,

21the hermits, the great sage told this story prayer, being again solicited by

concerning me.Thf hermit t story of Somaprabha, Manorathaprabhd, and Maharaudikd, where. in it appears who the parrot was in a former''

.

, ,

There lived

Kara a king named Jyotishprabha, who ruled the earth with supreme

in the citv of i t i

Ratni.

authority, as far as the sea, the mine There was born to him, by his queen named Harshavati, a son, wbose birth was due to the favour of S'iva propitiated by severe asceticism.

of jewels.

Because the queen saw in a dream the moon entering her mouth, the kinggave his son the name of Somaprabha. And the prince gradually grew up with ambrosial qualities, furnishing a feast to the eyes of the subjects. And his father Jyotishprabha, seeing that he was brave, young, beloved

by the

subjects,

and able to bear the weight of empire, gladly anointed

him.'

crown-prince. And he gave him as minister the virtuous son of his own minister named Prabhakara. On that

Priyankara, the occasion Matali

descended from the heaven with a celestial horse, and coming up to Soma" You are a Vidyadhara, a friend of Indra's, born on prabha, said to him:

earth, and he has sent you an excellent horse named Asusravas, the son of if you mount it, TJchchhaih^ravas, in memory of his former friendship After the charioteer of Indra had will be invincible by your foes." you said this, he gave Somaprabha that splendid horse, and after receiving due honour, he flew up to heaven again.;

in feasting, and the next " the duty of a Kshatriya is to his father the king ; father, day not complete without a desire for conquest, so permit me to march out to the conquest of the regions." When his father Jyotishprabha heard that,said

Then Somaprabha spent that day pleasantly

My

he was pleased, and consented, and made arrangements for his expedition. Then Somaprabha bowed before his father, and marched out on an auspicious day, with his forces, for the conquest of the regions, mounted on thehorse given by Indra. And by the help of his splendid horse, he conquered the kings of every part of the world, and being irresistible in might, he He bent his bow and the necks of his stripped them of their jewels.

the bow was unbent again, but the heads of ; his enemies were never again uplifted. Then, as he was returning in triumph, on a path which led him near the Himalayas, he made his army encamp, and went hunting in a wood.

enemies at the same time

chance would have it, he saw there a Kinnara, made of a splendid and he pursued him on his horse given by Indra, with the object of capturing him. The Kinnara entered a cavern in the mountain, and was lost to view, but the prince was carried far away by that horse.as

And

jewel,

And when

the world, had reached the western peak,

the sun, after diffusing illumination over the quarters of where he meets the evening

tlie prince, boing tired, managed, though with difficulty, to return, and he buhcld a great lake, and wishing to pass the night on its shores, ha dismounted from his horse. And after he had given grass and water to the horse, and had taken fruits and water hiuiself, and felt rested, ho suddenly heard from a certain quarter the sound of a song. Out of curiosity he went in the direction of the sound, and saw at no great distance a heavenly

twilight,

ment,

nymph, singing in front of a lint/a of S^iva. He said to himself in astonish*' Wiio may this lovely one he ?" And she, seeing that he was of noble " Tell me, who are you ? How did you appearance, said to him bashfully

reach alone this inaccessible place ?" When he heard this, he told his " Tell me, who are you and what is your story, and asked her in turn, business in this wood ?" When he asked this question, the heavenly maiden aid " If have noble to hear

you

any

desire,

sir,

my

tale, listen, I will tell

it ;"

after this preface she began to speak with a gushing flood of tears. There is here, on the table-land Episode of Manorathaprabhd and Raimitmt. of the Himalayas, a city named Kan-

chanabha, and in

it

there dwells a king of the Vidyadharas

named Padmakd^.

