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KAVIYA COACHING CENTER PG TRB HISTORY STUDY MATERIALS - 9600736379

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PG-TRB-IMPORTANT -HISTORY –STUDY MATERIALS

PRE HISTORIC PERIOD SOURCES OF INDIA

gz;ila fhy ,e;jpah vd;gJ fp.gp. 1206 tiuapyhdJ.

,ilf;fhyk; vd;gJ 1206 - 1773

etPd fhyk; vd;gJ 1773(1600) - 1947

rk fhyk; vd;gJ - 1947 - Till now

Kjy; E}w;whz;by;; Njhd;wpa fhe;jhuf;fiy kdpj cly; mofpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

nfhLj;JjJ.

m[e;jh Xtpaq;fs; ngsj;jHfs; ,e;jpahtpw;F tpl;Lr;nrd;w epue;ju Xtpaf;fiy

ed;nfhilahFk;

gz;ilf; fhy mwptpay; E}y;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s Mhpagl;lhpd; Mhpagl;bah

MFk;

fp.gp. 499 y; vOjg;gl;l ,e;E}y; fzpjk; (k) thdtpay; gw;wpa jfty;fs; cs;sd.

tpHjthf;gl;lh vd;w ngsj;j kUj;Jt Nkij 6k; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j kUj;JtH %thpy;

xUtuhff; fUjg;gLfpwhH.

,tH m\;lhq;f rk;fpUjh vd;w E}ypy; kUj;Jtj;jpd ;8 gFjpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

5 rpj;jhj;jpy; xd;whd Nuhkfh rpj;jhe;jj;jpy; thdtpay; Kiwfs; gw;wp $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

rkzHfspd; khngUk; rpe;jidahsuhd N`kre;jpuNrhyq;fp kd;dhpd;

Kjyikr;ruhf,Ue;jhH N`kre;jpuH vOjpa E}y; - Fkhughy rhpjk;

goq;fhyj;ij mwptpay; Jiz nfhz;L Jy;ypakhf fzf;fpLk; Kiw NubNah fhHgd;

Kiw

,kakiy njhlq;Fk; - ghkpH Kbr;R

gioa fw;fhy Xtpak; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,lk; - gpk;gpl;fh

,e;jpahtpy; trpj;j goq;fhy kdpj ,dj;jpd; ngaH - epf;hpl;Nlh

fq;if Mw;Wld; Nrhd; MW ,izAk; ,lk; - ghlypGj;jpuk;

fq;ifapd; Nkw;Nf mike;js;s efuk; - nly;yp

,e;Njh- Nuhkhdpa tzpfj;jpw;F topahf ,Ue;j fztha; - ghyf;fhl;L fztha;

,kakiyapy; fh\;kPH gPlG+kp> Neghs gPlG+kp> \py;yhq; gPlG+kp cs;sJ.

kfjg; NguuR Njhd;wpaJ. fq;ifr; rkntspapy;jhd;.

MizKbr; rpfuk; - 2695 kP ePsKilajhFk;

jf;fhzk; Nkw;fpy; caHe;Jk; fpof;fpy; jho;e;Jk; fhzg;gLk;.

Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh> tlngz;iz> fhtphp> kfhejp> jhkpuguzp Mfpa ejpfs; fpof;F

Nehf;fp gha;e;J tq;ff; flypy; fyf;fpd;wd.

eHkij> jgjp kl;Lk; Nkw;F Kfkhf Xb mugpf; flypy; fyf;fpd;wd.

fpU\;zh Nfhjhthp ghAk; gpuNjrj;jpy; ghkpdp> tp[aefu muRfs; Njhd;wpd

fhtphp> itif> tlngz;iz> njd;ngz;iz> ghyhW Mfpa ejpfs; ghAk;> gFjpapy; Nru>

Nrho> ghz;ba kd;dHfs; rpwg;ghf Mz;ldH.

,e;jpa fiy tsHr;rpapy; rpwg;gplk; ngw;w gy;yt kd;dHfSk; ,q;NfNa Ml;rp nra;jdH.

,e;jpa flw;fiu gFjpapd; ePsk; - 7516 . 6fp.kP MFk;.

,kakiyapy; rpe;J> fq;if> gpuk;kGj;jpuh Mfpa %d;W tw;whj caH ejpfspd; gpwg;gplk;

MFk;

nghpa ghiytdk; fr; Xuj;jpypUe;J Nkw;Nf Y}dp MWtiu gutpcs;sJ.(,uh[];jhd;)

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rpwpa ghiytdk; n[arhy;kH - N[hj;G+H ,ilNaAs;s Y}dpapy; ,Ue;J tlf;NfAs;s

jhho;epyq;fs; tiu nry;fpwJ.

jf;fhzj;jpd; ,kakiy:tpe;jpa rhj;G+uh> kiyj;njhlH

,k;kiyj;njhlH kuhj;jpaH vOr;rpf;Fk;> tsHr;rpf;Fk; rhjfkhdJ.

,yf;fpa Mjhuk;.

Ntjq;fspy; Kjd;ikahdJ - hpf;Ntjk;

gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fSs; kpfTk; njhd;ikahd - Ntjk; hpf; Ntjk;

10 murHfspd; NghH gw;wp $Wk; Ntjk; - hpf;Ntjk;

Hpf; Ntjk; 1028ghly;fisAk; 10 kz;lyq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ

10 tJ kz;lyk; GU\#f;jk;

rhkNtjk; vd;gJ - ,irf;fiy gw;wpaJ

mjHtz Ntjk; - ke;jpuk;> khak;> gpy;yp#dpak; gw;wpaJ

cyfNk tpae;J ghuhl;Lk; mwpa jj;Jtk; nfhz;lJ - cgepljk;

cgep\; vd;gjd; nghUs; mUfpy; cl;fhU

Ntjq;fSf;F tpsf;Fk; $Wgit- gpuhkzq;fs;

gz;ila njhy;fijfs; - Guhzq;fs;

Guhzq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 18

tuyhw;Wf;F gad;gLk; Guhz njhFjp - tk;r rhpjk;

jj;Jtq;fs;> cUt topghL> %lek;gpf;if IjPfq;fs; ,tw;iw $WtJ - Guhzq;fs;

Ntjq;fs; 6 tif.

1. Rpf;\h - (cr;rhpg;G fiy) nghdbf;];

2. fy;gk;(rlq;F Kiw)

3. tpahf;fuzk; - ,yf;fzk;

4. epUf;jh - nrhy; Muha;r;rp

5. re;jh]; - ghl;L

6. N[hjp]; - thdtpay;

nkshpaHfisg; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; Guhzk; - tp\;Z> thA

ngsj;j ,yf;fpaq;fspy; tuyhWf;F gad;gLtJ - [hjff; fijfs; (550)

Kjy; re;jpuFg;jiug; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; Guhzk; - thA

Gj;j rka E}y; - Gj;j rl;lk; > Gj;j rka ,yf;fpak; 3 tifg;gLk; (3$il) jphpgPlfk;

1. Rj;j gPlfk; (Gj;jhpd; cgNjrk;)

2. tpda gPlfk; (Gj;j Jwtpfspd; rl;l jpl;lk; xOq;F Kiw)

3. mgpjk;k gPlfk; (Gj;jhpd; jj;Jtq;fs;)

Gj;j rka E}y;fs; ghyp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd

ghyp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l Gj;j rka ,yf;fpa E}y;fspy; jiyrpwe;jJ - kpype;jghdh>

,e;E}iy vOjpatH - Gj;j NfhrH

Gj;jH gpwg;gplk; gw;wpa tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk; E}y; -[hjff; fijfs;

Gj;j rkak; gw;wp $Wk; jkpo; ,yf;fpa E}y; - kzpNkfiy

Muz;aq;fs; vd;gJ tho;f;ifia Jwe;J KdpatHfs; ,aw;w Ntz;ba flik gw;wp

$WfpwJ.

rkz rka ,yf;fpaq;fs; - mq;fq;fs;> cgmq;fq;fs;> G+Htq;fq;fs;

rkz rka ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOjg;gl;l nkhop - gpuhf;fpUjk;

rkz rka ,yf;fpaq;fs; E}y;fs; nghJthf Mfkrpj;jhq;fs; vd miog;gH



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jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l Kjy; rkz rka fhg;gpak; - rPtf rpe;jhkzp

ghprp\;l gHtd; vDk; rkz rka E}ypypUe;J re;jpuFg;j nkshpaHfspd; G+HtPfk; gw;wp

mwpayhk;. ,J rka rhHgw;w ,yf;fpak;

nfsby;aH (m) rhzf;fpaH vOjpa E}y; - mHj;jrh];jpuk; (nkshpa Ml;rpKiwia gw;wpa

E}y;)

tprhfjj;jH vOjpa E}y; - Kj;uhl;rrk;> Njtp re;jpuFg;jk; (,J re;jpuFg;j nkshpaH Ml;rp

gPlk; Vwpaij ehlfkhf tpsf;FfpwJ)

ghzH vOjpa E}y; - `H\rhpjk;> fhjk;ghp

gjQ;ryp vOjpa E}y; - kfhgh\;ak;

gpy;fzH vOjpa E}y; - tpf;ukhq;f Njtrhpjk; (6k; tpf;fukhjpj;jd; gw;wpa $Wk; E}y;)

fy;fzH vOjpa E}y; - uh[juq;fpdp(fh\;kPhpd; tuyhw;W E}y;)

n[arpk;kH vOjpa E}y; - Fkuh; ghyrhpjk;

fhspjhrH vOjpa E}y; - rhFe;jyk; (rk];fpUj ehlf E}y;)

(NkfJ}J> hpJrk;̀ huk; - ghly;fs;) (khstpf mf;dpkpjuk;> tpfuk Chtrpak; -ehlfk;)>

(uFtk;rk;> Fkhu rk;gtk; - fhg;gpa E}y;fs;)

thf;gjp vOjpa E}y; - nfslthF

fy;ntl;Lfs;:

Fg;jH fhyj;jpw;F Kd; fy;ntl;L vOjpa nkhop - gpuhf;fpUjk;

Fg;jH fhyj;jpw;F gpd; fy;ntl;L ngUk;ghYk; vOjpa nkhop - rk];fpUjk;

,e;jpa fy;ntl;Lfspy; Kjd;ikahdJ - mNrhUila fy;ntl;L

mNrhfhpd; gpwg;gplk; gw;wp $Wk; fy;ntl;L - Ukpz;ilf;

fypq;f fhuNtyid gw;wp $Wk; fy;ntl;L - `jpFk;gh

rKj;jpudpd; ngUikia gw;wp $Wk; fy;ntl;L - myfhghj; J}z; fy;ntl;L

,uz;lhk; GypNfrpapd; ngUik gw;wp $Wk; fy;ntl;L - ma;N`hNs fy;ntl;L

aNrhtHkd; ngUik gw;wp $Wk; fy;ntl;L - fpHdhH

2k; Fkhu Fg;jhpd; ngUik gw;wp $Wk; fy;ntl;L - khz;l#H

];fe;j Fg;jhpd; ngUik gw;wp $Wk; fy;ntl;L - gpjhhpJ}z;

Kjyhk; guhe;jf Nrhodpd; ngUik gw;wp $Wk; fy;ntl;L - cj;jpuNk&H

F\hzHfis gw;wp mwpa cjTk; Kjd;ik rhd;W - ehzak;

`H\H fhy ehzak; nfhz;L rkaj;ij mwpayhk;

rKj;jpuFg;jhpd; ehzak; %yk; ,ir Gyik mwpayhk;

];fe;j Fg;jhpd; ];tHzk; ehzak; %yk; Ml;rp Kiwia mwpayhk;

ehza rPh;jpUj;j ,sturH - KfkJ - gpd; -Jf;sf;

jw;fhy ,e;jpa ehzaj; je;ij - n\H\h

tq;fhs Mrpaf; fofk; - 1784y; rH tpy;ypak; N[hd;\; Njhw;Wtpj;jhH

tq;fhs Mrpaf; fofk; vd;gJ - gioa epidT rpd;dq;fis guhkhpj;jy;

fd;dpq;`hk; ,e;jpa njhy;nghUs; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1862

,e;jpa njhy;ypay; Jiwia cUthf;fpatH - 1904y; fHrd; gpuG

,e;jpahtpy; GijnghUs; Muha;r;rp Jtq;fpaJ - 1921

ùg;gh tpy; mfoha;it Nkw;nfhz;ltH - jahuhk; r`hdp - 1921

nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpy; mfo;tha;it Nkw;nfhz;ltH – R.T. ghdH[p

njhy;nghUs; Jiwapd; jiytd; - rH[hd; khH\y;

nùNlhl]; vd;gtH fpNuf;f tuyhw;whrphpaH



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tuyhw;wpd; je;ij - nùNlhl];

,e;jpahtpd; Gtpapaiyg; gw;wp nghpg;GS]; Fwpg;G vOjpAs;shH - ,thpd; E}y; nrq;flw;

gazr; nryT

gpspdp vd;gtH fpNuf;f mwpQH ,tH ,aw;if tuyhW vDk; E}iy vOjpdhH

,tH 1st E}w;whz;il rhHe;jtH (,e;jpa nrb> nfhb tpyq;F gw;wp vOjpAs;shH.

lhykp 2k; E}w;whz;il rhHe;jtH Kjd; Kjypy; cyf tiuglj;ij tiue;jtH

Gtpapay; ty;YdH - lhykp

Fg;jH fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa te;j rPdg; gazp gh`pahd; - (399 y; te;J 414 tiu ,Ue;jhH)

gh`pahd; vOjpa E}y; - Ngh- Nfh - fp

ahj;hpfHfspd; ,sturH - Athd;Rthq;

`H\H fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah te;jtH - Athd; Rthq;

Athd; Rthq; vOjpaE}y; - Nkiy cyfpd; Mtzq;fs;

Nry;Af]; epNfluhy; ,e;jpah mDg;gg;gl;l fpNuf;f J}JtH - nkf];jdp];

Nkf];jdp]; vOjpa E}y; - ,z;bfh

,e;jpa epytpay; $Wfs;

Mrpahtpd; njd;Nfhbapy; mike;Js;s jPgfw;gk; ,e;jpah

fhy tud;KiwAk;> GtpaYk; tuyhw;wpd; 2 fz;fs; vd hpr;rH mf;Fypw;W $WfpwhH

fhynkDk; fl;llj;jpd; Nky; vOg;gLk; E}y; - tuyhW

ghf];jhd; gphpAKd; ,e;jpah mfyk; fpof;F Nkw;fhf - 2500 iky;> tlf;F - njw;F 2000

iky;

,e;jpa gug;gsT 16 yl;rk; fp.kP

Jw;rka ,e;jpa ePsk; - 14 fp.kP (tlf;F - njw;F)> mfyk; 2933 fp.kP (fpof;F - Nkw;fhf)

Jw;rka flw;fiu ePk; 6100 fp.kP

,e;jpah 8°4 tl ml;r Nuif Kjy; > 37°6 tl ml;r Nuif tiu

jPHf;f Nir 68°7 Kjy; 97°25

Guhzq;fs; ,e;jpait ghuj tH\k; vd miof;fpwJ

,e;jpahit Ml;rp nra;j Kjy; kd;dd; gujd;

,e;jpahtpw;F ,e;jpah vd ngaH #l;batH fpNuf;fH.

,ilf;fhy K];yPk; tuyhw;whrphpaHfs; ,e;J];jhd; vd mioj;jdH.

