312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER ONE MOKASA MARKING SCHEME, TERM 1 2019. Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) SECTION A 1(a) What is the solar system? (2marks) - The composition of the sun, the planets and other heavenly bodies orbiting around the sun. (b) State three characteristics of the crust. (3marks) - Made up of solid or brute rocks - Divided with continental and oceanic crust / sisal and sima. -The oceanic crust support oceans / inner crust. -The continental crust has rigid / brittle solid rocks -The oceanic crust has plastic like / flexible rocks - The continental crust floats on ocean crust. - Continental crust is rich in silca and aluminium. - The continental crust has lighter rocks / 2.7 gms/cc -The continental crustal has granitic rocks. -The oceanic crust has silica and magnesium. -The oceanic crust has mainly basaltic rocks - The ocean crust is denser / 2.8 gmice-3.0gm/cc (any 3 x 1 = 3marks) 2. The diagram below shows a weather measuring instrument. Use it to answer the questions that follow: Page 1 of 16
Transcript
312/1
GEOGRAPHY PAPER ONE MOKASA MARKING SCHEME, TERM 1 2019.
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE)
SECTION A
1(a) What is the solar system? (2marks)
- The composition of the sun, the planets and other heavenly bodies orbiting around the sun.
(b) State three characteristics of the crust. (3marks)
- Made up of solid or brute rocks
- Divided with continental and oceanic crust / sisal and sima.
-The oceanic crust support oceans / inner crust.
-The continental crust has rigid / brittle solid rocks
-The oceanic crust has plastic like / flexible rocks
- The continental crust floats on ocean crust.
- Continental crust is rich in silca and aluminium.
- The continental crust has lighter rocks / 2.7 gms/cc
-The continental crustal has granitic rocks.
-The oceanic crust has silica and magnesium.
-The oceanic crust has mainly basaltic rocks
- The ocean crust is denser / 2.8 gmice-3.0gm/cc (any 3 x 1 = 3marks)
2. The diagram below shows a weather measuring instrument. Use it to answer the questions that follow:
(i) Identify the instrument (1mark)A cup anemometer
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(ii) Describe how the instrument is used to measure the weather element. (4marks)- It is used to measure the speed of the wind- The instrument has four hemispherical shaped metal cups which are attached to
metal arms a vertical shaft metal.- As the wind blows, the metal cups will rotate freely and the number of rotations
are recorded on a meter to give the speed of the wind in knots.
3(a) A part from normal factors identify three other types of faults. (3marks)
(any 2x1 = 2marks)4(a) Define earthquakes. (2marks)An earthquake is a sudden and rapid earth movement caused by vibrations in the crustal rocks.b) State three physical causes of earthquakes (3marks)- Movement of tectonic plates at compressional or extension boundaries.- Granitative pressure / force of gravity-Magma movements within the crustal rocks / vulcanicity.-Energy release from the mantle
(any 3 x 1 = 3marks)5 (a) A part from exfoliation, name two other physical weathering processes influenced by temperature changes. (2marks)
(b) Describe exfoliation process (3marks)Exfoliation occurs within rocks of uniform structures mainly in arid and semi-arid areas.-During the day, temperatures are high and the rocks are heated on the surface and the inner part is cooler making the rock surface to expand.-During the night, temperatures are lower and the rocks will cool and contract on the surface.-Continued expansion and contraction makes the rock surface to develop cracks which will finally break and peels off in cured sheets, this is exfoliation.
SECTION B6. Study the map of Taita Hills 1:5000 (sheet 189/4) provided and answer the following questions
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(a)(i) What is the bearing of the peak of Mwatung hill in grid square 3214 from water tank in grid square 2619?-134o _+ 1o (133o -135o)(ii) Give the latitudinal and longitudinal position of the south East corner of the map extract.-Latitude – 3o30’s-Longitude – 38o30E (2marks)(iii) Calculate the area of Taita sisal Estates.Complete square – 2Incomplete square – 9Are = 2 + 9/2=2+ 4.5= 6.5 km2 (_+ 0.5= (6.0 -7.0)km2 (2marks)(b)(i) Give three types of natural vegetation found in the area covered by the map-forest-scrub-woodland-scattered trees-thicket
(3marks)(ii) Identify two forms of land transport found in the area covered by the map.
- All weather road loos surface- All weather loose surface- Motor able tracks- Foot paths / other tracks
(c) (i) Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 40 meters, draw a cross section along northing 19 from Easting 33 to tasting 40. (4marks)(ii) On the cross section, mark and name the following.
