Kdrri case study report nepali 2009 low res

Nepal Red CrossSociety, Kailali

36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Humanitarian Aid

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0faf6

x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg

s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?

km]a'|j/L,@))(

gbL ls

gf/ ;

+/If0 s

fo{

n]vsM

w'|j /fh uf}td

:jtGq cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf k/fdz{bftf

email: [email protected]

;'bz{g vgfn

ljBfyL{, jg tyf jftfj/0f cWoog :s"n

on ljZjljBfno, ;+o"Qm /fHo cd]l/sf

ljz]if of]ubfg M

pNnf 8f]G;, r]t axfb'/ tfdf·, ;fu/ kf]v|]n, lxdfn cf]emf

kmf]6f] M ;fu/ kf]v|]n, r]t axfb'/ tfdf·, lxdfn cf]emf, w'|j /fh uf}td / pNnf8f]G;

;Dkfbs M s[i0f clwsf/L

cfj/0f t:jL/ M ;d'bfo:t/sf] 5nkmn

leqL cfj/0f M gbL lsgf/ ;+/If0f sfo{

leqL k5fl8 M jfnjflnsfn] ;"rgf ;fdfu|LnfO{ cjnf]sg ub}{

clGtd cfj/0f -z'?jft af6_ M ;Lk ljsf; tflnd, ;fO/g– k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u, nfO{km Hofs]6sf] d2taf6

p4f/ ul/+b}, uflj;sf] ;xof]udf 8'̈ fsf]] tof/L, hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefusf k|fljlwsx?;šusf] 5nkmn, gbL lsgf/

;+/If0f sfo{ .

l8hfOg / k|sfzg M dfO08 ;]o/ ;~rf/ k|f= ln=

k|sfzs M d;L{ sf]/ g]kfn, nlntk'/, g]kfn .

o; k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt ljrf/x?n] o'/f]k]nL cfof]u;šu s'g} klg ;DaGw /fVb}gg\ / o; k|ltj]bgsf ;"rgf tyf

hfgsf/Lx?sf] k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf klg cfof]usf] lhDd]jf/L /xg]] 5}g .

ljifo ;"rL

k|fSsyg s

cfef/ v

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z u

!= ;Gbe{ !

@= ljlw @

#= x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgf -;g\ @))%–@)!%_ @

$= x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] k|fylds nIox? xfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfsf of]ubfgx? #

$=! k|fyldstf ! #

$=@ k|fyldstf @ %

$=# k|fyldstf # *

$=$ k|fyldstf $ !#

$=% Kf|fyldstf % !^

%= x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts nIox? xfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfsf of]ubfgx? !&

%=! /0fgLlts nIo ! !&

%=@ /0fgLlts nIo @ !*

%=# /0fgLlts nIo # !*

tflnsfx?

tflnsf ! M ;d'bfo / uflj;df /x]sf] 3/ ;ª\Vof / hghfltsf] l:ylt !

tflnsf @ M k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltx?sf] n}ª\lus tyf hftLo ;+/rgf #

tflnsf # M ljleGg If]qdf cfpg] af9Lsf] cg'dflgt ;do ^

tflnsf $ M vt/fdf /x]sf] kfgLsf] ;tx ^

tflnsf % M ljleGg tflndx?df ;xefuLx?sf] ;ª\Vof !!

tflnsf ^ M Go"gLs/0fsf] sfo{, ;fd'bflos g;{/L / j[If/f]k0fsf] cj:yfrL !$

Foreword

s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgfaf6

x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg;DaGwL 36gf cWoog

k|sfzg ug{ kfpšbf d;L{ sf]/ g]kfnnfO{ Hofb} v'zL

nfu]sf] 5 . of] 36gf cWoog o"/f]k]nL cfof]usf] dfgjLo

;xfotf ljefusf ] blIf0f Plzofsf nflu rf}yf ]

sfo{of]hgfcGtu{t d;L{ sf]/ g]kfn / g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO6L, s}nfnL zfvf4f/f ;~rflnt s}nfnL k|sf]k

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgfsf] glthf xf] . of]

36gf cWoog :jtGq cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf k/fdz{bftf

w'|j /fh uf}tdn] tof/ kfg'{ ePsf] xf] . o; cWoogdf on

ljZjljBfno, jg tyf jftfj/0fLo cWoog :s"nsf ljBfyL{

;'bz{g vgfnsf] klg ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; 36gf

cWoogsf] nflu o"/f]knL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xfotf

ljefusf] cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof], ;fy;fy}

dl;{ sf]/ g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ kl/of]hgf 6f]nLsf] ;xof]u klg

cWoogsf] qmddf k|efjsf/L /x]sf] lyof] .

of] 36gf cWoogn] kl/of]hgfaf6 cl3 ;fl/Psf d"ne"t

p2]Zox?sf] d"Nofª\sg gu/]/ kl/of]hgfåf/f ;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx?af6 x\o"uf]

sfo{of]hgfdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgnfO{ d'Vo ljifoj:t' agfPsf]

5 . ;g\ @)!% ;Dd k|sf]k;DjGwL dfgjLo, ;fdflhs,

cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo c;/x? sd ub}{ ljZjnfO{ k|fs[lts

k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft ug{ ;+;f/el/sf !^* j6f /fi6«n] bzjif]{

x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g\ . hfkfgsf]

x\o"uf]df ePsf] ljZj ;Dd]ngn] o; sfo{of]hgfnfO{ kfl/t

u/]sf] 5 / of] g} k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] lbzfdf

ljZjs} dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h ag]sf] 5 . d;L{ sf]/åf/f

;~rflnt sfo{qmdx?af6 ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šusf]

;dGjo dfkm{t x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf d"ne"t l;4fGtx?nfO{

k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx?n] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]

5 . xfdLnfO{ s] ljZjf; 5 eg] :yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o

ljsf; ;fem]bf/dfkm{t x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf

yk ;xof]u k'¥ofpg d2t k'Ub5 .

k|fSsyg

o; 36gf cWoogn] s}nfnL lhNnfdf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx?dfkm{t x\o"uf]

sfo{of]hgfsf d"ne"t kIfx?df of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] s'/fnfO{

ljz]if lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfn] /fli6«o / :yfgLo

k|fyldstf cg';f/ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf cfwf/df k|sf]k

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ ;~rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrttf

ug{] -k|fyldstf !_, k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klxrfg, d"Nofª\sg

/ cg'udg ug]{ tyf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]

-k|fyldstf @_, 1fg, vf]h / lzIffsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;a}

txdf ;'/IffTds ;+:s[lt / k|sf]k ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf

clej[l4 ug{] -k|fyldstf #_, hf]lvdsf cfwf/e"t sf/s

tTj Go"gLs/0f ug]{ -k|fyldstf $_ / ;a} txdf k|sf]ksf]

k|efjsf/L ;Djf]wgsf nflu ;zQm k"j{tof/L ug]{ -k|fyldstf

%_ h:tf k|fylds sfo{x?sf] k"lt{ ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]

5 . o;}u/L kl/of]hgfn] lbuf] ljsf; gLlt tyf of]hgfdf

k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ -/0fgLlts nIo

!_ k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu /fli6«o

tyf ;fd'bflos tx;Dd ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg]

-/0fgLlts nIo @_ / k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;xof]usf] nflu

cfkTfsfnLg k"j{tof/L, p4f/, /fxt tyf k'g{:yfkgfsf]

k|Tofe"lt lbg hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cEof;x?nfO{ cfTd;ft

ug]{ -/0fgLlts nIo #_ h:tf /0fgLlts nIox? xšfl;n

ug{ ;d]t d2t u/]sf] 5 . d;L{ sf]/sf] tkm{af6 o:f

cWoogdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;a}k|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm

ug{ rfxfG5' . vf;u/L o"/f]k]nL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xof]u

ljefusf] blIf0f Plzofsf nflu rf}yf] sfo{of]hgf cGtu{t

d;L{ sf]/ g]kfn / g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L s}nfnL zfvf,

:yfgLo, lhNnf / /fli6«o ;/sf/L lgsfox?, l8k]sf] g]kfnsf

;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?, k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f kl/of]hgf

6f]nL / ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kl/of]hgfsf ;d'bfox? wGojfbsf

kfq x'g'x'G5 .

hf]; 8]jN8

/fli6«o lgb]{zs

d;L{ sf]/, g]kfn

skl/of]hgfaf6 x\o"uf] sfo{ of]hgfdf of]ubfgs}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?

cfef/

36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg

o; 36gf cWoogsf] k|sfzg / cfly{s ;xof]usf] nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]df / s}nfnL k|sf]k

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgfnfO{ blIf0f Pl;ofsf nflu rf}yf] sfo{of]hgfcGtu{t

cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf]df o'/f]k]nL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xfotf ljefunfO{ wGojfb lbg

rfxG5f}+ .

o; 36gf cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf ;"rgf / hfgsf/L dfq glbP/, leqL x[boaf6 ;xof]u k|bfg

ug'{x'g] s}nfnL lhNnfsf kl/of]hgf ;d'bfox? vf;u/L ljzgk'/, hf]slxofk'/, nlntk'/,

dlgsfk'/, df]xgk'/ / lzj/tgk'/;šu xfdL Hofb} cfef/L 5f}+ . of] kl/of]hgfn] x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfnfO{

s;/L of]ubfg ug{ ;s]sf] 5 eGg] a'em\g k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldlt, ;d'bfosf ;b:ox? /

;/f]sf/jfnfx?, lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{, uflj; tyf lhNnf:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] oy]i6

;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . To;sf/0f of] cWoognfO{ oy]i6 ;do, k[i7kf]if0f / ;'emfj lbP/

;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;a} ju{ / txsf ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfo wGojfbsf] kfq x'g'x'G5 .

s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgf ;+o'Qm ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{x'g] d;L{

sf]/ g]kfn / g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L s}nfnL zfvfk|lt klg xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ . 36gf

cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf lkmN8sfo{sf] ;Gbe{df / wgu9Ldf lhNnf:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šusf]

5nkmnsf] qmddf pxfšx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . of] 36gf cWoogsf]

cjwf/0ffut ;+/rgf, cWoog ljlw / d:of}bf k|ltj]bgdf yk k[i7kf]if0f / ;'emfj lbg'

ePsf]df d;L{ sf]/ g]kfn / kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkg 6f]nLnfO{ wGojfb glbO/xg ;Sb}gf}+ .

cGTodf, of] 36gf cWoognfO{ k"/f ug]{ lhDdf xfdLnfO{ lbg' ePsf]df d;L{ sf]/ g]kfnk|lt

xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ .

w'|j /fh uf}td / ;'bz{g vgfn

v

kl/of]hgfaf6 x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfgs}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?

g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L;šusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf d;L{ sf]/ g]kfnn]

s}nfnL lhNnfsf ^ j6f ;d'bfodf s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf]

5 . o; kl/of]hgfnfO{ o"/f]k]nL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xof]u

ljefusf] blIf0f Plzofsf nflu rf}yf] sfo{of]hgf cGt{ut

cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fOPsf] xf] . of] 36gf cWoog

x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] nflu nIo k|fKt ug{ s] , lsg /

s;/L o; kl/of]hgfn] of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 eGGf] af/]df

s]Gb|Lt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L / d;L{ sf]/sf

sd{rf/Lx?;šusf] 5nkmn, d'Vo ;"rgfbftf;šusf]

cGtjf{tfx?, nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn / ljZn]if0f Pjd\ :ynut

k|ltj]bgx?sf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf]

5 .

x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] k|fyldstfnfO{ xfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfsf]

of]ubfg M o; kl/of]hgfn] /fli6«o / :yfgLo k|fyldstf

cg';f/ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf cfwf/df k|sf]k hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fdf ePsf sfo{x?sf] ;~rfngsf] ;'lglZrttf

ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 -k|fyldstf !_ af9Lsf] hf]lvd / dflg;x?sf]

;ª\s6fled'vtfnfO{ sd ug{ kl/of]hgfn] k|To]s ;d'bfodf

:ki6 e"ldsf / bfloTj;lxt k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltx? /

pk;ldltx? u7g u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} Jojl:yt ;fdflhs

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] dfWodaf6 ljQLo kf/blz{tf sfod ul/Psf]

5 . cfsl:ds sf]if / ;fd'bflos k|sf]k Joj:yfkg k|of;

k|sf]khGo vt/fx?af6 aRg k"j{tof/Lsf nflu ;xof]uL

ag]sf] 5 . oL sfo{x? ug{sf nflu ^ j6f ;d'bfon]

xfn;Dd ?= &$,#))÷– art klg ul/;s]sf 5g\ .

;d'bfo:t/Lo k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgfnfO{ uflj;:t/Lo

k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgf;šu cfj4 ul/Pkl5 ;d'bfox?

of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t h'6\g]df 9'Ss

ePsf 5g\ .

of] kl/of]hgfn] ;d'bfonfO{ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klxrfg,

d"Nofª\sg / cg'udg ug]{ tyf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{

k|efjsf/L agfpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 -k|ffyldstf @_ .

x/]s ;d'bfodf ;ª\s6fled'v tyf Ifdtf ljZn]if0fsf]

dfWodaf6 ;d'bfosf] ef}lts, wf/0ffut / ;fdflhs hf]lvd

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+;

tyf ;ª\s6fled'vtfsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . hn tyf

df};d lj1fg ljefusf] lkmN8 sfof{no;šusf] ;dGjodf

;d'bfosf] nflu k"j{;"rgf lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 /

k|To]s kl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf ;d'bfox?df ;d'bfo:t/Lo

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL ;d]t :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . af9Lsf] txsf]

af/]df :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ ;"rgf lbgsf] nflu

;d'bfo:t/df c3l/of -;d'bfosf] ;"rgf cfbfg–k|bfg

ug]{ JolQm _ jf k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltn] JolQmx? 5gf}6

ul/] kl/rfng u/]sf] 5 . x/]s ;d'bfodf cfsl:ds /

k|fylds pkrf/ ;fdu|Lx? pknAw u/fO;lsPsf] 5 /

;L8LPdP kmf]g / xftn] g} rnfpg ;lsg] ;fO/gx?n]

dflg;x?nfO{ af9Lsf] hf]lvdaf6 aRg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]

5 . cfsl:ds ;dfrf/ / df};d;DaGwL a'n]l6gx? ;do

;dodf :yfgLo PkmPdx?af6 ;Dk|]if0f ul/Psf 5g\, h;n]

k|sf]k k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu lgs} k|efjsf/L ;xof]u k'u]sf]

5 .

1fg, vf]h / lzIffsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;a} txdf ;'/IffTds

;+:s[lt / k|sf]k ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ - k|fyldstf

#_ kl/of]hgfn] ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx? k|sfzg

u/L Jofks ?kdf ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . h; cGt{ut k|sf]k

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;šu ;DjlGwt lel8of] / ;8s gf6sx¿

k|b{zgL ul/Psf 5g\ . 1fgsf] Joj:yfkgdf k"j{;"rgf

k|0ffnLaf6 lgs} nfe k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . o:t}, :yfgLo hgtf,

;/f]sf/jfnfx? / ljBfyL{x? u/L sl/a Ps xhf/ hgfn]

k|sf]k ;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4sf ljleGg tflndx? k|fKt

u/]sf 5g\ . ljBfyL{ / lzIfsx? Kfl/jt{gsf ;Djfxs

ePsf]n] kl/of]hgfn] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;šu} ;+/If0f

lzIffnfO{ nlIft u/L ljBfno txdf ljleGg sfo{qmdx?

