Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP)...Sep 19, 2017 · Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research...

Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute

Kenya Coastal Development Project

(KCDP)

A Report on Social Assessment of the Vulnerable and

Marginalized Groups for the Kenya Coastal Development Project

(KCDP)

Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups

Social Assessment Report

(VOLUME II)

Prepared By

Natural Resource Management Enterprise Services 3rd Floor Utali House Nairobi Room 8

P.O Box 72559- 00200 city Square Nairobi Kenya

Tel; +254 02 788593/0722337251/0720 426845

E-mail: [email protected]

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Social Assessment Report Page i

Table of Contents

Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................ iii

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ vi

Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................. vii

Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. viii

Chapter I Introduction and Background to the consultancy ............................................... 1

1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Background to the Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) ................................... 1 1.2.1 Rationale of the Assignment .......................................................................................................... 2

1.2.2 Objectives of the Assignment ........................................................................................................ 3

1.2.3 Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Social Assessment and VMG Plans.................................. 3

1.3 Deliverables ...................................................................................................................... 4

Chapter II: Study Approach and Methods ............................................................................ 5

2.1 Approach .......................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Baseline Quantitative data collection .......................................................................................... 7

2.2.2 Sampling Frame and Sampling Exercise .................................................................................... 7

2.2.3 Focus Group Discussions ............................................................................................................ 8

2.2.4 VMG Land use Mapping .............................................................................................................. 9

2.2.5 Gender Considerations ............................................................................................................... 9

2.2.6 Data Organization and Analysis ............................................................................................... 10

2.3 Limitations/Challenges Faced by Consultants and Research Assistants ...................... 10

Chapter III: Findings of the Study ........................................................................................ 11

3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11

3.2 Description of data and information gathered ............................................................... 11

3.3 Stakeholders and Institutional Analysis ......................................................................... 12

3.3.1 Group Formations /Institutions (stakeholder and institutional analysis) ...................... 12

3.4 Process of free, prior, and informed consultation with the affected and informed

consultation with the affected VMGs ....................................................................................... 14

3.5 Socio-Economic Profile of the Vulnerable and Marginalized Communities ................ 15 3.5.1 Distribution of the Surveyed Population by Gender .................................................................. 15

3.5.2 Marital Status ............................................................................................................................. 15

3.5.3 Level of Education .................................................................................................................... 16

3.5.4 Occupation of the Household Members .................................................................................... 16

3.5.5 VMGs Economic Status ............................................................................................................. 18

3.5.7 Household Environment ............................................................................................................ 19

3.5.8 Household Item Ownership ....................................................................................................... 20

3.5.9 Access to Services ..................................................................................................................... 21

3.5.10 Household source of Energy .................................................................................................... 21

3.5.11 Religious Affiliation ................................................................................................................. 22

3.5.12 Mode of Transport ................................................................................................................... 22

3.5.13 Household Source of Domestic Water .................................................................................... 23

3.5.14 Household Access to Sanitation ............................................................................................... 24

3.6 Maps of Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Area ..................................................... 24

Social Assessment Report Page ii

3.7 Historical and Contextual Information on the VMGs at the Kenyan Coast ................... 25

3.8. Legal and Institutional Context of the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups ................ 29

3.9 Potential benefits of KCDP for Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups .......................... 30 3.9.1 Potential benefits of Sustainable Management of Fisheries Resources ..................................... 30

3.9.2 Potential Benefits of Sound Management of Natural Resources ................................................. 33

3.9.3 . Potential Benefits for the Support for alternative Livelihoods ................................................... 34

3.10 Potential adverse impact of KCDP on VMGs and suggested Mitigation Measures....... 38 3.10.1 Potential adverse impact of KCDP on VMGs ............................................................................ 38

3.10.2 Mitigation Measures to address Potential Adverse effects of the Project ................................ 40

3.11 Special measures concerning women and vulnerable groups ........................................ 41

3.12 Capacity Building for the affected communities to enhance their participation in the

implementation of the Action plan ........................................................................................... 42

3.13 Awareness of KCDP Project .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.14 Broad support of the Project ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.15 Involvement of VMGs in planning process enhanced in the form of free, prior and

informed consultation ............................................................................................................... 42

3.16 VMG Land use mapping ................................................................................................. 43

3.17 Compliance with Environmental Regulations and Safeguards ....................................... 44

3.18 Challenges faced by the VMCommunities in their Livelihood Strategies ..................... 44

3.19 Hazina Ya Maendeleo Ya Pwani (HMP) ........................................................................ 46

3.20 Process of free, prior and informed consultations for engaging VMGs in the project

implementation ......................................................................................................................... 46

3.21 Complaint Handling, Grievance and Recourse Mechanisms ........................................ 47

Chapter IV: Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................ 49

Annexes: ................................................................................................................................... 52

Annex I: VMGs Associations Operating in the Project Area and Their Activities. ................ 52

Annex II: Government Agencies and Departments involved in KCDP project

Implementation ......................................................................................................................... 57

Annex III: Consultation Meetings with VMGs Stakeholders ................................................. 59

Annex IV. Minutes of Consultative Meetings with VMarginalized stakeholders .................. 60

Annex V: Photographs ......................................................................................................... 100

Annex VI: Stakeholder’s Consultation (FDGs) ..................................................................... 105

Annex VI: Map of VMGs Operation Areas ........................................................................... 130

Annex VIII VMGs Inventory (Spatial data) .......................................................................... 142

Annex IX: NGO Board registered NGOs in Coastal region by Counties............................ 147

Annex X: Status of project implementation in Coastal Region by Counties ...................... 152

Social Assessment Report Page iii

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ALRMP II Arid Lands Resource Management Project II