- A steep slope- River- Hill
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(3marks)(d) (i) Describe the distribution of settlements in the area covered by the map
- There are many settlements in the central and western part of the map-There are nucleated settlements around shopping centers / market.- There are few settlements in the areas covered by scrub vegetation.-There are few/no settlements along steep slopes /ridges/escarpments.-There are many settlements along the road/motor able tracks.-There are few settlements along the rivers.-There are few/no settlements in the forested areas.-There are no settlements in the sisal estate.-There are sparse settlements in the south east.
(5marks)(ii) Citing evidence from the map, give two economic activities carried out in the area covered by the map other than sisal farming. (2marks) Economic activity Evidence
7 (a) What is vegetation (2marks)It is the total mass of plant life that occupies a given area. (2marks)ii) Differentiate between natural vegetation and secondary vegetation. (2marks)
Natural vegetation is the plant cover that grows widely on the earth’s surface without interference from moon and has animals while secondary is the plant cover existing in a place on its own but which people have interfered with directly and indirectly.
(2marks)(b)The map below shows some vegetation regions of the world. Use it to answer question below,
(i) The grassland region markedA - SavanahB -PampasD -SteppesE -DownF - Prairies. (5marks)
(ii) The type of vegetation found in the area marked C.C- Coniferous forests. (1mark)
(c) Describe the characteristics of the tropical rainforest. (1mark) The forest consist of mixed variety of tree species. The forest are evergreen since the trees shed their leaves at different times of the
year. The trees have leaves/drip tripped leaves and they leave long to nature. The forests has little or no undergrowth and has numerous liana/climatic
paints/epistyles Some of the trees have huntress roots The forests has that form canopies with three distinct layers. The trees are tall with large. Trees special are mainly hardwood and take long to nature.
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(d) Explain four ways in which the desert vegetation adapt to the environmental conditions of the region.- Some plants have small / thick –skinned/spiny leaves.- Some plants have tap roots to tap water from the underground.- Plants seeds remain dormant for a long time before the start of the rains to germinate.- Some plants have thick or hard barks to reduce transpiration.- In absence of moisture some plants wilt but have quick recovery.- Some plants have thorns to protect themselves against browsing animals.-Some plants are quick sprouting to take advantage of the short lived desert rains.- Some plants have underground bulbs to survive the long droughts.8. (a) (i) What is underground water. (2marks)- Body of water found in the pore space of a permeable rock layer underground and above an impermeable rock layer.
(iii) Explain how the following factors has influenced the presence of underground water.
Amount of rainfall (2marks) High rainfall over a long period of time has led to more infiltration leading to a lot of underground water.
Vegetation cover (2marks)Plenty of vegetation cover on the ground reduces surface runoff/hold the rain water on the ground for long allow infiltration causing a lot of underground water.
Slope gradient. (2marks)Gentle gradient allow more water infiltration into the ground leading to availability of more underground water.
(b) (i) What is an artesian basin? (2marks)- This is a saucer –shaped shallow depression consisting of a layer of permeable rock layer lying beneath two impermeable layers and a part of the permeable rock layer is exposed to the surface along the edges of the basin.(ii)State three conditions that lead to the formation of an artesian basin. (3marks)
The Aquifer should be sandwiched between two impermeable rock layers to hold water.
The aquifer should outcrop in a region of high rainfall / adequate supply of water.
The permeable rock must form a syncline for water to have enough pressure to outflow naturally.
The permeable rock layer must be exposed to the on or both side for water to percolate downwards.
(Any 3x1 = 3marks)
(c) (i) Identify three factors which influence the formation of karst features. (3marks) Presence of a thick line stone / chalk/dolomite to allow solubility by rain water. Hard and well –jointed limestone/chalk rock to allow water to percolate.
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Hot and humid climate / high temperature and rainfall for chemical weathering. Deep water table to form underground Karst features.
(Any 3x1 = 3marks)(ii) State four significance of Karst regions (4marks)
Karst regions from unique scenery attracting tourists Limestone rocks are raw materials for cement manufacturing industries. Karst regions have their soils suitable for grazing of sheep. Limestone rocks are used in building construction industry. Limestone leased in smelting of iron for iron ore and steel industries.
(Any 4 x 1 =4marks)(d) Your class is planning to carry out a field study in a Karst landscape.(i) Give two reasons why it is important to seek permission from the school authorities.
Form official requirements To enable administration carnage for transport To enable administration provide essential tools. To enable administration take care of any disruption in the school programmes.
