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ANAEROBIOSIS

Anaerobiosis is the process ofanaerobic respiration or breakdown ofglucose with the production energy in

the absence of oxygen

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ANAEROBIOSIS IN

ANIMALS

In human beings,anaerobic respiration occurs inmuscles that are active contracting and the supplyof oxygen is not enough.This occurs temporarily for ashort period of time.Prolong anaerobic respiration in

muscles results in cram. Its biochemistry is as follow:a) Glycolisis occurs like that in the plants and Krebs

cycle cannot take place too.b) In animals,the accumulation of pyruvate stimulates

the enzyme that changes it straight to lactate.Acertain amount of lactate is always produce duringexercise.

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ANAEROBIOSIS IN

PLANTS

The process is same as in yeast which isfacultative anaerobe or in clostridium botulinum,which is an obligate anaerobe.The process isalso known as fermentation.

In flowering plants,it occurs in the fastgerminating seeds,storage organs liketuber,fruits or roots when the supply of oxygen isnot enough.

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Its biochemistry as follows:

a) Initially,glycolysis takes place as in aerobicrespiration and produce the pyruvate

b) Krebs cycle cannotoccur.When there is nooxygen,oxidative phosphorylation cannotoccurs.There is no NAD+ as it is in the formNADH and not oxidised.Pyruvate cannotundergo oxidative decarboxylation to formacetyl coenzyme A to enter the krebs cycle.

c) Ethanol isproduced.The pyruvateaccumulates and stimulate the production theenzyme that converts its to ethanal and CO2.

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANAEROBIOSIS OFPLANTS AND ANIMALSANAEROBIOSIS

OF PLANTSANAEROBIOSIS

IN ANIMALS

Organsinvolved

It occurs in root,seed storageorgans like tuber.

It occurs in skeletalmuscles especiallyleg muscles

When

It occurs when

roots aresubmerged oroxygen supplydecreases.

It occurs when

muscles are activecontracting

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CO2 formed It is formed fromdecarboxylation

of pyruvate

No CO2 formed

Number ofreaction

steps

Glycolysis formspyruvate,then to

ethanal andethanol

Glycolysis formspyruvate and

straight to lactate

End product Ethanol is

poisonous andkills cells and ofno use to plants

Lactate is acidic,

would not kill celland is still useful.

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Processuseful or

harmful

It is harmful toplants and plays

little part inobtaining energy

It is useful tosustain muscle

contraction

Recycle of

end product

Only when

ethanol is verylow and if cell isstill alive

Lactate is

recycled to formglucose orglycogen

Abnormal ornormalprocess

It is an abnormalprocess and notpart of dailyoccurrence

It is a normalprocess, part ofdaily occurrence

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USES OF FERMENTATION ININDUSTRIESProduction ofalcoholicbeverages

-rice wine(samsu) is fermented fromcooked rice

-beer is fermented from malt

-wine is fermented from grapes-whisky is fermented from wheat

Production of

vinegar

Cooked rice is first fermented to

form alcohol and later aerated toform acetic (ethanoic) acid

Production ofvitamin

Yeast can be used to extractvitamins especially vitamin B

complex

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Making breadand spongycookies

Starchy dough mixed with yeast isleft to ferment where CO2 isreleased and makes the dough risewhen heated

It is used inthe production

of soya sauce

Cooked soya beans are left toferment with salt and the liquid

forms the sauce.It is used toproducecheese andyogurt

Coagulated milk protein added withLactobacillus will be converted intocheese. Milk added with the bacteriais used to produce yogurt.

It is used toproduce MSG

Starch is fermented with a specialstrain of fungus and the MSG is

refined and used as food additive.

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It is used in the

production of single-celled protein andamino acids

Yeast can be extracted to

form single celled protein.The protein can bedigested by enzymes toform amino acids.

It is used in theproduction ofmedications.

Antibiotics are produced byfungi. Transgenic bacteriacan be cultured toproduced specifictherapeutic proteins e.ginsulin.

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Biology itumudah macam

minum air

masakgood luck.