;d]t ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .

kl/of]hgfn] hf]lvdsf cfwf/e"t sf/s tTj Go"gLs/0f

ug{ -k|fyldstf $_ sd vr{df g} ug{ ;lsg] afš; /

afn'jfsf] af]/f el/Psf y}nfx?sf] k|of]u ug]{ / jfof]–

OlGhlgol/¨sf] af/]df klg hfgsf/L lbP/ ;d'bfonfO{ yk

;Ifd agfPsf] 5 . gbL] lsgf/sf] pAhfp hldg arfpg

/ jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ k|ljlwnfO{ a9fjf lbg @&,#)) ju{ld6/

u

36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg

hldgdf ljleGGf hftsf $#,))) la¿jfx? /f]lkPsf 5g\ .

o:tf sfo{x¿n] af9L, klx/f] / u|fdL0f hgtfsf] s[lif If]q

/ ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff ug{ 7"nf] ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . af9Lsf]

;dodf ;fd'bflos 8'ª\ufn] ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt u/fPsf] 5

eg] 8'jfgsf] ;dodf ;fd'bflos cf>o:ynx¿n] ;'/lIft

9¨af6 afšRg ;3fp u/]sf] 5 . o:t}, ;'/lIft dfu{sf]

lgdf{0fn] hgtfnfO{ cf>o:ynx¿;Dd k'Ug cyjf ;'/lIft

7fpšdf hfg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . jiff{ofddf :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf]

;'lglZrttf u/fpg / cg]s kfgLhGo /f]ux? A.9\g glbg

cUnf xft] kDkx?sf] k|of]u Jofks ?kdf ePsf] kfOG5 .

kl/of]hgfn] k"j{tof/Lsf lqmofsnfkx?, /fxt /

k'g:yf{kgsf sfo{df ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5

- Kf|fyldstf %_ . /fli6«o tyf lhNnf:t/df cfof]lht tflnd

/ sfo{zfnfdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfn] ;"rgf

cfbfg–k|bfg, ;|f]tsf] afš8kmfš8, gLltsf] jsfntsf] ;fy;fy}

k|fljlws / ;fª\u7lgs Ifdtf a9fpg ;xof]ul;4 ePsf]

5 . jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ k|ljlwaf6 pT;flxt eP/ ;d'bfon]

lhNnf hnpTkGg k|sf]k sfof{non] :k/x? lgdf{0f ug{sf

nflu ?= %) xhf/ 5'6\ofPsf] 5 . o;}u/L lhNnf

e"–;+/If0f sfof{non] klg jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ k|ljlw lj:tf/

ug{ % j6f ;d'bfonfO{ yk ?= &) xhf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts nIo xfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfn]

k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg M ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|sf]k

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx? ;~rfng ug{ ;jn /

;Ifd agfpg], 1fgsf] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;

ug]{ tyf ljQLo kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{ sfo{x? Pjd\ ;+:yfut

?kdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{h:tf s'/fx?n] ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf

clej[l4 u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts

nIo ! -bLuf] ljsf; gLlt tyf of]hgfdf k|sf]k hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{_ xfl;n ug{ of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 .

;d'bfo:t/df agfOPsf k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgfnfO{ ufpš

ljsf; ;ldlt -uflj;_ / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt-lhlj;_

x?;šusf] ;dGjoaf6 ;fd'bflos of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{

rflxg] ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug{ ufx|f] x'g] 5}g . o;/L :yfgLo

txsf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? /fli6«o:t/df

bLuf] ljsf; gLlt tyf of]hgf;šu PsLs[t x'g] cj:yf

5 . ;fd'bflos 8'ª\uf Pjd\ ;'/lIft 3/ tyf ;'/lIft

af6f]sf] Joj:yfaf6 ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k;šu n8\g ;Sg]

Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o;/L k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{

Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu /fli6«o tyf ;fd'bflos tx;Dd

;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg kl/of]hgfn] x\o"uf]

sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts nIo @ -k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{

Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu /fli6«o / ;fd'bflos tx;Dd

;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]_ nfO{ xfl;n ug{

d2t u/]sf] 5 . ;~hfn lgdf{0f, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{af6

kl/of]hgf If]qsf ;d'bfonfO{ k|efjsf/L k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf]

k|of]u ug{, k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k|sf]ksf] ;dodf

/fxt / ;xof]u ug{ cem yk an k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

kl/of]hgfn] ;d'bfonfO{ k|sf]k k"j{tof/Lsf cEof;dfkm{t\

pgLx?sf] Ifdtf a9fpg lg/Gt/ ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . vfB

tyf u}/vfB ;fdu|Lx?sf] ljt/0faf6 k|sf]ksf] a]nfdf

tTsfn} /fxt / ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg ;Dej ePsf] 5 .

oL ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwaf6 x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts

nIo # -k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;xof]usf] nflu cfkTsfnLg

k"j{tof/L, p4f/, /fxt tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cEof;x?nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{]_ nfO{

;fsf/ kfg{ kl/of]hgfn]] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

3


1

s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?kl/of]hgfaf6 x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg

;g\ @))& gf]e]Da/b]lv g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L;+usf]

;dGjodf d;L{ sf]/n] s}nfnL lhNnfsf rf/j6f

uflj;x?sf ^ j6f ;d'bfodf s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? gfds kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf]

5 . o; kl/of]hgfnfO{ o"/f]k]nL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xfotf

ljefun] blIf0f Plzofsf nflu rf}yf] sfo{of]hgf cGtu{t

cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo lgsfox? / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;fd'lxs

k|of;df k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxndfkm{t\ ;d'bfonfO{

;Ifd Pj+ ;'/lIft t'Nofpg' o; kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo /x]sf]

5 . kl/of]hgfn] :yfgLo Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf tflnd,

k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf ;–;fgf sfo{x?, lzIff tyf ;xhLs/0f

Pjd\ ;dGjo h:tf If]qx?df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf uflj;x? ;'b"/klZrd ljsf; If]qsf]

s}nfnL lhNnfdf kb{5g\ . oL uflj;x? @*) #$’$^=#!

b]lv @*) #)’#(=&( cIff+z / *)) $$’%(=@! b]lv *))

%)’%@=^# b]zfGt/df cjl:yt 5g\ . kl/of]hgf If]q ;d'b|

;txb]lv &) ld6/sf] prfO{df /x]sf] 5 . ljBdfg vt/

fx?, ;ª\s6fled'vtf / hf]lvddf /x]sf j:tLx? / gbL

s6fgaf6 3/ / hldg Iflt ePsf] cfwf/df kl/of]hgfn]

;d'bfox?sf] 5gf}6 u/]sf] lyof] . ljutsf] Oltxf;,

;d'bfosf] cfly{s–;fdflhs l:ylt tyf ;]jf k|bfos

;+:yfx?df pgLx?sf] kxš'r Pjd\ l5d]sL ;d'bfodf ;d]t

lrq ! s}nfnL lhNnf / kl/of]hgf If]q

k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf k|of;x?nfO{ nfu" ug{ ;lsg]u/L ;d'bfo 5gf}6 ePsf 5g\ .

kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf ;d'bfox?df (!=* k|ltzt cflbjf;Lyf? hfltsf] j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . oxFf s]xL dfqfdf ljleGgkxf8L lhNnfx?af6 a;fO{ ;/L cfPsf a|fDx0f, If]qL /blntx?sf] klg j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . jx';ª\Vos dflg;n]P]nfgL cyf{t btf{ gePsf] hUuf cfjfbL u/]sf 5g\ .cfkm\g} hldg x'g];šu klg @ s7\7fb]lv # ljufxf;Dd hUuf/x]sf] kfOG5 . k/Dk/fut kz'kfng, clwofš a6}ofaf6 hLjglgjf{x ug]{ kl/jf/sf] ;ª\Vof klg k|z:t /x]sf] 5 . w]/}h;f]o'jfx? ef/tdf Hofnfbf/Ldf sfd ug{ >ldssf] ?kdfhfg] ub{5g\ . o;/L sdfPsf] k};faf6 pgLx?n] kl/jf/sf b}lgs vfglkgsf nflu vfBfGgsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf];fy} ljleGGf rf8kj{df x'g] vr{ nufot 3/fo;L cfjZostfk"/f ug]{ ub{5g\ .

kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf ;d'bfodf af9Lsf] d'Vo vt/f /x]sf]5 . df]xgf gbL / o;sf s6}gL, v'l6of, 3'/fxfh:tf ;xfosgbLx?n] cf;kf;sf pTkfbgof]Uo hldg s6fg ug]{ u/]sf]5 . af9Ln] ubf{ dflg;x?sf]] Hofg} hfg] tyf 3/,ufO{j:t'nufot ax'd"No wg;DklQ u'dfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . af9Ln]Psflt/ ;8s, s'nf], ljBfno, :jf:Yo rf}sLh:tf k"jf{wf/x? gf]S;fg ug]{ ub{5 eg] csf]{lt/ :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf;|f]tx? tyf ;/;kmfO{df ;d]t ;d:of Nofpg] ub{5 . h;sf]kmn:j?k af9Ln] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;d:of Nofpg'sf];fy} pgLx?nfO{ ;ª\s6fled'vtftkm{ ws]n]sf] 5 . af9Ln]lgDTofpg] gf]S;fgLn] ubf{ :yfgLo dflg;x? ;w}h;f] eo/ qf;df cfkm\gf] hLjg Joltt ug{ jfWo 5g\ .

d;L{ sf]/n] kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo pknlAwx¿ / l;sfO{sfcg'ejx?nfO{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o:t/df k|;f/ ug{sfnflu 36gfd"ns cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t eP/ of] ;fdu|Ltof/ u/]sf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgn] x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgftkm{kl/of]hgfn] s] s;/L of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{;d]t phfu/ u/]sf] 5 .

!= ;Gbe{Ufflj; ;d'bfo 3/ ;ª\Vof hghflt

Yff? a|fDx0f÷If]qL blnt

>f]t M kl/of]hgf /]s8{ @))&÷)*

Kfj]/f dgsfk'/ &# &@ ) !lj;gk'/ ## ## ) )

Kf"mnjf/L nlntk'/ &* %) $ @$x;'lnof lzj/tgk'/ ^$ ^@ ! !

Df]xgk'/ &* &* ) )/tgk'/ Hff]vlxofk'/ %@ %@ ) )

s"n #&* #$& % @^

tflnsf ! ;d'bfo / uflj;df /x]sf] 3/;ª\Vof / hghfltsf] l:ylt

36gf cWoog k|ltj]bgk]ma|'c/L, @))(2

of] k|ltj]bg ^ j6f ;d'bfodf u/]sf] :ynut cWoogdf

cfwfl/t 5 . of] cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ qmddf k|ZgfjnL

/ lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/g'sf ;fy} ;DalGwt ljifodf ul/Psf

ljutsf cWoogx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] .

:ynut sfo{ yfNg' cufl8 d;L{ sf]/ / g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO6L;šu 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . :yfgLo ;d'bfon] k|sf]k

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ckgfpšb} cfPsf ;kmn k|of;x?sf]

;dLIff ul/Psf] lyof] . x;'lnofdf ePsf] kl/of]hgfsf :yfgLo

sd{rf/Lx?;šusf] ;+lIfKt e]63f6df c;n cEof; / ;kmn

syfx?h:tf dxTjk"0f{ pknlAwx?af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf]

lyof] . To:t}, lhNnf:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šu ul/Psf]

a}7saf6 cfk;L ;dGjo / ;+oGq klxrfg ug{ lgs} ;xof]u

k'u]sf] lyof] . d'Vo hflgkmsf/x?;šusf] cGtjftf{ / nlIft

;d"x 5nkmnh:tf ;xeflutfTds dfWod / ljlwsf] k|of]u

u/]/ k|fylds tYofª\sx? ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy}

h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nx? / k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltx?;šu

nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . yf? ;d'bfosf

k/Dk/fut g]tf eNfdG;f / pgsf ;xof]uL c3l/of,

pk;ldltsf ;+of]hsx?, k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf :jo+;]jsx?,

ljBfnosf lzIfs / ljBfyL{x?;šusf] s'/fsfgLaf6

pgLx?sf] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0ftkm{sf] wf/0ff a'em\g

;xof]u k'u]sf] lyof] . k|sf]k Joj:yfkg / g;{/L Joj:yfkg

;ldltx?sf ;b:o;šusf] lx+8fOn] klg ;d'bfosf] oyfy{

cj:yf a'em\g ;xof]u k'u]sf] lyof] .

x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfn] k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{x? ug{df ;/sf/ /

o;sf :yfgLo, If]qLo lgsfox? / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L

;+:yf;šusf] ;dGjoaf6 alnof] cfwf/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . x\o"uf]

sfo{of]hgf cGt{ut kfšrj6f k|fylds sfo{x? kb{5g\ .

tL x'g\–

-!_ /fli6«o / :yfgLo k|fyldstf cg';f/ ;+:yfut

;'b[9Ls/0fsf cfwf/df k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{

;~rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{] .

-@_ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klxrfg, d"Nofª\sg / cg'udg ug]{ tyf

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

#_ 1fg, vf]h / lzIffsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;a} txdf ;'/IffTds

;+:s[lt / k|sf]k ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{] .

@= ljlw

#= x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgf -;g\ @))%–@)!%_

-$_ hf]lvdsf sf/s tTj Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .

-%_ k|sf]ksf] k"j{tof/Lsf nflu k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;anLs[t

ug]{ .

x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf tLgj6f /0fgLlts nIox? /x]sf 5g\ M

-s_ lbuf] ljsf; gLlt / of]hgfdf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{

PsLs[t ug]{ .

-v_ k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu /fli6«o tyf

;fd'bflos tx;Dd ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] .

-u_ k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;xof]usf] nflu cfkTsfnLg k"j{tof/L,

p4f/, /fxt tyf k'g{:yfkgfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf cEof;x?nfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ .


3

x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] k|fyldstfxfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfsf] of]ubfg

$=

o; cWoog k|ltj]bgdf o; kl/of]hgfn] x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfn]

lnPsf cfkm\gf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ / /0fgLlts nIox?nfO{

s;/L of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 eGg]af/]df oyfy{ lrq0f u/]sf] 5 .

$=! k|fyldstf !M /fli6«o / :yfgLok|fyldstf cg';f/ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf]cfwf/df k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{;~rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{] .

s_ k|sf]k k"j{tof/L / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fultljlwx? ;~rfngsf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t;+:yfx?sf] ;anLs/0fKfl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf ;d'bfodf :yfgLo dflg;x?nfO{ k|sf]k

k"j{tof/L ;DaGwL ultljlwx?df k|f]T;fxg u/L ;d'bfodf

af9Lsf] hf]lvd sd ug{{ ̂ j6f n}ª\lus / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLk"0f{

k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltx? Uf7g ul/Psf 5g\ -tflnsf @

x]gf]{;\_ . o;sf] cltl/Qm, lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] ckfª\utf

ePsf] JolQm / Ps ljw'jf tyf Ps lgjf{lrt dlxnf endG;f

;lxtsf] k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldlt ;d]t u7g u/]sf] 5 . k|sf]k

k"j{tof/L ;ldltn] ufpš:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šu ;dGjo /

;DjGw lj:tf/ ub{5g\ . oL ;+oGqx?n] kfn};šu ;|f]tsf]

afš8kmfš8nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5g\ . o; jfx]s, nlntk'/ k|sf]k

k"j{tof/L ;ldlt / km"njf/L uflj;aLrsf] ;dGjoaf6

;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ @ hgf 8'ª\uf rfnsnfO{ ;'/lIft

Hofs]6 k|bfg ug{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] . h;af6 cfsl:ds

;dodf ;d'bfonfO{ cfjZos ;]jf lbg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .

>f]t M kl/of]hgf /]s8{ @))&÷)*

b|i6AoM af÷If]– a|fDx0f÷If]qL

tflnsf @ k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltsf] n}+lus / hghflt l:ylt

uflj; ;d'bfox? ;b:ox? hghflt

k'?if dlxnf s'n Yff? Af|f÷If] blnt s"n

km'njf/L nlntk'/ * % !# * @ # !#x;'lnof df]xgk'/ * % !# !# ) ) !#

lzj/tgk'/ ^ & !# !@ ! ) !#kj]/f lj;dk'/ ( $ !# !# ) ) !#

dgsfk'/ & ^ !# !@ ) ! !#/tgk'/ Hf]lvofk'/ * % !# !# ) ) !# s"n $^ #@ &* &! # $ &*

:ki6 e"ldsf / pQ/bfloTjsf] jf]w u/fpg / k|sf]k hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx?df a9L lhDd]jf/ u/fpg k|To]s

k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldlt cGtu{t kfšrj6f pk;ldltx? Uf7g

ul/Psf 5g\ . h;cGtu{t k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltsf] ;b:o

pk;ldltsf] kb]g ;b:o /xg] k|fjwfg 5 . o;n] k|sf]k

k"j{tof/L ;ldlt / pk;ldltx?aLr hfgsf/L / cg'ejsf]

cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'Gf] u/]sf] 5 . Ifdtf

clej[l4 tflndx? / cGt/–;d'bfo e|d0fx?Dffk{mt\ oL

;ldltx?sf] ;anLs/0f ePsf] 5 . clxn] ;d'bfo / k|sf]k

k"j{tof/L ;ldlt pgLx?;šu k|ofKt 1fg / ;Lk /x]sf] 5 eg]

tL ;ldltx?n] :yfgLo:t/df af9Lsf] hf]lvd sd ug{ /

;ª\s6fled'vtf 36fpg ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ .

v_ 1fg cfbfg–k|bfg ;+oGqsf] ljsf;o; kl/of]hgfn] 1fgsf] l;sfO{ / cfbfg–k|bfgsf] nflu

k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmdx?sf nflu

k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltx?sf a}7sn] g} ;xefuL] 5gf}6 ug]{

k|lqmofn] ;fdflhs P]Soj4tf a9fpg'sf ;fy} lje]bLs/0fnfO{

sd u/]sf] 5 / tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0fsf nflu 5gf}6

ePsf ;xefuLx?n] yfxf kfPsf gofš ;"rgf, 1fg / ;LknfO{

k"j{tof/L ;ldltsf ;b:ox?nfO{ cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ ub{5g\ .

u_ kl/of]hgfsf x/]s ultljlwx?df cfly{skf/blz{tf sfodk|To]s k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltn] ;fwf/0f t/ k|efjsf/L

pkfoaf6 cfly{s kf/blz{tfnfO{ sfod /fv]sf 5g\ . x/]s

;ldltsf] cfÎg} a+}s vftf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] vftfdf kl/of]hgf

jf lhNnfsf cGo lgsfox?af6 pkNfAw u/fOPsf] /sd

hDdf ul/Gf] ub{5 . vl/b tyf n]vf pk;ldltn] ;a} ljQLo

sf/f]jf/nfO{ kl/of]hgfsf] cfly{s lgod jdf]lhd Jojl:yt

u/]sf] 5 . ;d'bfo:t/df ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ k"0f{

?kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 h:fdf kl/of]hgfsf ultljlwx?df

x'g] ;a} vr{sf] af/]df k|f/lDes / clGtd r/0fdf Jofks

5nkmn x'g] ub{5 . x/]s dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox? / sf/f]jf/x?nfO{


;fd'bflos ;"rgfkf6Ldf tyf k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltsf

sfof{nox?sf leQfdf 6fš:g] ul/Psf] 5 . k|sf]k k"j{tof/L

;ldlt / vl/b pk;ldltsf ;b:ox? ;fdfg vl/b k|lqmofdf

;xefuL x'g] ub{5g\ . h;af6 ljQLo kf/bzL{tf / hf]lvd

afš8\g] s'/f pRr x'G5 .

3_ ;d'bfo:t/df :jLs[t gLlt lgodsf] cg';/0fk|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltx?n] k|sf]k k"j{tof/Lsf ultljlwx?

;~rfng ug{ ljleGg gLlt lgodx? Nffu" u/]sf 5g\ . gbL

lsgf/sf ;+/lIft If]q / j[If/f]k0f ul/Psf If]qdf rl/r/0f ug{

glbg k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldlt / pk;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf]

lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon]

a}7sdf l9nf] cfpg] / ;fKtflxs ?kdf ul/g] ;/;kmfO{

cleofgdf ;xefuL c:jLsf/ ug]{ ;b:ox?nfO{ hl/jfgf

ug]{ ub{5 . vf]h tyf p4f/ pk;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] Aff9Lsf]

cg'udg tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fO/g ahfpg' kg]{ bfloTj

/x]sf] x'G5 . To:t}, vl/b tyf n]vf ;ldltsf ;b:ox?

;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] ub{5g\ . ;d'bfo:t/df

:jLs[t d"No dfGotfsf] cg';/0faf6 ;d'bfox?nfO{ k|sf]k

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf d2t k'u]sf] 5 .

8=_ ;dGoflos 9ª\uaf6 ;|f]tsf] af“8kmf“8 u/Lcfsl:ds sf]if :yfkgf;dGoflos ;|f]t ;+oGqn] cfkTfsflng cj:yfsf nflu gub

tyf lhG;L ;ª\sng ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;xh agfPsf] 5 . x/]s

k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltx?n] k|sf]k k"j{tof/L / p4f/sf

ultljlwsf] ;~rfngsf nflu cfsl:ds sf]ifx?sf] :yfkgf

u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] sf]ifaf6 k|sf]ksf] ;dodf tTsfn p4f/

tyf /fxtsf nflu :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf]

5 . k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf o:tf] cfsl:ds sf]ifnfO{

cfzfsf] ls/0fsf] ?kdf ufpšn]x?n] lnPsf 5g\ . ljleGg

k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltx?nfO{ dfl;s ?kdf k|To]s kl/jf/n]

?= % b]lv !)) ;Dd / k|lt s7\7f hldgsf] Ps s]hL ux'š

;xof]u ug{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L ^ j6f kl/of]hgfsf

;d'bfox?af6 ?=&$,#)) art eO;s]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf a9L

lj;gk'/ ;d'bfon] ?= @%,&)* / ;a}eGbf yf]/} hf]vlxofk'/

;d'bfon] ?=%,(!( art u/]sf 5g\ . k|sf]k k"j{tof/L

;ldltx?n] cfsl:ds sf]ifnfO{ a9fpg ljleGg

cjwf/0ffx?nfO{ cg'z/0f u/]sf 5g\ . df]xgk'/ ;d'bfon]

jiff{ofddf 8'ª\uf ;~rfng u/]/ /sd ;ª\sng ug]{ u/]sf] 5

. o:t}, lzj/Tfgk'/ ;d'bfon] klg kmfu', b]p;L–e}nf] sfo{qmdx?

;~rfng u/L ?= %^$ ;ª\sng u/]sf] 5 . oBlk, o:tf

sfo{qmdx? k/Dk/fut ePklg kl/of]hgfsf nflu /sd

;ª\sngdf pkof]uL x'g ;Sb5 . lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] /sd

h'6fpg g;{/Laf6 lj?jf laqmL ug{] of]hgf ;d]t agfPsf] 5 .

kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf oL ^ j6f ;d'bfox?af6 k|sf]ksf]

;dodf l5d]sL ;ª\s6fled'v ;d'bfox?n] ;xof]u kfPsf

5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, hª\unL xfQLx¿n] ufpšdf cfP/

cGgafnL / 3/x¿ gi6 u/]kl5 kLl8t aGg k'u]sf l5d]sL

j;Gtf ufpšnfO{ lzj/Tfgk'/ / dgsfk'/ ;d'bfon] cfkm\gf]

cfkTsfnLg sf]ifaf6 qmdzM &@ / &% s]hL wfg pkNfAw

u/fPsf lyP . o;/L oL ;d'bfox? cfk"m;šu cfsl:ds

sf]if ePsf] sf/0f t'?Gt ;xof]u ug{ ;Ifd ePsf lyP

. lj;gk'/ k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltn] sf]zL af9LkLl8tnfO{

b'O{ lSjG6n ux'š ;xof]u ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] t/ c;f]h

dlxgfdf pgLx? cfk}m af9Laf6 kLl8t ePkl5 ;f] lg0f{onfO{

:ylut ug{ afWo ePsf lyP . o:tf k|of;x?n] pgLx?df k|sf]k

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;fd'lxs efjgfsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]Vg

;lsG5 . To:t}, oL k|of;x?n] ufpšn]x?aLr ;fdflhs P]Soa4tfsf]

efjgf hfu[t x'g ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf

kxnx?df ;fd"lxs efjgfnfO{ cem a9fpg d4t k'u]sf] 5 .

r_ ;d'bfo / uflj;:t/df k|sf]k k"j{tof/Lof]hgfx?sf] th'{dfx/]s k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltn] ;d'bfo:t/df k|sf]k k"j{tof/L

of]hgf th'{df ubf{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f, p4f/ tyf /fxtsf

sfo{, ;fd'bflos g;{/L Joj:yfkg, gbL lsgf/sf] ;+/If0f,

;'/lIft dfu{sf] lgdf{0f, gbL cg'udgsf] nflu e"ldsf

tyf pQ/bfloTjx?sf] afš8kmfš8 / k"j{;"rgf ;fdu|Lx?sf]

Joj:yfkg tyf dd{t h:tf ultljlwx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf

>L vf]h /fd rf}w/L, dgsfk'/-pkfWoIf, d'Qm sd}of ;dfh, s}nfnL_

aS; ! ;fdu|Lsf] ;xof]u eGbf ;"rgf, hfgsf/L, 1fg /

;Lk a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\;'?sf] ;dodf xfdL kl/of]hgfsf sd{rf/L;šu vf;} v';L lyPgf} . pgLx?xfdLnfO{ tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0f uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL x'g lgdGq0ff ub{y] .hasL xfd|f] OR5f kl/of]hgfn] gbL lsgf/df tf/hfnLsf] 7f]Ss/ agfP/;xof]u ul/of];\ eGg] lyof] . t/ kl/of]hgfn] ;~rfng u/]sf x/]s tflndtyf cled'vLs/0f uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL x'šbf xfdLn] :yfgLo:t/df pknAw1fg, ;|f]t / ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 s;/L k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{;lsG5 eg]/ j}slNks lqmofsnfkx?sf] af/]df a'‰g] df}sf kfof}+ . cemo:tf sfo{qmdx?df ;xefuL x'g kfpšbf tflndaf6 k|fKt 1fg s;/Lcfbfg–k|bfg ug]{, ljQLo kf/blz{tf s;/L sfod ug]{, ;|f]tsf] afš8kmfš8s;/L ;dtfd"ns agfpg] / :yfgLo txdf agfOPsf gLlt lgodx?nfO{s;/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ eGg] af/]df w]/} s'/f hfGg] df}sf kfof}+ . jf:tjdf;fdu|Lsf] ;xof]u eGbf klg ;"rgf, hfgsf/L, 1fg, ;Lk a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'g]/x]5 .


5

5g\ . o:tf of]hgfx? :yfgLo:t/df g} th'{df eO{ :yfgLo

;|f]tsf] kl/rfng u/L sfof{Gjog ePsf] oxfšsf] ;d'bfosf]

nflu of] klxnf] k6s xf] . tL of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf

uflj; / lhNnf txaf6 yk ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ pgLx?n]

cfzf /fv]sf 5g\ .

kl/of]hgfn] x/]s uflj;df ufpš k|sf]k Joj:yfkg

;ldltx?sf] u7g u/L uflj;sf of]hgfx?df ;d'bfo:t/sf

k"j{tof/Lsf of]hgfx?nfO{ cfj4 ug]{ sfo{sf] ;xhLs/0f

u/]sf] 5 . ^ j6f kl/of]hgf ;d'bfox?sf] e|d0fkl5

uflj;sf ;fem]bf/x? o; lsl;dsf] ;dGjo u/fpg

pT;flxt ePsf 5g\ . lgZro g} eljiodf ;d'bfo txsf

k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgfx? Ufflj;sf ljsf; of]hgfx?df

;dfj]z x'g]5g\ . uflj;sf ;lrjx? Uffpš k|sf]k Joj:yfkg

;ldltsf] ;+of]hssf] ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ / uflj;:t/sf]

k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgfx?sf] th{'df ubf{ ;d'bfo:t/sf

of]hgfx?nfO{ Plss[t ul/g] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . o;

k|of;n] ;fd'bflos k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgfx?sf]

sfof{Gjogdf uflj; txdf ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ 9f]sf

v'n]sf] 5 . x;'lnof uflj;n] lzj/tgk'/ k|sf]k k"j{tof/L

;ldltnfO{ 8'ª\uf lgdf{0fsf nflu ?= %,))) /sd pknAw

u/fPsf] lyof] . lzj/tgk'/af6 pTk|]l/t eO{ cGo k|sf]k

k"j{tof/L ;ldltx?n] klg cfkm\gf uflj;x?af6 /sd

Nofpg] of]hgf agfPsf 5g\ . Pp6f ;fd'bflos k|sf]k

k"j{tof/L of]hgfx? Ufflj;sf] of]hgfdf cfj4 x'g'n] tL

of]hgfx? :jtM s}nfnL lhNnfsf] of]hgfdf klg cfj4

x'g]5g\ / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] ljifo lhNnfsf

gLlt, of]hgf / sfof{Gjogx?df d"nk|jfxLs/0f x'g]5 .

;+If]kdf, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?sf] ;jnLs/0fn] k|sf]k

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;~rfng ug{, 1fg cfbfg–

k|bfgsf] ljsf; ug{, kl/of]hgfsf x/]s ultljlwx?df ljQLo

kf/blz{tf sfod /fVg tyf ;d'bfo Pjd\ uflj; txdf k|sf]k

k"j{tof/L of]hgfx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .

$=@ k|fyldstf @ M k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klxrfg,d"Nofª\sg / cg'udg ug]{ tyf k"j{;"rgfk|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .s= hf]lvdsf] klxrfg / kx'“rsf nflu 1fg /;Lksf] ljsf;kl/of]hgfn] x/]s ;d'bfodf ;ª\s6fled'v / Ifdtf ljZn]if0f

cEof;sf] dfWodaf6 ;d'bfosf] ef}lts, wf/0ffut / ;fdflhs

hf]lvd / ;ª\s6fled'vtfsf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo

hgtfn] af9LnfO{ pgLx?sf] If]qdf k|d'v vt/fsf] ?kdf

klxrfg ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . pgLx?sf] ;ª\s6fled'vtf a[l4

ug]{ d'Vo sf/0f pgLx?df /x]sf] c1fgtf, ;fdflhs cg]stf,

xf]rf] e"efu, gbL lsgf/f glhs cJojl:yt a;fO, sdhf]/

;fdflhs ;ª\u7g / k|ofKt k"j{tof/Lsf] sdL /x]sf] 5 .

o;/L ;ª\s6fled'v / Ifdtf klxrfgsf cEof;x¿af6

vt/fnfO{ sd ug]{ lbzfdf k|efjsf/L kmfObf k'u]sf] 5 .

kl/of]hgfsf ;d'bfox? af9L k|efljt If]qsf] klxrfg ug{ /

;Defljt af9Lsf] c;/nfO{ sd ug{ ;r]t ePsf 5g\ .

Ifdtf clej[l4af6 ;d'bfodf af9Lsf] lx;fjn] sd, dWod /

pRr vt/fo'Qm If]q klxrfg ug{ ;Dej ePsf] 5 .

olb af9Lsf] kfgL dWod / pRr hf]lvd If]qdf k:of] eg]

hLjg / dxTjk"0f{ wg;DklQ arfpgsf] nflu tof/Lx¿ z'?

ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;g\ @))* ;]K6]Da/sf] af9Lsf] ;dodf

:yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿n] af9Lsf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{ l;s]sf

uflj;:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] a}7s

aS; @ ;|f]tsf] vf]hL ug{ ca xfdLnfO{ 8/ 5}g

>L 5]b'/fd rf}w/L, ;+of]hs, k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldlt, hf]vlxofk'/

ha lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] x;'lnof uflj;af6 8'̈ f agfpg ;xof]u k|fKtu¥of], xfdLn] klg jfof]–OlGhlgol/Ësf] sfo{ yk 7fp“df ;~rfng ug{sfnflu uflj;;“u ;xof]u dfUg] t/v/df 5f}+ . o;af6 jf:tjdf uflj;sf];|f]tdf xfd|f] clwsf/ x'G5 eGg] klg xfdLnfO{ yfxf eof] . ha ;fd'bflosk|sf]k of]hgfx? Ufflj;:t/Lo of]hgfdf ;dflxt x'G5g\, ta ;fd'bflosk|sf]k of]]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ uflj;sf] ;|f]t k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt/xg]5 . xfdLnfO{ ;|f]tsf] vf]hL ug{ Tolt ufx|f] x'g] 5}g lsgsL uflj;:t/Lok|sf]k of]hgfsf] ;DaGw lhlj;;“u x'g]5 .


tflnsf $ vt/fdf /x]sf] kfgLsf] ;tx

>f]t M kl/of]hgf /]s8{ @))*

;Lk / 1fgx¿sf] clwstd k|of]u u/]sf lyP . :yfgLo ;d'bfo

dflyNnf] hnfwf/ If]qdf cfPsf] af9L kl/of]hgf If]qdf cfO{ k'Ug

slt ;do nfU5 eGg] af/]df ;d]t hflgkmsf/ ePsf 5g\ . hn

tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu lkmN8 clkm;;šusf] ;xsfo{df af9L

;DaGwL k"j{;"rgf tNnf]t6Lo ;d'bfosf] nflu pknAw u/fPsf]

5 . vt/fsf] ;Defjgf sd ug{sf nflu af9Lsf] ;"rgf

cg'dfg ul/Psf] ;doeGbf cfwf 306f klxn] kl/of]hgf /x]sf]

;d'bfodf Psaf6 csf]{ ub}{ km}nfOPsf] lyof] . oL ;"rgfx?n]

;dodf g} ;Dk|]if0f ePdf pgLx?nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg w]/}

;xof]uL x'g] ;d'bfon] ;f]r]sf 5g .

v= vt/f cg'udgkl/of]hgfn] vt/f cg'udgsf nflu hnfwf/ / ;d'bfo:t/Lo

cjwf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 . kfšrj6f dflyNnf]t6Lo

If]qdf jiff{dfkg s]Gb| / ^ j6f dflyNnf]t6Lo tyf tLgj6f

tNnf]t6Lo hndfkg s]Gb|sf] k|of]u u/]kl5 af9Lsf] hf]lvdx?sf]

cg'udg ug{ ;d'bfosf jfl;Gbfx? ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ .

kl/of]hgfn] tNnf]t6Lo ;d'bfox?nfO{ kfgLsf] ;txsf] af/]df

306}lkR5] tYofª\sx? pknAw u/fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldlt / k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf ;+of]hsx?n]]

dflyNnf]t6Lo jiff{dfkg s]Gb|x?;šu ;"rgf lng / To;af/]

;d'bfox?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg lhDd]jf/ ePsf 5g\ . rf/j6f

jiff{dfkg s]Gb| / rf/j6f hndfkg s]Gb|x?sf] cjnf]sg

e|d0fkl5 k|sf]k k"j{tof/L tyf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf pk;ldltsf

;b:ox? Kflg s;/L jiff{kl5 kfgLsf] ;tx a9\5, To;sf]

cg'udg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 / To;af/] s;/L ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f

x'g] ub{5 eGg]af/]df :ki6 ePsf 5g\ . ltgLx?n] jiff{sf]

;fdfGo / vt/fsf] txsf af/]df hfGg'sf ;fy} s;/L

;d'bfonfO{ k"j{tof/Lsf cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df

klg ;r]t ePsf 5g\ . -tflnsf $ x]gf]{;\_

af9Lsf] vt/fsf] af/]df ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0fsf] ;+oGq tof/ ePsf]

5 . ;d'bfo:t/df c3l/of jf k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltn]

tf]s]sf] s'g} JolQmn] af9Lsf] txaf/] cg'udg ug]{ ub{5 .

k/Dk/fut k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf cEof;x? ljkl/t sfo{ ug'{

kl/of]hgfsf] k|fjwfg xf]Og . x/]s ;d'bfodf vt/f cg'udgsf

cEof;x? km/s km/s x'g] ub{5g\ . h:t} M lzj/tgk'/

;d'bfodf ljxfg ( ah] / a]n'sf * ah] u/L lbgdf b'O{ k6s

af9Lsf] cg'udg ug{ Pp6f 6f]nL g} u7g ul/Psf] 5 eg]

lj;gk'/ ;d'bfodf ljxfg % ah], lbp;f] ! ah] / /flt ( ah]

u/L b}lgs # k6s k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf ;+of]hs cfkm}+n] af9Lsf]

cg'udg ug]{ ub{5g\ . cg'udgstf{sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu Pp6f

5ftf, Knfli6ssf] h'Qf, 6r{nfO6 / jiff{bL pknAw u/fPsf]

5 . clzlIft JolQmn] klg a'‰g] u/L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

:yfgLo cEof;x? th'{df ul/Psf 5g\ . x/]s ;d'bfon] gbL

lsgf/df kx]nf] tyf /ftf] /ª\u nufOPsf] sf7af6 lgld{t

vDafsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .

kx]+nf] lrGxdf kfgLsf] ;tx k'u]kl5 k"j{tof/L ug'{kg]{ ;ª\s]t

ub{5 eg] /ftf] lrGxdf k'u]kl5 t'?Gt ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg'kg]{tkm{

;r]t ub{5 . o:t}, k|lt 306f !!) b]lv !%) ldlnld6/ jiff{

tflnsf # ljleGg If]qdf cfpg] af9Lsf] cg'dflgt ;do

;|f]t M kl/of]hgf /]s8{ @))*

Dff]xf]gf Dfnfv]tLb]lv lj;gk'/ ( *Dfnfv]tLb]lv aG;f/ # @=%eG;f/b]lv la;gk'/ ^ %

v'6Lof v'l6of d'8L aG;f/b]lv !) (la;gk'/

Uff}/L uª\uf /fhdfu{b]lv nlntk'/ # @=%s6}gL /fhdfu{b]lv dlgsfk'/ $=@ #=%

;do

gbL :yfg cg'dflgt 306f ;'emfj lbOPsf]

aS; # ljutsf af9Laf6 xfd|f] ;d'bfodf sf]xL xtfxtgePsf]df xfdLnfO{ uj{ 5

>L 5]b'/fd rf}w/L, lzIfs x;'lnof

gbL :yfg ;/b/ af9Lsf] tx af9Lsf] r]tfjgL tx -klxnf] r/0f_ af9Lsf] r]tfjgL tx -bf]>f] r/0f_ tof/L cj:yf hfg z'? hfg]

Dff]xf]gf Dffnfv]tL @=) ld @=% ld #=$ ldv'6Lof d'8L aG;f/ @=! ld #=^ ld $=* ldlzj uª\uf /fhdfu{sf] k'n !=% ld !=* ld @=% ldu'?xf /fhdfu{sf] k'n !=@ ld !=% ld @ lds6}gL /fhdfu{sf] k'n !=* ld @=@ ld @=* ld

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;kmntd\ k|of; / ljleGg Ifdtfd"ns ultljlwx?sf] ;o+'Qmk|of;af6 kl/of]hgf If]qsf ;d'bfox?df ljut af9Lsf] ;dodf sf]xL klg xtfxtePgg\ . hasL kl/of]hgfsf] l5d]sL ufpšx?df @$ hgfsf] af9Lsf] sf/0faf6Hofg uof] . o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] :yfgLo jfl;Gbf k"0f{?kdf tof/Lsf ;fy/xg ;s]sf] v08df af9Lsf] hf]lvdnfO{ w]/} xb;Dd sd ug{ ;lsG5 .


7

af9Ldfks sf7]vDaf

ePdf dflg;nfO{ klxnf] ;r]t u/fpš5 eg] !%! b]lv @))

ldlnld6/;Dd k/]df bf];|f] / @)) ldlnld6/ eGbf a9L jiff{

ePdf t];|f] k6s ;r]t u/fOG5 . o:tf] ;r]ttf :yfgLo

PkmPd /]l8of]dfkm{t\ u/fOG5 .

u_ k"j{;"rgf ;Dk|]if0flhNnf:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šusf] ;dGjodf kl/of]hgfn]

tflnd tyf ;fdfu|L Pjd\ :yfgLo 1fgdf cfwfl/t k"j{;"rgf

k|0ffnLx?sf cEof;x?dfkm{t\ ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4df

hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . k"j{;"rgfsf ;Gb]zx? ;Dk|]if0fnfO{ ;xh

agfpgsfnflu kl/of]hgfaf6 rf/j6f tNnf]t6Lo / kfšrj6f

dflyNnf] t6Lo jiff{ tyf kfgLsf] ;tx dfkg s]Gb|df gf} j6f

;L8LPdP kmf]g / x/]s ;d'bfodf Ps÷Psj6f xftn] ;~rfng

ug{ ;lsg] ;fO/g klg pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . la=; @)^%

c;f]hdf cfPsf] af9Lsf af/]df k"j{;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug{ oL b'O{

k|ljlw lgs} k|efjsf/L ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, af9Lsf] k|sf]k

cfPsf] cj:yfdf To;af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg ;d'bfonfO{

cfjZos 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ / ;~rf/ dfWodx?sf af/]df klg

hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof] .

o:tf ;fdfGo ;+oGqx?n] klg a'9fa''9L, uef{j:yfsf dlxnf,

:tgkfg u/fpg' kg]{ cfdfx?, jfnjflnsf, ufO{j:t'nfO{

af9Lsf] hf]lvdsf] cj:yfdf ;'/lIft :yfgdf n}hfg ;lsG5

. oBlk, ;'/lIft jf;:yfgsf] b'/L, ;d'bfosf] cfsf/sf cfwf/df

pgLx?nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf n}hfg] ;do eg] km/s x'g ;S5

. h]xf];\, ^ j6} ;d'bfox? pgLx?sf ;a} ;b:ox?nfO{

To:tf vt/fsf] cj:yfdf klg ;'/lIft :yfgdf n}hfg ;Ifd

ePsf 5g\ .

;"rgf ;Dk|]if0fdf :yfgLo PkmPd /]l8of]x? lgs} k|efjsf/L

/x]sf 5g\ . kl/of]hgfn] cfkTsfnLg ;dfrf/x? tyf df};d

;DaGwL a'n]l6gx? :yfgLo ;d'bfox?df k|efjsf/L 9ª\uaf6

;Dk|]if0f ug]{ sfo{df :yfgLo PkmPdnfO{ kl/rfng u/]sf] 5 .

la=; @)^% c;f]hdf cfPsf] af9Lsf] ;dodf klg kl/of]hgf

;~rflnt ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] ;d'bfosf] cj:yfsf af/]df

PkmPd, /]l8of]x?dfkm{t\ ;DjlGwt cflwsfl/s lgsfox?df

k'¥ofpg / tTsfn /fxt ;xof]usf sfo{x? ug{ bjfa lbPsf]

lyof] . k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog

ug{sf nflu :yfgLo ;~rf/ dfWodx?;šu ;xsfo{ ug'{

k|efjsf/L pkfo x'g;Sb5 . lhNnf:t/Lo lgsfox?;šusf]

;+o'Qm k|of;df hnfwf/ txdf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{

;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . lhNnfsf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]

k|ltlglwTj /xg] u/L lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nosf] ;+of]hsTjdf

k"j{;"rgf l8hfOg ;ldltsf] u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;ldltn]

hnfwf/ txsf] k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;jnLs/0fdf cfjZos

>f]tx? k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} tNnf]t6Lo ;d'bfox?sf] ;jnLs/0f

ug{ klg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 .

kl/of]hgfn] ^ j6} ;d'bfox?nfO{ cfkTsfnLg tyf k|fylds

pkrf/ ;fdfu|Lx? klg pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . tL ;fdfu|Lx?

Vff]h tyf p4f/ sfo{df ;lhn} n}hfg ;lsG5 . cfkTsflng

;dodf k|of]usf nflu nfOkm Hofs]6x?, ;'/lIft emf]nf,

Sof/fljgf, 6\o"a, 8f]/L, x]Nd]6, xftn] rnfpg ;lsg] ;fO/g

/ :6«]r/h:tf ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . ut jif{sf]

aS; % nfO{km Hofs]6 b'Mvsf] a]nfsf] ;fyL ;fljt ePsf] 5 .

>LdtL /fhs'df/L rf}w/L nlntk'/, km'njf/L

cfkTsfnLg afs; pknAw u/fpg]h:tf] kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{nfO{ xfdLn];x|fxgf u/]sf 5f}+ . To;df klg nfO{km Hofs]6 b'Mvsf] a]nfsf] ;fyL;fljt ePsf] 5 . ut jif{sf] jiff{t\sf] /ftsf] ;do ePsf]n] 3'/fxfgbLdf 8'ª\uf rnfpg ;Dej lyPg . >LdtLsf] clGtd ;+:sf/ ug]{;do;Dd pgL 3/ k'Ug ;kmn eP . ha pgL;+u xfd|f] e]6 x'G5, Tof]lbg Hofs]6n] k'¥ofPsf] d2tnfO{ pgL ;+Demgf u5{g\ . jf:tjdf nfO{kmHofs]6n] af9Lsf] avtdf w]/} JolQmsf] Hofg arfpg'sf] ;fy} o:tf]k|sf]ksf] ;dodf k|x/LnfO{ p4f/ ug{ ;d]t ;xof]uL ag]sf] 5 .

aS; $ k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLaf/] ;fgf 1fgsf k|j4{gfTds 1fg

>LdtL ufGwjLb]jL rf}w/L, ;+of]hs, k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL pk;ldlt, dgsfk'/

cjnf]sg e|d0fdf uPsf] a]nf kfgLsf] ;tx / af9L cg'udg s]Gb| tyf hn tyfdf};d ljefusf k|fljlws Pjd\ :yfgLo sd{rf/Lx?;šu cGt{lqmof ug'{cl3;Dd/]l8of] / 6]lnlehgaf6 k|zfl/t k|ltj]bgx?af6 dfq xfdLn] df};dsf] af/]df a'em]sflyPgf}+ . tL k|ltj]bgx? xfd|f nflu pkof]uL 5}gg\ lsgsL xfdLn] o;sf k|fljlwszAbx?sf] cy{ a'em\b}gf}+ . /ftf] / kx]+nf] vfnsf sf7af6 lgld{t kf]i6x?sf] :yfkgfePsf b]Vbf xfdL cfZro{rlst ePsf 5f}+ . h'g rfxL++ k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] nflu;"rgf ;ª\sng ug{ pkof]uL /x]5g\ . cWoog e|d0faf6 af9Lsf] ;txaf/] a'em\gtyf dflyNnf] efudf cfPsf] 7"nf] af9L xfd|f] ;d'bfo;šu k'Ug nfUg] cg'dflgt;dosf] af/]df klg xfdLnfO{ 1fg eof] . k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] nflu o:tf ;"rgfx?;fx|} pkof]uL x'G5g\ . jf:tjdf ;–;fgf kxnx? Kflg k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] nflu ;fx|}dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .


af9Lsf] k"j{tof/L ;DaGwL ;~rf/ ;fdfu|L

jiff{ofddf o:tf ;fdfu|Lx? lgs} pkof]uL ePsf lyP . lj=;

@)^% c;f]hdf cfPsf] af9Lsf] ;dodf df]xgk'/sf

afl;Gbfx?n] oL ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|of]u u/]/ cfˆgf] hLjg arfpg

;s]sf lyP . lzj/tgk'/df Pshgf JolQm nfOkm Hofs]6sf]

;xfotfn] 8'Agaf6 aRg ;kmn ePsf lyP . af9Lsf] ;dodf

k|fylds pkrf/ ;fdu|Lx?sf] klg lgs} k|of]u x'g] ub{5 .

k|fylds pkrf/ ;fdu|Lx?sf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf dlxnf

:jf:Yo :jod\;]ljsfnfO{ lbOPsf] x'G5 h;n] ubf{ :yfgLo

jfl;GbfnfO{ ;]jf lbg ;lhnf] x'g hfG5 .

;ª\If]kdf, k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f Pjd\ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd ;fdgf

ug]{af/] 1fgsf] ljsf; / pko'Qm lbuf] /0fgLlt cjnDjg ugf{n]

k|sf]k hf]lvdsf] klxrfg Pj+ k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ug{ lgs} ;lhnf]

ePsf] 5 . ljz]if hf]lvd / vt/faf/] ljBdfg :yfgLo 1fgsf

cfwf/df k"j{;""rgf k|0ffnLx? :yfkgf u/L ;"rgfx? ;fwf/0f

tyf a'‰g ;lsg] efiffdf ;Dk|]if0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

$=# k|fyldstf # M 1fg, vf]h / lzIffsf]pkof]u u/]/ ;a} txdf ;'/IffTds ;+:s[lt /k|sf]k ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .

;"rgfsf] Joj:yfkg Pjd\ cfbfg–k|bfg M kl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf

;d'bfo / To;sf l5d]sL ;d'bfox?df ;d]t kl/of]hgfn]

af9L ;DaGwL ljljw hfgsf/Lx?, af9Lsf] hf]lvd / To;af6

;'/lIft x'g ckgfpg' kg]{ /0fgLltsf af/]df ;d]t ;"rgfx?

;Dk|]if0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;"rgfsf] cfbfg–k|bfg / 1fg clej[l4sf

nflu kl/of]hgfn] ljleGg hfgsf/Lx? Pjd\ ;"rgf, lzIff /

;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . To:t}, lel8of]

k|bz{gL, cjnf]sg e|d0fsf] cfof]hgf, ;8s gf6sx? k|bz{gL

/ k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL ;DaGwL k"jf{Eof;df ;xhLs/0f ;d]t

ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

s_ r]tgf clej[l4sf] nflu ;"rgf, lzIff / ;~rf/;fdu|Lx?sf] cxd\ e"ldsf x'G5 .;"rgf Pjd\ 1fgsf] cfbfg–k|bfgsf nflu ;"rgf, lzIff /

;~rf/ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] dxÎjk"{0f e"ldsf x'G5 . kl/of]hgfn]

rf/ k|sf/sf kf]i6/x?, b'O{ k|sf/sf rf6{x? k|sfzg /

ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . o:tf ;fdu|Lx?sf] l8hfOg ug'{cl3 ;d'bfosf

cu'jfx?, kl/of]hgfsf sd{rf/L, s]o/ g]kfn / ltgsf :yfgLo

;fem]bf/ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf nufot lhNnfsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?

dfem uf]i7Lsf] klg cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm uf]i7Ldf

;xefuLx?n] :yfgLo Hffltsf] /xg;xg / ;+:s[ltnfO{ Wofgdf

/fvL ;"rgf, lzIff / ;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx?df /flvg'kg]{ lrq tyf

;Gb]zsf] af/]df 5nkmn Pjd\ lrqx? lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP .

;f]xL uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx?4f/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf lrqx?nfO{

;xL ?kdf ptf/ ug{sf] nflu Ps :yfgLo Ps snfsf/nfO{

;d]t lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L o:tf ;fdu|Lx? tof/

ug{'eGbf cufl8 ;d'bfosf] k[i7kf]if0f klg lnOPsf] lyof] / k|sf]k

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / /f]syfdsf af/]df k9\g / a'‰g ;lsg] tyf

dflg;x?nfO{ k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ pTk]|/0ff lbg] /

pT;flxt ug]{ vfnsf ;fdu|Lx? tof/ ul/Psf]] lyof] .

vf]h tyf p4f/sf] jvt nfOkm Hofs]6sf] k|of]u


9

kl/of]hgfn] ;"rgfsf] k|jfx gofš / rfvnfUbf] 9ª\uaf6 ug]{

cjwf/0f agfPsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos ;xhstf{x?n] x/]s ;"rgf,

z}lIfs / ;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ k|f}9 l;sfO{ ljlw cg';f/ 3/3/df

uO{ ;Dk|]if0f u/]sf lyP . ;xhstf{x?n] o;af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L

u/fPsf lyP . o;/L cGt{lqmofTds 9ª\uaf6 tL ;fdu|Lx?sf]

d'Vo ;Gb]zsf af/]df lbOPsf] hfgsf/Ln] ;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf]

k|sf]k ;DaGwL a'emfO{ cem j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

v_ cGt/–cjnf]sg e|d0f M :yfgLo hgtfsf]l;sfO{ k|of]uzfnfcGo ;d'bfon] u/]sf /fd|f cEof; / cg'ejx? l;Sg /

cg';/0f ug{ cGt/ ;d'bfo cjnf]sg e|d0f lgs} k|efjsf/L

dfWod xf] . o; kl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cGo

b'O{j6f ;d'bfosf] e|d0f u/fO{ cGo ;d'bfon] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf

nflu u/]sf /fd|f cEof; / l;sfOnfO{ cg';/0f ug{ hf]8

lbOPsf] 5 . o:tf e|d0fx?nfO{ dflg;x?n] l;sfO{ k|of]uzfnfsf]

?kdf lnPsf 5g\ lsgeg] b]v]sf] s'/f ljZjf; ug{ / cfTd;ft

ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . /tgk'/ uflj;sf] kl/of]hgf eGbf aflx/sf]

;d'bfo df]xgk'/n] ka]/f uflj;sf] lj;gk'/df ul/Psf] afš;sf]

k|of]u4f/f gbL lgoGq0f sfo{sf] cg';/0f u/]/ cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf

ljZj vfB sfo{qmdsf] sfdsf] nflu vfBfGg sfo{qmddfkm{t

afš;af6 ;+/If0f sfo{sf] yfngL ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . ;fy},

lj;gk'/df ePsf] cjnf]sg e|d0fsf] l;sfOaf6 km'njf/L

uflj;sf] nlntk'/ ;d'bfon]] jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{sf]

;+/If0fsf nflu sf7sf :k/x? lgdf{0f ug{ pT;flxt ePsf

5g\ . o:tf jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{af6 pT;flxt eO{ kl/of]hgf

If]q jflx/ /x]sf] km'njf/L–& lzjtfnn] !)) ld6/sf] jfof]–

OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L s[i0fgu/ / let]l/of

;d'bfox?n] klg cfkm\gf]] ;d'bfodf jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{

sfof{Gjog ug{ lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{no;šu /sd pknAw

u/fpg cg'/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . lzj/tgk'/sf] pbfx/0faf6 pT;flxt

eO{ cGo ;d'bfox?n] klg cfsl:ds sf]if -k|lt s¶f Ps

s]hLsf b/n] ;ª\sng u/L_ af6 cGg j[l4 ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .

;fš:s[lts / wfld{s kj{x? h:t} df3df kg]{ kmfu' / sflt{sdf

kg]{ b]p;L e}nf]af6 gub tyf cGgjfnL ;ª\sng ug]{ k/Dk/fdf

j[l4 x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

u_ ;8s gf6s M r]tgf clej[l4sf] nflu Psk|efjsf/L dfWod M;8s gf6s clzlIft ju{nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf ;';"lrt

u/fpg Ps k|efjsf/L / dxTjk"0f{ dfWod xf] . ;8s gf6s,

k|sf]k k"j{tof/L / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?sf

af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] ;zQm dfWod ePsf] :yfgLo

hg;d'bfox? atfpš5g\ . :yfgLo k|lzlIft o"jf ufpšn]x?af6}

:yfgLo efiffdf k|bz{g ul/g] ePsf]n] ;8s gf6s hLjGt

x'g'sf] ;fy} To;sf] ;Gb]z ;lhn};šu u|x0f ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf]

x'G5 . ;8s gf6s 6f]nLn] :yfgLo lbg]z PkmPdaf6 klg

k|sf]k;šu ;DalGwt ;Gb]zx? ;Dk|]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . hf]vlxofk'/

;d'bfosf] k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltsf] ;+of]hssf cg';f/ ;8s

gf6sx?af6 l;s]sf] 1fgsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ @)^% ;fn c;f]h

dlxgfdf cfPsf] af9Laf6 hf]vlxofk'/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x?

;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg ;Ifd ePsf lyP . xfn;Dd

kl/of]hgfaf6 @$ hgf :yfgLo o'jfx? ;8s gf6s k|:t'tLs/0f

ug{ k|lzlIft ePsf 5g\ . ;fy}, sl/a !^ xhf/ dflg;x?n]

ljBfno / ;d'bfox?df k|:t't ul/Psf] ;8s gf6sx?

cjnf]sg ul/;s]sf 5g\ .

3_ lel8of] j[QlrqM c¿sf] cg'ejaf6 l;sfO{lel8of] j[Qlrqx?n] bz{sx?nfO{ k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

ug{sf nflu clek|]l/t ub{5 . kl/of]hgf cGt{utsf x/]s

k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltx?n] cfsl:ds sf]ifsf] /sdaf6

cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf lel8of] j[Qlrq k|b{zgL ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

o:tf j[Qlrqx?df k|sf]kaf6 pRr hf]lvdsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf

aS; ^ :yfgLo ;|f]t kl/rfng ug{ ;8s gf6s ;xof]uL ePsf] 5

>LdtL ljlgtf rf}w/L, sf]iffWoIf, k|sf]k k""j{tof/L ;ldlt, x;'}lnof–$, df]xgk'/

dnfO{ ;fšRr} ;8s gf6s dg k¥of] . gf6sdf p7fPsf ljifoj:t'n]d]/f] d'6' 5f]of] . d]/f cfšvf Tolta]nf cfš;'n] el/P, hlta]nf gf6ssf]Pp6f kfqsf] u}/lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ Jojxf/n] p;sf] / p;sf] kl/jf/ s;/L;ª\s6u|:t cj:yfdf k'Uof] eg]/ b]vfOPsf] lyof] . c?sf] cfšvf klgcfš;'n] el/Psf lyP . gf6s x]/]kl5 jf:tjdf jfXo ;|f]tsf] vf]hLdfdfq e/ gk/]/ :yfgLo:t/af6} klg ;|f]tsf] vf]hL u/L k|sf]k hf]lvdGo"gLs/0fdf 6]jf lbg ;lsG5 eGg] l;sfO{ eof] . xfdLn] ;'g]sf 5f}+,kl/of]hgf xfdL;šu ;w}el/ sfd ub}{g .

;8sgf6s cjnf]sgsf] b[Zo


k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL;DaGwL k"j{cEof;

;d'bfosf dflg;n] cjnDag u/]sf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf

kxnx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] x'G5 . ;8s gf6sn]

h:t} lel8of]n] klg k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf ljljw ultljlwx?nfO{

/fd|f];šu ;';"lrt ug]{ x'gfn] o;n] clzlIft ;d'bfoaLr hfu/0f

Nofpg ;kmn b]lvPsf] 5 .

ª_ k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL k"jf{Eof;M cfTdljZjf;dfclej[l4k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL / ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf k"jf{Eof;x?n]

;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f x'g] / k"j{;"rgf

k|0ffnL ;DaGwL 1fg / ;LknfO{ cem j[l4 ug'{sf ;fy}

:yfgLo of]hgf / cEof;x?df cfjZos kl/dfh{g ug{

;xof]u k'¥ofpš5 . ;d'bfon] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ;fd'bflos

:yfgfGt/0f Pjd\ cfkTfsfnLg of]hgfsf r/0f cg';f/ /

kl/of]hgfcGtu{t pknAw u/fOPsf ;/;fdfgsf] k|of]u u/L

kl/of]hgfsf x/]s ;d'bfon] o:tf cEof;x? ug]{ ub{5g\ .

o:tf] k"jf{Eof;sf] klxnf] r/0fdf dflyNnf]t6Lo cg'udg

s]Gb|af6 af9Lsf] vt/fsf] ;Gb]z k7fpg] ul/G5 . To;

kZrft\sf r/0fx?df ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f, vf]h tyf p4f/,

k|fylds pkrf/, j;f]jf; Joj:yfkg, /fxt ;fdu|L ljt/0f

tyf k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgfsf k"jf{Eof;x? kb{5g\ . ;d'bfodf

k"jf{Eof; ul/;s]kZrft\ dgsfk'/ / lj;gk'/ ;d'bfosf k|sf]k

k"j{tof/L ;ldltx?n] pgLx?sf ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f of]hgfnfO{

kl/dfh{g u/L To;nfO{ oyfy{k/s agfPsf 5g\ . k"j{;"rgf

k|0ffnL ;DaGwL k"jf{Eof;n] ubf{ lj=;+= @)^% c;f]hdf cfPsf]

af9Ldf vf]h tyf p4f/ sfo{df lgs} ;xh ePsf] lyof] .

Tolta]nf ;'/lIft /xg lgs} cfTdljZjf; a9]sf] s'/f nlntk'/

/ df]xgk'/ ;d'bfosf jfl;Gbfx? atfpš5g\ .

lzIff / tflnddfkm{t\ ;Lk / 1fgdf clej[l4 M

kl/of]hgfn] vf;u/L ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?, ljBfnosf lzIfs

tyf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k|sf]k k"j{tof/L tyf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

;DaGwL 1fgx? k|jfx ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5 . o;n] ;fd'bfodf

cfwfl/t tflndx?dfkm{t\ :yfgLo Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L ;d'bfosf]

k|sf]k;šu ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ d4t u/]sf] 5

-tflnsf % x]gf]{;\_ kl/of]hgf4f/f ;~rflnt ul/Psf s]xL

tflndsf] pknlAwx? tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

c_ ;d'bflos kl/rfng tflnd M o; lsl;dsf] tflndn]

af9Lsf] hf]lvdnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;fdflhs Pstf / P]Soa4tfsf]

vFfrf] cf}Nofpšb5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, k|sf]k k"j{tof/L

;ldltx? / ltgsf pk;ldltx?sf] u7g ePsf 5g\ .

tflndsf ;xefuLx?n] cfkm"n] hfg]sf 1fg / ;LknfO{ cf–

cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf o:t} vfnsf tflndx? cfof]hgf u/L

l;sfpg] ub{5g\ . o;af6 ;xefuLx?df Pstf g} zlQm xf]

eGg] cg'e"lt x'g'sf] ;fy} ;fdflhs P]Soa4tf / ;f}xfb|{tfnfO{

a9fPsf] 5 . o;sf] Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0f nlntk'/df b]Vg

;lsG5, hxfš ;fj{hlgs hUufsf] af/]df yf? / blnt

;d'bfoaLr Ps bzsb]lv /x]sf] ljjfb clxn] ;dfwfg ePsf]

5 . o:tf tflndx?af6 pT;flxt eO{ kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf

;d'bfox?n] cfˆgf] l5d]sL ;d'bfox?nfO{ klg tflnd, ;8s

gf6s, ;"rgf, lzIff / ;~rf/;DaGwL 3/b}nf] cleofgdf

;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L, lzj/tgk'/ / hf]vlxofk'/

k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltx?n] vf]gk'/ / letl/of ;d'bfonfO{

af9Lsf] hf]lvd lj?4 n8\g ;fd'lxs ?kdf cufl8 a9\g

;d]t cfu|x u/]sf lyP . ;d'bfo kl/rfng tflndaf6 g}

cfkTfsfnLg sf]ifsf] ;ª\sngsf] dxTjsf] af/]df ;xefuLx?

kl/lrt ePsf lyP .

cf_ vf]h tyf p4f/ tflnd M o:tf tflndx? cK7\of/f]

vfnsf] ePklg af9Lsf] ;dodf :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf nflu

pkof]uL x'g] ub{5 . nlntk'/df ePsf] tflndsf ;xefuLx?n]

y|f] Jofu -8f]/L emf]nf_ / nfOkm Hofs]6sf] k|of]u u/]/ 8'ª\ufaf6

s;/L Pp6f JolQmsf] p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df l;s]sf

lyP . lzj/tgk'/ / hf]vlxofk'/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n]] 6\o"a

/ sf7sf] kmNofsaf6 c:yfoL 8'ª\uf agfO{ vfBfGg, afnaflnsf,

ue{jtL tyf dlxnf / j[4j[4fnfO{ s;/L p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5

eGg] af/]df hfgsf/L xšfl;n u/]sf lyP . o:tf tflndx?n]

af9Lsf] ;dodf pgLx?sf] hLjg arfpg / dxTjk"0f{

;fdu|Lx?sf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] ;d'bfox?n] cg'ej

u/]sf 5g\ .