BDS Business Development Services

CAAC Coastal Area Advisory Committee

CBOs Community Based Organizations

CDA Coast Development Authority

CDD Community Driven Development

CDF Constituency Development Fund

CRC Citizen Report Card

CSO Civil Society Organization

CVF Community Village Fund

EA Environmental Audit

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework

FGD Focus group discussion

GEF Global Environmental Fund

GEO Global Environmental Objective

GIS Geographical Information System

GOK Government of Kenya

GP General Population

GPS Geographical Positioning System

GTI Government Training Institute

HMP Hazina ya Maendeleo ya Pwani

ICR Implementation Completion Report

ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management

IDA International Development Association

IOPGSIA

Inter organizational Committee on Principles and Guidelines for Social

Impact Assessment

IPPF Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework

ISDS Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet

ISR Implementation Status and Results

KACC Kenya Anti-Corruption Council

KCDP Kenya Coastal Development Project

KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute

KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute

KMFRI Kenya Marine Fisheries Research Institute

KNCHR Kenya National Commission on Human Rights

KWS Kenya Wildlife Service

Social Assessment Report Page iv

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MCS Monitoring, Control and Surveillance

MLDP Ministry of Lands (Department of Physical Planning)

MoF Ministry of Finance

MoFD Ministry of Fisheries Development

MoL Ministry of Lands

MPA Marine Protected Area

MPs Management Plans

MRC Mombasa Republican Council

MSMEs Micro Small and Medium Enterprises

NEMA National Environment Management Authority

NLC National Land Commission

ODM Orange Democratic Movement

OP Operation Policy

OPCS Operations Policy and Country Services

PAD Project Appraisal Document

PC Project Coordinator

PCU Project Coordination Unit

PF Process Framework

PIM Project Implementation Manual

PPOA Public Procurement Authority

PPP Public-Private Partnership

RA Research Assistant

SDF State Department of Fisheries

UNDRIP UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

VMC Vulnerable and Marginalized Community

VMGPs Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Action Plans

VSLA Village Savings and Loaning Association

MoF Ministry of Finance

MoFD Ministry of Fisheries Development

MoL Ministry of Lands

MPA Marine Protected Area

MPs Management Plans

MRC Mombasa Republican Council

MSMEs Micro Small and Medium Enterprises

NEMA National Environment Management Authority

NLC National Land Commission

ODM Orange Democratic Movement

OP Operation Policy

OPCS Operations Policy and Country Services

PAD Project Appraisal Document

Social Assessment Report Page v

PC Project Coordinator

PCU Project Coordination Unit

PF Process Framework

PIM Project Implementation Manual

PPOA Public Procurement Authority

PPP Public-Private Partnership

RA Research Assistant

SDF State Department of Fisheries

UNDRIP UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

VMC Vulnerable and Marginalized Community

VMGPs Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Action Plans

VSLA Village Savings and Loaning Association

Social Assessment Report Page vi

List of Tables

Table 1: Sample Size ................................................................................................................. 8

Table 2: Distribution of Survey Population Gender ................................................................ 15

Table 3: Marital Status of the Respondents ............................................................................. 15

Table 4 Level of education attained ........................................................................................ 16

Table 5: Occupation of household Members ........................................................................... 18

Table 6: Comparison of VMG households’ economic status and other general population

households in the community .................................................................................................. 18

Table 7: Household income level based on their expenses,..................................................... 19

Table 8: House Type and Construction Materials ................................................................... 19

Table 9: Household Item Ownership ....................................................................................... 20

Table 10: Household access to services ................................................................................... 21

Table 11: Types of fuel household mainly use for cooking..................................................... 22

Table 12: Religion Affiliation .................................................................................................. 22

Table 13: Mode of transport use to get to place of work/business .......................................... 23

Table 14: The Main Source of Domestic Water in Household ................................................ 23

Table 15: Toilet Facility Household Use ................................................................................. 24

Table 16: Main household livelihood sources for household .................................................. 35

Table 18 Awareness of KCDP Project..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 19: Proportion of respondents’ support for the project . Error! Bookmark not defined.

Social Assessment Report Page vii

Acknowledgement

This report has been prepared by Narem enterprises Consultants. The authors would wish to

sincerely thank everyone who contributed in one way or another towards the preparation of

the report including the provision of crucial data and information.

While it is not possible to mention everybody who contributed to this study, the authors

would like to extend many thanks to all those who unreservedly offered information relevant

for the preparation of this report. In particular, the authors wish to convey special thanks to

Dr Jacqueline Uku, the KCDP Project Coordinator and KMFRI staff for their patience and

cooperation during the study. Without their contributions, this task would have been more

onerous, if not impossible, at least to complete,

As important, we would like to state that the opinions expressed in this report are purely

those of the authors based on observations and findings during the study. Suffice is to say the

authors take full responsibility for any errors of commission or omission that may be found in

the report.

Last but not the least; special thanks go to those who made it possible for this report to be

completed and presented to the client. This very able team consisted of Team Leader,

Professor Erick Otieno Nyambedha, Eng. Julius Amala and Arnold Omondi Menya.

