CSF situation and control in the region

Ken Inui and Nguyen TungNational Center for Veterinary Diagnosis, Hanoi, Vietnam

Food and Agriculture Organization

1. The Current SituationBig

Problem

2. Towards the Control

CSF situation in Asia: The disease status

• CSF has been endemic in most countries for decades.

• What we know is that we don’t know much about;

• The disease status

• how many, where, etc

• The virus movement

• in the region

• in the country

• value chain

• risk factors

Phylogeny and Genotypes of CSFV in SE and East Asia

VN07-10 Thai03

Thai08-09 Lao09

Lao98 CN98 02

CN98 02

CN97-98 02-06 It92

Korea02-03 CN01-04

CN06

TWN01

CN01-06 TWN01

10-GDST1.2010-Guangdong China

CN04-08

CN05-07

Ref 97-4/sw/NL/Venhorst Holland (2.1a)Ref Paderborn Germany (2.1a)

TWN96-01 Lao98 CNGX06

gi|31323165 98-L123 Laos

CN86-99 Ger80s Ita92 2.3India-09

CN95-03

CN97-04CN95-98

Lao97-9809(10)-NAHC-L028-Vientiane Laos

10(8)-CVVI-CSF21 DakLak(CuKuin)10(10)-HCMC-5144-BenTre VN

10(8)-CVVI-CSF27 DakLak(KrongNang)Lao98

gi|31323157 98-L61 LaosThai01

Ref L67 LaosRef L225 Laosgi|31323161 98-L67 Laosgi|31323159 98-L214 Laosgi|31323155 98-L225 Laos

gi|31323153 98-L47 Laosgi|158515774 Sukoharjo Indonesia

Thai96Italy90,98 CN84, TwN95

China98 Lao98 Thai08

VN10 CM10

TWN 97 3.4

Thai 80s-96 3.3

Korea 88-98 3.2

Thai 88-93 1.3

Thai 50-91 Brescia45 1.2India IVRI vaccine

China 96-06

India 06

Thai 88-93Ref CSFvaccine GPE- (1.1)

Vaccine C LPC Riem

CN 82-99 Shimen

ALD TWNRef ALD (1.1)

Thai 94-01 Korea88 Lom

0.02

1.1

Geno-type

Year

80s 90-95 96-00 00-05 06-11

2.1c

2.1b

2.1a

2.3

2.2

3.4

3.3

3.2

1.3

1.2

1.1

Active2000-10

Died outBy 2000

2.1a

2.2

3.43.33.21.3

2.1c

2.1b

2.3

E2 gene 190nt

Phylogeny and Genotypes of CSFV in China

VN07-10 Thai03

Thai08-09 Lao09

Lao98 CN98 02

CN98 02

CN97-98 02-06 It92

Korea02-03 CN01-04

CN06

TWN01

CN01-06 TWN01

10-GDST1.2010-Guangdong China

CN04-08

CN05-07

Ref 97-4/sw/NL/Venhorst Holland (2.1a)Ref Paderborn Germany (2.1a)

TWN96-01 Lao98 CNGX06

gi|31323165 98-L123 Laos

CN86-99 Ger80s Ita92 2.3India-09

CN95-03

CN97-04CN95-98

Lao97-9809(10)-NAHC-L028-Vientiane Laos

10(8)-CVVI-CSF21 DakLak(CuKuin)10(10)-HCMC-5144-BenTre VN

10(8)-CVVI-CSF27 DakLak(KrongNang)Lao98

gi|31323157 98-L61 LaosThai01

Ref L67 LaosRef L225 Laosgi|31323161 98-L67 Laosgi|31323159 98-L214 Laosgi|31323155 98-L225 Laos

gi|31323153 98-L47 Laosgi|158515774 Sukoharjo Indonesia

Thai96Italy90,98 CN84, TwN95

China98 Lao98 Thai08

VN10 CM10

TWN 97 3.4

Thai 80s-96 3.3

Korea 88-98 3.2

Thai 88-93 1.3

Thai 50-91 Brescia45 1.2India IVRI vaccine

China 96-06

India 06

Thai 88-93Ref CSFvaccine GPE- (1.1)

Vaccine C LPC Riem

CN 82-99 Shimen

ALD TWNRef ALD (1.1)

Thai 94-01 Korea88 Lom

0.02

1.1

Geno-type

Year

80s 90-95 96-00 00-05 06-11

2.1c

2.1b

2.1a

2.3

2.2

3.4

3.3

3.2

1.3

1.2

1.1

Active2000-10

Never present or Died outBy 2000

2.1a

2.2

3.43.33.21.3

2.1c

2.1b

2.3

Phylogeny and Genotypes of CSFV in Thailand

VN07-10 Thai03

Thai08-09 Lao09

Lao98 CN98 02

CN98 02

CN97-98 02-06 It92

Korea02-03 CN01-04

CN06

TWN01

CN01-06 TWN01

10-GDST1.2010-Guangdong China

CN04-08

CN05-07

Ref 97-4/sw/NL/Venhorst Holland (2.1a)Ref Paderborn Germany (2.1a)