Know that I am the daughter of that king by his queen Hemaprabha, and that my name is Mimorathaprabha, and my father loves me more than his life. I, by the power of my science, used to visit, with ray female companions,theisles, and the principal mountains, and the woods, and the gardens, and after amusing myself, I made a point of returning every day at my father's meal-time, at the third watch of the day, to my palace. Once on a time I arrived here as I was roaming about, and I saw on the shore o

the lake a hermit's son with his companion. And being summoned by the splendour of his beauty, as if by a female messenger, I approached him, And then I sat down, and my and he welcomed me with a wistful look.friend, perceiving the feelings of both,

companion,;

"

Who

are

you,

noble

" said Not far from here, my Bamed Didhitimat. He, being subject to a strict vow of chastity, was seen once, when he came to bathe in this lake, by the goddess S^ri, who came there As she could not obtain him in the flesh, as he was a at the same time. strict ascetic, and yet longed for him earnestly with her mind, she con-

put this question to him throngh his And his companion tell me ?" friend, there lives in a hermitage a hermitsir,

ceived a mind-born son.'

And

him,

I

have obtained this son by looking at you

she took that son to Didhitimat, saying to receive it.' And after;

And the hermit gladly giving the sou to the hermit, S'ri disappeared. aeceived the son, so easily obtained, and gave him the name of Uasminiat, and gradually reared him, and after investing him with the sacred thread,in this

taught him out of love all the sciences. Know that you see before you young hermit that very Ba^mimat the son of S'ri, come hei'e with

28

me

on a pleasure journey." When my friend had heard this from the him in turn, told my name and youth's friend, she, being questioned by descent as I have now told it to you.

Then I and the hermit's son became still more in love with one another from hearing one another's descent, and while we were lingering there, a " liise up, your father, fair one, is second attendant came and said to me,waiting for you in the dining-room of the palace." When I heard that, I " I will return quickly," and leaving the youth there, I went into the said And when I came out, having taken a very presence of my father out of fear. the first attendant came to me and said of her own accord " littlefood,:

The

friend of that hermit's son came here, my friend, and standing at the door of llasniimat has sent the court said to me in a state of hurried excitement'

me

here now, bestowing on

me

the power of travelling in the:

air,

which he

inheritsstate

Manorathaprabha by love and cannot retain his breath a moment longer, without thatlife.'

from

his father, to see

he

is

reduced to a terriblefather's palace, and,

mistress of his

"

The moment

I

heard this, I left

my

accompanied by that friend of the hermit's son, who showed me the way, and my attendant, I came here, and when I arrived here, I saw that that hermit's son, separated from me, had resigned, at the rising of the moon, the So I, grieved by separation from him, was blaming my nectar of his life.vital frame,

very

and longing to enter the fire with his body. But at that a man, with a body like a mass of flame, descended from the sky, and flew up to heaven with his body. Then I was desirous to hurl myself into the fire alone, but at that moment a voice issued from the air here " Manorathaprabha, do not do this thing, for at the appointed time thou shalt be re-united to this thy hermit's son." On hearing this, I gave up the idea of suicide, and here I remaia

moment

;

full of hope, waiting for

him, engaged in the worship of S'iva. And as for the friend of the hermit's son, he has disappeared somewhere. When the Yidyadhara maiden had said this, Somaprabha said to her, " Then, why do you remain alone, where is that female attendant of yours ? When the Vidyadhara maiden heard this, she answered " There is a king:

named Sinhavikrama, and he has a matchless daughter named Makarandika; she is a friend of mine, dear as my life, who sympaof the Vidyadharas,thizes with

So I sent backreason

my grief, and she to-day sent her attendant to learn tidings of me. my own attendant to her, with her attendant it is for that that I am at present alone." As she was saying this, she pointed;

out to Somaprabha her attendant descending from heaven. And she made the attendant, after she had told her news, strew a bed of leaves for Somaprabha, and also give grass to his horse.