Social Assessment Report Page viii

Executive Summary

The Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) aims at promoting environmentally

sustainable management of Kenya’s coastal and marine resources by strengthening the

capacity of existing relevant government agencies and rural micro, small and medium sized

enterprises in selected coastal communities. The project comprises of four components

namely: Sustainable Management of Fisheries Resources, Sound Management of Natural

Resources, Support for alternative Livelihoods and capacity building, monitoring and

evaluation system, project management and communication and Hazina ya Maendeleo ya

Pwani (HMP). The project is implemented by seven agencies of the Government of Kenya

(GoK), comprising of Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), State

Department of Fisheries, Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS), Kenya Forestry Research Institute

(KEFRI), Coast Development Authority (CDA), Ministry of Lands (Department of Physical

Planning) and the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). The activities of

these agencies, within the KCDP project are coordinated by a centralized Project

Coordinating Unit (PCU) based at the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute

(KMFRI). However, during project preparation, it became clear that the project may also lead

to some impact on the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups (VMGs) which to a great extent

are dependent on natural resources within their environments. In order to ensure that the

KCDP does not cause harm or exclude Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups, it became

necessary to undertake a social assessment in order to develop project protocols and clear

mechanisms for engaging with marginalized communities/ groups. Consequently, KCDP

engaged the consulting services of NAREM to conduct a social assessment of the project

among the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups living in the Kenya Coastal region.

A broad objective of this consultancy was to conduct Social Assessment (SA) for the

Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups at the Kenyan Coastal region and to develop the

Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups (VMGs) plans as well as the Process Framework for

working with communities in the Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP). The present

report presents the results of a social assessment conducted among the Vulnerable and

Marginalized Communities living at the Kenyan Coast. The report contains both quantitative

and qualitative data. Quantitative data was collected from a total sample of 406 members of

the VMG communities in the Kenya Coastal region. In addition, 20 consultative meetings

were held with the same communities. Separate consultative meetings were held in each site

for the females, the youths and the elders where necessary to take into consideration the

different views and priorities of these groups. The VMG communities that were studied

included; Munyoyaya, Illwana and Watha in Tana River county, Watha in Kilifi, Kwale, and

Taita Taveta counties, Wakifundi and Wachwaka in Kwale County and the Boni/Aweer and

Saanye in Lamu County. Quantitative data was analysed using the computer software

package SPSS version 20 to produce tables of frequencies and percentages while the

qualitative data from the Focus Group Discussions were analysed manually by examining the

themes emerging from the discussions through content analysis.

Social Assessment Report Page ix

Qualitative data is presented in descriptive textual form and where necessary, verbatim

quotations have been used to illustrate the descriptive texts.

The process of free, prior and informed consultations: In order to meet the requirements

of the free, prior and informed consultations (OP 4.10), the team identified community

stakeholders or key persons who included; village headmen, chiefs, assistant chiefs. These

stakeholders were identified through other government agencies such as the department of

social development, Constituency AIDS offices and civil society organizations such as

Masowat Education and Environment Project and Centre for Minority Development of

Kenya. These stakeholders were informed of the purpose of the consultative meetings and

briefed on issues to be discussed before an appointment was made for the consultative

meetings which were held through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with separate groups in

terms of gender and age. Data was triangulated across group discussions and Key Informant

Interviews (KIIs). This social assessment report was discussed and validated at a workshop

with VMG representatives from the villages where the consultations took place. The VMG

representatives were provided with copies of this report two weeks before they were invited

to the workshop for validation. The invitation letters equally explained to the VMGs the

reasons for the invitation. Based on the validated VMG social assessment report, the draft

VMG plans are supposed to be made and shared with the VMGs in the various villages where

the consultations were done two weeks before they are invited to a planning workshop where

they will be guided on how to prioritize the projects they would wish to be implemented by

KCDP in their villages.

VMG communities’ representatives at the stakeholder feedback workshop were asked to

suggest names of Community Based Organisations (CBOs) or other institutions that they

would wish KCDP to work with on their behalf during the implementation of the suggested

projects. In order to meet the requirements of OP4.10, the larger community members will be

provided with prior information on priority micro-projects and CBOs that have been

suggested by their representatives at the stakeholders’ workshop before commencement of

the project. Furthermore, the provisions of the OP 4.10 have been considered together with

the World Bank’s Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF) which describes the types

of programs and sub-projects that are likely to be supported, the need to clearly document the

potential positive and adverse effects of the proposed project on indigenous populations,

institutional arrangements for screening project supported activities, evaluating their effects

on Indigenous Peoples, preparation of Indigenous Peoples Plans (IPPs) and addressing any

grievances and disclosure arrangements for the IPPs.

Description of the data gathered: Data gathered in this social assessment include;

quantitative data obtained during the questionnaire administration to the VMG households.

This data mainly contain quantified information on the socio-economic and socio-

demographic characteristics of the VMGs on the Kenyan coast. Qualitative data was also

obtained in this social assessment during the consultative meetings.

Social Assessment Report Page x

This data contains the views from the various categories of VMGs on the potential impact

that the implementation of the various components of KCDP might have on the VMGs and

suggested mitigation measures and alternative support to their livelihoods. Furthermore, there

is data from observations of the landscape and land use patterns of the VMGs. This data is

presented in the form of pictography.

Socio-demographic profile: The findings of the Social Assessment (SA) for the VMG show

that only 13% of the VMGs are aware of the existence of KCDP. Majority (80%) of the

VMGs had up to primary school education while only 8% had up to secondary school

education in the five counties of Kwale, Kilifi, Taita Taveta, Tana River and Lamu. Majority

(76%) of the VMG communities lived in hut type houses made of mud walls and grass

thatched using makuti. Membership to groups was a main lifestyle in the VMG communities

and most of the groups at the community level are registered with the department of Social

Development. There were gender and age differentiations of roles in the livelihood activities

that the VMGs were engaged in such as engaging in small scale income generating activities

mainly dominated by women and livestock keeping dominated by men. However, many of

the groups did not engage in meaningful income generating activities due to high levels of

poverty and lack of external support. Furthermore, efforts towards conflict resolutions within

the communities as well as within the groups were done mainly using the traditional

structures of the council of elders through the institution of headman which used their cultural

arbitration skills to settle disputes. Such traditional mechanisms were found to be important

in promoting peace and development within the VMG communities. It is anticipated that the

implementation of the KCDP project within its various components might result to some

potential benefits and adverse effects to these communities as described in the results of the

social assessment for the various components:

Potential benefits of KCDP to the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups

The Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) has four components namely: sustainable

management of fisheries resources, sustainable management of natural resources, support for

alternative livelihoods and capacity building of implementing agencies. The implementation

of these components is likely to have potential impacts – both positive and negative - on these

Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups (VMGs) as shown below:

Sustainable Management of Fisheries Resources: The VMG groups who were covered in

this assessment such as the Watha of Dabaso and Baraka Chembe, Wakifundi, the

Boni/Aweer and the Saanye explained that they do not generate adequate money for their

subsistence and to improve fishing activities along the seashore.