,e;jpah Mrpahtpd ,j;jhyp

,e;jpahtpd; gug;gsT 3284263 r.fp.kP

,j;jhypapd; njw;NfAs;s rprpyp jPtpw;F ,e;jpahtpd; njw;NfAs;s <oj;ijAk;>

,j;jhypapd; ed;dpy flYf;F ,e;jpahtpd; ,e;jpa ngUq;fliyAk; xg;gpLfpd;wd

,e;jpah Mrpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa ehL cyfpd; 2 tJ nghpa ehL

ghfp];jhid tpl 4 klq;F nghpaJ

[g;ghid tpl 8klq;F nghpaJ

,q;fpyhe;ij tpl 12 klq;F nghpaJ

USA tpl 3 klq;F rpwpaJ

,kakiy - ,sk; kbg;G kiy RkhH 200 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lf;F Kd; cUthdJ

,kakiyapd; ePsk; fpof;F - Nkw;fhf - 250 fp.kP

,kakiyapd; mfyk; - tlf;F - njw;fhf - 200 -250 fp.kP

Gdpkiy ,khyak; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ - ,kakiy

,kakiyapd; tbtk; tpy; Nghd;wJ



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,e;jpahtpd; ,aw;if $Wfis 6 tiffshf gphpf;fyhk;

Gdpjkhdit vd Mjp ,yf;fpaq;fs; midj;jpYk; Nghw;wp nfhz;lhLk; kiy ,kakiy

,kakiyapy; cs;s nkhj;j rpfuq;fs; - 119

,kakiyiapd; caukhd> cyfpNyNa caukhd rpfuk; nfshprq;fH (m) vtnu];l;

Neghsj;jpy; cs;sJ cauk; 8848(mbfs; 29/ 40mb)

,e;jpahtpd; cykhd rpfuk; K2 (m) fhl;tpd; M];b

,kakiy gFjapYs;s kpf Kf;fpakhd gPlG+kp fh\;kPH gPlG+kp

maytH ,e;jpah tu JizGhpAk; fztha; - ifgH Nghyd;

jw;rkak; gilnaLg;ghsHfs;> tzpfHfs;> ahj;hPfHfSf;F nghpJk; gad;gLk; fztha; -

ifgH

gz;ila fhy ,e;Jf;fshy; Gdpjkhf fUjg;gLk; Vhp - khdrNuhtH Vhp

,e;jpah vDk; nrhy; - rpe;J (Indus) ypUe;J te;jJ

,e;JF\; kiyj;njhlH> fhuNfhu fpHjhH> Riykhd; kiyj;njhlH cs;s ,lk; - ,kakiy

cyfpy; kpf goikahd kiyj;njhlH - Muty;yp

,e;jpahtpd; kpf cykhd gPlG+kp - ylhf; (fh\;kPH)

,kakiyapd; tlf;F kiyj;njhlH ,khj;jphp kiyj;njhlH

Fh\;kPhpy; cs;s fztha; - nrh[pyh

,e;jpahtpd; Gfo;ngw;w Nfhil thoplk; mike;Js;s kiyj;njhlH - ,khj;hp

ehtyd; jPT> rk;Gtd; jPT vd ,e;jpah miof;fg;gLfpwJ

NfjHehj;> mkHehj;> gj;hpehj;> it\;ztp Nfhtpy; mike;Js;s ,lk; - ,khj;hp

,kakiyapd; njd;gFjpapy; rpthypf; Fd;W mike;Js;sJ

^d; gs;sj;jhf;F Nluh^d; mike;Js;s ,lk; - rpthypf; Fd;W

,kakiyapd; fpof;F kiyfSf;F G+thQ;ry; vd ngaH

Nkfhyahtpy; fpof;F - Nkw;fhf mike;Js;s kiy fhrp> fhNuh> n[ae;jpah Fd;Wfs;

mnyf;rhz;lH ,e;jpah tu JizGhpe;jit - ];thj; gs;sj;jhf;F - ifgh;> Nghyd;

,e;jpahitAk; kj;jpa MrpahitAk; ,izf;Fk; topj;jlk; - ifgH - Nghyd;

fhl;tpd; M];bd; mike;Js;s kiyj;njhlH - fhuNfhuk; kiyj;njhlH

,kakiyapd; cw;gj;jpahFk; ejpfs; - rpe;J> fq;if > gpuk;kGj;jpuh

rpe;J cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lk; - jpngj; gPlG+kp

rpe;Jtpd; fpisejp jw;rkak; - [Pyk;> rPdg;> uhtp> rl;ny[;> gpah]; ,jpy; ru];tjp kiwe;jJ

kiwe;J Nghd ru];tjp ejpapd; fpis ejp - Nfhf;uhejp

fq;if aKidf;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjp - Njh - Mg;

`Pf;sp ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s efuk; - KH\pjhghj; fy;fj;jh

gpuk;kGj;jpuh cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lk; - ifyhakiy

rhq;Ngh vDk; ngahpy; 700 iky; jpngj;jpypUe;J jp-`hq; vDk; ngahpy; ,e;jpahtpy;

gha;fpwJ

fq;if rkntspapd; Njhd;wp tsh;e;j efuk; - Mf;uh> nly;yp> ghlypGj;jpuk;

,e;jpahtpd; kpfnghpa tz;ly; kz; nfhz;l rkntsp - fq;if

tl ,e;jpah> njd; ,e;jpahit gphpg;gJ tpe;jpa rhj;G+uh kiy - eHkij> jgjp

jPgw;g ,e;jpahtpd; ePskhd ejp - Nfhjhthp

jkpo;ehl;bd; ePskhd ejp - fhtphp

,e;jpahtpy; kiyfNs ,y;yh rkntsp - fq;ifr; rkntsp

,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa ghiytdk; - jhHghiytdk;



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jhHghiytdj;jpd; tbtk; - Kf;Nfhzk;

fpof;F - Nkw;F Nehf;fp gha;e;J mugpf;flypy; fyf;Fk; ejp - eHkij> jgjp

jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpd; fpof;F Nfhbapy; ghAk; ejp - kfhejp

Nkw;F njhlHr;rp kiy> fpof;F - njhlHr;rp kiy re;jpf;Fk; ,lk; - ePyfphp

jPgfw;g (m) njd;dpe;jpah (m) Nkw;F njhlHr;rp kiyapy; caHe;j rpfuk; - MidKb

,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;W Kiwg;gb njw;fpypUe;J jhd; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk; vd $wpatH -

Nguhrpah;. NjtNea ghtzH.

,e;jpah cyfpd; RUf;fk; > ,e;jpah kf;fspd; $l;lj;ij ke;jtpd nghUl;fhl;rp vd;Wk;

$WtH

Nkw;F njhlHr;rp kiyapy; mike;Js;s fztha; - jhy;fhl;> NghHfhl;> ghyfhl;L

Ntjfhyj;jpYk;> Ntjj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpYk; ,e;jpahtpd; typikahd MW - ru];tjp

,uh[];jhdpd; Kf;fpa khd MW - Y}dp MW. ,J fl;r; tisFlhtpy; fyf;fpwJ

gPfhhpd; Jauk; - Nfhrp MW

Nrhl;lh ehf;G+H gPlG+kpapy; ahAk; ejp - jhNkhjH ejp

Muty;yp kiyj;njhlhpd; caHe;j rpfuk; - mGkiy

rhj;G+uh kiy vd;gJ - kbg;G kiyfs; nfhz;lJ

cyfpd; kpfgoikahd kiy - rhj;G+uh kiy

rpe;J ejp ifyhakiyapy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.

gpuk;kGj;jpuh jpngj; gPlG+kpapd; rkhAq; gdpahw;wpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ

Nfhjhthp ehrpf;Fd;wpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ

fpU\;zh - kfhgNy];tuH Fd;wpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ

eHkij - mkHfz;l; kiyapy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ

gy kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfl;F Kd;G tho;e;j ilNdhru]; tpyq;fpd; Kl;ilfs; jkpofj;jpy;

fpilf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lk; - mhpaY}h; gFjpapy;

jkpo; ehl;by; mfo;thuha;r;rp ele;Js;s ,lk; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; - Mjpr;r ey;Y}hpy;

2004-y; Mjpr;r ey;Y}h; mfo;thuha;r;rpapd; NghJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghUs;

160 - f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l KJkf;fs; jhopfs;

goq;fhy kf;fspd; tho;tpay; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s.................. vOjg;gl;l Mjhuq;fSk;

goq;fhy nghUl;fSk; Jiz Ghpfpd;wd

ek; Kd;Ndhh; tho;e;j kf;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fis Mjhuq;fSld; njhFj;jf;

fhythpirg;gb $Wtij ................... vd;fpNwhk; - tuyhW

vOjg;gl;l Mjhuq;fSf;F (v.fh) - ,yf;fpak;> tuyhw;Wf;Fwpg;Gfs;>fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;G

gl;ilaq;fs;> Xiyr;Rtbfs;

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;ijg;gw;wp mwpa cjTk; Mjhuq;fs; : rhh;e;j nghUl;fs;>

rpijTfs;> fw;fs;> kuq;fs;> tpyq;F nfhk;Gfs; vYk;Gfs;> fw;fUtpfs;> kz;il

XLfs; Kjypad

gioa fw;fhyk; Palaeotithic age fp.K.10>000 Mz;Lfl;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;

Gjpa fw;fhyk; vd;gJ fp.K.10000 - fp.K 6000 tiuapyhd fhyk;

nrk;G fw;fhyk; Cholcholitic age fp.K. 3000 - fp.K.1500 tiu

,Uk;G fhyk; vd;gJ fp.K. 1500 - fp.K. 600 tiuapyhd fhyk;

Mjpkdpjd; gad;gLj;jpa fw;fUtpfisf;nfhz;L fw;fhyj;ij 2 tifahfg;

gphpf;fyhk;. 1. gioa fw;fhyk; 2. Gjpa fw;fhyk;



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gioa fw;fhy kdpjd; xNu ,lj;jpy; epiyahfj; jq;fp thotpy;iy. fhLfspy; mq;Fk;

,q;Fk; tho;e;jtd;> kug;nghe;JfspYk;> FiffspYk; tho;e;jtd;>rpf;fp Kf;fp

fw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp neUg;ig cz;lhf;fpdhd;.

Mjp kdpjd; vtw;iwf; fz;L gae;jhd; - ,b> kpd;dy;

Mjpkdpjd; vtw;iw tzq;fpdhd; - ,b> kpd;dy;

Mjp kdpjd; Fsph;> ntg;gk;> kioapypUe;J fhj;Jf;nfhs;s ,iyfs;> jiofs;>

kug;gl;ilfs;> tpyq;Ffspd; Njhy;fshy; Md Milfisg; gad;gLj;jpdhd;.

fUtpfshfg; gad;gLj;jpait - fuL Kulhd fw;fs;> kuf;fpisfs;> vYk;Gfs;>

tpyq;Ffspd; nfhk;Gfs;

Mjpkdpjdpd;czTg;nghUs;-fhLfspy;fpilj;jfha;fs;>fdpfs;>fpoq;Ffs;>tpyq;Ffspd;

,iwr;rp

G+kp Njhd;wpa Mz;L Rkhh; 460 Nfhb Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G

Gtpapy; kdpjd; Njhd;wpa Mz;L Rkhh; 40>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;

Gtpapy; Ntshz;ik Njhd;wpa fhyk; Rkhh; 8000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;

Gtpapy; efuq;fs; Njhd;wpa fhyk; Rkhh; 4700 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;

fp.K. vd;gJ BC fpwp];J gpwg;gjw;F Kd; Before Christ

A/D vd;gJ Anno Domini fpwp];J gpwg;gjw;F gpd;

CE vd;gJ Common Era, BCE vd;why; Before Common Era

jp.K. B.T vd;why; jpUts;StUf;F Kd; Before Thiruvalluvar

jp.gp. A.T vd;why; jpUts;StUf;F gpd; After Thiruvalluvar

Mjpkdpjd; czT Nrkpj;jpUg;ghdh? ,y;iy

fhLfspy; fha;> fdp> fpoq;Ffs;> Ntl;ilahba tpyq;Ffis czthf cz;lhd;.

Mjpkdpjd; tpyq;FfisNtl;ilahl- fw;fs;> vYk;Gfs;>kuf;nfhk;Gfs;>tpyq;Ffspd;

nfhk;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;jpdhd;

gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ngz;fSk; Ntl;ilahbdh; vd;gjw;F rhd;W.

kj;jpagpuNjrk; gpk;Ngl;fhFifapy; fhzg;gLk; xUngz; mk;GtpLtJ Nghd;w Xtpak;

czTf;fhf Mjpkdpjd; fhl;L tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahbdhd;

,e;jpahtpy; gioa fw;fhy fUtpfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s ,lq;fs;

kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; - Nrhd; Mw;Wg;gLif> gpk;Ngl;fh> kNf];tuh

,uh[];jhd; - ghAk; Y}dp Mw;Wr;rkntsp

fh;ehlfk; - ghfy;Nfhl;

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; - fh;D}y; Fiffs;> NuzpFz;lh

jkpo;ehL - tlkJiu> mj;jpuk;ghf;fk;> gy;yhtuk;> fhQ;rpGuk;>

NtY}h;> jpUts;@h;

NEOLITHIC AGE

gioa fw;fhy kdpjd; - czitj;Njb> Ntl;ilahb cz;lhd;.

Gjpa fw;fhy kdpjd; - czitj; jhNd cw;gj;jp nra;jhd;> gaph; njhopy; nra;jhd;.

tPl;by; tpyq;Ffis ghpT fhl;b tsh;j;jhd; - ML> khL> Nfhop> eha;



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Mjp kdpjd; Kjypy; gof;fpa tpyq;F - eha;

Ntl;ilahLk;NghJ Mjp kdpjDf;F cjtpa tpyq;F -eha;

kdpj ehfhpf tsh;r;rpapd; fhyk; vd;gJ - Gjpa fw;fhyk;

Gjpa fw;fhy kdpjd; - nrJf;fg;gl;l eakhd> $h;ikahd fw;fUtpfisg;

gad;gLj;jpdhd;

Gjpa fw;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Kf;fpa khw;wk; - czT cw;gj;jp

rf;fuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ - Gjpa fw;fhyj;jpy;

rf;fuk; fz;Lgpbg;gpd; gad; - nghUl;fis Xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F vspjhf

vLj;Jr; nrd;whd;.

Gjpa fw;fhy kdpjd; rf;fuj;ijf;nfhz;L - kz;ghz;lk; nra;jhd;

Gjpa fw;fhy fUtpfs; fpilj;j ,lq;fs; - jpUney;Ntyp> Nryk;> GJf;Nfhl;il> jpUr;rp>

jhd;wpf;Fb(nfhilf;fhdy; kiy)

gioa fw;fhy fUtpfs; fpilj;j ,lq;fs; - gy;yhtuk;> fhQ;rpGuk;> NtY}h;> jpUts;Sh;

Gjpa fw;fhy kdpjd; - kz; Fbirfshy; Md FbapUg;Gfis mikj;J $l;lkhf

tho;;e;jhd;.

Fbirfspd; tbtikg;G - tl;lk;> ePs; tl;lk;

Gjpa fw;fhy kz;ghz;lq;fs; jkpofj;jpy; fpilj;Js;s ,lq;fs; - jpUney;Ntyp> Nryk;>

GJf;Nfhl;il> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp

,we;Njhiu Gijf;Fk; tof;fk; - Gjpa fw;fhyj;jpy; filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ

Mjp kdpjd; Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpa cNyhfk; - nrk;G

Gjpa fw;fhy Kbtpy; Mjp kdpjd; mwpe;j cNyhfk; - nrk;G

kl;ghz;lq;fspd; Nky; tz;z Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;lJ - nrk;G fhyj;jpy; ,it

thpf;Nfhyq;fshf mike;jpUe;jd

ùg;gh efu ehfhpfk; nrk;Gf;fhyj;ij xj;jJ

nrk;gpdhy; nra;j fUtpfis cgNahfpj;j fhyk; - nrk;G fhyk;

,Uk;gpdhy; fUtpfs; nra;j fhyk; - ,Uk;G fhyk;

,Uk;G fhyj;jpy; tPl;Lr;rhkhd;fSk;> gaph;njhopy; fUtpfSk; ,Uk;gpdhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ

cNyhfj;ij cUf;fp fUtpfs; nra;a mwpe;j fhyk; - ,Uk;G fhyk;

fw;gidj;jpwd; fhzg;gl;l fhyk; - ,Uk;G fhyk;

Ntj fhy ehfhpfk; vf;fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ - ,Uk;G fhyk;

,Uk;Gk; + FNuhkpak; fye;j fyit - rpy;th;

nrk;Gk; + nts;sPaKk; fye;j fyit -ntz;fyk;

nrk;Gk; + Jj;jehfKk; fye;j fyit - gpj;jis

,Uk;Gk; + khq;fdPRk; fye;j fyit - vf;F

tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa fhyk; vd;gJ - vOj;J Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fhj fhyk;

gioa fw;fhy kf;fs; Milahf mzpe;jit - ,iy> kug;gl;il> tpyq;Fj; Njhy;

Mjp kdpjd; ,aw;ifia mz;b tho;e;jhd;

rpf;fp Kf;fpf; fw;fisf; gad;gLj;jp jP cz;lhf;fpatd; - gioa fw;fhy kdpjd;

njhy;goq;fhyk; vd;gJ goq;fhyj;jpw;F Ke;jpa fhyk;

nghUj;Jf:

m. jkpo;ehL - 1. ghfy;Nfhl;

M.Me;jpugpuNjrk; - 2.mj;jpuk;ghf;fk;

,.kj;jpagpuNjrk; - 3. fh;D}y;



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<. fh;ehlfk; - 4. Y}dp Mw;Wr;rkntsp

c. ,uh[];jhd; - 5. gpk;Ngl;fh

tpil: m) 2 M) 3 ,) 5 <)1 c)4

rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk;

Mjp kdpjDf;F Kjd; Kjypy; njhpe;j cNyhfk; - nrk;G> jhkpuk;

nrk;G> fy; ,uz;ilAk; gad;gLj;jpa fhyk; - nrk;G fw;fhyk;

,e;jpahtpy; kpfj;njhd;ik tha;e;j efu ehfhpfk; - rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; (m) ùg;gh

ehfhpfk;

,e;jpa ehfhpfj;jpd; njhlf;fk; vd;gJ - rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk;

rpe;Jtpd; fpisejpfs; - uhtp> [Pyk; rPdg;> rl;ny[;> gPah]; ru];tjp ( jw;NghJ ,y;iy)

rpe;J rkntsp gFjp mfo;thuha;r;rp nra;ag;gl;l Mz;L -1921-y;

ùg;gh vd;w rpe;J nkhopr; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - GijAz;l efuk;

rpe;J ntsp ehfhpfj;jpd; NtW ngah; - ùg;gh efuk;

rpe;J ntsp ehfhpfj;jpd; fhyk; - fp.K 3250 - fp.K 2750 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lJ

rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfk; Rkhh; 4700 Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l ehfhpfk;

rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfj;jpd; ,bghl;Lg; gFjpfs; - ùg;gh> nkhfQ;rhjhNuh>

rhz;LjhNyh> fhypgq;fd;> Nyhj;jhy;

rpe;Jntsp efuq;fspd; Nfhl;ilg;gFjpapy; fl;likg;G EZf;fq;fs; kpf;f ngUq;Fsk;

mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ

ngUq;Fsk; - Rl;l nrq;fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ

ngUq;Fsk; - fpzw;W ePuhy; epug;gg;gl;L ePh; Nrkpf;Fk; Fskhf ,Ue;jJ

ngUq;Fsk; cs;s ,lk; -nkhfQ;rhjhNuh

rpe;Jntsp efu fl;llq;fs; thpirahfTk;> xOq;fhfTk;> Neh;j;jpahfTk; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ.