Then, after passing the night, they rose up in the morning, and saw approaching a Vidyadhara, who had descended from heaven. And that

24VidyAclhara, whose

name was"

"Dcvajaya, after sitting down, spoke thus to

Manoratliaprabbii, king Sinbavikrama informs you Wanorathaprabliii that your friend, bis daughter Makarandikd, out of love for you, refuses So be wishes you to go to marry until you have obtained a bridegroom.

there and admonish her, that she may be ready to marry." When the VidyAdbara maiden heard this, she prepared to go, out of regard for her friend, and " Virtuous one, I have a curiosity to see the then Somaprabha said to her:

Vidyadhara world so take me there, and let my horse remain here supWhen she heard that, she consented, and taking her plied with grass." attendant with her, she flew through the air, with Somaprabha, who was:

carried in the

arms of Devajaya.

she arrived there, Makarandika welcomed her, and seeing Soma" Who is tliis ?" And when prabha, asked, Manorathaprabha told bis story, of Makarandika was immediately captivated by him. the heart He, forhis part,

When

thought in his mind, deeming he had come upon Good Fortune in form " Who is the fortunate man destined to be her bridegroom ?" bodily Then, in confidential conversation, Manorathaprabha put the following " Fair one, why do you not wish to be marquestion to Makarandika " ried ?" And she, when she heard this, answered How could I desire;:

marriage until you have accepted a bridegroom, for you are dearer to me than life ?" When Makarandika said this in an affectionate manner,

^lanoratbaprabhd said

"

I have chosen

a bridegroom, fair one

;

I

am

waiting here in hopes of union with him." When she said this, Maka" I will do as randika said you direct."* Then Manorathaprablm, seeing the real state of her feelings, said to " friend, Somaprabha has come here as your guest, after wandering her, through the world, so you must entertain him as a guest with becoming " When Makarandika heard this, she said I have already hospitality." bestowed on him, by way of hospitality, every thing but myself, but let

My

:

him accept me,

When she said this, Manorathaprabha if he is willing." Then told their love to her father, and arranged a marriage between them.Somaprabha recovered

now

may

" I must his spirits, and delighted said to her go to your hermitage, for possibly my army, commanded by minister, come there tracking my course, and if they do not find me, they may:

my

So I will depart, and after I have return, suspecting sometliing untoward. learned the tidings of the host, 1 will return, and certainly marry Makarandika on an auspicious day." When Manorathaprabha heard that, she consented, and took him back to her own hermitage, making Devajaya carry him in his arms.* I read tvadvdkynm with the Sanskrit College MS. and ahitaianki tachtha ina. 141 with the same

MS.

In the meanwhile his minister Priyankara came there with the army, tracking his footsteps. And while Soniaprabha, in delight, was recounting his adventures to his minister, whom he met there, 4 messenger came from his father, with a written message that he was to return quickly. Thea,

by the advice of his minister, he went with his army back to his own city, in order not to disobey his father's command, and as he started, he said to " Manorathaprabha and Devajaya, I will return as soon as I have seeafather."

mj

Then Devajaya went and informed Makarandikaconsequence she becameafflicted

of that, and in

with the sorrow of separation. She took no pleasure in the garden, nor in singing, nor in the society of her ladiesin-waiting, nor did she listen to the amusing voices of the parrots she did;

did she care about adorning herself. And though her parents earnestly admonished her, she did not recover her spirits. And she soon left her couch of lotus-fibres, and wandered about like an not take food;

much

less

insane woman, causing distress to her parents. And when she would not listen to their words, though they tried to console her, her parents in their " You shall fall for some time among anger pronounced this curse on her,

the unfortunate race of the Nishadas, with this very body of yours, witliout the power of remembering your former birth." When thus cursed by her house of a Nishada, and became that parents, Makarandika entered the

very

moment

a Nishada maiden.