Challenges related to fishing equipments and landing beaches: An observation of the fish

landing beaches such as Shimoni, and information obtained during Focus Group Discussions

for Ndununi, Dabaso, Jakaranda and Kizuke revealed that they are underdeveloped and

unhygienic due to lack of resources to maintain cleanliness which could lead to loses for the

fishermen due to lack of storage facilities.

Social Assessment Report Page xi

These communities use traditional fishing equipments such as dugout canoes that are

borrowed from other people within the neighbouring communities as is the case with

Wakifundi in Shimoni Kwale County and the Watha in Baraka Chembe and Dabaso in Kilifi

County. There are cases where these communities can only afford to do crab fishing during

the low tide times of the ocean due to lack of fishing equipments as opposed to fishing for fin

fish.

Capacity and level of knowledge of Beach Management Units (BMUs) and opportunities for

better management of fisheries resources: There is further evidence from this social

assessment to show that the VMG communities do not have adequate knowledge on the

sustainable management of fisheries resources including leadership and governance of the

fish landing beaches through the Beach Management Units (BMUs). The Beach Management

Units (BMUs) are governing structures composed of elected community members. They are

registered and regulated by the fisheries department. Their main role is to do day to day

management of fishing activities at the beaches among other functions. In fact, interviews

with members of one of the Beach Management Units underscored the need to build their

capacity in leadership and create awareness regarding environmental conservation. The BMU

members equally explained that they are not able to properly manage the beaches due to lack

of enough income generated from the fishing activities.

For sustainable management of fisheries resources, the youths living in these communities

suggested the need to be involved in co-management of fisheries resources in liaison with

fisheries officers to help monitor people using illegal fishing equipments such as spear guns.

Opportunities for increased fish production and diversification of livelihoods: The social

assessment also revealed existing opportunities for increased fish production through fish

farming as was suggested by the various communities which included; Watha of Bombi,

Birikani, Dabaso, Baraka Chembe in Kilifi and Taita Taveta, Munyoyaya and Illwana in Tana

River and the Saanye and Boni in Lamu County. In addition, the VMGs living in close

proximity to the sea and other areas suitable for seaweed farming explained that they could

benefit from such an activity if supported by the project. In addition, the VMGs living in

close proximity to the sea and other areas suitable for seaweed farming explained that they

could benefit from such an activity if supported by the project.

Conclusions on potential benefits to VMGs from sustainable management of fisheries

resources: This social assessment therefore shows that VMG communities can benefit from

KCDP if they are supported to acquire modern fishing and storage equipments. They can also

benefit if the project supports them in capacity building to create awareness on sustainable

management of fisheries resources, skills in beach management including skills related to

group dynamics, leadership, conflict management and fish handling and marketing, since a

number of them have initiated group activities but have no skills of effectively managing the

groups.,. KCDP sub-projects on fish/seaweed farming can potentially benefit the VMGs.

Social Assessment Report Page xii

Sustainable Management of Natural Resources: This social assessment confirmed that the

VMGs have a close attachment to the natural resources which include the forests and the

wildlife. They can therefore potentially benefit from conservation efforts as well as

sustainable management of these natural resources. The VMG communities stand to benefit

from KCDP if they can be supported to rehabilitate, expand or construct cultural sites based

on the existing structures and potentials within their communities. For instance, the

renovation of the Shimoni and the three sister’s caves among the Wakifundi and Wachwaka,

as well as the development of Watha cultural centres in Kilibasi including Kilibasi hill,

Maungu, Dabaso and Birikani can help the VMGs to obtain income from the eco-tourist

activities. The project can further benefit the VMGs if they are trained in group dynamics to

be able to sustainably conduct group activities alongside the tourist attraction centres in their

villages. This is because some of the suggested Watha cultural centres are situated next to

game reserves and the communities can benefit from the tourists who come to see the wild

game. The Watha cultural centres can also be used to teach Watha culture to the young

people and visitors so as to preserve their heritage.

The VMGs explained that one of the reasons why they request to be supported to construct

cultural centres is because they can use them to preserve their heritage through teaching their

young ones. They lamented that Watha culture is threatened and is facing extinction.

Support for Alternative Livelihoods: This social assessment has shown that majority of the

VMGs (57.2%) in the five counties are practicing subsistence farming. However, this

proportion is not uniform across these counties. These communities are practicing subsistence

farming with little success due to prevailing climatic conditions. Some of these communities

have attempted to practice horticulture and drip irrigation agriculture below their potential

due to lack of equipments. The communities also practice livestock keeping mainly the

indigenous breeds of goats and chicken. Other livelihood strategies that are practiced by the

community include; small scale businesses (SMEs) such as selling mandaazi, mahamri,

paraffin, manufacturing and selling beads. Most of these small and medium enterprise

activities are carried out by women. Another activity that is carried out by these community

members include bee keeping using the traditional methods. The VMGs practice bee keeping

as a mode of subsistence.