ùg;ghtpy; cs;s nghJf;fl;ll mikg;G - jhdpaf;fsQ;rpak;> tPLfspy; [d;dy;fs;

,y;iy.

rpe;Jntsp efuq;fs; jpl;lkpl;L fl;lg;gl;bUe;jd.

nkhfQ;rhjhNuh vd;w nrhy;Yf;F - ,Lfhl;L NkL (,we;jth; NkL) vd;gJ nghUs;.

mfd;w rhiyfspd; ,U kUq;fpYk; tPLfs; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jd> ghjhs rhf;fil jpl;lKk;

,Ue;Js;sJ.

fl;llk; fl;Ltjpy; ‘ gad;ghl;L mwptpapy;‛ njhopy;El;gk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ.

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; rf;fuj;ijf; nfhz;L rl;b> ghidfs;> gsgsg;ghfTk;> tz;zk; G+rpAk;

nra;jdh;.

Foe;ijfspd; tpisahl;L RLkz; nghk;ikfs;> fpspQ;ry;fs;> gpj;jis> nrk;G> nts;sp>

jq;fj;jhy; gy tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fSk; nra;ag;gl;ld.

MAjq;fs; > tPl;Lr;rhkhd;fs; nra;a - nrk;G> ntz;fyk; gad;gLj;jpdh;.

rpe;J ntsp kf;fs; mzpfyd;fis nra;a gad;gLj;jpa cNyhfk; - jq;fk;> nts;sp

rpe;J ntspapy; fpilj;Js;s E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd RLkz; Kj;jpiufspd; tbtk; - nrt;tfk;

RLkz; Kj;jpiufspy; vOjg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fs; - rpj;jpu vOj;Jf;fs;

fspkz;/RLkz; Kj;jpiufspy; fhzg;gl;l cUtq;fs; - fhisfs;> tz;> Gwh> glFfs;>

Nahf epiyapy; xU ngz; cUt nghk;ikfs;

rpe;Jntsp kf;fspd; vOj;J - rpj;jpu vOj;J

rpe;Jntsp kf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;njhopy; - tptrhak;



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rpe;J ntsp kf;fspd; Kf;fpa tpisnghUs; - NfhJik> ghh;yp

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; vQ;rpa jhdpaq;fis jhdpaf;fsQ;rpaq;fspy; Nrkpj;J itj;jdh;.

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; mzpfyd;fs; nra;a - jq;fk;> nts;sp> je;jk;> fw;fs; gad;gLj;jpdh;.

Vio kf;fs; - fpspQ;ry;> jhkpuk; ,tw;why; nra;j mzpfyd;fis mzpe;jdh;.

rpe;J ntsp kf;fs; nra;j RLkz; rpw;gk; - nlh;uNfhl;lh ( Terra Cotta)

ntz;fyj;jhy; Md ehl;ba kq;if cUtr;rpiy fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,lk; -

nkhfQ;rhjhNuh

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; ,we;jth;fis Gijj;jdh;.Gijf;Fk; NghJ czitAk;>

mzpfyd;fisAk; Nrh;j;Jg; Gijj;jdh;.

rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfk; moptpw;fhd fhuzk;

1. ngUe;jPapy; mope;jpUf;fyhk;

2. cs;ehl;Lf; fyfk;

3. ,aw;ifr; rPw;wk; ( rpe;Jntsp Mw;wpd; nts;sg;ngUf;fpdhy;)

4. Mhpah;fs; mopj;jpUf;fyhk;

5. mayth; gilnaLg;G ele;jpUf;fyhk;

rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfj;ij mwpa cjTtJ - fpilj;Js;s nlh;uNfhl;lh (Terra Cotta)

(fijfs;) ghz;lq;fs;

rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfj;ij mwpa cjTk; Mjhuk;

m) fy;ntl;L M) ehzak; ,) nrg;G gl;lak; <) mfo;thuha;r;rp rhd;W

rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa JiwKfk;

Nyhj;jy; (F[uhj;jpy; cs;sJ)

rpe;Jntsp kf;fspd; Kf;fpa flTs; - gRgjp vd;w rptd;> jha; nja;tk;

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; tzq;fpa nja;tq;fs;- gRgjp (rptd;) jha;nja;tk;> ypq;fk;> R+yk;> kuk;

KjypadthFk;.

nghUj;Jf:

1. ngUq;Fsk; - m. kl;ghz;lk;

2. mfo;thuha;r;rp - M. RLkz;ghz;lk;

3. rf;fuk; - ,. uhtp

4. Nyhj;jy; - <. nkhfQ;rjhNuh

5. nlh;uNfhl;Nlh - c. (JiwKfk;) F[uhj;

6. gQ;rhg; - C. 1921

1) < 2) C 3)m 4)c 5)M 6),

nkhfQ;rjhNuh mike;Js;s ,lk;

rpe;J khepyk;> yhh;f;fhzh khtl;lk;> rpe;J ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ.

fz;Lgpbj;jth; - Mh;.b.ghdh;[p

ùg;ghmike;Js;s ,lk; - gQ;rhg; khepyk;> yhh;fhdh khtl;lk;> uhtp ejpf;fiuapy;

mike;Js;sJ. fz;Lgpbj;jth; jahuhk; r`hdp> 1921-y;

rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpf gug;gsT - 1299600 r.fp.kP

nkhfQ;rjhNuh> ùg;ghtpw;F ,ilg;gl;l J}uk; - 400 iky; (m) 644 fp.kP

fpof;F rkntsp ehfhpf vy;iy tlf;F [k;K fh\;kPH fpof;F> - Myk;fPHG+H> njw;F eHkij

jgjp Nkw;F kf;uhd; flw;fiu

rpe;Jrkntsp ehfhpf fhyf;fl;lk; . 4 gphpj;Js;sdH.

1. nk`;uhfH fhyfl;lk; (fhy;eil tsHg;G Kjy; tptrhaj; njhopy;)



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2. mk;hp fhyfl;lk; (fpuhkk; Kjy; efu tsHr;rp epiy)

3. fhspgq;fd; fhyfl;lk; (nghpa efuq;fs; Njhd;wpaJ)

3. Nyhj;jy; fhyfl;lk; (rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpf tPo;r;rp)

Mjpr;r ey;Y}hpy; ntz;fyj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l gy;NtW nghUl;fs; fpilj;jd.

,Uk;G nghUl;fSk; caHe;j Ntiyghl;Lld; fpilj;jJ.

Mjpr;r ey;Y}iu Muha;e;j nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafj;ij rhHe;j jHRld; ,q;F tho;e;j

kf;fs; ePz;l jhilAilatHfs; vd;W $wpAs;shH.

rpf;fH Nkd; vd;gtH xU kz;il Xl;il Muha;e;J mJ jpuhtpl ,dj;ijr; NrHe;jJ

vd;fpwhH.

mhpf;fhNkl;il 1837 y; fhg;Nu vd;w gpnuQ;R Ma;thsH Ma;jhH. ,jd; tuyhw;W rpwg;ig

ntspg;gLj;jpdhH

gpd; 1945 y; ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Jiwapd; ,af;Feuhf ,Ue;j khHbkH tPyH vd;gtH

jiyikapy; mwptpay; Kiwapy; mfoha;T elj;jg;gl;lJ.

mhpf;fNkL vd;gjw;F rpijTfspd; NkL vd;w tpsf;fj;ij je;jtH. R.K. rPdpthrd;>

NkYk; ejpf;fiuapd; kPJs;s Fd;W> (Nkhfd;NkL)> mWfd; NkL vd;Wk; gy ngaHfs;

cs;sd.

Mk;Nghuh vdg;gLk; 2 ifg;gpb cs;s [hbfs;

nusyl;ll; vd;w tl;by;fs;> mhpl;ild; vdg;gLk; rpte;j kz;G+ry; nfhz;l kl;fyq;fs;

fpilj;Js;sd.

,k;kl;fyq;fs; kzy;> fspkz;> ikf;fh> ckp Mfpatw;iw nfhz;L nra;ag;gl;lJ.

fp.K. 23y; Nuhkhdpaf; FbNaw;wk; elj;jpapUf;fyhk; vd njhpa tUfpwJ.

mnyf;rhz;lhpd; ,e;jpa tUif 326 vd;gJ njspthf ,Ug;gjhy; re;jpuFg;jhpd; fhyKk;

mijnahl;bNa ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

,JNghy rphpa ehl;L kd;dd; md;baf];jpah]pf;Fk;> mNrhfUf;Fk; njhlh;G ,Ue;jgpd;

fhuzkhf mNrhfhpd; fhy msT (fp.K. 261 - 246) vd;gij fzpg;gJ vspikahfpwJ.

fhuNtyDk;> <oNte;jdhd fathFk;> rKj;jpu Fg;jUld; <oehl;L NkftHzDk;

fhyj;jhy; xUikgLtij tuyhw;iw fzpg;gJ vspjhfpwJ.

Rjhy;> gHF> mq;fpuh];> fh];agh Nghd;w murit Mz;Lf; Fwpg;ghsHfspd;

gjpNtLfspy; gads; tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; Gije;J fplf;fpd;wd.

gz;ila fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW miuFiw tuyhW vd;W tHzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

fy;ntl;bw;F clDjtp rhd;whf gad;gLtj ehzatpay;

,e;jpa ehzatpay; ntspehl;ltHfspd; ed;nfhil MFk;.

,e;Njh - fpNuf;fHfs;> ,e;Njh - ghHj;jpaHfs;> rhfHfs;> F\hzHfs;> Fg;jHfs;

ehzaq;fis ntspapl;L Gfo;ngw;wdH.

fpNuf;f - ,e;jpa ,Unkhop ehzaq;fs; ,e;jpa fy;ntl;L G+l;ilj; jpwf;Fk; rhtpahf

,Ue;jJ

fl;llf; fiy gz;ila fhy kf;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd fy; Mjhuk; MFk;.

Xt;nthU fl;lKk; xU epidr;rpd;dkhFk;

ùg;gh> nkhfQ;rjhNuh kf;fspd; fl;llf;iy mtHfspd; rkak; rhuh cyfpay;

tho;f;iff;F v.fhl;lhFk;

Hpf;Ntj MhpaHfSf;F Kjypy; fl;llfiyj; njhpahJ. gpd;dH jhd; fw;Wf; nfhz;ldH.

ngsj;jHfs;> vOg;gpa fl;blk; mjpfk;> midj;Jk; rkak; rhHe;Nj fhzg;gl;lJ

rpe;J ntsp ehfhpj;jpw;F gpd; fl;llf; fiy rkakhf;fg;gl;lJ.



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rpw;gf; fiyapd; Kd;Ndhbfs; rpe;Jntsp kf;fs;

rpe;Jntspehfhpfk;mopf;fg;gl;lmLj;;j1000Mz;Lfhyj;jpy;rpw;gf;fiyapy;vt;tpj

tsh;r;rpAkpy;iy

jw;fhy yq;fhraH efiu Nghy; ,Ug;gjhf $wg;gLtJ nkhfQ;rjhNuh

nkhfQ;jhNuhtpy; cs;s fpof;F njUTk; Kjy; njUTk; re;jpf;Fkplk; - Mf;];NghHL

rJf;fk;

ùg;ghtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l fl;llk; jhdpaf; fsQ;rpak; (mfyk; 135 - ePsk; 169 mb)

ùg;ghtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l kw;nwhUfl;blk; njhopyhsH,y;yk; - 7 2 nkhj;jk; 14 tPL

nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ - ngUq;Fsk;

ngUq;Fsj;jpd; ntspg;Gw gug;G 180 mb ePsk;> 108 mb mfyk;

ngUq;Fs Fspay; miw ePsk; 39 mb mfyk; 23 mb

nkhfQ;rjhNuh 7 mLf;F nfhz;lJ

ùg;gh 8 mLf;F nfhz;lJ

ùg;ghtpy; cs;s njhopyhsH ,y;yk; vfpg;jpy; cs;s nly;vy;mkHdh njhopyhsH

,y;yj;ij xj;Js;sJ.

myp %uj; vd;gJ rpe;Jntspapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l kz;NkL

nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ngUq;Fsk; fpzw;WePuhy; epug;gg;gl;L ePH

Nrkpf;Fkplk; MFk;.

rpe;Jntsp jpl;lkpl;L fl;lg;gl;lJ.

`k;;g;hp vd;gJ fuhr;rp khtl;lk; rpe;Jntsp ejpf;fiuapy; cs;s rpw;W}H. ,q;F Xtpak;

jPl;;lg;gl;l tpisahl;L tz;b> kl;ghz;lk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ

Nyhj;jy; vd;gJ rpe;Jntsp kf;fspd; JiwKfk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - F[uhj;

rpe;Jntsp mfoha;Tfs; eilngw;w ,lk;.

Nfh - b[p - (rpe;J)

fhspgq;fd; - (,uh[];jhd;)

&ghH - gQ;rhg;

Nyhj;jy; (F[uhj;)

gpdthyp - `hpahdh

fhypgq;fd; mfoha;T ntspgLj;JtJ efu mikg;G - efu $Wfs;

fhypgq;fdpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ - tpyf;F fk;gk;> efiu Rw;wpAk; Nfhl;il

ghHyp jhdpak; rpe;Jntspapy; fz;Lgpbf;fgl;lJ - gpdthypapy;

Nyhj;jypy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ - ney;

nkhfQ;rjhNuh> ùg;gh jw;NghJ ghfp];jhdpy; cs;sJ

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; mwpahj cNyhfk; - ,Uk;G

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; mwpahj tpyq;F - Fjpiu

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; mwpe;j tpyq;F - gR> ML> vUik > fhz;lhkpUfk;

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; nja;tkhf tzq;fpa gwit - Gwh

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; Gdpj kuk; - murkuk;

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; vOj;J Kiw rpj;jpu > Mg;G> fPA+dp ‡ghHk;> Zig Zag Kiwapy; vOj;J

fhzg;gl;lJ. ,lkpUe;J tykhf gpd; tykpUe;J ,lkhf vOjg;gl;lJ.

rpe;Jntspapy; fpilj;Js;s RLkz; Kj;jpiu tbtk; nrt;tfk; (ngUk;ghyk;) rJuk;

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; ,we;Njhiu Gij;jdH

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa Nghf;Ftuj;J rhjdk; - khl;Ltz;b



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rpe;Jntsp kf;fsplk; rjp tof;fk; ,y;iy

kuj;jpyhd rtngl;b fz;nlLf;fg;l;l ,lk; - ùg;gh

ùg;gh ehfhpfj;jpd; tPor;rpf;F fhuzk; MhpaH gilnaLg;G vd khHbkH tPyH vd;gtH

$WfpwhH

rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfk; ,aw;ifahy; mope;jnjd ,uhgHl; iff]; $WfpwhH.

rpe;Jntsp mopa fhuzk; - 1. nts;sg;ngUf;F> 2. Mhpa gilnaLg;G>

rpe;Jntsp mope;j Mz;L - fp.K.1500

rpe;Jntspapy; eilngw;w tzpfk; gz;lkhw;W Kiw

nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpy; cs;s ngUq;Fs tbtk; - ehw;Nfhzk;

rpe;Jntsp kf;fspd; Kf;fpa czTg;nghUs; - NfhJik> ghHyp

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; mzpe;j Mil - gUj;jp> fk;gsk;

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa 1 tif it^hpak; fLe;jw;fy; (m) #hpafhe;jk;

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa kUj;Jt Kiw rpyh[pj; (ePhpopT> Fly; Neha;

Fzkhf;Fjy;)

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa MAjk; - tpy; mk;G

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; gad;gLj;jhj MAjk; - jw;fhg;G MAjq;fs;> Nflak;> jiy khHG ftrk;

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; vjphpfis> jhrHfs; (m)jh\;A+f;fs; vd mioj;jdH

Kjd; Kjypy; gUj;jpia gapH nra;jtHfs; rpe;Jntsp kf;fs;

rpe;Jntsp gFjpapy; (,yl;rpid) Kj;jpiufs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,lk; - ,yhk;

rpe;Jntsp Kj;jpiuapy; fhzg;gl;l cUtk; ePz;l jpkpy; gUj;j fhis> tz;b> Gwh> glF>

Nahf epiyapy; ngz;

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; Ntl;b vDk; fPohilAk; rhy;it vDk; NkyhilAk; mzpe;jdH

rpe;Jntspapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l rpj;jpu vOj;Jf;fs; RkhH 400

rpe;Jntsp kf;fspd; mbg;gil vilf;fy; - 8250 fpuhk;

fdkhd vilf;fy; - 10920 fpuhk;

nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpy; ehl;ba ngz; rpiy fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lij mLj;J rtf;fhuf;fy;yhy;

nra;ag;gl;lcl;fhHe;J ,Uf;Fk; Mz; rpiy fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ .,J 17.nr.kp.

mstpidAilaJ.