And

lier

father

Sinhavikrama, the king

of the Vidyadharas, repented, and through grief for her died, and so did his Now that king of the Vidyadharas was in a former birth a rithi wife.

who knewsin he has

all

the sdstras, butthis parrot,

now on accountand

of

some remnant of formerremembers what

become

his wife also has been born as a wild sow,austerities,

and

this parrot,

owing to the power of former

it learned in a former life. " So I But he laughed, considering the marvellous results of his works. as soon as he has told this tale in the court of a king. shall be released,

And Somaprabha shall obtain the parrot's daughter in his Vidyadhara birth, Makarandika, who has now become a Nishada female. And Manorathaa kinghas now become prabha also shall obtain the hermit's son llasmimat, who but Somaprabha, as soon as he had seen his father, returned to her his hermitage, and remains there propitiating S'iva in order to recover;

beloved."

rememberedMarichi,

"When the hermit Pulastya had my birtli, and was plunged

said

in grief

thus much, he ceased, and I and joy. Then the hermit

me.

who carried me out of And when my wings grew, 4

pity to the liermitage, took me and reared 1 flew about hither and thither with the

26

And learning. falling into the hands of a NishMa, I have in course of time reached your And now m}' evil works have spei/t their force, having been brought court.flightiness natural to a bird,* displacing the miracle of

mj

with

into the body of a bird. the learned and eloquent parrot had finished tliis tale in the of the court, king Siimanas suddenly felt his soul filled with presence

me

When

astonishment, and disturbed with love.

In the meanwhile"llise

S'iva,

being

Somaprabha in a dream presence of king Sumauas, there thoupleased, said to

up, king, and go into the wilt find thy beloved. For the

maiden, named Makarandika, has Nishada maiden, named ^luktalata, who has become a parrot, to the thee, her curse will come to an end,

become, by the curse of her father, a and she has gone with her own father,court of the king.

and she

will

And when she sees remember her existence

as a Vidyddhara maiden, and then a union will take place between you, the Having joy of which will be increased by your recognizing one another."said this to that king, S'iva, to Manorathaprabha, who alsoall his worshippers, said in his hermitage, " The hermit's son Rasmimat, whom thou didst accept as thy bridegroom, has been born again under the name of Sumanas, so go to him and obtain him, fair one ;is

who

merciful to

was living

he

will at once remember his former birth, when he beholds thee." So Somaprabha and the Vidyadhara maiden, being separately commanded in a dream by S'iva, went immediately to the court of that Sumanas. And there Makarandika, on beholding Somaprabha, immediately remembered her former birth, and being released from her long curse, and recovering her heavenly body, she embraced him. And Somaprabha, having, by the

favour of

S'iva, obtained that daughter of the Vidyadhara prince, as if she were the incarnate fortune of heavenly enjoyment, embraced her, and And king Sumanas, having considered himself to have attained his object. beheld Manorathaprabha, remembered his foi-mer birth, and entered his for-

mer body,

from heaven, and became liasmimat the son of the once more united with his beloved, for whom he had long yearned, he entered his own hermitage, and king Somaprabhathatfell

chief of hermits.

And

departed witii his beloved to his own city. And the parrot too body of a bird, and went to the home earned by his asceticism."

left

the

Thus you see that the appointed union of human beings certainly When Naravatakes place in this world, though vast spaces intervene." hanadatta heard this wonderful, romantic, and agreeable story from his ownminister*

Gomukha,

as he

was longing

for S'aktiya^as,

he was

much

pleased.

Cp. Aristophanes, Aves, pp. 169, 170.iyOpwiroi 6pytsluTTaiBfiryrot, v(r6fi.tvot,

iriKfiopTos, ivSiy ovStiroT'tv rairrf. fxivuv.

27

CHAPTERThen thechief minister

LX.