These VMGs communities can potentially benefit from the KCDP if they are supported to

improve farming by obtaining farming equipments and inputs including knowledge on

modern farming techniques. The VMG communities can also benefit from support to keep

improve indigenous breeds of chicken and goats. Such sub-projects of KCDP can enable

farmers to obtain more meat and milk to increase their income. Bee keeping as a sub-project

can potentially benefit the VMG communities if supported through the KCDP project. The

social assessment also showed that the VMG communities have the potential to benefit from

skills on micro-enterprises. This is because members of the VMGs particularly the women

are already engaged in small and medium enterprises within their localities.

Social Assessment Report Page xiii

Other communities such as Wachwaka, Watha in Kikobeni, Kilibasi, Shirango (Kwale

county), Majivuno, Shirango-Bamba, in Kilifi, Hamesa and Sombo in Tana River,

Munyoyaya and Illwana in Tana River and the Boni in Lamu suggested the need to be

supported to start small scale industries for fruit and cassava processing. Such a sub-project

of KCDP can potentially benefit the VMG communities by providing opportunities to

enhance value addition for the fruits and cassava as well as provide employment

opportunities for the youths and additional income to the community. Small grants and loans

from KCDP can benefit such communities as indicated in this section to improve on the

activities that they are already doing. According to this social assessment, the KCDP project

can anchor its sub-projects on the existing livelihood strategies as well as the existing

potentials by such communities as identified by the members of the community themselves.

In this way, the sub-projects of KCDP initiated for the benefit of VMGs shall potentially

benefit them in a culturally appropriate way.

Potential adverse effects to the VMG communities: This social assessment has shown that

the VMGs to a large extent depend on natural resources, particularly the forestry and wildlife

resources for their livelihood. They depend on the forests for honey, fruits, medicinal plants,

firewood and charcoal. These communities also use forests for worship and performance of

rituals. The VMGs therefore are likely to be adversely affected if they are stopped/restricted

from accessing the forests because the forestry resources constitute a significant proportion of

their lives.

Furthermore, the VMGs complained during the social assessment that they are excluded from

the efforts to conserve the natural resources within their communities. They are particularly

worried about the depletion of forests and wildlife despite the fact that the government has

employed additional forest and wildlife officers. The VMG communities further explained

that the conservation of forests and wildlife can benefit from their indigenous knowledge

which has been used to sustainably manage the forests and wildlife resources. Such a

suggestion points to the fact that the indigenous knowledge can be potentially used to

conserve the natural resources when combined with the current efforts by the government

through Kenya Wildlife Services and the Kenya Forest Services. Thus, the adverse effects

that the VMGs are likely to encounter due to the implementation of KCDP would be loss of a

livelihood through the restrictions of the entry of forests and use of forest resources that they

have depended on for a livelihood.

Mitigation of adverse effects: One way of mitigating the adverse effects that might be

experienced by the VMG communities due to implementation of the KCDP project is to

engage the VMG communities using their traditional structures to design mechanisms for co-

management of natural resources, particularly the forest and wildlife resources. Such an

approach would create room for mutual understanding and co-existence of the natural

resources and the VMGs. Such a design should also spell out areas of mutual beneficence

from co-management.

Social Assessment Report Page xiv

The VMG communities that depend on charcoal burning should be supported to start tree

planting projects for diversification of their income sources and also to enhance

environmental conservation in the communities. Another suggested mechanism of mitigating

the adverse effects of the implementation of KCDP would be to promote bee keeping among

the VMGs so that they do not fully depend on the honey from forests for subsistence. They

can be supported to obtain modern bee hives including harvesting and processing

equipments. Promotion of bee keeping as a sub-project would enable the communities to

diversify their income from selling honey besides the use of honey for subsistence.

Construction of cultural centres or conservatoires next to the forests and game reserves will

enable the VMGs to benefit from tourist activities. During the social assessment, the elderly

and the disabled singled out the construction of such sites as one activity that would provide

them with a lifeline and mitigate the adverse effects of restrictions of entry into the forests

and game reserves.

Assessment of Broad Community support to the Project: Despite the previous unfulfilled

promises by both the government and various development organizations, the VMGs were

ready to support the project activities if those activities were going to benefit their

communities. Quantitative data showed low support of project activities among the VMGs

which was attributed to lack of awareness by the VMGs and long standing marginalization

and discrimination of the VMGs by the government implementing agencies. These

sentiments were underscored during the consultative meetings conducted through FGDs in

the villages.

Stakeholder and Institutional Analysis: There are a few external institutions such as A

Rocha Kenya which built the Mida Creek tourist attraction site among the Watta of Dabaso

and The Kenya Red cross who supported horticultural farming among the Watta in Bombi

both in Kilifi county. These were one-off project activities and these NGOs have already left

these communities. The NGOs did not have any interest in these communities according to

the information obtained from the consultative meetings. The National Museums of Kenya

(NMK) have interests in the Shimoni slave cave and the old colonial D.Cs residence in

Shimoni, Kwale County. The involvement of NMK in the management of these tourist sites

is very minimal and the communities are struggling to manage them on their own. However,

KCDP will need to involve the NMK as a stakeholder if they have to carry a project in these

sites since they are historical sites under the NMK. Each of the villages visited during the

consultative meetings had registered CBOs which are all formed in anticipation of donor

support and therefore compete for development funds such as what KCDP would provide. At

the same time, there are other wider CBOs such as Masowat Education and Environmental

Project which claims interest in all issues affecting the lives of Watta people in Kwale county

and Centre for Minority Development of Kenya among the Watta in Kilifi and Taita Taveta

counties which represents the rights of Watta communities in Kilifi and Taita Taveta. These

wider CBOs also have interests in donor funds coming to these communities with the

potential to erect barriers on the implementation path of the project if their interests and those

of the larger communities are not carefully included in the design of the sub-projects.