11

tflnsf % ljleGg tflndx?df ;xefuLx?sf] ;ª\Vof

! @ # $ % ^ &k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d

km"njf/L nlntk'/ !* !$ !& !( $ ) ! ! ! ) !@ @# ( &x;'lnof df]xgk'/ !$ !% !% !^ $ ) ! ! ! ) !( !) !) *

lzj/tgk'/ @@ !$ !( !^ $ ) ! ! ! ) @$ !# ( *kj]/f lj;dk'/ !( !# !& !% $ ) ! ! ! ) @! * * &

dgsfk'/ !% !* !! @! $ ) ! ! ! ) !* !$ ( ^/tgk'/ Hf]vlxofk'/ @@ !@ !^ !& $ ) ! ! ! ) !% @# * * s"n !!) *^ (% !)$ @$ ) ^ ^ % ) !)( (! %# $$

Ufflj; ;d'bfo tflnd

>f]t M kl/of]hgf /]s8{ @))&÷)*

!= k|fylds pkrf/, @= k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg, #= vf]h tyf p2f/, $= g;{/L Joj:yfkg, %= tf/hfnL ^=;d'bfo kl/rfng,

&= n]vf Joj:yfkg

O_ k|fylds pkrf/ ;DaGwL tflnd M o; lsl;dsf tflndx?af6

l;s]sf] 1fgn] :yfgLojf;Lx? ;fdfGo vfnsf rf]6k6ssf]

pkrf/ ug{ ;Ifd ePsf lyP . nlntk'/sf ;xefuLx?n]

$)÷%) j6f ;fwf/0f 3fOt]x?nfO{ :yfgLo:t/d} pkrf/ u/]sf]

/ 7"nf rf]6k6s nfu]sfx?nfO{ yk pkrf/sf nflu lhNnf

c:ktfndf k7fOPsf] atfpšb5g\ . lzj/tgk'/, la;gk'/ /

dgsfk'/sf dflg;x?n] :yfgLo pk:jf:Yo rf}sLaf6 k|fylds

pkrf/ afs;df hu]8f /fVgsf nflu cfjZos k|fylds

pkrf/sf ;fdu|Lx? k|fKt ug{ ;d]t ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ .

O{_ k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg tflnd M kl/of]hgfsf :yfgLo

sd{rf/Lx?n] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

;DaGwL tflnd lnPkl5 :yfgLo:t/df klg k|sf]k hf]lvd

Joj:yfkg tflndx?sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP . oL tflndx?n]

;d'bfosf] cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfng ;DaGwL wf/0ffdf kl/jt{g

Nofpg pkof]uLl;4 ePsf 5g\ . :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx? clxn]

k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu jfx\o ;xof]usf] k|ltIffdf

b]lvb}gg\ . pgLx?sf] 1fg, wf/0ff / cEof;df kl/jt{g cfPsf]

5 . o;afx]s k|sf]k eujfg l/;fP/ cfpš5 eGg] s'/fdf

ljZjf; ug]{x? klg clxn] af9L k|fs[lts / dfgjLo ultljlwaf6

cfpg] ub{5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L a'‰g yfn]sf 5g\ . dflg;x?

cem}klg k|fs[lts ljklQ, /f]uJofwL / e"tk|]t x6fpg 8f]/jGbL,

x]/]/L / nfjfª\uLh:tf k/Dk/fut sfo{x? ug]{ ub{5g\ . oBlk,

ca pgLx?nfO{ :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] pkof]u tyf ;fd'bflos 1fgdf

cfwfl/t /f]syfdsf lqmofsnfkx?af6 af9Lsf] hf]lvd 36fpg

;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ePsf] 5 .

p_ g;{/L Joj:yfkg tflnd M kl/of]hgfn] k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{

g;{/L Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL ;Lk k|bfg ul/ ;d'bfodf g;{/L

:yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] ;fYf} jfof]–OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlw

ckgfO{ e"–Ifo x'g glbg l56f] a9\g] vfnsf lj?jfx?

nufpg k|f]T;flxt ul/Psf] lyof] . u'ndf]x/, vo/, a};,

clDn;f], afš;, asfOgf], g]lko/, d'h, g/s6, a8x/ /

OlknOlknh:tf lj?jfx? g;{/Ldf pTkfbg u/L gbL lsgf/df

/f]Kg] sfd ePsf] 5 . nlntk'/,df]xgk'/ / la;gk'/n] ;d'bfonfO{

cfjZos lj?jfx? cfkm} pTkfbg u/]sf 5g\ eg] cGo tLg

;d'bfox?n] s]xL lj?jfx? aflx/af6 ;d]t Nofpg' k/]sf]

lyof] . dlgsfk'/n] ;'/lIft dfu{df klg ljleGg hftsf

lj?jf /f]k]sf 5g\ .

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf tflnd afx]s n]vf Joj:yfkg / Uoflag

tf/sf] hfnL a'Gg] tflnd klg kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf ;d'bfox?df

k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;af6 ljQLo sf/f]af/ b'?:t ug{ tyf

hfnL a'Gg] ;Lk l;sfpg nfebfos ePsf] 5 . o:tf tflndx?n]

:yfgLo txdf sfdsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u ldn]sf]

5 .

x/]s tflnd tyf z}lIfs cj;/x?df dlxnf / ;ª\s6fled'v

;d'bfonfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . -x]gf]{;\ tflnsf

%_ kl/of]hgfn] tflnd / cled'vLs/0fdf dlxnfx?nfO{ ljz]if

;xefuL u/fpg] /0fgLlt cjnDjg u/]sf] lyof] -vf]h tyf

p4f/ tflnddf afx]s_ / o;/L k|bfg ul/Psf tlndx?n]

w]/} JolQmx? nfeflGjt x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . x/]s tflnddf k|sf]k

k"j{tof/L ;ldlt jf pk;ldltaf6 Pshgf clgjfo{ ?kdf

;xefuL u/fpg] /0fgLlt agfOPsf] 5 . kl/of]hgfn] lgdf{0f

u/]sf ;"rgf, lzIff / ;~rf/sf ;fdfu|Lx?df n}l¨s /

;fš:s[lts ;Dj]bgzLntfnfO{ klg hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . ;8s

gf6sdf :yfgLo k/Dk/f / ;+:s[ltnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbOPsf]

5 . o;sf ;fy}, PkmPd /]l8of]sf] k|;f/0fdf klg :yfgLo

efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk tyf cg'ejnfO{


kf]lnAofu eg]{ sfo{df hg;xeflutf

cfb/ ;Ddfg ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] ubf{ kl/of]hgfsf x/]s ultljlwx?df

;d'bfosf] :jfldTj a9]sf] kfOG5 . h;n] ubf{ ;d'bfosf

;b:ox?df ckgTj, ;xeflutf / :jod\ ;]jf ug]{ efjgfsf]

ljsf; ePsf] 5 .

ljBfnosf ultljlwx¿Dffkm{t\ Jojxf/df kl/jt{g

ljBfyL{ / lzIfs kl/jt{gsf ;Djfxs x'g\ eGg] kl/k|]Ifdf

Kfl/of]hgfn] k|sf]k k"j{tof/L tyf k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf

ljljw ultljlwx? ;~rfng ug{ * j6f ljBfnox? Rfog

u/]sf] 5 . :s"ndf ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmdx?sf] nIo ljBfnosf

lzIfs / ljBfyL{nfO{ :yfgLo ;|f]t JolQmsf] ?kdf ljsl;t

ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ ljBfyL{ Pjd\ lzIfsx?n] k|sf]k hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL ;Gb]zx? k|zf/0fnfO{ cfˆgf] ljBfno;Dd

dfq l;ldt g/fvL cGo a[xt If]qdf ;d]t lj:tf/ ug{

;Sg]5g\ .

s_ h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] u7gh'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf ljBfyL{x?n] ;fyL lzIffsf] d2taf6

k|sf]k ;DjGwL 1fg / ;Lk km}nfpgsf] ;fy} ljBfno txdf

k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgfdfkm{t\ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{

cxd e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . o:tf h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n x/]s

:s"ndf u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfyL{x¿4f/f cf̂ gf ;fyL Pjd\

;d'bfodf ;d]t k|sf]ksf sf/0f / c;/ / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf

pkfox?sf af/]df r]tgf clej[l4 ug{{ ;s'g\ eGgsf nflu klg

h'lgP/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] u7g ul/Psf] xf] . x/]s h'lgP/ /]8qm;

;s{n lzIfs k|ltlglwsf ?kdf lzIfs gfos / ;xlzIfs

gfossf] dftxtdf ;~rfng ePsf x'G5g\ . ;DalGwt ljBfnosf

lzIfs tyf kl/of]hgfsf sd{rf/Laf6 ;xhLs/0f ul/Psf

cled'vLs/0f tyf tflndx?df ;s{nsf x/]s ljBfyL{x?,

;xefuL ePsf lyP . o;/L ljleGg tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0fdf

ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpgsf] p2]Zo ljBfyL{x?n] k|sf]k

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL 1fg ;xh ?kdf km}nfpg ;s"g\

eGg] /x]sf] 5 . k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL

cled'vLs/0fkZrft\ lbk]Gb| pRr dfljsf ljBfyL{x?n] ;k{sf]

6f]sfO{sf] hf]lvdaf6 aRg ;/;kmfO{ cleofg ;~rfng u/]sf

lyP . o:tf tflndx? ljBfyL{ / pgLx?sf cleefjsx?aLr

k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/s0fsf nflu clek|]l/t ug]{ cf}hf/sf]

?kdf sfd u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cfÎgf]

;xkf7L tyf kl/jf/hg vf;u/L cfdfx?df k|sf]k hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL yk 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]

u/]sf] 5 .

v_ ljBfnosf] lzIfsx?sf nflu k|sf]k hf]lvdJoj:yfkg tflnd:yfgLo ;|f]t JolQmsf] ?kdf kl/rflnt x'g ;s"g eGgsf] nflu

kl/of]hgfn] lzIfsx?nfO{ k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DalGw

tflnd k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . o;/L tflnd k|fKt lzIfsx?af6

k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL hfgsf/L tyf 1fg

ljBfyL{x?;Dd / ljBfyL{x?sf] dfWodaf6 ;d'bfo:t/;Dd

k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf] 5 . pQm tflndkZrft\ kl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf

k|To]s ljBfnodf k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgf ag]sf 5g\ . @)^%

;fn cflZjgdf uPsf] af9Ldf vf;u/L vf]h tyf p4f/

sfo{df lzIfsx?n] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;d'bfon] cem;Dd

klg la;]{sf 5}gg\ . lzIfsx?n] ;Defljt vt/f / hf]lvd

36fpg] k|of;df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ .

o;}u/L kl/of]hgfn] k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL tLg

lbg] tflndsf] ljifoj:t' agfpg ;d]t d2t u/]sf] 5 .

klxn]sf tflndsf ljifoj:t' tyf tflnd ;~rfng ljlwnfO{

s]xL kl/dfh{g u/L ;d'bfon] k|sf]k k"j{tof/L / k|sf]k hf]lvd

>L k|zfGt 7fs'/, cWoIf, h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n, lbk]Gb| pRr dflj x;'lnof

aS; & ljBfyL{x? k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u

ub{5g\ eGg] xfdLn] cg'ej u¥of}+ .

kl/of]hgfn] xfdL ljBfyL{n] klg k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfv]Ng ;S5f} eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 eGg] xfdLn] slxNo} ;f]r]sf lyPgf}+ .jf:tjdf xfdLn] kl/of]hgfn] ;~rfng u/]sf ljleGg tflnd, cled'vLs/0ftyf ;fgf lzIf0f ;qx?af6 y'k|} 1fg, ;Lk, cg'ej xfšl;n ug{ ;kmn ePsf5f}++ . o;n] xfdLnfO{ k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . xfd|f]1fg clej[l4sf nflu ;+/If0f lzIff, g;{/L Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL hfgsf/L,lrqsnf, lgjGw, js[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf h:tf sfo{qmd lgs} dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf5g\ . xfd|f] ljBfnodf k|sf]kaf6 x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd sd ug{ xfdLn] k|sf]kk"j{tof/L of]hgf agfPsf 5f} . h'lgP/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] ;lqmotfaf6 :s""njl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg w]/} d4t k'u]sf] 5 .


13

ljBfyL{sf] nflu k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f

Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;lhn} a'em\g ;Sg] vfnsf]

tflndsf ljifoj:t' tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . w]/} cEof;, 5nkmn

tyf cGtlqm{ofaf6 tflndnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|of;

ePsf] 5 . ;fy} a9L k|fljlws zAbfjnLx? x6fOPsf 5g\ .

u_ :s"n] ljBfyL{x?sf] nflu ;+/If0f lzIffsf] 1fg;+/If0f lzIffsf] 1fgaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf nflu kxn ug{ Pjd\ ;f] sfo{df

;xefuL x'g d4t ub{5 . ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf]

;+/If0f lzIff tflnddf vf;u/L k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg,

g;{/L Joj:yfkgsf kmfO{bfx?, ;fd'bflos g;{/Lsf] dxTj

h:tf ljifoj:t'x? ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP lsgeg] log}

ljifoj:t'x? xfnsf] / eljiosf] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;šu

;DalGwt 5g\ . o; tflndsf] pknlAwsf] ?kdf kl/of]hgf

cGtu{tsf ;d'bfodf af9L lgoGq0fsf nflu ul/Psf] g;{/L

:yfkgf Pjd\ j[If/f]k0f sfo{qmdsf a]nf g;{/Ln] v]Ng ;Sg]

e"ldsfsf] af/]df cfTd;ft ug{ ljBfyL{x? ;Ifd ePsf lyP

. nlntk'/df ljBfyL{x?n] g;{/L Joj:yfkgsf] a]nfdf j[If/f]k0f

ug]{ tyf lj;gk'/df kf]nLAofu eg]{ sfddf Jofks ;xeflutf

/x]sf] lyof] . o:tf lsl;dsf sfdx?df ljBfyL{x?sf] rf;f]nfO{

x]bf{ ljBfyL{x? klg k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfddf PslrQ

eP/ nfu]sf 5g\ eGg] k'i6L x'G5 .

3_ ljBfondf k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;DjGwLcled'vLs/0f cleofgljBfyL{x? dfem k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;DaGwL r]tgf clej[l4

cleofgx?n] pgLx?df ePsf] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

;DaGwL ljBdfg 1fgnfO{ a9fpg lgs} g} d2t u/]sf] 5 .

cf7j6f :s"ndf k|sf]k, To;sf k|sf/, sf/0f / c;/nfO{ sd

ug{ ;lsg] yk k|of;x?sf] af/]df @ 306fsf] sIff ;~rfng

ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . :s"nsf lzIfsx?sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf

k|sf]k ;DaGwL xfnsf] kf7\ok':tsnfO{ ;dLIff u/L @ 306fsf]

sIffsf] nflu ljifoj:t' tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;df k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg rqmnfO{ ljz]if nlIft ul/Psf] 5 . k|sf]k;DaGwL

sIffx? ;~rfng ubf{ snf, lgjGw, efif0f, v]n, rf6{ /

t:jL/x?sf] Jofks k|of]u ul/g] ePsfn] ljBfyL{x?nfO{

ljifoj:t'af/] a'‰g / l;Sg yk d2t k'u]sf] 5 .

;du|df ;"rgfsf] cfbfg–k|bfg tyf Joj:yfkg Pjd\ tflnd /

lzIffaf6 k|fKt 1fg / ;Lksf] d4tn] x/]s txdf ;'/lIft

/xgsf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'u]sf]] 5 .