Gomukha, having told the story of the tw^o " Some ordinary men even, Vidyddhara maidens, said to Naravahanadatta, towards the three worlds, resist with firm resolution being kindly disposedthe disturbance of love and other passions.SCoty of S'uravarmangutlty wife.

who tpared

hit

For the king Kuladhara once}iad a servant of distinguished valour,

a young

man of good family, named S^uravarman. And one day, as he was returning from war, he entered his house suddenly, and found his wife alone with his friend. And when he saw it, he restrained his wrath, and in hisself-control reflected,

What is the use of slaying this animal who has beof punishing this wicked woman ? too should After he had thus reflected, he I saddle my soul with a load of guilt ?" " I will kill whichever of left them both unharmed and said to them, youtrayed his friend ?

"

Or

Why

you come in my sight again. went away to some distant but S'uravarman married another wife, and lived there in comfort.

two I

see again.

You mustthem

neither of

Whenplace,

he said this and"

let

depart, they

Thus, prince, a

man who conquers wrathis

and a man, who displays prudence,

never harmed.

will not be subject to grief ; Even in the case of

animals prudence produces success, not valour.

In proof of

it,

hear this

story about the lion, and the bull, and other animals."Story ofthe

Ox abandoned

in

the

Forest*

merchant's son.

There was in a certain city a rich Once on a time, as

to him,

he was going to the city of Mathura to trade, a draught-bull belonging named Sanjivaka, as it was dragging the yoke vigorously, broke it, and so slipped in the path, which had become muddy by a mountain torrent

The merchant's son, seeing flowing into it, and fell and bruised its limbs. that the bull was unable to move on account of its bruises, and not sucit up from the ground, at last in despair and left it there. And, as fate would have it, the bull slowly revived, and rose up, and by eatiijg tender grass recovered its former condition. And it went to the bank of the Yamuna, and by eating green grass and wandering about at will, it became fat and strong. And it roamed

ceeding in his attempts to raiseoff

went

about there, with full hump, wantoning, like the bull of bills with its horns, and bellowing frequently.* ThisIs

S'iva, tearing

up ant-

also found in tho Panchatantra 100.

and the Hitopade^.

See Benfey'sPaD-

corresponds to separation of friends," Johnson's Translation, p. 40, and to the Ist book of the Panchatantra. In si. 15, I read, with Di. Keru, t'othpan.

chatantra. Vol. I, (Einleitung), p. the 2nd book of the Hitopadoga, "

In

fact tho present chapter

The

8

NowPiiigalaka,

beasts had

at that time there lived in a neiglibonring wood a lion named who had subdued the forest i)j his might ; and that king of two jackals for ministers the name of the one was Damanaka,;

and the name of the other was Karatuka. That lion, going one day to the bank of the Yamuna to drink water, heard close to him the roar of And when the lion heard the roar of that bull, never that bull Sanjivaka. heard before, resounding through the air, he thought, " What animalsound P Surely some great creature dwells here, so I will depart, saw me, it might slay me, or expel me from the forest." Theretipon the lion quickly returned to the forest without drinking water, and continued in a state of fear, hiding his feelings from his followers.this

makes

for

if it

secretly to

Then the wise jackal* Damanaka, the minister of that king, said Our master went to drink Kara^aka the second minister,**;

water"VVe

this

so how comes it that he has so quickly returned without drinking ? must ask him the reason." Then Karataka said " What business ia of ours ? Have you not heard the story of the ape that drew out the

wedge ?"Story of the monkey that pulled out thewedffe.f

Ijad

In a certain town, a merchant begun to build a temple to a

divinity,

and had accumulated much timber.

The workmen

there, after

sawing through the upper half of a plank, placed a wedge in it, and leaving In the meanwhile a monkey came there and it thus suspended, went home.

bounded up out of mischief, and sat on the plank, the parts of which were And he sat in the gap between the two parts, separated by the wedge. as if in the mouth of death, and in purposeless mischief pulled out the wedge. Then he fell with the plank, the wedge of which had been pulledout,

and was

killed,

having his limbs crushed by the flying together of the

separated parts.