Social Assessment Report Page xv

There are other indigenous institutions such as the village headman and village elders’

council known as Dhuro, Abagaaza among the Watta or gana system among the Saanye.

These institutions possess traditional authority which is much respected among these

communities provide opportunities for addressing emerging conflicts within the different

institutions among the VMGs.

Description of legal and Institutional context pertaining to VMGs: The African

Commission on Human and Minority Peoples’ Rights has provided the operational definition

of Vulnerable and Marginalized groups to include those minority communities that possess

unique cultural traits, live in isolation next to the natural resources such as forests and rivers

and depend on those resources for their livelihood. The document further explains that these

communities are discriminated against and dominated over by neighbouring communities,

thus making it difficult for them to equitable access and benefit from development resources

in a way that is culturally appropriate to their cultural conditions. Furthermore, the Kenyan

constitution 2010 in article 56(e) recognizes the rights of the minority and marginalized

groups and calls for affirmative action to initiate action programs that can enable reasonable

access by such communities. It is on the basis of this recognition that KCDP has developed

an Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF) and engaged consultancy services to

carry out a social assessment of the VMGs and to initiate development plans that are

culturally appropriate to the contexts within which the VMG live at the Kenyan Coast.

Special Measures concerning women and vulnerable groups: The gender differentiation in

the project activities and the proposed sub-projects show that women can benefit through

promotion of subsistence agricultural activities, promotion of poultry keeping, small scale

businesses and artistical activities for entertaining tourists in the proposed cultural sites.

Youthful females can benefit from promotion of boardwalk activities as their source of

income. This social assessment further shows that the elderly people and other vulnerable

groups such as the disabled among the VMGs can benefit from the improvement of cultural

sites including the income generating activities around the slave caves. The elderly and

vulnerable groups can also benefit from bee keeping activities if promoted by KCDP.

Capacity building activities for the affected Communities: The social assessment

identified the following as capacity building gaps that if enhanced would enable the VMG

communities to meaningfully benefit from KCDP project activities. Development of

knowledge and skills in entrepreneurship, conflict resolutions ,group dynamics, horticultural

production, leadership and governance as well as fisheries. The VMGs would also benefit

from KCDP if the primary and secondary school leavers are targeted for vocational training.

Social Assessment Report Page xvi

Overall Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusions: This social assessment has shown that majority of the VMGs who were visited

in this social assessment can be categorized as poor, with no reliable source of income and

low levels of education. The VMGs who live within the proximity of fish landing beaches do

not receive enough income from the fish harvests due to lack of modern fishing equipments

and knowledge. These communities suggested to be supported to enhance fishing activities.

The VMGs to a large extent depend on natural resources for a livelihood, i.e. fruits, honey,

firewood, charcoal and medicinal plants. They also use forests as places for worship and

performance of rituals. Restrictions into the entry to forests can result in adverse effects on

the livelihoods of such communities. Most VMGs currently practice subsistence farming and

others are involved in small scale businesses but lack capital and skills to profitably engage in

the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).

The VMG communities can potentially benefit from KCDP if the project supports them to

improve their income from fishing activities, improve their harvests from subsistence farming

and provide support to diversify their income through Small and Medium Enterprises

(SMEs). In addition, KCDP project can potentially benefit the VMGs if it addressed the

problems of unemployment and low levels of education if it provides scholarships targeting

the VMGs.

Recommendations

Recommendations for project design: Based on the information obtained in this social

assessment and the requirements of OP4.10, we recommend that consultative meetings for

the design of the project should be based on prior information provided to the VMG

communities regarding the sub-projects proposed based on this social assessment report after

its validation by the VMG communities themselves and their representatives. Thus the

prioritization of the sub-projects should be carried out at these two stages. The design of the

projects and the validation process should involve the use of the identified institutions and

stakeholders based on the information on stakeholder analysis to address the potential threats,

interests of various institutions and stakeholders as well as properly utilize the opportunities

that are within these institutions for project implementation and initial buy-in. This social

assessment has shown that there are external institutions such as NGOs that worked in the

communities on a one-off basis and do not have running interests in these communities or in

the projects they initiated. There are Community Based Organisations (CBOs) operating at

two levels in the society but which have similar interests in accessing donor funds for

community development and the indigenous institutions such as the village headmen and

council of elders which hold traditional authority and can provide opportunities for vetting

CBOs and other stakeholders in the project. They can also be instrumental in providing a

monitoring and evaluation framework for the community projects.

Social Assessment Report Page xvii

Recommendations for participating in free, prior and informed consultations for

engaging VMGs in the project implementation: Based on the findings of this social

assessment, it is recommended that the process for participating in free, prior and informed

consultations during project implementation should be discussed at a planning workshop

where the experts can provide guidance on how to prioritize the various projects by the VMG

representatives based on the validated contents of the social assessment report. The VMG

representatives should also be guided to suggest the names of the CBOs that they would wish

to work with at the community level. The prioritized VMG plans and the suggested CBOs

should then be subjected to the wider community validation process in the villages where the

consultative processes were done and at the venues that are suggested by the VMG

representatives after consulting other community members. The larger community members

should be provided with prior information regarding the prioritized plans and suggested

CBOs to allow them adequate time to consult amongst themselves and to have more

information regarding the intended activities so as to effectively participate in the community

validation process.