(Any 2 x 1 = 2marks)(ii) Identify three challenges that you are likely to encounter during field study (3marks)
Attack by wild animals / snakes Harsh weather conditions like high temperature Rugged therein makes movement difficult Fatigue due to walking for long distances Getting lost in the steep landscape Inadequate time for data collection Injuries from sharp rocks
(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)9. Differentiate between moraines and fluvial glacial deposit (2marks)Moraines are all materials transported and deposited by ice while the fluvial-glacial deposits by ice while the fluvial-glacial deposits are materials transported and deposited by melt waters from ice.(b) Explain three factors which influence glacial erosion (6marks)- Presence of rock materials; the rock materials carried by the moving ice is used by the ice to erode through abrasion.- The speed of the glacier / ice fast moving glacier- Has greater ability to erode than slow moving glacier- The weight of the glacier / ice the heavier the glacier, the more effective it is to eroding through abrasion.- Nature of rocks/ rock resistance, resistant rocks- Takes longer to erode by the ice/glacier that the soft/joint rocks.- Soft rocks are easily eroded / removed by abrasion than the resistant rocks.
(c)Describe the formation of the following glacial features.(i) Corrie (6marks)
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- With increasing snow fall, ice accumulates in a pre-existing depression on a glaciated mountain.
- The ice freezes in rock joints / cracks at the bottom of the depression- Glacial plucking takes place with the ice freezing in the cracks, widening them and
breaking the rocks.- The melt water removes the weathered materials deepening the hollow- Melt water also freeze into cracks on the back wall and through the process of basal
sapping rocks are removed, maintaining a steep back wall.- The floor of the basin is further deepened by abrasion using both materials from the
back wall and the basin floor.- The rock debris on the floor are then removed add deposited at the edge of the basin.- When the ice thaws, it reveals a basin resembling an arm-chair - This is a cirque
(ii) A crag and Tail (5marks) A hard/resistant rock occurs on the path of moving ice. A moving glacier passes over and around the resistant rock The ice plucks off /erodes weak rock fragments from the upper side of the rock The resistant rock protects the weak rocks on the lower / downstream side from erosion. Some eroded materials are also deposited on the lower/downstream side are smoothened. A feature with a resistant rock protecting soft rocks on the leeward side is formed. The resistant rock is the crag while the soft rock is the tail.
(d) Explain three significance of lakes to human activities. (6marks)- Some lakes have fish, promoting fishing thus providing food / earning income/improving
living standards of the people- Some lake contain salts like soda ash which is mined sold to earn income/used in
industries.- Some lakes contain fresh water which is used for domestic use / irrigation /industrial use- Some lakes are scenic sites and are used for recreation/helping people to relax/fetch
income from tourism.- Some lakes created by man are used for generation of H.E.P/recreation activities fishing.- Some lakes acts as reservoirs, regulating the flow of rivers and ensure they flow all the
time.- Some lakes have sand that is harvested for building and construction- Some lakes are used for transport example lake Victoria- Some lakes harbor crocodiles/mosquitoes which are danger to human life.- When excess rain falls, some lakes flood the nearby area, destroying settlements and
farms. (6 marks)
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10. (a)(i) Define the term ocean. (2marks) A large and extensive body of saline water occupying a basin between continents.
(ii) State three conditions for the development of a beach. (3marks)o A gently sloping shoreo Shallow shoreo Breaking waves should have a strong swash a weaker back wash.o Waves should carry a large load of material to be deposited. (3marks)
(iii)Describe how wave erosion takes place through corrasion. (3marks) Waves hurl against the rock face/cliff using the rock fragments it is carrying. This cause some rocks pieces to fall off from the cliff/rock face. The load is moved on the sea floor by the backwash and erode the sea by grinding
(b) With the aid of well labeled diagrams describe how a stump is formed.(9marks)
Side of a headland is eroded through abrasion and hydraulic action. This leads to the formation of a cave The cave is further enlarged by erosion leading to the formation of a narrow tunnel
know as an arch. Erosion by Abrasion and hydraulic actions on the arch makes it to collapse. This leads to formation of an isolated pillar seaward end called a stack. Wave erosion attacks the stack reducing it in size The reduced small sized rock pillar is called a stump. (5marks)
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(c) Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
(i) Identify the type of coast represented by the diagram. (1mark)- Emerged Highland Coast.(ii) State four factors influencing the development of the above type of coast shown by the diagram. (4marks)
A reduction in the sea water due to rainfall/formation of ice due to temperature. Tectonic movement which broaden the sea/ocean basin Uplifting of the coastal land Isostatic recovery
d) Explain three significance of coastal features of human activities. (6marks) Fiords with deep well sheltered natural harbors have resulted to the development of ports. Fiords provide good breeding grounds for fish promoting fishing. Features such lagoons, coral reefs, cliffs form beautiful scenery attracting tourists
promoting tourism. Coral reefs are sources of coral limestone which is extracted and used to in cement
manufacture promoting building and construction Many coastal plains are used for settlement and construction of transport routes.