Weber supposes that tho Indians borrowed all the fables representing the jackal a wise animal, as he is not particularly cunning. He thinks that they took the Western stories about the fox, and substituted for that animal the jackal. Benfey

M

argues that this does not prove that these fables are not of Indian origin. German stories represent the lion as king of beasts, though it is not a German animal. (Benfey's Panchatantra,Yol.I, pp. 102, 103). Sec also DeGubematis, Zoological Mythology, p. 122.

t This story is found in the Hitopadesa, the Panchatantra, the nah, Anvar-i-Suhaili, Livro des Lumieros, p. 61, Cabinet des and other collections (Benfey's Panchatantra, Vol. I, p. 105.) For Panchatantra, see Benfey, Vol. II, p. 9, for that of the Hitopade&i,tion, p. 44.

Kalilah andF^es,

Dim

tra.

p.

120.

X This corresponds to the 21st of the first book in Benfey's translation. Vol. II, Cp Arabic version (Wolff, I, 98, Knatchbull, 166.), Symeon Soth, 33,

6

42baknoe

made of a tbousaml palas of iron and depositing it in the oare of a certain merchant, ho wont to another land. And when, on his return, ho came to that merchant to demand back his balance, the mer" It chant said to him has been eaten by mice." He repeated, " It is; :

wm

quite true, the iron, of which it was composed, was particularly sweet, and 80 the mice ate it." This he said with an outward show of sorrow, laughing in his heart. Then the merchant's son asked him to give him

Bome food, and he, being in a good temper, consented to give him some. Then the merchant's son went to bathe, taking with him the son of that merchant, who was a mere child, and whom he persuaded to come with him by And after he had bathed, the wise mergiving him a dish of dmalakas. chant's son deposited the boy in the house of a friend, and returned alone to the house of that merchant. And the merchant said to him, " Where He replied, '* A kite swooped down from the air is that son of mine ?" and carried him off." The merchant in a rage said, " You have concealed my son," and so he took him into the king's judgment-hall and there The officers of the court the merchant's son made the same statement. " This is But the said, impossible, how could a kite carry off a boy ?" " In a merchant's son answered country where a large balance of iron was eaten by mice, a kite might carry off an elephant, much more a boy."* When the ofl&cers heard that, they asked about it, out of curiosity, and made the merchant restore the balance to the owner, and he, for his part,;

;

restored the merchant's child.see, persons of eminent ability attain their ends by an But you, by your reckless impetuosity, have brought our master danger." When Damanaka heard this from Karataka, he laughed and'

Thus, you

artifice.

intosaid

"

Do

not talk like this

!

What

chanceis

victorious in a fight with a bull ? There

is there of a lion's not being a considerable difference between

a

lion,

whose body

is

adorned with numerous scars of wounds from the

tusks of infuriated elephants, and a tame ox, whose body has been pricked by the goad." While the jackals were carrying on this discussion, the

John

of Capua, e., 4, German translation (Ulm, 1483) H., II, b., Firenzuola, 82, Doni, 113, Anvar-i-Suhaili, 187, Livrc dea Lumidres, 135, Cabinet des Fees, XVII, 853, Robert, Fables in^dites, II, 193196. It is the Ist of the (Benfey, I,

283).

IXth Book of La Font^iine's FabloB, Lo depositairo infid61o. The argument reminds one of that in " Die Kluge Bauemtochter," (Grimm's Marchcn, 94). The king adjudges a foal to the proprietor of some oxen, because it was found with his beasts. The real owner fishes in the road with a net. The king demands an explanation. He says, " It is just as easy for me to catch fish on dryland, as for

two oxen to produce a foal." 8eo also Das Miirchen vom sprechondom Bauche, Kuden'a Uutvr don Olivonbaumcn, pp. 83, 84.

48

When he was slain, Damanaka recovered lion killed the bull Sanjlvaka. his position of minister without a rival, and remained for -ft long timeabout the i^erson of the king of beasts in perfect happiness. Naravahanadatta much enjoyed hearing from his prime minister Gomukha this wonderful story, which was full o statecraft, and characterized by

consummate

ability.