Development of VMG Plans: The development plans for the Vulnerable and Marginalized

Communities should be based on identified activities that the VMGs are involved in, their

suggestions of possible projects that are appropriate to their cultural conditions and an

assessment of the environmental conditions. This would enable the projects proposed for

these VMG communities to be culturally appropriate to their conditions

Implementation of prioritized projects: The implementation of the prioritized projects for

the VMGs should be carried out based on the provisions of the World Bank Operational

policy no. 4.10 and the Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF) as described under

the section of free, prior and informed consultations in this report .

Gender and age differentiation : In order to improve and sustain the support of the project

particularly among the VMGs such as those observed during consultation process, it is

recommended that the project should take into consideration the gender and age variations in

the needs and development initiatives based on the opportunities, capabilities and existing

resources for each of the VMGs.

.

Social Assessment Report Page 1

Chapter I Introduction and Background to the consultancy

1.1 Introduction

This report provides the findings and recommendations of the social assessment and forms

the basis upon which the Development of Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Plans for

working with Communities in the Coastal Development Project (KCDP) is designed. The

assignment was undertaken by Natural Resource Management Enterprises (NAREM)

Services within the contract framework for the provision of consultancy services for the

Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) . This assignment was carried out according the

World Bank’s Operational Policy OP 4.10 which provides guidelines for social assessment

including the principle of free, prior and informed consultations for projects concerning the

Vulnerable and Marginalized Communities/ groups(Indigenous Peoples). The assignment has

also been carried out according to the provisions of the new Kenyan constitution 2010 on

Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups.

The report is based on both quantitative and qualitative data obtained from the Vulnerable

and Marginalized Communities within five coastal counties namely; Kwale, Kilifi, Taita

Taveta, Tana River and Lamu. This social assessment report for the coastal communities will

lead to the development of Vulnerable and Marginalized people’s plans which will provide

the Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) with clear mechanisms to sustainably

engage these communities to participate in the project activities.

1.2 Background to the Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP)

The Government of Kenya received financing from the International Development

Association (IDA) and the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) towards the Kenya’s Coastal

Development Project (KCDP). The KCDP covers a period of 6 years and its development

objective is to promote environmentally sustainable management of Kenya’s coastal and

marine resources by strengthening the capacity of existing relevant government agencies and

rural micro, small and medium sized enterprises in selected coastal communities. The project

is comprised of the following four components:

Component 1: Sustainable Management of Fisheries Resources with the objective of

increasing remote revenue earning potential of GoK through sound monitoring, control and

surveillance and a transparent process of licensing of foreign vessels. Other goals are to

promote research for value addition, market chain analysis, alternatives beyond reef fishing,

aquaculture and overall improvement of fisheries governance;


Component 2: Sound Management of Natural Resources which aims to improve the sound

management and regeneration of natural resources and biodiversity in the coastal and marine

environment as well as provide assistance to communities in the development of eco-tourism

ventures;

Component 3: Support for Alternative Livelihoods which aims to promote sustainable

livelihood within a sound governance framework that includes spatial planning and land

capability mapping to identify sensitive areas, Integrated Coastal Management (ICM), and

compliance within environmental regulations and safeguards. Within this institutional

framework, the component aims to support community investments and MSMEs and;

Component 4: Capacity Building, Monitoring and Evaluation, Project Management and

Communication and Hazina ya Maendeleo ya Pwani (HMP). This component aims to

promote capacity in the project coordination and implementation teams, promote dialogue

amongst national partners and regional stakeholders as well as develop a communication

strategy for development outreach. Hazina ya Maendeleo ya Pwani is a grant giving sub-

component within component 4 of KCDP which aims at promoting community development

by focusing on natural resources conservation, social wellbeing and provision of community

services among the Coastal communities.

The project is implemented by 7 agencies of the Government of Kenya (GoK), comprising of

Kenya Marine and Fisheries Institute, State Department of Fisheries, Kenya Wildlife

Services, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Coast Development Authority, Ministry of

Lands (Department of Physical Planning) and the National Environmental Management

Authority (NEMA).

The activities of these agencies, within the KCDP project are coordinated by a centralized

Project Coordinating Unit (PCU) based at the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute

(KMFRI).

1.2.1 Rationale of the Assignment

During project preparation, it became clear that the project may impact on the Vulnerable and

Marginalized Groups as well as other natural resources dependent communities. In order to

ensure that the KCDP Project supports these Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups in the

project areas, it became necessary to undertake a social assessment and develop project

protocols and clear mechanisms for engaging these communities according to the provisions

of World Bank OP4.10.

Although the project is not going to cause displacement of communities in the course of

implementation, some project interventions may call for behavior changes that may not be in

line with the livelihoods of the communities in the project areas.


In line with the World Bank OP4.12 on the Involuntary Resettlement and in line with Kenya

Government protocols there is a need to have a clear process framework and a plan of action

on the resources management articulated in a very specific manner that shows how the

project is going to introduce these changes in the co-management plans and other natural

resources interventions in these communities. The Process Framework will outline clear

protocols for engagement in benefit sharing as well as for the assessment of impact and the

mitigation measures where communities may be affected by restriction in the use of natural

resources. This will also include the spatial mapping exercise that the project is going to

undertake and how these are likely to impact on the settlements, land use areas and cultural

sites for the vulnerable and marginalized groups.

1.2.2 Objectives of the Assignment

The objectives of this assignment are to:

I. Carry out a comprehensive social assessment for the Vulnerable and Marginalized

Groups in the entire project area (as per the requirement of the social assessment

TOR as indicated in what the report should capture).

II. Develop Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups action plans

III. Provide guidance to the project on how to manage various aspects related to

Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups in the project area

IV. Provide a Process Framework for the co-management of Coastal resources in a

participatory manner involving the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups. Update the

process framework and co-management actions and guidelines on sub projects to be

implemented.

Objective II III and IV will be addressed in a separate and related volume to the

current assignment.