$=$ k|fyldstf $M hf]lvdsf cfwf/e"tsf/stTj Go"gLs/0f ug]{{]

s_ jfof]–OlGhlgol/· sfo{4f/f ;fgf] txsfGo"gLs/0fsf lqmofsnfkx?kl/of]hgfn] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu ljleGg :yfgLo

;|f]t, ;fdu|L, ;Lk, k|ljlw / tf}/tl/sfx? cjnDag u/]sf] 5

. kl/of]hgfsf] k|fyldstf eg]sf] ;d'bfon] ;lhn} ckgfpg]

;fgf] nfutdf ;DkGg ug{ ;lsg] / :yfgLo ;Lk / cg'ejn]

Eofpg ;Sg] k|ljlw leq\ofpg' /x]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgfn] d'VotM

jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨sf sfdx? ;DkGg u/]sf] ePklg s]xL dfqfdf

:k/h:tf ;+/rgfut OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{x? ;d]t ;DkGg ul/Psf]

5 . jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ k|ljlw cGtu{t sd nfutdf g} ug{

;lsg] afš;sf] sfd ug]{, af]/fdf afn'jf eg]{ / vf]nf lsgf/df

j[If/f]k0f ug]{ sfd kb{5g\ . xfn;Dd gbLlsgf/sf a9L

hf]lvd If]qdf sl/a !#(* dL6/ nfdf] jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨sf]

sfd ;DkGg e};s]sf] 5 . o:tf] jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{sf]

lbuf]kgsf nflu tyf gbL lsgf/sf] v]tLof]Uo hldgsf]

;+/If0fsf nflu sl/a @&,#)) ju{ dL6/ If]qdf ljleGg

hftsf $#,))) lj?jf nufOPsf] 5 -x]gf]{;\ tflnsf ^_

o:tf Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{x?n] gbL lsgf/sf v]tLof]Uo hldg,

j:tL tyf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/sf] ;+/If0fdf lgs} ;xof]u k'u]sf]

5 . nlntk'/df #)) dL6/ nfdf] jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{jf6

gf} 3/kl/jf/n] sl/j !% ljufxf hldg arfpg ;Ifd ePsf

5g\ . o;}u/L df]xgk'/df o:t} k|ljlwdfkm{t\ @) ljufxf hldg

gbL s6fgjf6 ar]sf] 5 .


;d'bfoåf/f Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] h}ljs k|ljlw sfo{

jfof]–OlGhgLol/¨sf] dxTjaf6 :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?nfO{ cfkm\gf]

;'/Iff / v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] arfj6sf] nflu cfTdan a9]sf]

5 . ;'?df ;d'bfox?nfO{ of] k|ljlwaf/]df vf;} rfv /

ljZjf; lyPg t/ pgLx?nfO{ wgu9Lsf] klZrddf kg]{

>Lnª\sf ufpšdf cWoog e|d0fdf nluPkl5 eg] pgLx?n]

o; k|ljlwsf ;jn kIf / ;kmn k|of;x?sf] af/]df hfGg]

df}sf kfP / o;af6 pgLx?df cfTdjn klg a9\of] .

>Lnª\sf ufpšsf] e|d0fkl5 of] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L v]tLof]Uo

hldgsf] ;fy} ;d'bfonfO{ klg arfpg ;lsG5 eGg]af/]df

:yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ dfu{bz{g k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ k|ljlw÷k4ltnfO{ l5d]sL ufpšx?df klg

cg';/0f ul/Psf] 5 . v]tLof]Uo hldg arfpg / gbLt6Lo

hUuf s6fgaf6 hf]ufpg o; k|ljlwsf] k|efjsfl/tf b]v]kl5

nlntk'/ / df]xgk'/ ;d'bfon] o; k4ltsf] cg';/0faf6 !%)

dL6/ gbL lsgf/f arfpg ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ . la;gk'/

Ufflj; ;d'bfo afof]–OlGhlgol/¨-dL6/_ g;{/L -ju{ dL6/_ a]gf{ ;+Vof j[If/f]k0f-ju{dL6/_Kf"mnjf/L nlntk'/ #)) @%) !)))) *)))x;'lnof lzj/tgk'/ !)) !)) ^))) @)))

dxgk'/ #)) !)) ^))) #)))Kfj]/f dgsfk'/ @*) !)) $))) @*))

lj;gk'/ !%) !%) %))) !%))/tgk'/ Hff]vlxofk'/ @^* @&% !@))) !))))

s"n !#(* (&% $#))) @&#))

tflnsf ^ Go"gLs/0fsf] sfo{, ;fd'bflos g;{/L / j[If/f]k0fsf] cj:yf

aS; * v]tL / v]tLof]Uo hdLg arfpg ul/Psf] ;+/If0f

sfo{af6 xfdL v';L 5f} .

>L k|]d axfb'/ rf}w/L, ;+of]hs, k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldlt, nlntk'/

;d'bfon] o; k|ljlwsf] dxÎjaf6 df]xgf gbLnfO{ csf]{ efult/

kmsf{pg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . la;gk'/ ;d'bfodf sfe|], afšs]

/ alb{ofaf6 ;f] ;d'bfon] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf u/]sf

kxnx?, sf7] :k/sf] k|efjsfl/tf / :yfgLo ;|f]tx?sf]

kl/rfngaf6 s;/L sd vr{ nfUg] jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{

ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df hfGg a'em\g cWoog e|d0fdf ;d]t

cfPsf lyP .

jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨sf] o; k|ljlwaf6 hf]lug ;kmn ePsf]

hUufdf xfn ls;fgx?n] j]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL, v/j'hf,

abfd cflb nufP/ cfkm\gf] j}slNks cfDbfgLnfO{ klg a9fpg

z'? u/]sf 5g\ .

ut jif{;Dd af9L k:g] 8/n] /fd|f];šu gkfs]sf] wfgafnL leq\ofpg xfdL jfWolyof} lsgeg] af9Ln] s'g} klg a]nf afnL gi6 ug{ ;Sg] vt/f lyof] . o;/L/fd|f];šu afnL gkfSb} yGSofpg' kbf{ pAhgL /fd|f] x'"šb}gYof] . ha gbL lsgf/sf];+/If0fsf] sfd ul/of] To;kl5 xfdLnfO{ afnL l5§} leq\ofpg' kg]{ h?/L k/]g .o:tf ;+/If0f sfo{n] ca af9Lsf] hf]lvd w]/} 36]sf] 5 . o:tf k|ljlwx? cem w]/}}If]qdf k'¥ofP/ v]tL / v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ xfd|f] rfxgf 5 .

jS; ( xfdLnfO{ af“;sf] sfdsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] af/]dfs'g} zª\sf 5}g .

>L dfof/fd rf}w/L, ;+of]hs, k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldlt, df]xgk'/, x;f}lgog—$

jf9L Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu kl/of]hgfn] cufl8 ;f/]sf] afš;sf] k|ljlw af/]df ;'?sflbgdf xfdLnfO{ w]/} zª\sf lyof] . kl/of]hgfsf sd{rf/L;šusf] 5nkmndf klgxfdLn] afš;sf] ;§f tf/hfnLsf] 7f]Ss/ jgfpg w]/} k6s cg'/f]w u/]sf lyof}+ .xfd|f] ufpšdf Pp6f pvfg k|rlnt 5 æcfšwLsf] cufl8 kª\vfsf] s] sfdÆ xfdLnfO{afš;sf] k|ljlwsf] af/]df s'/f p7]kl5 o:t} pvfgsf] ;Demgf eof] . t/ jf:tjdfha xfdLn] afš;sf] 7f]Ss/ jf6 klg gbL lsgf/fsf] hUuf arfpg ;lsG5 eGf]/cfkm}n] b]v]kl5 crDd k¥of}+ . clxn] xfdLx? lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{nosf];xof]udf yk afš;sf] 7Ss/x? dflyNnf] efudf agfpg z'? u/]sf 5f} . caxfdLx? cGo lgsfox?;šu klg jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨sf] k|ljlwnfO{ a9fjf lbgo:t} vfn] ;xof]usf] nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ ;f]r /fv]sf 5f} . lsgeg] of] k|ljlw xfd|f]kx'šrleq / yf]/} k};fn] klg Eofpg] vfnsf] 5 . jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{sf]k|efjsfl/tf b]v]/ xfn Uoflag tf/ ;DalGw sfo{df xfdLnfO{ Tolt rf;f] 5}g .


15

v_ k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;d'bfo4f/fJojl:yt 8'ª\ufsf] k|of]uaf9Lsf] ;dodf ;d'bfo4f/f Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 8'ª\ufn]

;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] hLjgnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ w]/} d2t k'u]sf]

5 . kl/of]hgfsf] ;fgf] nfut / ;d'bfosf] k|ToIf of]ubfgdf

^ j6f ;d'bfon] o:tf 8'ª\uf ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . gbL

tg]{h:tf ;fdfGo sfo{df dfq k|of]u geP/ o:tf 8'ª\ufx?

af9Lsf] ;dodf ;'/lIft :yfgdf k'Ug ;d]t nfebfos ePsf

5g\ . o;af6 afnaflnsf, j[4, ;'Ts]/L, ule{0fL / :tgkfg

u/fpg] dlxnfx?nfO{ yk ;'/Iffsf] cg"e"lt x'g'sf ;fy} ;d'bfosf]

dxTjk"0f{ ;fdfgx? klg ;'/lIft ePsf] 5 . lzj/tgk'/

;d'bfosf] ljrf/df o:tf] 8'̈ fsf] Joj:yf gePsf] eP v'Nnf

ufpšsf] !)÷!@ hgf JolQmnfO{ af9Lsf] ;dodf arfpg

;lsg] s'g} cfwf/ g} x'g] lyPg . o:tf] 8'ª\ufsf] ;xof]u

kfpg'k"j{ lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] j:t' efpnfO{ vfgf lbg]

sf7sf] efš8f]nfO{ 8'̈ fsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ ub{y] h'g s'g}klg

;do klN6g ;SbYof] / w]/} 3ghgsf] Iflt x'g ;SYof] .

af9Laf6 5f]6sL kflnofsf] cfˆgf] 8'ª\uf 8'a]kl5 ljzgk'/

;d'bfon] pQm ;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgtkm{ k'¥ofpg cfˆgf]

8'ª\ufsf] ;xfotfaf6 d2t u/]sf] lyof] . nlntk'/ / la;gk'/

;d'bfosf] egfOdf pgLx?n] s]xL k|x/Lx?nfO{ ;d]t ;'/lIft

7fpšdf n}hfg d2t u/]sf lyP .

u_ af9Lsf] ;dodf ;fd'bflos cf>o:yn Pp6flzlj/sf] ?kdf k|of]uaf9L / 8'jfgsf] ;dodf 8/ qf; sd ug{ ;fd'bflos

cf>o:ynsf] dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . To;}n] df]xgk'/ /

lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] ;fd'bflos cf>o:yn lgdf{0f u/]sf

5g\ . yk ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 o:tf cf>o:ynx? ;'/lIft

af6f]sf] d2taf6 ;d'bfo;šu hf]l8Psf 5g\ . ut jif{ af9Laf6

;d'bfoåf/f Joj:yfkg ul/g] 8'ª\ufsf] tof/L x'šb}

!% 3/ kl/jf/ & lbg;Dd lj:yflkt ePsf] a]nf df]xgk'/

;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft cf>o:ynsf] dxTjsf] af/]df cg'e"lt

ePsf] lyof] .

3_ ;'/lIft af6f]sf] lgdf{0fd'Vo vt/fsf] ;fdgf ug'{ cufl8 ;'/lIft :yfg;Dd k'Ug

;'/lIft af6f]sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g] ub{5 . o:tf af6fx?sf]

lgdf{0fdf kl/of]hgfn] ;d'bfonfO{ ;xhLs/0f u/]sf] 5 .

sfdsf] nflu Hofnf sfo{qmd cGtu{t xfn;Dd $=@ ls=dL=

af6f] -!=& ls=dL nlntk'/ / !=% ls=dL hf]lvofk'/_ lgdf{0f

ul/;lsPsf] 5 . laut %) jif{sf] af9Lsf] prfO{nfO{ ;dLIff

u/L o:tf af6fx?sf] prfO{ sfod ul/Psf] 5 . lzj/tgk'/

;d'bfon] ef/tLo e"–efuaf6 au]/ cfpg] kfgLnfO{ ;d]t

/f]syfd ug]{ lx;fjn] cUnf] af6f] agfPsf 5g\ .

ª_ cUnf gNsfx?sf] lgdf{0faf9L / 8'jfgsf] ;dodf ;'/lIft kfgL kfpg / kfgLhGo

;?jf /f]ux?sf] k|sf]k sd ug{ o:tf cUnf gNsf cToGt}

nfebfos x'Gf] ub{5 . kl/of]hgfsf] ;xof]udf % j6f ;d'bfodf

o:tf wf/fx? agfOPsf] 5 . @)^% ;fn cflZjgsf] af9Laf6

nlntk'/ / df]xgk'/ ;d'bfo k"/} 8'afgdf k/]sf] lyof] t/ o:tf

cUnf gNsfsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf]n] af9L / 8'afgsf] ;dodf klg

;'/lIft af6f]sf] k"j{cEof; sfo{df hg;xeflutf

aS; !) ;'/lIft j;f]jf;sf lglDt a;fO;/fO{ ug]{ xfd|f] ;f]rdf

sdL cfPsf] 5 .

>LdtL h'dfgL b]jL rf}w/L, dnefG;f, lzj/tgk'/, x;'lnof—%

aif}{lkR5] cfpg] af9Lsf] sf/0faf6 cfqmfGt eP/ xfdLn] x;'lnof–# sf] sdnkf]v/Lsf]klZrddf kg]{ vfnL efudf ;a} ufpš g} a;fO;/fO{ ug]{ ;f]rdf lyof}+ . o;sf] nfluuflj;sf s]xL kbflwsf/Lx?;šu klg xfd|f] 5nkmn rn]sf] lyof] . hj kl/of]hgfxfd|f] ufpšdf z'? eof], xfdLn] s;/L a9L 8'afg x'G5 / s] u/]sf] v08df af9Laf6aRg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df yfxf kfof}+ . xfdLn] ;''/lIft cf>o:yn / ;'/lIft af6f]sf]dxTjsf] af/]df a'‰of}+ . ;fgf, :yfgLo 1fg ;Lk k|of]u u/]/ x'g] k|ljlwsf] ;xfotfaf6af9Laf6 aRg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf clxn] xfdLdf cfTdljZjf; a9]sf] 5 . To;sf/0fn]xfdLn] k"/} ufpš a;fO;/fO{ ug{] k'/fgf] ;f]rdf kl/jt{g u/]sf 5f}+ . ca :yfoL 3/agfP/ oxL ufpšdf a:g ;lsG5 eGg] cfTdan a9]/ cfPsf] 5 .


cUnf] u/L agfOPsf] gNsf

:yfgLojf;LnfO{ ;'/lIft kfgL kfpg ufx|f] ePg . Tolta]nf

;a} JolQmut gNsfx? Aff9Lsf] 8'jfgdf k/]sf lyP . Tolta]nf

Pp6} ePklg cUnf] gNsf ;d'bfodf x'g'kbf]{ /x]5 eGg] af/]df

/ o;sf] dxTjsf] ljifodf ;d'bfon] /fd|/L a'em]sf lyP .

;d'bfox?n] o:tf yk gNsfx? Afgfpg ;xof]usf nflu

uflj; / cGo lgsfox?nfO{ cg'/f]w ug{ z'? u/]sf 5g\ .

lgisif{df, ;fgf :t/sf Go"gLs/0f sfo{, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

8'ª\uf Joj:yfkg, ;'/lIft cf>o:yn tyf af6f] lgdf{0f / cUnf

gNsfsf] d2taf6 ;d'bfosf] hf]lvd a9fpg e"ldsf v]Ng]

cGtlg{lxt sf/s tTjx?nfO{ sd ug{ lgs} d2t k'u]sf] 5 .