Kd;Ntjfhyk;.

Mhpah;fspd; G+h;tPf ,Ug;gplk; - kj;jpa Mrpah

Mhpah;fs; ,e;jpahTf;F tu JizGhpe;j fztha;fs; - ifgh;> Nghyd;

Mhpah;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - ML> khL Nka;f;Fk; njhopy;

Mhpah;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; Eioe;j Mz;L - Rkhh; 4000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;

Ntjq;fis njhFj;j fhyk; tuyhw;wpy; miof;fg;gLtJ - Ntjfhyk;

Ntjfhyk; 2 tifg;gLk; - Kw;gl;l Ntjfhyk; ( hpf;Ntj fhyk;)

- gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk; ( gpe;ja Ntjfhyk;)

Kd; Ntjfhyk; vd;gJ fp.K 1500 Kjy; fp.K 1000 tiu

Kd; Ntjfhy kf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tho;e;jJ - ghfp];jhdpy; cs;s rpe;J gFjpapy;

Hpf; Ntjk; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ - Kd;Ntj fhyk;

Mhpah;fs; Kjypy; FbNawpa gFjp - gQ;rhgpy; rg;jrpe;J

rg;jrpe;J vd;gjd; nghUs; - VO ejpfs; ghAk; epyk;

Mhpah; rKjha gphpTfs; - FLk;gk;-fpuhkk;-tp];-[dh

Kd;Ntjfhy rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gil mq;fk; - FLk;gk;



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gy FLk;gq;fs; ,ize;jJ - fpuhkk;

gy fpuhkq;fs; ,ize;jJ - tpR (tp\;)

tpR vd;gJ nghpa FO MFk;

tpRit Ml;rp Ghpe;jth; - tpRtgjp

nghpa Ml;rp mikg;G - [dh

[dhtpd; jiytd; ,uh[d; (murd;)

Kd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; ,uh[d; typikAk;> tPuKk; kpf;ftd;

,uh[;[paj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fSf;F - gpui[fs;

Kd;Ntj fhyj;jpy; murh; (,uh[d;) gpuh[hgjp vdg;gl;lhd;

Kd;Ntj fhyj;jpy; gy rpw;wuRfs; ,ize;j nghpa muR - kfh [dgjk; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lJ

Kd; Ntj fhyj;jpy; murDf;F eph;thfj;jpy; cjtp Ghpa mikf;fg;gl;l ,Umikg;Gfs; -

rgh> rkpjp

rgh vd;gJ - KjpNahh; mit

rkpjp vd;gJ - Ch; kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; nfhz;l mit

murdpd; Kjy; flik - epyg;gFjpia me;epah; Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J ghJfhg;gJ

Kw;gl;l (hpf;) Ntjfhyj;jpy; rhjpg;gphpTfs; Njhd;wtpy;iy

hpf;Ntj fhy kf;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopy; - fhy;eiltsh;g;G> Ntshz;ik

,Uk;gpd; gaid mwpe;jpUe;jth;fs; - hpf;Ntjfhy kf;fs; ( Mhpah;fs;)

hpf;Ntj fhyj;jpy; tzpfj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jq;f ehzak; - ep\;fh( jq;f myFfs;)

Ntjfhyj;jpy; kf;fspd; Kf;fpa czTg;nghUs; - NfhJik> ghh;yp

Kd;Ntjfhy (hpf;Ntj fhyk;) kf;fs; mUe;jpa ghdq;fs; - Nrhkghdk;> Ruhghdk;

Hpf;Ntjfhy kf;fs; ...................... Milfis cLj;jpdh;. - gUj;jp> fk;gsp

jiyg;ghif mzpe;jth;fs; - hpf;Ntjfhy kf;fs;

hpf;Ntjfhy ngz;fs; cs;shil(eptp) ,Lg;gpy; mzpAk; (thr];) ,ilahil> Nkyhil

(mjpthr];) Nghd;w 3 tpj Milfis mzpe;jdh;.

hpf;Ntj fhy kf;fs; tzq;fpa nja;tk; - ,aw;if>jtpu R+hpad; > neUg;G> fhw;W. thdk;>

kuq;fs; Kjypatw;iwAk; topgl;ldh;

Ke;ija Ntjfhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Ntjk; - hpf;Ntjk;

Ke;ija (hpf;) Ntjfhyj;jpy; Nfhapy;fNsh> rpiytopghNlh ,y;iy

Ke;ija Ntjfhyj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l ahfq;fs; : mRtNkjk; - Fjpiu Nts;tp> ,uh[#ak; -

kd;dd; KbR+l;bf;nfhs;Sjy;> th[Ngak; - NjNuhl;lg;Nghl;b

gpd;Ntjfhyk;

gpw;gl;l / gpe;ija Ntjfhyk; vd;gJ - fp.K. 1000 Kjy; fp.K. 600 tiu

a[Ph;> rhkk;> mjh;tz Ntjq;fs; Njhd;wpa fhyk; - gpw;gl;l (gpe;ija) Ntjfhyk;

gpd;Ntj fhyj;jpy; Mhpah;fs; fhG+ypypUe;J Nky; fq;if tiu gutpapUe;jdh;

gpuhkzq;fs;> Muz;afq;fs;> cgepljq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

gpd;/gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyj;jpy; murhl;rpg; gFjpahfj; jpfo;e;jJ - fq;ifr;rkntsp

Nfhryk;> tpNjfk; ( FU> kfjk;> fhrp> mte;jp> ghQ;rhyk; Nghd;w muRfs; Njhd;wpa fhyk;

- gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk; ( ,jpfhr fhyk;)

gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; murdpd; flik - vjphpfsplkpUe;J ehl;ilf; fhj;J rl;lk; xOq;ifg;

guhkhpg;gJ

rgh> rkpjp mikg;Gfs; tYtpoe;j fhyk; - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;



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gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; murd; nra;j ahfq;fs; - uh[ Rak;> mRtNkjk;

,Uk;G mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

epyj;jpw;F rhz cukpLk; Kiw Njhd;wpaJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; nry;tepiy (nghUshjhu epiy) kjpg;gplg;gl;lJ - fhy;eilfspd;

vz;zpf;ifia itj;J

gpw;gl;l Ntj fhyj;jpy; gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j jq;f> nts;sp ehzaq;fs; - ep\;fh> Rth;zh>

rjkhdh

rhjp mikg;G Kiw Njhd;wp tYg;gl;l fhyk; /tUzjh;kk; Njhd;wpa fhyk; - gpw;gl;l

Ntjfhyk;

gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; ahfk;> GNuhfpjk; nra;Nthh; - gpuhkzh;fs;

capiug; gzak; itj;J Nghh;Ghpe;J ehl;ilf; fhg;gth;fSk;> Ms;gth;fSk; - rj;jphpah;fs;

gaph;njhopYk;> tzpfKk; nra;Nthh; - itrpah;fs;

gpuhkzh;> \j;jphpah;> irrpah; Mfpa %d;W gphptpdUf;Fk; Fw;Nwty; ( gzptpil)

nra;gth;fs; - R+j;jpuh;fs;

kfsph; epiyapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; fhzg;glhj fhyk; - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

Mz;fSf;F fPo;gbe;jth;fshfNt ngz;fs; elj;jg;gl;lJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

gpw;gl;l Ntj fhyj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F nrhj;Jhpik ,y;iy

rigapy; gq;F ,y;iy> Foe;ij jpUkzk; gutyhf ,Ue;jJ

cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

FUFyf;fy;tp ,lk; ngw;wJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyj;jpy;

gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyj;jpy; fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa ngz;fs; - fhh;f;fp> ikj;Nuap

jDh;Ntjk; vd;gJ - Nghh;f;fiy> jDh;Ntjk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ - mur Fkhuh;fSf;F

(,sturh;)

Kw;gl;l Ntjfhy flTsh;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fiwe;jJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

gpw;gl;l Ntj fhy kf;fs; tzq;fpa nja;tq;fs; - gpuk;kd;> tp\;Z> Uj;ud;> (rptd;)

MfpNahh;

caph; gypapLjy;> flTs; topghl;L Kiwfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ - gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

jpuhtplh;fs; - ,Uz;l epwKk; (fUg;G)> eLj;ju cauKk;> fUik KbAk; nfhz;lth;fs;

Mhpah;fs; - nts;is epwKk;> caukhd cUtKk;> nrk;gl;il KbAk; nfhz;lth;fs;

jpuhtplh;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - gaph;njhopy;> thzpfk;

Mhpah;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - fhy;eil tsh;g;G> Nghh; Ghpjy;

jpuhtplh;fspd; Kf;fpa tpyq;F - vUJ> vUJfis topgl;ldh;

Mhpah;fspd; Kf;fpa tpyq;F - gR> gRf;fis topgl;ldh;

jpuhtplh;fs; nrk;ig gad;gLj;jpdh;> ,Uk;ig mwpatpy;iy

Mhpah;fs; ,Uk;ig gad;gLj;jpdh;> ,Uk;ig mwpe;jpUe;jdh;

jpuhtplh;fs; Gypia mwpe;jth;fs;. Mdhy; Fjpiuiag; gw;wp njhpahJ

Mhpah;fs; Gypia mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; Fjpiuiag; gad;gLj;jpdh;

jpuhtpl ehfhpfk; - Ntshz;ik ehfhpfk;> efu ehfhpfk;

Mhpa ehfhpfk; - fhy;eiltsh;g;G ehfhpfk;> fpuhk ehfhpfk;

hpf;Ntj fhyj;jpy; thzpfj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jq;f myF - ep\;fh

gpd;Ntj fhyj;jpy; fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa ngz;fs; - fhh;f;fp> ikj;Nuap

Kd;Ntj fhyj;jpy; tpjitfs; kWkzk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ

Ntj fhyj;jpy; fpuhkj;jpd; jiyth; - fpuhkzp



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fpuhk kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l mZ - rkpjp

gpd;Ntj fhyj;jpy; fztd; ,we;jhy; kidtp cld;fl;il Vwpdh;

VO ejpfs; ghAk; epyk; - rg;j rpe;J

rg;j rpe;J vd;wiof;fg;gl;lth; - gilj;jiyth;

hpf;Ntj fhyj;jpy; tpjitfs; kWkzk; nra;Jnfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldh;

Ntjfhyj;jpy; r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil myF - FLk;gk;

epaha jhprdk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - nfsjk KdptH

itNrrpf jhprdk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - ghzjH

rhq;fpa jhprdk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - fgpyH

Nahf jhprdk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - gjQ;ryp

G+Htkpkhk;r jhprdk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - n[akpdp

cj;jpuk;khk;r jhprdk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - gj;uhadd;

#j;jpuq;fis topKiw mwpT kuG mwpT - ];kpHjp E}y;fnsd miof;fg;gLfpwJ

#j;jpuq;fspy; rpwe;jit kDjHk ePjpfs;

Guhzq;fis njhy;fijfs; vd;wiog;gH

,uhkhazk; thy;kPfpahy; 24000 ghly;fs; vOjg;gl;lJ

kfhghujk; vOjggl;lJ fp.gp. 200

kfhghujk; NghH fp.K. 3012 y; vOjg;gl;lJ

kfhghujj;jpd; ghly;fs; - 100000

cgNtjq;fs; - MAH - kUj;Jtk;> jD}H - NghHfiy(tpy;tpj;ij gapw;rp) fe;jtHt - ,ir>

rpy;g - fl;blf;fiy (gbk fiy)

tHzhrpuk jHk Kiw Njhd;wp tYgl;l fhyk;.

gpuhkzd;> rj;hpad;> itrpad; - (tzpfk;> Ntshz;ik)> #j;jpuH -

Fw;Nwty; nra;jtH

gpd;Ntjfhyj;jpy; nry;thf;fpoe;j flTs; - ,e;jpud;

kfsPH epiyapy; fPo;juk; gpd;Ntjfhyk; - nrhj;Jhpik ,y;iy> rig gq;F ,y;iy> Foe;ij

jpUkzk;> cld;fl;il VWjy;

FUFy fy;tp gpd;Ntj fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ

Mrpuk epiy

1. gpuk;kr;rhhpak; - (1- 25) khztd;

2. fpuf];jk; - FLk;g epiy 26- 50

3. tdg;gpu];jk; - fhl;bw;F nry;Yk; epiy 51-75

4. rd;dpahrk; - Kw;Wk; Jwe;j epiy 76- 100

nghUj;Jf:

1. rjkhdh m) rptd;

2. gpui[ M) uh[d;

3. Uj;jpud; ,) tpRtgjp

4. [dhtpd; jiyth; <) ehzaq;fs;

5. tpRtpd; jiyth; c) Fbkf;fs;

tpil: 1) < 2)c 3)m 4)M 5),

rkzKk; ngsj;jKk;

cyfpd; rpe;jidg; Gul;rpf; fhyk; vd;gJ - fp.K. 6 -k; E}w;whz;L



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fp.K. 6 y; ghurPfj;jpy; %lek;gpf;ifia vjpHj;jtH - n[huh];lH

,tH rkak; n[huh];lyp]k;

rPd kf;fs; fd;G+rpa]; jj;Jtj;Ij Vw;wdH

fd;G+rpa]; rpwe;j jj;Jt Qhdp

n[huh];lH tuNkw;F <uhdpy; gpwe;jhH

,y;yq;fspy; neUg;G topghl;il n[huh];buH filgpbj;jdH

#hpad;> xsp> neUg;G ,tw;wpd; cUtkhf m#u k];jh vd;w nja;tj;ij n[huh];baHfs;

topgl;ldH.

rkz rkaj;ij tbtikj;jtHfs; - 24 jPHj;jq;fuHfs;

rkzKk;> ngsj;jKk; ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa fhyk; fp.K. 6 - k; E}w;whz;L

rkz kjj;ij cUthf;fpath; - th;j;jkhd kfhtPuh;

ngsj;j kjf; fUj;Jf;fis toq;fpath;> ngsj;j kjj;ij cUthf;fpath; - nfsjk Gj;jh;

rkz rkaj;jpduhy; topglg;gl;l jPh;j;jq;fuh;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 24

rkz rkaj;jpd; Kjy; jPh;j;jq;fuh; - Mjpehjh; (m) hp\gNjth;

hp\ghpd; rpd;dk; - vUJ

2 tJ jPHj;jq;fuH m[Pjehjh; - rpd;dk; ahid

23 tJ jPHj;jq;fuH gHRtehjH - mthpd; rpd;dk; - glnkLf;Fk; ghk;G

gHrtehjhpd; jha; - rhkhNjtp

gHrtehjhpd; kidtp - gpughtjp

gHrtehjh; JwtpahdJ - 30tJ tajpy;

gHrtehjH fLe;jtk; Ghpe;jJ - 83/ 84 ehl;fs;

70 Mz;Lfs; Nghjid nra;J 100t J tajpy; fp.K. 717 y; rNkj kiyiapy;

capHJwe;jhH

Mhpa jj;jk; vd;w ,lj;ij jiyik ,lkhf nfhz;ltH - gHrtehjH ,thpd; rPlHfs; -

491000 NgH

gHrtehjhpd; Nghjid - nfhy;yhik> ngha; Ngrhik> jpUlhik> gw;wpd;ik (cilik

kWj;jy;)

];Ntjk;guH vd;w rkz rka gphptpd; jiytH - gHrtehjH

kfhtPuUf;F 250 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; tho;e;jtH.

rkz rkaj;jpd; ,Wjp my;yJ 24 tJ jPh;j;jq;fuh; - kfhtPuh;

rkzrkaj;jpw;F Xh; cWjpahd mikg;igj; je;jth; - kfhtPuh;

kfhtPuhpd; fhyk; fp.K. 534 Kjy; 462

kfhtPuh; gpwe;j ,lk; - gPfhh; khepyk;> itrhypf;F mUfpy; ‘ Fe;j fpuhkk;‛

kfhtPuhpd; je;ij - rpj;jhh;j;jh;> jha; jphpriy

kidtpapd; ngah; - aNrhjh> kfs; - mNdh[h ( m) gphpajh;\dh

th;j;jkhdh; Jwtpahd taJ - 30 tJ tajpy;

th;j;jkhdh; fLikahd jpahdk; nra;jJ - 12 Mz;Lfs;

kfhtPuh; - [Pdh; (ntw;wpahsh;) Gyd;fis ntd;wth; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;

kfhtPuh; jhd; fz;l cz;ikfis Ch; Cuhfr; nrd;W gpur;rhuk; nra;jJ (Nghjid

nra;j Mz;Lfs; ) - 30 Mz;Lfs;