TWN96-01 Lao98 CNGX06

gi|31323165 98-L123 Laos

CN86-99 Ger80s Ita92 2.3India-09

CN95-03

CN97-04CN95-98

Lao97-9809(10)-NAHC-L028-Vientiane Laos

10(8)-CVVI-CSF21 DakLak(CuKuin)10(10)-HCMC-5144-BenTre VN

10(8)-CVVI-CSF27 DakLak(KrongNang)Lao98

gi|31323157 98-L61 LaosThai01

Ref L67 LaosRef L225 Laosgi|31323161 98-L67 Laosgi|31323159 98-L214 Laosgi|31323155 98-L225 Laos

gi|31323153 98-L47 Laosgi|158515774 Sukoharjo Indonesia

Thai96Italy90,98 CN84, TwN95

China98 Lao98 Thai08

VN10 CM10

TWN 97 3.4

Thai 80s-96 3.3

Korea 88-98 3.2

Thai 88-93 1.3

Thai 50-91 Brescia45 1.2India IVRI vaccine

China 96-06

India 06

Thai 88-93Ref CSFvaccine GPE- (1.1)

Vaccine C LPC Riem

CN 82-99 Shimen

ALD TWNRef ALD (1.1)

Thai 94-01 Korea88 Lom

0.02

1.1

Geno-type

Year

80s 90-95 96-00 00-05 06-11

2.1c

2.1b

2.1a

2.3

2.2

3.4

3.3

3.2

1.3

1.2

1.1

2.1a

2.2

3.43.33.21.3

2.1c

2.1b

2.3

Active2000-10

Never present or Died outBy 2000

Phylogeny and Genotypes of CSFV in Vietnam

VN07-10 Thai03

Thai08-09 Lao09

Lao98 CN98 02

CN98 02

CN97-98 02-06 It92

Korea02-03 CN01-04

CN06

TWN01

CN01-06 TWN01

10-GDST1.2010-Guangdong China

CN04-08

CN05-07

Ref 97-4/sw/NL/Venhorst Holland (2.1a)Ref Paderborn Germany (2.1a)

TWN96-01 Lao98 CNGX06

gi|31323165 98-L123 Laos

CN86-99 Ger80s Ita92 2.3India-09

CN95-03

CN97-04CN95-98

Lao97-9809(10)-NAHC-L028-Vientiane Laos

10(8)-CVVI-CSF21 DakLak(CuKuin)10(10)-HCMC-5144-BenTre VN

10(8)-CVVI-CSF27 DakLak(KrongNang)Lao98

gi|31323157 98-L61 LaosThai01

Ref L67 LaosRef L225 Laosgi|31323161 98-L67 Laosgi|31323159 98-L214 Laosgi|31323155 98-L225 Laos

gi|31323153 98-L47 Laosgi|158515774 Sukoharjo Indonesia

Thai96Italy90,98 CN84, TwN95

China98 Lao98 Thai08

VN10 CM10

TWN 97 3.4

Thai 80s-96 3.3

Korea 88-98 3.2

Thai 88-93 1.3

Thai 50-91 Brescia45 1.2India IVRI vaccine

China 96-06

India 06

Thai 88-93Ref CSFvaccine GPE- (1.1)

Vaccine C LPC Riem

CN 82-99 Shimen

ALD TWNRef ALD (1.1)

Thai 94-01 Korea88 Lom

0.02

1.1

Geno-type

Year

80s 90-95 96-00 00-05 06-11

2.1c

2.1b

2.1a

2.3

2.2

3.4

3.3

3.2

1.3

1.2

1.1

2.1a

2.2

3.43.33.21.31.2

2.1c

2.1b

2.3

Active2000-10

Never present or Died outBy 2000

CSF situation in Asia: Vaccination

• Effective and safe vaccines available

• Vaccination against CSF is widely practiced

• But not properly managed

• Vaccines• Quality control

• Vaccine handling

• Storage and cold chain

• Vaccination program• Vaccination at too early age

• Efficacy interfered by maternal antibodies

CSF situation in Asia: The others

• Awareness of the farmers/vets on the risk of CSF

• High

• Knowledge of the farmers/vets on how to prevent CSF

• Low

• Farm biosecurity and health management

• Small holders: none

• Medium commercial farm: poor

• Large commercial farm: fair to good

• No compliance to disease control regulations

– Illegal trade and movement, etc.

• Traditional practice with high risk of disease transmission

CSF situation in Asia: Non-technical issues

• CSF is endemic in most countries in Asia

• Not much information is available on

– Disease status (how many, where, economic loss and gain, etc.)

– Risks (virus flow, value chain, etc.)

• Vaccination against CSF is practiced widely, but not properly.