$=% k|fyldstf %M ;a} txdf k|sf]ksf]k|efjsf/L /f]syfdsf nflu ;zQm k"j{tof/L

s_ :yfgLo k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] nflu gLlt,k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ;jnLs/0f:yfgLo, If]qLo tyf /fli6«o:t/df ljleGg tflnd, uf]i7L,

sfo{zfnf a}7sx?df pkl:yt eP/ kl/of]hgfn] :yfgLo

k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] nflu gLlt, k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut

IfdtfnfO{ dha't ug{ d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;d'bfosf

dflg;x?aLr cg'ejsf] cfbfg–k|bfgx?af6 klg y'k|} s'/fx?

l;Sg] jftfj/0f ldn]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txsf o:tf tflnd,

uf]i7Lx?n] afx\o ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{ tyf

kl/of]hgfsf ;kmntd\ cEof;x?nfO{ lbuf] ?kdf lg/Gt/tf

lbg yk d2t k'u]sf] 5 . jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨sf] ;kmntd\

k|of;af6 pTk|]l/t eP/ lhNnf hn pTkGg sfof{non] nlntk'/

/ lj;gk'/ ;d'bfodf af";sf 7f]Ss/x? agfpg ?= %),)))

-$() o'/f]_ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ;f]xL sfdsf] nflu

lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{non] ?= &),))) -^*^ o'/f]_ ;xof]u

u/]sf] 5 . o; sfof{noaf6 j[Iff/f]k0fsf] nflu a]gf{ klg

;xof]u ePsf] 5 . jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨sf] k4ltnfO{ kl/of]hgf

;d'bfosf jfl;Gbfn] cfTd;ft u/sf 5g\ . lhNnf e"–;+/If0f

sfof{non] tflndsf ;xefuLx?nfO{ ;f] ;d'bfoaf6

k|ljlwsf]af/]df a'‰g ;d]t k7fpg] u/]sf] 5 .

v_ 5nkmn cGtlqm{of, ;"rgfsf] cfbfg–k|bfg tyf;dGjodf ;xof]ukl/of]hgfn] 5nkmn, cGtlqm{of, ;"rgfsf] cfbfg–k|bfg tyf

;dGjosf] nflu x/;Dej k|of;x? hf/L /fv]sf] 5 . o;sf]

kmn:j?k s]o/ g]kfn;šu ldn]/ d;L{ sf]/n] ;+o'Qm ?kdf

of]hgf ;+rfng ;ldlt agfPsf] 5 . ;f] ;ldltdf g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO6L ;+of]hs /xg] u/L lhlj;, hn pTkGg k|sf]k

lgoGq0f l8lehg sfof{no, a];, ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] nflu

;r]t ;dfh, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 nufotsf lgsfox?

;b:osf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . o; ;ldltsf] ;xof]uaf6 k|fljlws

;xof]]u, ;|f]t / cg'ejsf] cfbfgk|bfg / tTsfn} s]xL ug{

k/]df /fd|f] jftfj/0f agfpg yk d2t k'u]sf] 5 . :yfgLo

;fem]bf/ / ejg lgdf{0f ljefu;šusf] ;xsfo{df d;L{ sf]/

g]kfn / s]o/ g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf e"sDk lbj; dgfPsf

lyP . ;"rgf ;fdfu|L agfpg] sfddf ;d]t d;L{ sf]/ / s]o/

g]kfnaLr k|ToIf ;Djfb / cGt{lqmof ePsf] lyof] . vf]h tyf

p4f/ tflndsf] bf}/fg ;}lgs tyf k|x/L k|zf;g;+u k|ToIf

;dGjo ul/Psf] 5 . pgLx?sf] cg'ej tyf l;sfOx?n]

tflndnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg d2t ldn]sf] lyof] . 8sdL{

tflnd ;+rfng ubf{ klg a]nfotL ;xof]u lgof]usf] ;fd'bflos

;xof]u sfo{qmd;šu k|ToIf ;dGjo ul/Psf] lyof] .

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf /fd|f cEof;x? tyf To;sf kmfObfx?sf

af/]df Kfl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf jf jflx/sf cGo ;d'bfonfO{

aS; !! xfdLn] :yfgLo 1fg / k4ltnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 .

d]/f] ljrf/df :yfgLo k|ljlw 1fg / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t sd nfut / afš; :yfgLo 7fpšdfk|ofKt kfpg] ePsf]n] klg jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] af/]df ;d'bfonfO{s]xL klg zª\sf 5}g . ;d'bfosf] o; k|ljlwk|ltsf] rfv b]v]/ xfdLn] kl/of]hgfcGt{utsf ;d'bfox?nfO{ o:t} k|ljlw cGo :yfgdf klg cg';/0f ug{ yk?= &),))) lbg ah]6df 5'§fPsf 5f}+ . kl/of]hgf If]qdf o; k|ljlwsf] ;kmntfn] ubf{xfdLnfO{ oxL k|ljlw cGo uflj;x?df n}hfg xf};nf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf:yfgLo 1fg / k4ltdf cfwfl/t gofš k|ljlw n}hfg ;s]sf] v08df ;d'bfon]To;nfO{ Jofks ?kdf cg';/0f ub{5g\ .>L gef]gf/fo0f ld>, k|d'v, lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{no


17

hfgsf/L u/fpg jiff{ tyf af9L;DaGwL ;"rgfx? Hfn

tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu;šusf] ;dGjodf :yfgLo PkmPd

/]l8of]dfkm{t\ k|;f/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf

nflu ;d'bfon] ckgfpšb} cfPsf] /fd|f cEof;x?af6 l;Sg

k|flS6sn PS;g, 8]lg; /]8qm; / s]o/ g]kfnn] kl/of]hgf

If]qdf cWoog e|d0f klg ul/;s]sf] 5 . e|d0fsf] a]nf

;d'bfoaf6 s;/L sd nfutsf k|ljlwaf6 klg pj{/

hldg, 3/kl/jf/, ufpš arfpg ;lsG5 eGg]af/]df k|ToIf

hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . ;fy}, tflndx?, k"j{tof/L

ultljlwx?, ;'/lIft :yfg;Dd k'Ug] of]hgf, k"j{;"rgf

k |0ffnLsf cEof;x?n] s;/L hLjg arfpg /

hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Nb5g\

eGg] af/]df cjnf]sg e|d0fsf cj;/df ;d'bfon] 6f]nLnfO{

hfgsf/L u/fPsf lyP . dfgjLo ;xof]u ;dGjo ug]{

/fi6«;ª\3Lo lgof]un] klg ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k"j{tof/L

lqmofsnfkx? / k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLx?sf] af/]df Jofks

k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ ;lsg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

o; k|sf/sf ;~hfn, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{n] kl/of]hgf If]qsf

;d'bfonfO{ k|efjsf/L 9ª\uaf6 k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u

ug{, k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ tyf k|sf]ksf a]nfdf plrt

/fxt / ;xof]u ug{ cem yk an k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

u_ k|sf]k k"j{tof/Lsf cEof;x?sf] lgoldt k|j4{g ug{]kl/of]hgfåf/f ;d'bfonfO{ pgLx?sf] Ifdtf a9fpg k|sf]k

k"j{tof/Lsf cEof;x?sf] lgoldt k|of]u ug]{ s'/fdf ;xof]u

ul//x]sf 5g\ . j}slNks sf]ifsf] Joj:yf u/]/ af9Laf6

k|efljt ;d'bfosf] nflu cfkTfsfnLg / k'g{lgdf{0f;šu

;DalGwt ;xof]u k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . @)^% ;fn cflZjgdf

cfPsf] ljgf;sf/L af9Ln] Jofks ?kdf Iflt ug'{sf] ;fy}

cGgkft / v]taf/Ldf 5g]{ lap;d]t aufP/ gi6 u/]kl5

kl/of]hgfn] o:tf] j}slNks sf]ifsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 NofPsf]

lyof] . of] Joj:yfaf6 vf;u/L sd cfo ePsf

3/kl/jf/nfO{ af9Lsf] c;/ sd ug{ klg lgs} g} /fxt

k'u]sf] 5 .

o;/L :yfgLo ?kdf k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] nflu gLlt,

k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut IfdtfnfO{ dha't agfO{ 5nkmn,

cGtlqm{of, hfgsf/L cfbfg–k|bfg tyf ;xsfo{ / k|sf]k

k"j{tof/Lsf cEof;x?sf] lgoldt k|of]uaf6 kl/of]hgfn]

k|sf]k k"j{tof/L / k|efjsf/L cGtlq{mofdf /fd|f] of]ubfg

ug{ ;Ifd ePsf] b]lvG5 .

>L nf]sgfy /]UdL, lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{no, s}nfnL

aS; !@ k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf

nflu ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] dxTjof] kl/of]hgf ;dflKt x'g' cl3 g} xfdLn] :yfgLo txdf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf/fd|f cEof;x?nfO{ l5d]sL ufpšdf klg cg'';/0f ug{sf] nflu e/kbf]{ ;+:yfut;+/rgf agfpg' cfjZos 5 . sf]if v8f u/]/ / pko'Qm ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdfkm{tklg k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf /fd|f cEof;x?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsG5 . lsgeg]To:tf /fd|f cEof;x?af6 dfq gbL lsgf/df a:g] JolQm / ltgsf] ;DklQarfpg ;lsG5 . k"/} gbL lsgf/df jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ ug{ ;Dej klg 5}g .t;y{ k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

lhNnf:t/Lo ;/f]sf/fnf;+usf] a}7s


%=! /0fgLlts of]hgf !M lbuf] ljsf; gLlttyf of]hgfdf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{PsLs[t ug]{ .

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf

ultljlwx? ;~rfng ug{ ;jn / ;Ifd agfpg], 1fgsf]

Joj:yfkg;DaGwL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf ljQLo kf/blz{tf

sfod ug]{ sfo{x? Pjd\ ;+:yfut ?kdf ;'zf;g sfod

ug{]h:tf s'/fx? kl/of]hgfsf d'Vo ;/f]sf/sf ljifox? x'g\

. ;d'bfo:t/df agfOPsf k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgfnfO{ uflj;

/ lhlj;sf sfo{qmdx?df ;dGjo ul/g] ePsf]n] ;fd'bflos

of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug{

ufx|f] x'g] 5}g . o;/L :yfgLo txsf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf

kxnx? /fli6«o :t/df lbuf] ljsf; gLlt tyf of]hgf;šu

PsLs[t x'g] cj:yf 5 . o;af6 sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts

nIo ! nfO{ of]ubfg ug{ kl/of]hgf ;kmn ePsf] 5 .

%=@ /0fgLlts nIo @ M k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfclej[l4sf] nflu /fli6«o tyf ;fd'bflos tx;Dd;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] .

Kfl/of]hgf If]qsf ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?

;DaGwL xfnsf] Ifdtf tyf 1fgnfO{ ;dLIff ub}{ cem k|efjsf/L

?kdf 1fgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfddf

hf]8 lbOPsf]] 5 . ;d'bfodf hf]lvd kQf nufpg, hf]lvdsf]

;dLIff ug{, vt/fsf] cg'udg ug{ / k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf

/fd|f cEof;x?nfO{ k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ ;d'bfosf] 1fg / Ifdtf

b'a} a9fpg kl/of]hgfn] ;xof]u hf/L /fv]sf] 5 . ;"rgf

;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u, cWoog e|d0f, ;8s gf6s, lel8of] k|b{zg

/ k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf cEof;x?n] ;d'bfosf] 1fg, ;Lk /

cg'ejnfO{ cem kl/is[t ug]{ tyf cfTdan a9fpg ;xof]u

ePsf] 5 . k|sf]k k"j{tof/L tyf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf]

nflu hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx? / :s"nsf sfo{qmdx?n] yk

e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . o:tf ultljlwx?af6 :yfgLo ;+:yfx?

vf;u/L k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltx?, pk;ldltx?, Ufflj;:t/Lo

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltx? / h'glo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] Ifdtf

a9fpg klg yk d2t k'u]sf] 5 . jfof]–OlGHflgol/¨ k|ljlwsf

;fgf :t/sf Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{, g;{/L Joj:yfkgsf

ultljlwx?af6 jftfj/0fLo tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg ug{

tyf e"–pkof]u of]hgf agfpg k|ToIf ;xof]u ldn]sf] 5 .

;fd'bflos 8'ª\uf , ;'/lIft 3/ tyf ;'/lIft af6f]sf] Joj:yfaf6

;d'bfosf] k|sf]k;šu n8\g ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .

oL ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx?n] xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] bf];|f] nIonfO{

k|ToIf ?kdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

%=# /0fgLlts nIo #M k|efljt ;d'bfosf];xof]usf] nflu cfktsfnLg k"j{tof/L, p4f/,/fxt tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg hf]lvdGo"gLs/0fsf cEof;x?nfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ .

kl/of]hgfn] gLlt, k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf tyf :yfgLo

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ug{ /fli6«o :t/sf tflnd, uf]i7L tyf

;]ldgf/x?sf] d4taf6 1fg tyf cg'ejsf] cfbfg–k|bfgdfkm{t\

;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txdf ul/Psf o:tf lsl;dsf

5nkmn / ;dGjon] kl/of]hgfaf6 ;~rflnt ultljlwx?sf]

lgoldt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :yfgLo:t/df jfx\o ;|f]t h'6fpg

/ kl/rfng ug{ ;xof]uL ePsf] 5 . cGtlqm{of a}7s cfof]hgf

ug]{, ;"rgfsf] cfbfg–k|bfg tyf ;dGjo ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{

h:tf ultljlwx?af6 ;d'bfonfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u ug{,

;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L 9ª\uaf6 ;|f]tsf] afš8kmfš8 ug{ / ug'{kg]{

sfo{ tTsfn} sfof{Gjog ug{ yk d2t k'Ug] u/]sf] 5 .

;~hfn, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{af6 kl/of]hgf If]qsf ;d'bfonfO{

k|efjsf/L k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ug{, k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

tyf k|sf]ksf] a]nfdf /fxt / ;xof]u ug{ cem yk an k|fKt

ePsf] 5 . kl/of]hgfn] ;d'bfonfO{ k|sf]k k"j{tof/Lsf

cEof;dfkm{t\ pgLx?sf] Ifdtf a9fpg lg/Gt/ ;xof]u u/]sf]

5 . vfB tyf u}/vfB ;fdu|Lx?sf] ljt/0faf6 k|sf]ksf] a]nf

tTsfn} /fxt / ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg ;Dej EfPsf]n]

/0fgLlts nIo # k"/f ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

x\o"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts nIo k|fKtug{ kl/of]hgfn] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg

%=


19

jfnjflnsf4f/f ;~rf/ ;fdfu|Lsf] cjnf]sg ub}{


d;L{ sf]/ g]kfn

kf]=j= g+= @$#&$

;fg]kf rf]s, nlntk'/, g]kfn .

6]lnkmf]g M (&& ! %%% %%#@

km\ofS; M (&& ! %%% $#&)

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$) ;]Og];, O8gju{ # Pr ( ! Pgh], a]nfot

6]lnkmf]g M $$-)_!#! ^^@ %!^)

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ISBN 993721361-4

l8k]sf], o'/f]knL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xof]u ljefu -ljZjsf]

Psdfq ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dfgjLo bftf_ cGtu{tsf] k|sf]k

k"j{tof/L sfo{qmd xf] . o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t vf;u/L

gd"gf kl/of]hgfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;fwf/0f,

sd nfutsf] / vf;u/L ;d'bfodf ;~rfng x'g]

kl/of]hgfx? o;sf] k|fyldstfdf kb{5g\ . o;df k|sf]ksf]

IfltnfO{ sd ug]{, k|sf]ksf] c;/ k/]sf] ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf

k"j{ cj:yfdf Nofpg] / hLjgsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ kl/of]hgfx?nfO{

dxÎjsf ;fy x]g]{ ul/G5 .

d;L{ sf]/ Ps cGt/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L, dfgjLo /fxt k|bfg

ug]{ ljsf;d'vL ;+:yf xf] . o;sf] d'Vo sfof{no cd]l/sf

/ a]nfotdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] vf;u/L ?kfGt/0fsf] qmddf

/x]sf b]zx?nfO{ d2t ub{5 . d;L{ sf]/n] b'MvL, ul/aL /

lyrf]ldrf]df kfl/Psf ju{nfO{ ;'/lIft / Gofok"0f{ ;d'bfo

lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ub{5 . o;sf] k|d'v sfo{ eg]sf]

cfktsfnLg /fxt k'¥ofpg', cfly{s ljsf; ug'{ / gful/s

;dfhsf] ;Dj4{g ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . d;L{ sf]/ g]kfnsf] k|d'v

nIo eg]sf] kL8fdf k/]sf] ;d'bfosf] IfdtfnfO{ k"j{

cj:yfdf Nofpg], cfly{s cj;/x?sf] lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf

;fdflhs ;dfj]zL cEof;x?nfO{ a9fjf lb+b} ul/aL lgjf/0f

ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .

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