72 tJ tajpy; gPfhhpy; gtGhp (m) ghthefhpy; ghpepHthzk; mile;jhH.

rkz rkaj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jtH - kfhtPuH

jPHj;jq;fuH vd;why; rkz rka NghjfH vd;gJ nghUs;



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kdpjdpd; Jd;gj;jpw;F fhuzk; - kdpjh;fs;jhd; - vd kfhtPuh; $wpdhh;

kfhtPuh; $wpa fl;Lg;ghl;L newpfs; - ‘nfhy;yhikf; nfhs;if‛ vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ

rkzh;fs; ,Wjpapy; cliy tUj;jp czT> ePH; mUe;jhky; ‘ ry;Nyrd Kiwapy;‛ caph;

Jwe;jdh;

rkz rkak; typAWj;JtJ - ‘caphpuf;fk; vdg;gLk; mfpk;iria‛

MilmzptijAk;> Ntshz;ik nra;tijAk;> NghhpLjiyAk; jtph;j;jth;fs; - rkzh;fs;

rkz rkaj;jpd; mbg;gilf;Nfhl;ghL - ‘caph;fis nfhy;yf;$lhJ‛

rkzh;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - tzpfk;

Kk;kzpfis Nghjpj;jth; - kfhtPuh;

kfhtPuh; Nghjpj;jit Kk;kzpfs; - mitfs; ed;dk;gpf;if> ey;ywpT> ed;dlj;ij

ed;dk;gpf;if “ kfhtPuhpd; fUj;jpYk; NguwptpYk; ek;gpf;if itj;jy;

ey;ywpT - elTs; ,y;iy vd ek;Gjy;

ed;dlj;ij - 5 tpujq;fis filgpbj;jy;

fUg;nghUs; mopAk; jd;ikAilaJ - Md;ik mopahjJ

Kd;gpwtp tpidapd; gad; kWgpwtp Vw;gLfpwJ

cz;ikia mwpa gl;bdp fple;J capH ePj;jy; jtwpy;iy

kfhtPuH filgpbj;j nfhs;if - ghpRj;j epHthzk; (clypy; Mil KOtJk; ePf;fpdhH)

kdpj Jd;gj;jpw;F fhuzk; kdpjd; vd kfhtPuH $wpdhH

kuk;> nrb> nfhb> gwit> tpyq;F> jhtuk;> ePH> cNyhfk; ,tw;wpw;F capH cz;L vd

Nghjpj;jtH kfhtPuH.

gl;bdp rhT vd;Dk; jw;nfhiyia Vw;gtH - rkzH

kfhtPuH rkz rka Jwtpf;F Nghj;pj;jJ.

Mfpk;ir> tha;ik> fsthik> nghUs; NrHf;fhik> gpuk;krhpak; (fw;G) -Mfpa gQ;r uj;jpd

nfhs;if

kfhtPuhpd; rPlfHfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftH - cghyp

rkz rka jj;Jtk; - etgjhHj;jk; - capH> caphpy;yhjJ> Gz;zpak;> ghtk;> nrwpg;G>

cjpHg;G> fl;L> tPL

rkz rkaj;ij tpsf;Fk; rf;fuk; ];t];jpfh (m) gpwtpr;rf;fuk;

kfhtPuH Nghjid nra;j ,lk; - mq;fk;>kpjiy> kfjk;

kfhtPuhpd; rPlH - 11 NgH

kfhtPuUf;Fg; gpd; rkz gs;spfSf;F jiyik jhq;fpatd; - RjHkd;

rkz rka gphpTfs; - 3

1. jpfk;guHfs; - Mil mzpahjtH - kfhtPuiu gpd;gw;wpa jpiria Milia

cLj;jpatHfs;

2. ];Ntjk;guHfs; - ntz;zpw Mil mzpe;jth;fs; - gHrtehjiu gpd;gw;wpatHfs;

3. ];jhdpf thrpfs; rkak;- rkz Mfk rpj;jhe;jq;fis topgl;NlhH

rkz rka kiwE}y; -- Mfk rpj;jhe;jk;

rkz rka ,yf;fpaq;fs;- mq;fq;fs;> cg mq;fq;fs;> G+Htq;fs;

rkz rka ,yf;fpak; vOjg;gl;l nkhop - gpuhf;fpUjk;

rkz rkaj;jhh; gpd;gw;Wk; 5 xOf;fq;fs; - CW nra;ahik> ngha;ahik> fsthik>

cilik kWj;jy;> Gydlf;fk;

rkz rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpa murh;fs;- re;jpuFg;j nkshpah;> fypq;fj;Jf;fhu Ntyd;>

$z;ghz;bad;> Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kd;



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jkpo;py; vOjg;gl;l rkz rka fhg;gpaq;fs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;> rPtfrpe;jhkzp> tisahgjp>

R+shkzp> njhy;fhg;gpak;> ed;D}y;

rkz rkaj;jhy; tsHe;j nkhop - fd;dlk;> k`jp

rkz rka ,yf;fz E}y;fs; - ahg;gpUq;fhyk;> ahg;gUq;fhfhhpif> Nekpehjk;> ed;D}y;>

mfg;nghUs; tpsf;fk;

rkz fl;llf; fiyf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - ,uh[];jhd; - kTz;l; mG> jpy;thuhf;Nfhapy;>

f[PuNfh> rpj;J}h;> udf;G+h; - rkzh; Nfhapy;fs;

rkz rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - cjafphp> cwjpFk;gh> fph;dhh;>

rputzngyNfhyh>fOFkiy

NfhkjP];tuh; rpw;gk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - fh;ehlfk; khepyk;> rputzngy Nfhyhtpy;

jpy;thuh rkzh; Nfhtpy; mike;Js;s ,lk; - ,uh[];jhd; khepyk; kTz;l; mGtpy;

rkz rka G+Htq;fs; vz;zpf;if - 14

rkz rka mq;fq;fs; vz;zpf;if - 12

rkz fy;tp Nfe;jpukhf ,Ue;j ,lk; - fhQ;rpGuk;

rkz rka kf;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - tzpfk;

rkz rka Kjy; khehL - fp.gp. 3y; ghlypGj;jpuk; > jiyik ];J}yghF

2 tJ khehL fp.gp. 5y; ty;ygp

ngsj;j kjj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - rpj;jhh;j;jh; vDk; nfsjk Gj;jh;

Gj;jhpd; ,aw;ngah; - rpj;jhh;j;jh;

Gj;jhpd; fhyk; gpwg;G - fp.K. 563 ,wg;G (ghpeph;thzk;) fp.K. 483 (fp.K. 563 Kjy; fp.K. 483

tiu)

Gj;jh; gpwe;j ,lk; - Neghs ehl;by; fgpyt];J vd;w Chpy; (m) Yk;gpdptdk;

Gj;jhpd; je;ij - rhf;fpa Fy jiyth; Rj;Njhjdhh;> jha; khah Njtp

Gj;jH gpwe;j 7 tJ ehspy; jha; ,we;jhH

rpj;jhh;j;jh; ,sikapy; ahuhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lth;? - rpw;wd;idahy; ( gpu[hgjp

nfsjkpahy;)

Gj;jhpd; kidtp - aNrhjiu (gj;jfr;rhid> Rgj;uhfh> Nfhgh> gpk;gh ,it aNrhjiuapd;

NtWngaHfs;) ( 16 tJ tajpy; Gj;jh; kze;jhh;)

Gj;jhpd; kfd; ngah; - ,uhFyd;

Gj;jH efHtyk; nry;Yk; NghJ fz;l 4 epfo;r;rpfs; Gj;jiu ,sikapy; ghjpj;jJ.

1. gpzp (grp>gl;bdp)(NehAw;w kdpjd;)

2. tajhd kdpjd;

3. ,we;j cly;

4. gpr;irf;fhud;

Gj;jH 29tJ tajpy; ngUe;Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhz;lhH

Gj;jH Kjypy; ,uh[fpU`k; nrd;W Mujfyhkh vd;w Jwtpia re;jpj;jhH

Gj;jhpd; Kjy; FU - Mujfykh

Gj;jhpd; 2tJ FU cUj;jpufh ,thplk; rhq;fpaj;ij Nfl;lwpe;jhH.

cUNtyh fhl;by; 6 Mz;Lfs; 5 gpuhkz JwtpfSld; jtk; nra;jhH (cz;zh tpujk;)

gpwF Gj;jfia vDkplj;jpy; ieauQ;rdh ejpapy; Fspj;Jtpl;L Nghjpkuk; (Piple tree) mbapy; mkHe;J 49 tJ ehspy; Qhdk; ngw;whH.



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Qhdk; fpilj;jJ Kjy; Gj;jH jjh fjh vd miof;fg;gl;lhH.

Gj;jh; vDk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - nka;awpT ngw;wtH

35tajpy; Md;k(Nfts) Qhdk; ngw;whH.

,sikapy; rpj;jhh;j;jh; Mh;tk; nfhz;lJ - cyf elg;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;

rpj;jhh;j;jUf;F ehl;lkpy;yhjJ - Ntl;ilahLjy;> tPz; Mlk;guk;

,sikapy; Gj;jiu ghjpj;jJ - Vio vspathpd; fbdkhd tho;f;if

mwpTzh;T (nka;awpT) ngw;w rpj;jhh;j;jh; Gj;jh; Mdhh;

Gj;jh; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - ey;yJ vJ> nfl;lJ vJ vd;gij mwpe;J nfhz;lth;

vd;gJ

Gj;jh; jkJ Kjy; Nghjidia njhlq;fpaJ - thuzhrp (m) fhrpf;F mUfpy; cs;s

rhuhehj;jpy; cs;s khd; G+q;fhtpy;

Nguhir nfhs;shik> ngha; Ngrhik> gpwiu Jd;GWj;jhik Nghd;wtw;iw Nghjpj;jth; -

Gj;jh;

Gj;jh; rhjp ghFghLfis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhuh? - ,y;iy

nrhe;j vz;zq;fisAk;> mwpitAk; ek;gp thoNtz;Lk; vdf;$wpath; - Gj;jh;

Jd;gq;fisg; gw;wp Gj;jh; $wpa mwpTiufs; - ehd;F ngUk; cz;ikfs;

xOf;f newpfs; gw;wp Gj;jh; Nghjpj;jJ - vz;tif newpfs;

Gj;jh; Nghjpj;j 4 NgUz;ikfs;

1. cyfk; Jd;gkhdJ

2. Jd;gj;jpw;F fhuzk; MirNa

3. Miria xopj;jhy; Jd;gj;jpypUe;J tpLglyhk;

4. Mir xopf;f vl;L newpfis gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk;

Miria xopf;f Gj;jh;l $wpa vl;L newpfs;-

1. ey;y ek;gpf;if 2. ey;y Ngr;R 3. ey;y top 4. ey;y rpe;jid

5. ey;y Kaw;rp 6. ey;y elj;ij 7. ey;y nray; 8.ey;y jpahdk;

Gj;jhpd; nfhs;iffisg; gug;gpa ngsj;j Jwtpfspd; mikg;G ‘ rq;fk;‛ vdg;gl;lJ

ngsj;j rkaj;ij gpd;gw;wpa murh;fs; - mNrhfh;> fdp\;fh;> `h;\h;

Gj;j kjj;jpd; ,U gphpTfs; - `Pdahdk;> kfhahdk;>

Gj;jhpd; nfhs;ifia Vw;Wf; nfhz;lth;fs;> cUt topghL nra;ahjth;fs; - `Pdahd

gphpT

Gj;jiu nja;tkhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;l Gj;j rkag;gphpT - kfhahdk; ( cUt topghL)

Gj;j kjk; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; ( gutpa) ntspehLfs; - ,yq;if> gh;kh> jpngj;> rPdh> [g;ghd;>

jha;yhe;J

Gj;jiu kjk; khw;wk; nra;jtH - Njtjj;jH

Gj;jH Nghjid nra;;j Mz;Lfs; - 45 Mz;Lfs;

Gj;jhpd; jtj;ij rpijf;f Kad;w Njtij - khuh

Gj;jhH Nghjid Nghjpf;fg;gl;l nkhop - ghyp

Gj;jH jk; JwtpfSf;F Nghjpj;jJ - 10 mwf;fl;;lisfs; (jrrPyk;> jrkhh;f;fk;)

flTs; cz;L ,y;iy vd $w Gj;jH kWj;jhH

[hjpia epuhfhpj;jhH

Md;kh ,y;iy vd Nghjpj;jhH

epHthzk; kdpj tho;f;ifapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;> kf;fs; midtUk; rkk; vd Nghjpj;jhH

Gj;j irj;jpak; vd;gJ topghl;L $lk;



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Gj;j tpfhuk; vd;gJ - Gj;j Jwtpfs; jq;Fkplk;

Gj;j rka ,U gphpTfs;> 1. `Pdahdk; (rpWtop) - rpwpa thfdk;> 2. kfhahdk; (ngUtop) -

nghpa thfdk;

Gj;jhpd; nfhs;iffis Vw;W cUt topghL nra;ahjtHfs; - `Pdahdk;

Gj;jiuAk; Nghjp rj;UtHfisAk; tzq;fpatHfs; - kfhahdk;

Gj;j Jwtpfspd; tpfhuk; (klq;fs;) epWtg;gl;l ,lk; - gPfhH

Gj;jhpd; rPlHfs; - rhhpGl;lH> nkhf;fyd;dH> kfhfhrpgH> cghyp

Gj;j rq;fj;jpy; Kjypy; ,Ue;j cWg;gpdHfs; - 60NgH

Gj;jH ,wg;gjw;F Kd; Re;jh vd;w nghw;nfhy;yd; tPl;by; gd;wp,iwr;rp cz;L

nrwpf;fhky; ,we;jhH

Gj;juhy; Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJk;> mNrhfuhy; gug;gg;gl;l rkak; - `pdahdk;

Nghjp kuj;ij ntl;b tPo;j;jpatd; - rrhq;fd;

Gj;j Jwtpfs; mjpfk; cs;s khepyk; kfhuh\;buk;

kfh[dgjq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 16

[dgjk; fp.K. 6y; tl,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpaJ

tphp[p ehl;bd; jiyefH - itrhyp

mte;jp ehl;bd; jiyefH - c[;i[apdp

ek; ehl;L Njrpa rpd;dk; - 4 rpq;fq;fs;

ekJ ehl;L rpd;dk; 4 rpq;fq;fspd; cUtk; vjpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ - mNrhfuJ rhuehj;

fw;W}zpypUe;J

ekJ Njrpaf;nfhbapy; cs;s rf;fuk; vj;jid Muq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ -24 Muq;fs;

ekJ Njrpaf;nfhbapy; fhzg;gLk; rf;fuk; - mNrhfhpd; jh;k rf;fuk;

ngsj;j Jwtpfspd; tpfhuq;fs; ( klq;fs; ) kpFe;j khepyk; - gPfhh;

Kjy ;rkz rka khehL - fp.K. 487 - ,uh[fpU`j;jpy; m[hjrj;U $l;bdhH. ,jpy

;tpda gPlfk; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ

2tJ rkz rka khehL - fp>K. 387 fhyNrhfH - itrhypapy; $l;bdhH (mgpjk;k gPlfk;>

Rj;jfk;)

3tJ rkz rka khehL - fp.K. 340 mNrhfH - ghlypGj;jpuj;jpy; $l;bdhH jiyik

jhq;fpatH cgFg;jH (khfhyp Gj;j jp];ah> jphpgPlfk; ,Wjp tbtk; ngw;wJ)

4 tJ rkz rka khehL - fp. gp. 100 y; fh\;kPH - Fz;lytdk; fdp\;fH $l;bdhH>

jiyik jhq;fpatH tRkpj;jpuH> mRtNfhrH> ehfH[PdH

5tJ rkz rka khehL - fp.gp. 643 fd;Ndhrpapy; `H\H $l;bdhH

6tJ rkz rka khehL fp.gp. 643 y; gpuahif / myfhghj; `H\H $l;bdhH

ngsj;j rka tuyhw;iw tpthpf;Fk; E}y; - [hjff; fijfs;

m[e;jh Fif Xtpaq;fSk;> vy;Nyhuh rpw;gq;fSk; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - kfhuh\;buk;

khepyk;> xsuq;fhghj; khtl;lj;jpy;

Gj;jhpd; rpwg;ig tpsf;Fk; Xtpaq;fs; - m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh Xtpaq;fs;

fhe;jhuf; fiyr;rpw;gq;fs; - Gj;j rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jit

ngsj;j rkaj;Jwtpfspd; gpuhh;j;jidf; $lq;fs; ‘ irj;jpaq;fs;‛ vdg;gLfpwJ

ngsj;j rka klhyaq;fs; ‘tpfhuq;fs;’ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ

kiy Fiffisf; File;J mikf;fg;gl;l ngsj;j rkagpuhh;j;jidf;