• The risk is increasing as the pig production goes into larger scale without proper biosecurity and health management

CSF situation in Asia: Summary

1. The Current Situation

2. Towards the Control Help me

• CSF has been eradicated in many countries

• Good live vaccines are available

• There is only ONE sero-type

• The mode of transmission is by contact

• Similarity with rinderpest which was eradicated from world

Rinderpest CSF FMD HPAI

Good live vaccine available Yes Yes

Antigenically stableOne serotype

Yes Yes

Transmission by contact,no aerosol transmission

Yes Yes Yes?

High mortality Yes Yes Yes

Control of CSF in Asia: Is it possible? Yes

Ultimate target

• Reduce economic loss in pig production by controlling the major infectious diseases such as CSF and HP-PRRS but not only CSF and HP-PRRS

Immediate target

• Control of CSF

– Control of the disease by vaccination

– No virus circulation in breeding farms

Control of CSF in Asia: Target

• Strong political commitment at all level (regional, national, provincial)

• Good awareness on the disease and the problems by all stakeholders

• Strong ownership of the control program by all stake holders

• Good tools and proper use of those tools (vaccines, diagnostics, etc)

• Targeted approach: focus on the commercial farms

• Holistic approach to improve the efficiency of pig production

Control of CSF in Asia: What do we need?

• Chinese “C” strain– Attenuated by passage in rabbit– Most used globally

• Japanese GPE-negative strain– Attenuated in guinea pig cells– Temperature sensitive

• Other live vaccines– Russian LK & CS strains – Thiverval-Grignon, Mexican PAV-250 (PK15)

• E2 Subunit vaccines– DIVA

Control of CSF in Asia: Vaccines

CSF Vaccine “C-strain”

• How quickly is protection afforded?– 4 days post vaccination

• How long does the immunity last?– Protection >18m, could be life-long

• Does it provide protection against ALL strains?– Gives cross-protection against different genotypes

• Can it be used in an outbreak?– Yes, but it does not work after infection

It is an effective and safe vaccine

• Vaccine handling

– Storage

– Cold chain

– Vaccination equipment, etc.

• Interference by the maternal antibodies

– Appropriate vaccination program

– Different depending on the immune status of farms

Control of CSF in Asia: Vaccination

2560

1280

640

320

160

80

40

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Age of piglet (weeks)

NP

LA A

nti

bo

dy

Tite

r

Protected

Vaccine take =<32

Vaccination: too early for 1/1280

2560

1280

640

320

160

80

40

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Age of piglet (weeks)

NP

LA A

nti

bo

dy

Tite

r

Protected Protected

Vaccine take =<32

Vaccination: good timing for 1/1280

Problems on deciding an appropriate vaccination program

• Depends on the immune status of the farm

– Depends on the antibody level of sows

• Could be very high in virus circulating farms

• Could be variable among sows

– Depends on the colostrum taking by piglets

• Could be variable among piglets even in the same litter

• Can not be a perfect one that is appropriate for all pigs in the same farm

2560

1280

640

320

160

80

40

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Age of piglet (weeks)

NP

LA A

nti

bo

dy

Tite

r

ProtectedProtected

Vaccine take =<32

Vaccination: covers both 160 & 1280

Classified into 3 types of production;

1. Traditional practice• 4-5 pigs per household

• 70% of total pig population

2. Family farm• 10-20 sows or 10-50 fattening pigs

• 10% of total pig population

3. Commercial farm• 8500 farms (3500 breeding, 5000 fattening)

• 20% of total pig population

Control of CSF in Asia: Targeted approach

Which production type should we target at

Vir

Virus

Virus dies out

Virus keep circulating

Large breeding farm Medium breeding farm Small holders

Scenario 3virus introduction results in wide-spread epidemics

Virus

Large scale Medium scale

Breeding Farms Small holders

Virus

• Focus on breeding farms– Breeding farms are the incubator and the disseminator of

the pathogen. When they are clean, lower production unit will be clean.

– Efficient use of resources

– Easier to work with; profit-oriented

• Low investment, Good management, Medium profit

• Work closely with pig producers, pig vets, etc.– Capacity building of these people essential

Control of CSF in Asia: Targeted approach

• Control of CSF is not enough to improve the efficiency of pig production

• Solve all the problems CSF, PRRS, etc together by improvement of farm health management

• Improved production = more MONEY

• Farmers like it

• Sustainable

Control of CSF in Asia: Holistic approach

• Strong political commitment at all level (regional, national, provincial)

• Good awareness on the disease and the problems by all stakeholders

• Strong ownership of the control program by all stake holders

• Good tools and proper use of those tools (vaccines, diagnostics)

• Targeted approach: focus on the commercial farms

• Holistic approach to improve the efficiency of pig production

Control of CSF in Asia: Summary

In countries where CSFV is endemic in the domestic pig population a well-

designed, systematic and intensive vaccination campaign that is supported by

the farming community may provide the basis for an eventual control and

eradication of CSFV. (J.T. van Oirschot, Veterinary Microbiology 96 (2003) 367)

We can do it !!! Thank you!!!