Note

to

Chapter 60.

The fables of Pilpay.

Wilson in his collected works, (Vol. IV, p. 139) remarks that wo have in tho Katha Sarit Sagara an earlier representative of tho original collection of Indian fables, than oven tho Panchatantra, as it agrees bettor with the Kalilah and Dimnah than the Panchatantni does. The earliest Indian form of tho Panchatantra appears to have been translated into Pohlevi in the time of tho king of Persia, Khushru Naushirvans (between 631 and 672 A. D.) upon this the Arabic translation was based. It wa;

bdited

by

Silvestro do

Sacy under the

title,

" Calila et

Dimna ou

Fables do Bidpai,"

and has been translated into Gorman by Wolff, and into English by KnatchbuU There are many recensions of the Arabic translation as of tho Panchatantra. (Benfey is of opinion that originally tho latter work consisted of more than five sections.) Tho oldest translation of tho Arabic version is the Greek ono by Symeon Soth, which was made about 1080, A. D. (Bonfey, Einleitung, p. 8, with note). The Latin translation of Possinus was made from this. Perhaps the most important translation of It must have been made about 1250. all is the Hebrew translation of Rabbi Joel. It has never been edited, with the exception of a small fragment, and is practically represented by the Latin translation of John of Capua, made between 1263 and 1278. Benfey considers that tho first German translation was made from a MS. of this. The oldest German translation has no date. The second appeared at Ulm in 1483. Another version, probably not based upon any of these, is a poetical paraphrase, the Alter Aesopus of Baldo, edited by Edel^stand du M^ril in his Poesios inedites du Moyen Age. There is a Spanish translation from the Arabic, perhaps through an unknown Latin version, which appeared about 1251. A portion has been published by Rodriguez De Castro. Possibly Raimond's Latin translation was based partly on this, and partly on the Latin translation of the Hebrew by John of Capua. The Arabic version was translated into Persian by Nasr Allah in the 12th century. Upon it is based the Anvar-i-Sohaili of Husain Vaiz, which was writtenIt has been translated into English by East wick. (Hertford (The above note is summarized from Benfey's Einleitung). See also Rhys Davids' Buddhist Birth Stories, Introduction, pp. xciii and xciv. He says that the Arabio version was made from the Syriac.

three centuries later.

1854).

4i

CHAPTER

LXr.

to solace

Then the minister Gomukha again said him while pining for S^aktiya^;

of a wise person,

now

to Naravdhanadatta, in order " Prince, you have heard a tale hear a tale about a fool."

Story 0/ the foolish merchant who madealoet-wood into charcoal*

^

certain rich

blockhead of a son.

merchant had a He, once on

a time, went to the island of Ka^aha to trade, and among his wares there was a great quantity of fragrant aloes-wood. And after he had sold the rest of his wares, he could not find any one to take the aloes-wood off hisbands, for the people who live there are not acquainted with that article of commerce. Then, seeing people buying charcoal from the woodmen, the fool burnt his stock of aloes-wood and reduced it to charcoal. Thenit for the price which charcoal usually fetched, and returning home, boasted of his cleverness, and became a laughing-stock to everybody. " 1 have told you of the man who burnt aloes-wood, now hear the tale of the cultivator of sesame."

he sold

There was a certain villager who was a cultivator, and very nearly an idiot. He one day roasted some sesame-seeds, and, finding them nice to eat, he sowed a large number of roasted seeds, hoping that similar ones would come up. When they did not come up, on account of their having been roasted, he found that he had lost his substance, and people laughedStory of the *^^-f

man who sowed

roasted

at him. " I have spoken of the sesame-cultivator, threw fire into water."Story of the fool

now hear aboutsilly

the

man who

who mixed

fire

and

There was a

man, who, one

^