$lq;fSf;F‘irj;jpah;fs; ‚ vd;W ngah;



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ngsj;j rkaf;nfhs;ifiaf; $Wk; kiw E}y; ‘jpgplfk;‛ ,J 3 cl;gphpTfisf;

nfhz;lJ. Rj;jgPlfk;> tpda gPlfk;> mbjk;kgPlfk;

rkzh;fspd; Gdpj E}y;fs; - mq;fq;fs;> G+h;tq;fs;

kzpNkfiy> Fz;lyNfrp Mfpait - E}y;fs; ( ngsj;j E}y;fs;)

rkz rka E}y;fs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk; ( ,yf;fz E}y;) rPtfrpe;jhkzp> tisahgjp (,yf;fpa

E}y;)

jphpgplfk; vd;Dk; E}y; Kjd;Kjypy; vOjg;gl;lJ - tl;lf;fhkpdp mgad; vd;Dk; murd;

fhyj;jpy;

jphpgplfk; vd;why; %d;W $il vd;W nghUs;

,yq;if tPufhtpaq;fs;> tuyhw;W E}y;fs; - kfhtk;rk;> jPg tk;rk;

rkz kjj;Jf;F cWjpahd mikg;igj; je;jth; - kfhtPuh;

rkz rkak; kpfTk; typAWj;jpa nfhs;if - nfhy;yhik

jkpo;ehl;by; rkz rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - fOFkiy

Gj;jh; mwpTzh;T ngw;w ,lk; - fah

ngsj;j kjj;ij gpd;gw;wpa murh;fSs; Kf;fpakhdth; -mNrhfh;

ntw;wpahsh; /[Pdh; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lth; - kfhtPuh;

NfhkjP];tuh; rpw;gk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - rutzngyNfhyh

rkzk; typAWj;jpa Nghjidfs; - Kk;kzpfs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ld

Gj;jhpd; Nghjidfs; - vz; tif newpfs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ld

Gj;j rka khHbd; Y}jH - ehfH[Pdh

,e;J rka khHbd; Y}jH - jahde;j ru];tjp

mNrhf rf;fuk; 24 Muq;fisf; nfhz;lJ

nghUj;Jf:

1. jphpgplfk; - m) Gj;jiu nja;tkhf Fk;gpl;l rka gphpT

2. `Pdahdk; - M) Gj;jh; Kjd;Kjypy; Nghjid epfo;j;jpa ,lk;

3. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - ,) Gj;jhpd; nfhs;iffis gpd;gw;wpa gphptpdh;

4. khd;G+q;fh - <) rkzj;Jwtp ,aw;wpa E}y;

5. kfhahdk; - c) ngsj;jh;fspd; Gdpj E}y;

tpil: 1) c 2), 3)< 4)M 5)m

NguuRfspd; Njhw;wk;

kfh[dgjq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 16 ngUk; ehLfs;

[dgjq;fs; cs;slf;fpa nghpa mikg;ghf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ - kfh[dgjq;fs;

,df;FO mikg;ig tpl gue;J tphpe;j muRfs; - kfh[dgjq;fs;

kfh[dgjq;fs; Njhd;wpaJ -tl,e;jpahtpy;

kfh[dgjq;fspy; typikahd muRfs; - Nfhryk;> mte;jp> tj;rk;> kfjk;

t[;[p ehl;by; kl;Lk; 18 FOf;fs; ,ize;jpUe;jd

18 kfh [dgjq;fspy; gpw muRfis ntd;W Nguurhf vOr;rp ngw;wJ - kfjk;

kfjk; vd;gJ gPfhh; khepyk; ghl;dhit Rw;wpAs;s gFjp

kfjj;jpd; Kjy; jiyefuk; - rpuht];jp > ,uz;lhtJ jiyefH - ,uh[fpU`k;

kfjj;jpd; ,Wjp jiyefuk; - ghlypGj;jpuk;

%d;W jiyefuq;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehL - kfjk;

rpuh];tjp vd;gJ - efuk;



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mhpaq;f tk;rj;ijr; rhh;e;j kfj kd;dh; - gpk;gprhud;

jpUkz cwTfs; %yk; kfjj;ij tphpTgLj;jpatd; - gpk;gprhud;

gpk;gprhudpd; kfd; - m[hjrj;U

Nfhryk;> mte;jp> itrhypia kfjj;Jld; ,izj;jth; - m[hjrj;U

Nfhry ehl;bd; jiyefH mNahj;jp

Nfhryj;jpd; Gfo;tha;e;j murd; - gpuNrd[pj;

tj;rk; muR mike;Js;s ejpf;fiu - aKid

kfjj;jpy; ‘ghlypGj;jpuk; ‚ Nfhl;ilia mikj;jth; - m[hjrj;U

kfj Kjy; Nguuir epWtpatH - gpk;gprhuH

gpk;gprhuhpd; NtWngaH (rNudpaH)

gpk;gprhuH Muk;gpj;j tk;rk; MHaq;fh Fyk;

jpUkz cwT %yk; kfjj;ij tphpTgLj;jpatH - gpk;gprhuH

,uh[fpU`k; (kd;dH kid) epWtpatH - gpk;gprhuH

gpk;gprhuH kze;j ypr;rhtp ,sturp - nry;yz;zh

gpk;gprhuH kze;j kj;uh ,sturp - Nfkh

Gpk;gprhuH kze;j Nfhry ,sturp - NfhryhNjtp

gpk;gprhudpd; Ml;rp fp.K. 525 - 500

gpk;gprhudpd; jiyefH - ,uh[fpU`k;

gpk;gprhuiu nfhiy nra;J mwpaiz Vwpatd; - m[hjrj;U

kfhtPuUk;> Gj;jUk; gpk;gprhuH rkfhyj;jtHfs; . m[hjrj;Utpd; fhyj;jpy; ,we;jdH

gpk;gprhuid njhlHe;J kfj kd;dd; - m[hjrj;U (fpK. 500 -473)

m[hjrj;Utpd; NtWngaH - Fdpfh

gyKiw Gj;jiu re;jpj;jhf $wg;gLgtH - m[hjrj;U

m[hjrj;Uit njhlHe;J Ml;rpf;F te;jtd; - cjad;

MHaq;fh tk;rj;ij njhlHe;J kfjj;ij Ml;rpGhpe;jJ - rpRehfd;

rpRehfiunjhlHe;J fhyNrhfH Ml;rpGhpe;jhH

ee;j tk;rj;ij epWtpatuhy; nfhy;yg;gl;l rpRehftk;rj;jtH fhyNrhfd;

fhyNrhfid nfhd;wtd; - kfhgj;kee;jd;

rpRehfiunjhlHe;J kfjj;ij ee;j tk;rk; Ml;rpGhpe;jJ

rpRehfh;fl;F gpd; ee;j tk;rj;ij Vw;gLj;jpatd; - kfhgj;kee;jd;

Kjy; ee;j kd;dd; - kfhgj;kee;jd;

Kjy; ,e;jpa Nguurhf kfjj;ij cUthf;fpatd; - kfhgj;kee;jd;

filrp kd;dd; - nfhLq;Nfhyd;> nry;tnropg;G kpf;ftd; - jdee;jd;

rpRehfh; r%j;jpy; R+j;jpuh;fs; gphpitr; rhh;e;jth;fs;

ee;jHfis gw;wp $Wk; E}y; mfehD}W

nkshpag;NguuR

jdee;jiu nfhd;wtd; - re;jpuFg;j nkshpaH

nkshpaH vd;Dk; nrhy; re;jpuFg;j nkshpahpd; jha; %uh vd;gthpd; jphpghf nkshpaH

vd MdJ

Gj;j rka E}y;fs; nkshpaHfis NkhhpaH vd $WfpwJ

%uh vd;w ghypnkhopr; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; kapy; tsHg;gtH nkshpaH

,e;jpahtpd; khf;fpaty;yp - nfsbay;aH



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nfsby;aH vOjpa E}y; - mHj;jrh];jpuk; (murpay; mwptpay; E}y; ,J 15 gFjpfisAk;>

150 cl;gphpTfisAk; nfhz;lJ)

1905y; mHj;j rh];jpuk; Kjypy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

mHj;jrh];jpuk; Kjypy; E}y;tbtpy; vOjpatH - rhkrh];jphp.

jz;l ePjp(Ml;rpgw;wp)> tHj;jf ePjp(tHj;jfk;) vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ - mHj;jrh];jpuk;

nkshpag; Nguuir Vw;gLj;jpath; - re;jpuFg;j nkshpah;

re;jpuFg;j nkshpahpd; fhyk; fp.K. 324-299

re;jpuFg;jdhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l fpNuf;f kd;dd; - nrY}f];epNflhh;

nrY}f]; epNflhhpd; J}Jth; - nkf];jdp]; fp.K. 302y;

nkf];jdp]; vOjpa E}y; - ,z;bfh (ghlypGj;jpu efu epHthf Ml;rpgw;wpaJ)

re;jpuFg;jh; jOtpa kjk; -rkzk;

tprhfjj;jH vOjpa E}y; - Kj;uhl;rrk; > Njtp re;jpuFg;jk;

nkshpaH rpd;dk; - kapy;

,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; Nguuir epWtpaH>,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpLjiy tPuH - nkshpa

Nguuir epWtpaH Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;j nkshpaH

re;jpuFg;jH nrYf;f]; epNflH kPJ NghH njhLj;j MNz;L - 305

nrYf;f]; epNflhplkpUe;J re;jpuFg;jnkshpaH ifgw;wpa gFjp - mhpah> muNfrpah>

nfl;Nuhrpah

Nkh$H kd;dd; gioaid ntd;wtd; - re;jpuFg;j nkshpaH

nkshpaHfis jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J tpul;batd; - ,sQ;nrl;nrd;dp

re;jpuFg;jH nrYf;f]; epNflhplk; nra;J nfhz;l cld;gbf;if - jphpgujPNrR

re;jpuFg;jH mnyf;rhz;liu re;jpj;j ,lk; - gQ;rhg;

re;jpuFg;jH kze;j nrYf;f]; epNflhpd; kfs; - n`yd;

re;jpuFg;jhpd; mikr;rH - rhzf;fpaH/nfsby;aH/tp\;ZNfhgH

nkshpaHfspd; jiyefH - ghlypGj;jpuk;

re;jpuFg;jH KbJwf;f fhuzk; - nfhba gQ;rk;

re;jpuFg;jh; jdJ ,Wjpfhyj;jpy; gj;jpughF vd;w rkz KdptUld;

njd;,e;jpahtpw;F rputzngyNfhyhTf;F nrd;W re;jpug];jp kiyapy; ry;Nyrd Kiw

%yk; cz;zh Nehd;gpUe;J rkz rka Kiwg;gb caph;ePj;jhh;.

mthpd; epidthf re;jpug];jp kiy vd;gJ re;jpufphp kiynad;whapw;W.

re;jpuFg;j nkshpaH Ml;rpnghWg;ig jdJ kfd; rpk;kNrdhtplk; xg;gilj;jhH(Mdhy;

mtd; Ml;rpia Vw;ftpy;iy)

re;jpuFg;j nkshpaUf;Fg;gpd; Ml;rp nghWg;Ngw;wtd; - gpe;Jrhud; fp.K. 301 -273 > ,td;

#bf;nfhz;l gl;lg;ngaH - mkpj;ufhjd;

mkpj;ufhjd; vd;gjd; nghUs; - giftHfis nfhd;W Kbg;gtd;.

Nkiy flYf;Fk;> fPioflYf;Fk; ,ilapy; 16 ehLfis ntd;whd;

gpe;Jrhud; mitf;F te;j fpNuf;f J}Jtd; - fp.K. 280-nla;Nkf;fH];

nka;Nkf;f]; - I mDg;gpa kd;dd; - Kjyhk; Mz;bNahf];

gpe;Jrhud; mitf;F te;j vfpg;jpa J}Jtd; - jpNahNdrpa];.

jpNahNdrpa]; I mDg;gpatH - ,uz;lhk; lhykp

gpe;Jrhud; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,y;yhj tl ,e;jpa muR - fypq;fk;

gpe;JrhuDf;F 16 kidtpfs;> 101 gps;isfs;

gpe;Jrhudpd; %j;j kfd; RrPkh> ,isa kfd; mNrhfd;



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gpe;Jrhud; fhy jl;rrPy MSeH - RrPkh

gpe;Jrhud; fhy c[;i[apdp MSeH - mNrhfd;

gpe;Jrhud; ntd;w Nrhod; - fp.K. 375y; - ,sQ;nrl;nrd;dp

ahiu rpwe;j je;ijapd; epiwe;j Gjy;tH vd;Wk; NguuhHe;j Gjy;thpd; (mNrhfhpd;) rPuhHe;j

je;ij vd;Wk; tuyhw;whrphpaH miof;fpd;wdH - gpe;Jrhud;

gpe;Jrhuh; ,we;j Mz;L - fp.K. 273

mNrhfh; thhpRhpikg;NghH - fp.K. 273- 269 - 4 Mz;Lfs;

mNrhfh; Kb#l;bf;nfhz;lJ - 269

gpe;Jrhuhdpd; kfd; - mNrhfh;

mNrhfh; Muk;gj;jpy; rz;l mNrhfh; vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;

mNrhfh; thhpRikg;Nghhpy; 4 Mz;Lfspy; 99 rNfhjuHfis nfhd;whH

jdJ cld;gpwg;ghd (jha; tapw;wpy; gpwe;j)jp];ah vd;w rNfhjuid kl;Lk; capUld;

tpl;Ltpl;lhH.

mNrhfh; nkshpag; Nguurd; Md Mz;L fp.K. 273

mNrhfUf;F Kb#l;batH - cgFg;jH

mNrhfhpd; jha; - Rkj;uhq;fp

mNrhfhpd; ,aw;ngaH - Njtdhk;gphpad; > gphpajH\pdp

mNrhfH kze;j rhf;fpa ,sturp - kfhNjtp

kfhNjtpf;F gpwe;jtd; - kNfe;jpud;> rq;fkpj;jpiu

kfhtk;rgb mNrhfH kze;jJ mrq;f kpj;jpiu (30 tajpy; ,we;jhH)

mNrhfhpd; gl;lj;jurp - jp\;auf;\pjh

Gj;j rka E}y; mNrhfiu rz;l mNrhfd; vd;fpwJ

mNrhfh; ,wg;G fp.K. 236

fypq;fg;Nghh; eilngw;w Mz;L fp.K. 261 -y;

fypq;fg;NghUf;Fg;gpd; mNrhfh; Nkw;nfhz;l KbT - NghhpLtjpy;iy> jh;k tp[aj;ij

gpd;gw;wpdhh;

fypq;fNghhpy; ,we;jth;fs; - 10>00>00 NgH> rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;ltHfs; - 15>00>00

mNrhfhpd; filrp NghH - fypq;fNghH

gilnaLj;J Nghh; nra;J ntw;wp ngWtJ - jpf; tp[ak;

jpf;tp[aj;ij ntWj;J jh;k tp[aj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpath; - mNrhfh;

mNrhfh; kf;fsplk; jh;kj;ij tsh;f;f Nkw;nfhz;l ,iltplhj gazq;fs; - jh;ktp[ak;

mNrhfh; jh;kj;ij kf;fspilNa gug;g epakpj;j rpwg;G gzpahsh;fs; - jh;kkfhkhj;jpuh;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; kf;fs; ey muir cUthf;fpath; - mNrhfh;

mNrhfh; jOtpa kjk; - ngsj;j kjk; / `Pdahdk;

mwpT> md;G> xOf;fk; Mfpatw;iw typAWj;jpa kjk; - ngsj;j kjk;

mNrhfh; nrg;gdpl;l ngsj;j epidtplq;fs; - fgpyt];J> rhuehj;> Gj;jfah

%d;whtJ ngsj;j rka khehL $l;ba ,lk; - ghlypGj;jpuk; - fp.K. 240

%d;whtJ ngsj;j rka khehL $l;bath; - mNrhfh;

mNrhfh; mikj;j fw;W}z; - rhQ;rp];J}gp

mNrhfh; mikj;j ];J}gpfs; cs;s ,lk; - rhQ;rp> rhuehj;> Yk;gpdp Nghd;w ,lq;fs;

ghurPf rpw;gf;fiyapd; jhf;fj;jhy; cUthdJ - rhuehj; fw;W}z;

mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lf; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nkhop - gpuhf;fpUj nkhop



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mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l vOj;JKiw - fNuh];b vOj;J

Nghiuj;jtpu jh;kj;ijg; gpd;gw;WtNj rpwe;jJ vd mNrhfh; $wpdhh;

mNrhfiu kjkhw;wk; nra;jtH - cgFg;jH

Gj;jk;> jHkk;> rq;fk; Mfpa %d;iwAk; jk; tho;tpy; Gfoplkhf nfz;ltH - mNrhfH

mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;L jHkj;jpd; Mtzq;fs; vd $WtH

mNrhfH Gj;j rka Nfhl;ghLfis gug;g epakpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhhpfs; jHk kfhkhj;jpiufs;

