K.B. Sayeed - Politics in Pak - The Nature & Direction of Change

8/17/2019 K.B. Sayeed - Politics in Pak - The Nature & Direction of Change

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INDIANA UNIVERSll ;

UBRARIES

BLOOMiNGTON

.....

POLITICS

IN

H

PAKISTAN~

The Nature and

Direction

of

Change

Khalid B. §ayeed

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Library of Congress Cataloging

in

Publication Data

Sayeed,

Khalid B

Polit ics in

Pakistan.

Includes index.

1.

Pakistan--Politics

and

DS384 S29

954.9 1

ISBN

0-03-041811-9

government.

80-13625

I

Title.

Published

in

1980 by Praeger Publishers

CBS Educational and Professional Publishing

A Division of CBS Inc.

52

Fifth Avenue New York New York 10017 U.S.A.

© 1980 by Praeger Publishers

ll rights reserve

0123456789 145 98765432

for anet

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ii

LIST

OF

T BLES

t

5

BHUTTO S POPULIST MOVEMENT AND THE

BONAPARTIST STATE

84

2 1

Approximate Percentage o Industrial Assets, by Community, 1959

47

The Bonapartist State

89

2.2

Increase in Investment for the Top 12 Major Industries, 1955-60

48

Agrarian Reforms

91

3 1

Estimates o Persons Below the Poverty Line in Rural Areas

60

Nationalization

o

Industries

95

3.2

Estimates

o

Persons Below the Poverty Line in Urban Areas

61

Labor Policy

99

4 1

Background

o Civil

Service Officers in Influential Positions, 1965-70

72

Autocracy and Coercion in the Name o National Interest

103

4.2 Per Capita Gross Domestic Product in East and

West

Pakistan,

Notes

110

1959-60, Constant Prices

78

5 1

Comparison

o

State Government Under Ayub and Bhutto

90

6

PAKISTAN S CENTRAL GOVERNMENT VERSUS BALUCHI

AND

PAKHTUN ASPIRATIONS

113

5.2

Estimated Redistribution

o

Cultivable Land

93

5.3

Private and Public Sector Industrial Investment

95

Conflict between Growing Baluchi Aspirations and the

5.4

Employees in Major Groups and Industries in Pakistan, 1970-71

99

entral Government

114

5.5

Police and Security Expenditure

108

akhtun Regionalism or Subnationalism

121

I

6 1

Gross Regional Product and Per Capita Gross Regional Product,

I

otes

137

by Province, 1968-69

123

I

124

i

6.2

Regional Distribution o Large-Scale Industry, 1969-70

I

MASS

URBAN PROTESTS

AS

INDICATORS OF POLITICAL

I

7

139

6.3

Electoral Strength

o

Parties in the North-West Frontier Province,

ii

HANGE IN PAKISTAN

1970-71

125

I ·

Urban Protests against the Ayub Regime

143

7 1

Population

o

Cities, 1961 and 1972

141

Urban Unrest

o

the Early 1970s

152

7.2

Urban Distribution, West Pakistan, 1961, and Pakistan, 1972

141

1977 Urban Conflict against Bhutto

157

7.3 Labor Force by Major Occupation Groups, 1974-75 142

Notes

164

7.4

Number o Registered Trade Unions and Their Membership

in Pakistan

142

8

THE NATURE AND DIRECTION OF POLITICAL CHANGE

I

7.5

Enrollment o Students, 1971-76

143

Ii

IN PAKISTAN

166

7.6

Percentage

o

Votes

Won

by Parties in Punjab and Sind in

iii

robabilities o Urban and Rural Unrest

170

I

the 1970 Elections

152

jl

Conservative Response o the Military Regime

178

7.7

PNA Processions, March-July 1977

158

Iii

otes

188

8 1

Real Growth, by Sector, 1971-72

to

1976-77

171

li

8.2

Employment, FY 1967 and FY 1975

171

90

I

NDEX

8.3

Labor Force Emigration from Pakistan

172

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

195

I

8.4

Income Distribution in Rural and Urban Areas, 1971-72

182


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·· \..

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32

/RAN

64

P KIST N

64

AFGHAN/STAN

R BI N

SEA

7

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IND/A

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PEOPLE S

REPUBUC

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International boundary

- · -

rovince

boundary

O Notional capitol

rovince c pitol

• ther lities

24

THE

ORIGINS OF PAKISTAN

ND

ITS RULING ELITES-

N HISTORICAL EXPL N TION

In the eyes of most Westerners, Pakistan, whether regarded as an Islamic

state or a Muslim state,

1

was an abeua.tion from the norm. It was expected

that

the modern forces unleashed during the twentieth century, largely under the

auspices of colonial powers like the British, the French, and others, were such

that the newly independent states in Asia and Africa would tend to be secular

and, if possible, even liberal and democratic. Thus many in Europe and North

America were surprised that the Muslim-majority provinces and territories of

India - West Punjab, Sind, the North-West Frontier, Baluchistan, and East

Bengal - had broken away from India to constitute themselves into Pakistan

with the primary purpose of protecting the rights and interests of its Muslim

citizens and promoting an Islamic way of life.

This historical analysis of British colonial policies and the kinds of dominant

groups that emerged during the colonial period is largely confined

to

areas like

Punjab, Sind, the North-West Frontier, and Baluchistan because these areas

constitute Pakistan as it exists today,

that

is, after the establishment of the

separate state

of

Bangladesh in 1971. In another chapter explanat ions are given

for the causes

that

led

to

the separation

of

East Pakistan and thus

to

the breakup

of the former state of Pakistan in 1971. However, an historical analysis of

British policies in northwestern India (which constitutes P iiK:islaiitoday) amf

thekinct tot7u1i 'ngel ite"s11m·"'~~e·~g cl" s~'~e~~;7i ;~g;li tes from

~~t..,..~kl'si lm 'lenctect ~~-i'e' ''t Fi'; 'p;ff~y~~king structures of the whole of

Pakistan

as

it existed from 194 7

to

1971.

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TABLE 6.3

Electoral Strength of Parties

in

the North-West

Frontier

Province, 1970-71


67/102

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National

ssembly Elections

Votes

Obtained

Qaiyum Muslim League (QML)

National A wami party (NAP)

Jamiatul Ulama-i-lslam JUI)

Pakistan People's

party

(PPP)

J amaat-i-lslami

Independents

Other parties

Total

percent)

325,884

22.6)

266,282

18.4)

366,471

25.4)

205,593

14.2)

103,935

( 7.2)

86,488

( 6.0)

74,002

1,428,655

Provincial ssembly

Elections

Qaiyum Muslim League (QML)

National Awami party (NAP)

Jamiatul Ulama-i-lslam JUI)

Pakistan People's party (PPP)

Independents

Other parties

Total

i

Seats Woll

7

3

6

7

25

1

l

eats

Wo1

10

13

4

3

6

4

40

liJ

]f

1,

Source:

These figures have been derived from G.

W.

Choudhury,

The Last

Days

oJ

United Pakistan

(Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1974), pp. 128-29,

an~l

1

1

Javed K. Bashir, N.

W.F.P.

Elections of 1970. n Analysis (Lahore: Progressive Publisher~

1973),

p.

14.

11

JI

11

I

125


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K.B. Sayeed - Politics in Pak - The Nature & Direction of Change

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