256 NgH

mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lfs; FWq;NfhL ml;rNuif 14°49° - 34°20° tiuapYk; jPHf;fNfhL

75.15° - 85.50°tiuapYk; cs;sd.

ml;rNuif 20°f;Fk; jPHf;f Nuif 15°f;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mNrhfH 14 ngUk;ghiw J}z; fp.K. 257 -256 d; tbf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;

mNrhfh; ngUk;ghiwJ}z; cs;s ,lk; - khd;Nruh> ng\htH> kh];fp> fhy;rp> vHuFb>

fHE}y;

mNrhfhpd; Kjy; ngUk;ghiw J}z; fy;ntl;by; tpyq;Ffis nfhy;yf;$lhJ vd

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

4tJ ngUk;ghiw fy;ntl;L jHkf; nfhs;if

9 tJ ngUk;ghiw fy;ntl;L - mNrhfhpd; gpwg;G> jpUkzk; gw;wpaJ

12 tJ fy;ntl;L - rkag;nghiw

13 tJ fypq;f Nghhpdhy; Vw;gl;l Jauk;> caphpog;G> kjkhw;wk;

14tJ mNrhfhpd; Md;kPf tho;f;if gw;wp $WfpwJ

mNrhfiu nka;Qhd NguurH vdg; Gfo;e;jtH - lhad;gP

mNrhfH fhyj;jpy; 5tJ khepykhf Nrf;fg;gl;lJ - fypq;fk;

mNrhfhpd; jHk newp nfhs;iffs; - 24

mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;L tbf;fg;gl;l nkhop gpuhf;fpUjk;.

mNrhf fhyj;jpy; 84000 ];J}gpfs; ntspaplg;gl;lJ

ghurPf rpw;gf;fiy jhf;fj;jhy; cUthdJ - rhuzhj; fw;W}z;

mikr;ruit FO ke;jphp ghp\j;

nkshpag; NguuR 5 gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ

nkshpa fhyj;jpy ;fpuhkj;jpy; 6y; 1gq;F epythp ghfk; / gyp vdg;gl;lJ

nkshpa fhy 2 tif ePjpkd;wk;. 1. jHkh];jpfh(rptp];)> 2. fz;lfNrhjdh (Fw;wtpay;)

jiyik ePjpgjp - jHkh];jpfh

mNrhfH ,we;j ,lk; - jl;rrPyk; fp.K. 232

mNrhfUf;Fg; gpd; Ml;rp nra;jtd; - jrujd;

jrujDf;F gpd; Fzhsd;

mNrhfh; fhyj;jpy; tlf;F gFjpapy; jl;rrPyKk;> njw;F gFjpapy; - Rth;zfphpAk;> fpof;F

gFjpapy; - NjhrhypAk; jiyefh;fshf ,Ue;jd

nkshpag; Nguurpd; jiyefuk;> mNrhfg; Nguurpd; jiyefuk; - ghlypGj;jpuk;

mNrhfh; fhyj;jpy; vy;iyg;gFjpfspd; ghJfhg;ig fz;fhzpj;jth;fs; ‘kfhkhj;jpuh;‛

vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;

kf;fsJ md;whl mw tho;f;iff;F cjt epakpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; - jh;kkfhkhj;jpuh;fs;

nkshpag; Nguurpy; efuhl;rp nray;gl;l gFjp - ghlypGj;jpuk;

ghlypGj;jpu efukd;wk; 30 Ngh;fisf; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jJ.

5 Ngh;fisf; nfhz;l 6 FOf;fshfg; gphpe;J 30 Ngh;fs; Ml;rp nra;jdh;



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nkshpag;gil 5 gphpTfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ

nkshpa;ggil 30 Ngh; nfhz;l eph;thff;FOthy; fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;lJ

rpj;jputijia> kuz jz;lidia xopj;jth; - mNrhfh;

mNrhfh; jpf;tp[aj;ij iftpl;L jh;k tp[aj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;

,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j rkaj;ij gug;g mNrhfuhy; mDg;gg;gl;lth; - rq;fkpj;jpiu>

kNfe;jpud;

ghlypGj;jpuk; vDk; Nfhl;ilia mikj;jth; - m[hjrj;U

mNrhfUf;Fg;gpd; Ml;rp nra;jtd; - jrujd;

jrujDf;Fg;gpd; Ml;rp nra;jtd; - Fzhsd;

nkshpa tk;rj;jpd; filrp murd; - gpUfj;ujd;

gpUfj;ujid nfhiy nra;jtd; - G\;akpj;ud;

nkshpa NguuR tPo;r;rp - fp.K. 185/184

G\;akpj;uRq;fdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l tk;rk; - Rq;f tk;rk;

ee;j tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; kd;dd; - kfhgj;kee;jd;

mnyf;rhz;lHpd; ,e;jpa gilnaLg;G.

ghurPf mf;Nkdpa Nguuir Njhw;Wtpj;jtH- Kjyhk; iru];(jiyrpwe;j kd;dH)

,e;jpahtpw;F vjpuhf gilnaLj;j Kjy; ghurPf kd;dH Kjyhk; iru];

,e;jpahtpy; Kjyhk; iru]; ntd;w gFjpfs; - ypgpah> ghf;Bhpah> ghgpNyhdpah> mrPhpah

Kjyhk; iru]; f;Fg;gpd; Ml;rp Ghpe;jtH - Kjyhk; Nfk;igr];

Kjyhk; Nfk;igr]; f;Fg;gpd; Kjyhk; Nlhpa];

rpe;J gFjpia ghurPf ehl;Lld; ,izj;jtH - Kjyhk; Nlhpa];

%d;whk; Nlhpa]; ghurPf kd;duhf ,Ue;jNghJ khrpNlhdpah kd;dd; mnyf;rhz;lH

fp.K. 331 y; %d;whk; Nlhpai] mHngy;yh Nghhpy; ntd;W ghurPfj;ij ,izj;Jf;

nfhz;lhH

ghurPf jq;f ehzak; - lhhpf;

ghurPf nts;sp ehzak;- rPnfy;

ghurPfHfspd; Gdpj E}y; - n[d;l; mnt];jh

ghurPfHfspd; vOj;J Kiw - fNuh];b

mnyf;rhz;lH khrpNlhdpahtpy; ,uz;lhk; gpypg; - d; kfdhf 355 (m) 356y; gpwe;jhH

mnyf;rhz;lhpd; FU mhp];lhl;by;

mhp];lhl;by; -d; FU gpshl;Nlh

mnyf;rhz;lH khrpNlhdpahtpd; kd;duhdJ - fp.K. 335 (m) 334

mnyf;rhz;lH rpwpa Mrpah> vfpg;J rphpah Mfpatw;iw ntd;wtJ - fp.K. 334

mnyf;rhz;lH ghurPfj;ij ifg;gw;wpaJ mHngy;yh Nghhpy; fp.K. 331

ghurPf NguurH vd;w gl;lk; #l;bf; nfhz;ltH mnyf;rhz;lH

mnyf;rhz;lH gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ ,e;jpa Ml;rpahsHfs;

jl;rrPy murH - mk;gp

[Pyk; rPdg; gFjpf;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjp - nghpa Nghu];

rPdg; - uhtp ,ilgl;l gFjp - rpwpa Nghu];

rpe;J gFjp - nksrpfd;

mnyf;rhz;lH ,e;jpahit Nehf;fp Gwg;gl;lJ - fp.K. 328

mnyf;rhz;lH gil ,e;JF\; kiyia fle;jJ - fp.K. 327 Nk

mnyf;rhz;lH rpe;J ejpia flf;f cjtpGhpe;jtH - jl;rrPy mk;gp



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mnyf;rhz;lH ntw;wp nfhz;l kiy[hjp kd;dd; - `];jp(Kul;Lf; $l;ljiytd;)

mnyf;rhz;lH ntd;w Nfhl;il - k];]fh> MHeh];

mnyf;rhz;lH ,e;jpagilnaLg;gpw;F fhuzk; - cyif ntd;W xg;gw;w tPud; vDk;

ngaiu ngw Mir

mnyf;rhz;lH epf;Nfah vd;Dkplj;ij jiyik fhtyplkhf;fpdhH

rpe;J ejp / Xfpe;j; ejpia fle;jJ fp.K. 326 gpg;uthp

mnyf;rhz;lUf;F gzpe;J mthpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;w ,e;jpa murH - `k;gp

mnyf;rhz;lhpd; J}Jf;FOit `k;gp re;jpj;j ,lk; - epf;Nfah

mnyf;rhz;liu vjpHj;j kd;dH - nghpa Nghu]; vd;w GUN\hj;jkd;

[Pyk; / i`lh];g]; ejpg;NghH fp.K. 326 [Piy > Nghu]; - mnyf;rhz;lH

nghpa Nghu]; 9 tpOg;Gz;fSld; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhH

mnyf;rhz;lhplk; jd;id xU Nguuruhf kjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd miu$ty; tpLj;jtH -

Nghu];

[Pyk; ejpg;NghH 8 kzp Neuk; ele;jJ. 17000 NgH ,we;jdH 20000 NgH rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;ldH

mnyf;rhz;lhpd; ngUe;jd;ik ntspg;gl;lJ. Nghui] kPz;Lk; Ml;rp Ghpa mDkjpj;jJ

mnyf;rhz;lHpd; giltPuHfs; NrhHtile;j ,lk; - gpah]; ejpf;fiu

mnyf;rhz;lH giltPuHfs; Nghhpl kWf;f fhuzk; - jha;ehlhd fpNuf;fk; nry;y

mnyf;rhz;lH gpah]; ejpf;fiuapy; 12 fy;J}z;fis el;lhH

mnyf;rhz;lH gilfs; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J jpUk;gpaJ (kPs;gazk;) - fp.K> 326 mf;NlhgH

gQ;rhig Ml;rpGhpa mnyf;rhz;luhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l giljsgjp - gpypg;Ngh];

mnyf;rhz;lH rpe;Jtpy; epWtpa efH - gNlyh(2k; mnyf;rhz;lhpah)

mnyf;rhz;lhpd; filrp gilnaLg;G fp.K. 325 [Pd; ky;yha;> m];l;NuhNdhNkha;

$l;lj;ij ntd;wJ

mnyf;rhz;lhpd; ,e;jpa gilnaLg;G fp.K. 326 [Piy

mnyf;rhz;lhpd; flw;gil jsgjp epahf]; jiyikapy; fly; topahf 1 gil gphpit

mDg;gpdhH

Ky;yha; fztha; topahf fpNubuh]; jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg;gpdhH

mnyf;rhz;lh; ,wg;G fp.K. 323 [Pd;> 33 tJ tajpy; ghgpNyhdpy;

ntd;wtUf;F Nghjpf;f Neukpy;iy nty;ygl;ltH mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; epiyapy; ,y;iy vd

R. rj;jpaehja;aH $WtJ mnyf;rhz;lhpd; ,e;jpa gilnaLg;G

F\hzg; NguuR

nkshpag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd; ,e;jpahtpy; epWtg;gl;l typikahd NguuR - F\hzg;

NguuR

F\hzh;fs; ‘A+r;rp‛ ,df;FOtpd; Xh; cl;gphpT

F\hzHfspd; G+HtPfk; rPdh

F\hzHfs; Ml;rpGhpe;j gFjp tlNkw;F ,e;jpah

‘A+r;rp‛ vd;w ,df;FOtpd; Xh; cl;gphptpdNu F\hzh;fs;

F\hzg; Nguuir epWtpath; - Kjyhk; fhl;igr];. ,e;jpahtpd; tlNkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fp.gp.

Kjy; E}w;whz;L epWtpdhh;

gQ;rhg;igAk;> fq;ifr;rkntspiaAk; ifg;gw;wpa F\hz kd;dd; - 2- k; fhl;gpr];

F\hz tk;rj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j kd;dd; - fdp\;fh; ( fhyk; fp.gp. 78- 101) rf Mz;L(rfh

rfhg;jk;)



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rPdhtpd; kPJ ,UKiw gilnaLj;j F\hz kd;dd; - fdp\;fh;

rPdj;jsgjp ‘ghQ;Nrh‛ vd;gtdplk; Njhw;w kd;dd; - fdp\;fh;

fdp\;fh; cUthf;fpa Gjpa jiyefuk; - GU\Guk; ( ng\hth;) vd;gJ ng\hth;

fdp\;fhpd; ,uz;lhtJ jiyefuk; - fdp\;fGuk;

fdp\;fH gpd;gw;wpa rkak; kfhahd Gj;j rkak; cUthf;fg;gl;L fhe;jhuf;fiy Njhd;wpaJ

fdp\;fh; <LghL nfhz;l rkak; - ngsj;j rkak;

ehd;fhtJ Gj;j rka khehl;il $l;bath; - fdp\;fh;

ehd;fhtJ Gj;j rka khehL vq;F $l;lg;gl;lJ - fh\;kPh;

kfhtpgh\h vDk; E}y; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ Gj;j rka khehl;by; tRkpj;jpuH

ehd;fhtJ Gj;j rka khehl;by; gq;Nfw;w ngsj;j mwpQh;fs; - tRge;J> mRtNfhrh;>

ehfh;[Pdh

Gj;j rkaj;jpd; khHl;bd; Y}jH - ehfH[Pdh

ahH fhyk; Gj;j rka nghw;fhyk; fdp\;fH fhyk;

fdp\;fH Ml;rp Ghpe;j fhyk; - 23 Mz;Lfs; > fdp\;fhpd; fhyk; 120(102)

fdp\;fhpd; muz;kid kUj;JtH - rufH

fdp\;fH mitapy; ,Ue;j fpNuf;f fl;blf; fiy ty;YeH - a[Pyh];

kfhahd ngsj;j kjg;gphpT Njhd;wpaJ ve;j khehl;by;? - ehd;fhtJ ngsj;j khehl;by;

mRtNfhrh vOjpa E}y;fs; - Gj;j rhpjk;> R+j;jpu myq;fhuk; (tlnkhopapy; vOjg;gl;lJ)

,e;jpa> fpNuf;f El;gq;fis ,ize;j fiy - fhe;jhuf;fiy

,uz;lhk; mNrhfh; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lth; - fdp\;fh;

rf rfhg;jk; my;yJ Gjpa fhy fzf;fPl;L Kiw cUthdJ - fdp\;fh; fhyj;jpy;

rf rfhg;jk; vd;gJ fp.gp. 78 - y; ( fdp\;fh; gjtpf;F te;j Mz;L)

F\hzh; Nguurpd; filrp kd;dd; - fdp\;fh;

ahUf;Fg; gpd; F\hzg; NguuR tPo;r;rpAw;wJ - fdp\;fUf;Fg;gpd;

fhe;jhuk; vd;gJ ng\htH (v) GU\Guj;ij Rw;wpAs;s gFjp

fdp\;fiu Gj;j rkaj;jpw;F khw;wpatH - mRtNfhrH

F\hzHfspd; filrp kd;dH - thRNjtd;

,e;jpa [];Bdpad; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ltH - ehfH[PdH

fdp\;fUf;Fg;gpd; mwpaiz Vwpatd; - trp];fd;

trp];fDf;Fg;gpd; ctpNrfd;

trpNrfDf;F gpd; thRNjtd; (filrpkd;dd;)

F\hzg;Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg;gpd; kfjj;jpy; Njhd;wpa NguuR - Fg;jg;NguuR

Fg;jH fhyk;

Fg;jh;fspd; jiyefuk; - ghlypGj;jpuk;

Fg;jH rkak; - itztk;

Fg;jH fhyk; fp.gp. 250(m) 270 Kjy; 570 tiu nkhj;jk; - 300 Mz;Lfs;

Fg;j Nguuir epWtpaH - =Fg;jH 270- 280

2tJ Fg;j murH - fNlhj;f[d; 280 - 320

3tJ Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;jH - 320- 335

4 tJ rKj;jpuFg;jH- 335 - 375

5 tJ ,uhkFg;jH - 375- 380



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6tJ ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jH - 380-414

7 tJ Kjyhk; FkhuFg;jH - 414- 455

8 tJ ];fe;j Fg;jH - 455- 467

gpw;fhy Fg;jHfs; (gpe;ija Fg;jH) G+UFg;jH> G+jFg;jH> tp\;ZFg;jH

filrp - eurpk;k Fg;j ghyhjpj;ah

filrp rpwe;j Fg;jH - ];fe;j Fg;jH

Fg;jNguuir cz;ikapy; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH - Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;jH(gl;lk; #l;bf;nfhz;lJ

kfhuh[hjpuh[h)

Fg;jHfspd; G+HtPfk; KH\pjhghj; vd RC. fq;Fyp $wpdhH.

Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;jhpd; tho;f;ifia tpsf;Fk; ehlf E}y; nfsKfp kNfhj;Jtk; (tpUr;rpf

KdptH)

Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;jhpd; kfd; - rKj;jpuFg;jd;

Fg;jHfspy; jiyrpwe;jtH ftpuh[d;> ftpfspy; ,sturH> ,e;jpa neg;Nghypad; Mfpa

gl;lq;fis Gide;J nfhz;ltd; - rKj;j;puFg;jd;

rKj;jpuFg;jid ,e;jpa neg;Nghypad; vdf; $wpatH – V.A. ];kpj; (Vincent Admiral smith)

rKj;jpu Fg;jhpd; ntw;wp gw;wp $Wk; fy;ntl;L myfhghj; J}z; fy;ntl;L fk];fpUj

nkhopapy; 33 thpfs; tbf;fg;gl;lJ. tbj;jtH - mhpNrdH

myfhghj; J}z; fy;ntl;L 100 Ngiu ntd;w tPud; vd rKj;jpu Fg;jiu $WfpwJ

Fg;j tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; Rje;jpu kd;dd; - Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;jh;

Fg;jAfk; (Fg;j mg;jk;) Gupta Era njhlq;fg;gl;lJ - fp.gp. 320 gpg;uthp 26-y;

Fg;j kd;dh;fspy; jiy rpwe;jth; - rKj;jpuFg;jh; ( fp.gp.335-375)

rKj;jpuFg;jdpd; ntw;wpfisg; gw;wp $Wk; fy;ntl;L - myfhghj;J}z; fy;ntl;L

rKj;jpuFg;jd; MhpatHj;jk; vDk; tl,e;jpa kd;dHfis ntd;whd;(jpf; tp[ak;)

1. Uj;jpuNjtd;

2. kjpyh

3. ehfjj;jh

4. ee;jpd;

5. ghytHkd;

6. fzgjp tHkd;

7. re;jputHkd;

8. mr;Rjd;

rKj;jpuFg;juhy; ntw;wpnfhs;sg;gl;l njd;dpe;jpa kd;dHfs; - 12 Ngh; jl;rzg;gjk;

(jHktp[ak;)

1. Nfhry ehl;L kd;dd; - kfhNfhryd;

2. kfhfhe;jhuk; ehl;L kd;dd; - tpahf;fuuh[d;

3. gp\;lhguk; ehl;L kd;dd; - kNfe;jpufphp

4. mtKf;j ehl;L kd;dd; - ePsuh[d;

5. Ntq;fp ehl;L kd;dd; - m];jptHkd;

6. ghyf;fhL ehl;L kd;dd; - cf;fpuNrdd;

7. Nfush ehl;L kd;dd; - kz;luh[d;

8. nuz;lgs;sp ehl;L kd;dd; - jkzd;

9. Nfhl;L ehl;L kd;dd; - Rthkpjj;jd;



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10. Njtuhl;bu ehl;L kd;dd; - FNtud;

11. t];jyGuk; ehl;L kd;dd; - jdQ;rad;

12. fhQ;rpGuk; (gy;yt kd;dd;) - tp\;ZNfhgd;

rKj;jpuFg;juhy; ntw;wpf;nfhs;sg;gl;l FbauR FO - 11

rKj;jpuFg;juhy; ntw;wpf;nfhs;sg;gl;l vy;iy Gw muR - Neghsk;> fhk&gk;> rhkjj;jh

rKj;jpuFg;jd; cwT nfhz;l ,yq;if kd;dd; - =NkftHkd;

rKj;jpuFg;jH ntspapl;l jq;f ehzak; - 8 tif

myfhghj;J}z; fy;ntl;ilg; nghwpj;jth; - mhpNrdh;

rKj;;jpuFg;jdpd; mikr;rh; - mhpNrdh;

rKj;jpuFg;jH jk; tho;ehspy; 28 gilnaLg;ig Nkw;nfhz;lhH

rKj;jpuFg;jH Nkw;nfhz;l ahfk; - mRtNkjk;

rKj;jpuFg;jhpd; %j;j kfd; - ,uhkFg;jH

,isa kfd; - ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jd;

,uhkFg;jiu Kw;Wifapl;ltd; - rhfHj;jiytd; - cUj;jpurpk;kd;

,uhkFg;jhpd; kidtp - JUtyh Njtp

,uhkFg;jiu njhlHe;J ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jH Ml;rpf;F te;jhH

2k; re;jpuFg;jhpd; jha; - jj;jNjtp

2k; re;jpuFg;jH Gide;J nfhz;l gl;lngaH - tpf;ukhjpj;ad;

2k; re;jpuFg;jiu kze;j ehf ,sturp - FNguehfh

FNguehfhtpd; kfs; - gpughtjp Fg;jh

thfhl kd;dd; 2k; Uj;jpuNrdd; gpughtjp Fg;jhit kze;jhH

nkf;Uyp (m) nly;yp ,Uk;G J}; 2k; re;jpuFg;jd; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

1500 Mz;Lfshf JUg;gpbf;fhky; nly;ypapy; ,Ug;gJ - ,Uk;Gj;J}z;

Fg;jh; fhy ,Uk;Gj;J}z; cs;s ,lk; - nkfnusyp (nly;yp)

nkf;Uyp ,Uk;G J}z; cauk; 23 mb 16.4 mq;Fy tpl;lk;

,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;j mitia myq;fhpj;j 9 tlnkhop GytHfs; - etuj;jpdq;fs;

etuj;jpdq;fspy; rpwg;Gkpf;ftH - GytH fhspjhrH

rhfh;fis ntd;w Fg;j kd;dd; - ,uz;lhk; re;jpu Fg;jh; /rhfhhp vdg;gl;lhd;

,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jhpd; 2k; jiyefuk; c[;i[apdp

,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jhpd; kfd; - FkhuFg;jH 414- 455 tiu Ml;rp

gpy;rhj; fy;ntl;L fp.gp. 415 y; Kjyhk; FkhuFg;jH fhyj;jpy; nrJf;fg;gl;lJ

Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;jH fhyk; Fg;jH fhyj;jpy; ,Uz;lfhyk;

Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;jhpd; kidtpfs; - 2

1. Mde;j Njtp - ,thpd; kfd; - GUFg;jH

2. Njtfp ,thpd; kfd; - ];fe;j Fg;jd; - 455- 467 Ml;rp

Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;jH fhyj;jpy ;Kjypy; `PdHfs; ,e;jpah kPJ gilnaLj;jdH.

Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;jH fhyj;jpy; Fg;j NguurpypUe;J eOtpg;Nghd gFjp - khstk; -

ifg;gw;wpatd; - aNrhtHkd;

Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;jiu njhlHe;J Ml;rp Ghpe;jtd; - ];fe;j Fg;jH

`PdHfis Njhw;fbj;J tpul;ba xNu kd;dd; - ];fe;j Fg;jH

Fg;jHfspd; filrp rpwe;j murH - ];fe;jFg;jH

Fg;jNguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;F fhuzk; - `PdH gilnaLg;G



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`PdHfs; kj;jpa Mrpahtpd; Kul;L $l;lj;jpdH

`PdHfspd; jiytd; - Njhkhdd;> kpfpuFyd;

`PdHfs;py; ahiu rpwe;j murd;> ,uh[je;jphp vd tuyhw;W MrphpaH Gfo;fpd;wdH -

Njhukhdd;

Njhukhdd; gpd;gw;wpa rkak; ,e;J rkak; (#hpad;> rptd; topghL)

Athd;Rthq; kpfpuFyid uj;jntwpgpbj;j nfhLq;Nfhyd; vd $WfpwhH

Fg;jH fhyj;jpy; ghDFg;jhpd; fhyj;jpy; `PdHfs; gilnaLj;jdH.

Njhukhdd; Ml;rp Ghpe;j gFjp - cj;juhgjk;

Fg;jH fhyj;ij fpNuf;ftuyhw;wpy; nghpf;tpa]; fhyj;ijAk;> ,q;fpyhe;J tuyhw;wpy;

Kjyhk; vyprngj; fhyj;ijAk; xg;gplyhk;

Fg;jH fhyj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa ngz;ghH Gyth;fs; - rPy;> gl;lhhpfh

kpfpuFyd; eurpk;k Fg;j fhyjpj;jpah fhyj;jpy; gilnaLj;jhd;

,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk;> 18 Guhzq;fs; > gQ;r je;jpu fijfs; njhFf;fgl;lJ - Fg;j

fhyk;

Fg;jh;fshy; Nghw;wg;gl;l tlnkhopg; Gyth;fs;

fhspjhrh; vOjpa E}y;fs; - rhFe;jyk;> uFtk;rk;> Fkhurk;gtk;

rpwe;J tpsq;fpa thdtpay; mwpQH - tuhfkpfpuH

tuhfkpfpuH vOjpa thdtpay; E}y; - gQ;r rpj;jhe;jk;

kpUr;rpfbfk; vDk; N[hjpl E}iy vOjpatH - thf;gl;lH

gpuk;kFg;jH vOjpa thdtpay; E}y; - gpuk;k rpj;jhe;jk;

thj;];ahadhH vOjpa jj;Jt E}y; - Qha gh\;ak;

gjQ;ryp vOjpa E}y; - kfhgh\;ak;> tpahgh\;ak;

thf;gl;lH vOjpa kw;nwhU E}y; - m\;lhq;f fpUja rk;̀ pij

jz;bd; vOjpa E}y; jrFkhu rhpjk;> fhtp jH\k;

gz;ila fzpjtpay; ty;YeHfspy; jiy rpwe;jtH - Mhpag;gl;lH

tuhfkpfpuH tpUfj;rk;fpjhH vd;w E}ypy; Nfhs;fspd; ,af;fk;> tpisTfs; gw;wp

$wpAs;shH.

Fg;jh;fshy; Nghw;wg;gl;l Gyth;fs; - tlnkhopg;Gyth;fs;

Fg;jh; fhy Xtpaj;jpw;F v.fh. - m[e;jh Xtpak;

Fg;jh; fhyj;J fzpj mwpQh; - Mhpagl;lh;

Fg;jh;fhyj;jpya thdpah; - tuhf kpfpuh;

Fg;jh; fhyj;J Gfo;ngw;w kUj;Jt mwpQh;fs; - rufh;>RRUjh;> jd;te;jphp

Fg;jH fhy rpwg;G ngw;w fiy rpw;gf;fiy

Fg;jH fhy Xtpak; (Filtiu)- m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh> xsuq;fhghj;

m[e;jhtpy; 29 Filtiufs;. Kjy; Fiutiiuapy; Nghjprj;JtH Xtpak;

19 tJ Fifapy; - Gj;jH fgpyt[;J jpUk;Gjy; Xtpak;

16 tJ Fifapy; - kuzthapypy; ,sturp

ghf; vDk; 3tJ Fifapy; rhkuk; tPRk; ngz; (tprpwp)

Fg;jH fhy khfhz MSeH - cghpfh

khtl;l Ml;rpahsh; - tpragjp

,e;J rka kWkyHr;rp fhyk; - Fg;jH fhyk;

Guhzk; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ - Fg;jH fhyk;

Fg;jH fhyj;jpy; mwpKfkhf rpfpr;ir Kiw - mWit rpfp;r;ir Kiw



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Fg;jH fhy fl;llq;fs; cs;s ,lk; - jpNahfH> gpjHfhd;

ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;ij cUthf;fpath; - Fkhu Fg;jh;

rhjpKiw kpff;fLikahdJ> caph;gyp fhzg;gl;lJ> Nts;tpfs; nra;ag;gl;lJ - Fg;jh;

fhyk;

rptd;rf;jp> tp\;Z> Fkud;KUfd; topghLfs; ngUfpaJ - Fg;jh; fhyk;

nghw;fhyk; vdf; fUjg;gLtJ - Fg;jh;fs; fhyk;

Fg;jg; NguuR tPo;r;rpf;F fhuzkhf gilnaLg;G - `Pdh;> G\;akpj;jpuh; Nghd;w me;epah;

gilnaLg;G

Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j rPdg; gazp - ghfpahd; (fp.gp. 399- 414)

,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jh; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j rPdg;gazp - ghfpahd;

ghfpahd; tUifapd; Nehf;fk; - ngsj;j jsq;fisf; fhz

tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ltd; - ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jh;

`H\H rfhg;jk;

Fg;j Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg;gpwF tl,e;jpahtpy; kPz;Lk; xU Nguuir cUthf;fpath; -

`h;\th;j;jdh;

Fg;jHfspd giljsgjpahf tpsq;fpatd; - G\;aG+jp

G\;aG+jpapd; kfd; gpughfutHj;jdH( 550- 605)

gpughfutHjdhpd; NtWngaH - gpujhg rPyH

tHj;jdH tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; Kf;fpa murH gpughfutHjdH

gpughfutHjdhpd; %j;j kfd; ,uh[;atHj;dH

gpughfutHjdhpd; ,isa kfd; - `H\H

gpughfutHjdhpd; ,is kfs; - ,uh[;a=

gpughfutHjdpd; kidtp - aNrhkjp

`Pdhfshfpa khd; $l;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf rpq;fk; Nghy tpsq;fpatH - gpughfutHj;jdH

,uh[;a= f;F =jdkhf nfhLf;fg;gl;l gFjp - fd;Ndhrp

,uh[;a= apd; fztH nksfhhp kd;dd; - fpuftHkd;

fpuftHkid nfhiy nra;jtd; khst kd;dd; - NjtFg;jd;

gpughfutHjdH ,wg;G - fp.gp. 605

,uh[;a tHj;jdH mhpaiz Vwpa Mz;L - fp.gp. 605

,uh[;a tHj;jdiu nfhiy nra;jtd; - nfsl ehl;L rrhq;fd;

jhNd];tuj;jpd; murh; - `h;\th;j;jdh; ( fhyk; 606-647)

`h;\h; ePz;lfhyk; Nghh;Ghpe;jJ - rrhq;fDld;

`H\iu Njhw;fbj;J guNk];tud; vd;w gl;lj;ij #l;bf;nfhz;ltd; - 2k; GypNfrp

(eHkij ejpg;Nghhpd; fp.gp. 636y; )

`h;\Uf;F Nghhpy; cjtp Ghpe;jth; - fhk&g kd;dh; ( m];]hk; kd;dh;) gh];futh;kd;

`h;\hpd; jq;if -- uh[;=

uh[;=apd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f `h;\h; kd;duhdJ ‘fd;Ndhrpapy;‛

`H\hpd Kjy; Ntiy ,uh[;a=ia kPl;ly;

`H\H rhjid fhk&g ty;ygp kd;dd; gh];fu utp tHkDld; cwT nfhz;lJ

`H\H jdJ kfis ty;ygp kd;dd; 2k; JUt NrdDf;F jpUkzk; nra;jhd;

`h;\hpd; jiyefuhf tpsq;fpaJ - fd;Ndhrp

`h;\iuj; Njhw;fbj;j rhSf;fp kd;dh; - ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp



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`h;\h; gpd;gw;wpa rkak; - ngsj;j kjk;

`h;\h; ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F <h;f;fg;gl fhuzkhdth;fs; - uh[;=> Athd;Rthq;

`h;\h; fhyj;jpy; $l;lg;gl;l ngsj;j rka khehLfs; eilngw;w ,lk; - fd;Ndhrp>

gpuahif

ngsj;j gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;gJ -- ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofk;

`h;\h; Mjuthy; cyfg;Gfo; ngw;w gy;fiyf;fofkhf tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ - ehse;jh

gy;fiyf;fofk;

`h;\hpd; mikr;rh; - ghzh; (rk];fpUjnkhop mwpQh;)

`H\H Muk;gj;jpy; rptid topg;gl;lhH

`h;\H fhy rpwe;j rkak; - k`hahd Gj;j rkak;

fp.gp. 643 y; fd;Ndhrp Gj;jrka khehL Athd;Rthq;if fTutpf;f

fd;Ndhrp khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;ltd; - 2k; JUtNrdd; khehl;by; 23 ehs; ele;jJ

Nkhrg; ghp\j; / fd;Ndhrp khehl;bd; NtWngaH - fd;Ndhrp khehL Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;;jJ

mLj;J myfhgj; khehL/ gpuahif /khehL kfh Nkh\ghprj; 643y; 75 ehs; eilngw;wJ>

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MFk;

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`H\H fhy fhyhl; gil jsgjp - rpk;kehlH

`H\H fhy ahid giljsgjp - ];lfe;j Fg;jH

`H\H fhy Mtz fhg;gfk; - epNyhgpJ

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2 Mz;Lfs; ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy ;rk];fpUjk; gapd;whH.

641 y; ,uz;lhk; Gypf;Nfrp muritf;Fk;> Kjyhk; ehrpk;ktHk mitf;F nrd;whH

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Athq; Rthq; - rPdh ehl;ilr; rhh;e;jth;



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tl,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j filrp NguuR - `h;\g; NguuR

F\hz muir epWtpah; - Kjyhk; fhl;gpr]; ( F[Pyhufh fl;igr];)

fdp\;fhpd; jiyefh; - ng\hth; (,) GU\Guk;

jhNd\;tuj;jpd; murh; - `h;\h;

Fg;jh;fspd; fhyk; - ,e;jpahtpd; nghw;fhyk;

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