1.2.3 Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Social Assessment and VMG Plans

Key tasks under this report include: Carrying out an inventory/screening and mapping of

Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups (VMGs) in the operation areas that include but not

limited to Watha , Boni/Aweer, Saanye, Malakote/Illwana, Munyoyaya, Wakifundi and

Wachwaka as indicated in the Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF) for KCDP;

Consultation with the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups in the project areas especially to

assess their level of participation, awareness and involvement in the project activities and to

determine their perception of the project; Assessing the impacts that project actions may have

on the VMGs both positive and negative and how any adverse impacts may be mitigated;

Carrying out assessment of the livelihoods of the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups

including detailed land use mapping and Development of overall Vulnerable and

Marginalized Groups Action Plans (VMGPs) for sub-projects.


1.2.3.1 Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Plans

These plans will contain the following: sub-projects, background and details of how the plan

was prepared including consultations with local communities and other stakeholders. The

plans will elaborate the following: Summary of the proposed sub-project; detailed description

of the participation and consultation process during implementation; description of how the

sub-project will ensure culturally appropriate benefits and avoid or mitigate adverse impacts;

A Grievance and Complaint Handling, Mechanism (GCHM) and a monitoring and evaluation

system for tracking implementation of these plans specifying key responsibilities; and a

budget.

1.3 Deliverables

Key deliverables include the following reports:

Inception Report: Specifying the approach and work plan for undertaking the consultancy

and the proposed structure for the final report to be submitted within the first 14 days after

signing the contract;

Interim Report: This report should contain reports of meetings, focus group discussions

stakeholder consultations and baseline data including any legal materials useful in the social

assessment after 60 working days with a summary of activities undertaken so far. This will be

made available to the PCU in order to ensure quality technical content and ascertain that the

consultancy objectives are addressed;

The Draft Final Report: This report should be close to a final version reflecting the content

of the final report. The consultant will present the draft Social Assessment (SA) and draft

final Vulnerable and Marginalized Peoples Plans following OP4.10 to the project staff and

other key stakeholders (including representatives from local NGOs and academia.

The Final Report: The final SA and Vulnerable and Marginalized Peoples plans following

OP4.10 with clear mechanisms for engaging the VMG communities to participate in the

implementation of the plans.


Chapter II: Study Approach and Methods

2.1 Approach

Desk review: The study was started by desktop review and online search for literature on

previous studies, documents, and other publications. This was followed by comprehensive

review of the project documents. The project documents reviewed included; Kenya Coastal

Development Project (KCDP), Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF) January,

2010, Process Framework {Draft}, Kenya Coastal Development Project (April, 2010),

Environmental and Social Management Framework & Indigenous People’s Planning

Framework for the Kenya Coastal Development Project, Interim ESMF Strategy (2012),

Ministry of Devolution and Planning County Development Profile, Strategy on the

Implementation of Spatial Planning Sub-Component of the Kenya Coastal Development

Project (KCDP) (1st draft 2012). A Strategy on the Implementation of Environmental

Governance Sub-Component, Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) (October 2012)

and Component 1: Sustainable Management of Fisheries Resources Strategy among others.

Other important documents reviewed included; County Development Profiles, Restructuring

Paper on the proposed project Restructuring of the Kenya Coastal Development Project

(Approved On July 27, 2010), Social Impact Assessment Methodology, Tools for

Institutional, Political, and Social Analysis of Policy Reform, Indigenous Peoples Planning

Framework for the Western Kenya Community Driven Development and Flood Mitigation

Project and the natural Resource Management Project (Final Report December 2006),

Process Framework for NRM Project in Mount Elgon and Cherangany Hills (July 2011).

The desktop review was followed by development of instruments of data collection such as

questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) guides. Data collection tools were then

submitted to the client for approval. After approval of data collection instruments, the

consultancy team went ahead to recruit the enumerators from each county. A total of sixty

(60) enumerators were recruited to collect baseline data for both the general community and

the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups in all the six counties in the Coastal region.

Recruitment and Training of Field data collection Enumerators: To enhance the accuracy

of the information collected, Research Assistants were recruited from the project areas

particularly from the divisions. These were persons known by communities in the project

area, for example those who work with communities such as with the Community Based

Organizations (CBOs) staff, people identified by project stakeholders and those identified by

the KCDP staff who are implementing project activities in some areas.


The minimum requirement for selection as a Research Assistant (RA) or an enumerator was

KCSE certificate with a mean grade of C+ and above. Preference was given to university

students with background in the social sciences. The recruited research assistants were fluent

in Kiswahili, local languages and English as well as the culture of the targeted project

beneficiaries. The recruitment of the RAs was both gender and regional disparity sensitivity.

It was intended that the research assistants understand Kiswahili, English and local language

so as not to necessitate questionnaire translation. However, the interviews were conducted in

the local languages to ensure that interviewees gave pertinent information.

Having completed recruitment of enumerators, the consultant went ahead and trained the

Research Assistants on the correct procedures of interview and questionnaire administration

to ensure that respondents understood the questions, felt at ease and gave true accounts. They

were taken through training by the team leader, co-team leader and sampling expert.

During the training, the participants were also taken through the questionnaires and were

challenged to respond to each questionnaire to prove they understood the questions and

finally given the consent to sign. The training sessions were conducted in two phases; the first

phase of the training of the research assistants took place at the Government Training

Institute (GTI) in Mombasa for research assistants who conducted the baseline study in

Mombasa, Kwale, Kilifi and Taita Taveta. This training was conducted between 13/3/2014

and 15/3/2014. The second training session was conducted in Lamu Secondary school on the

Island between 26/3/2014 and 27/3/2013 for research assistants to work in the counties of

Lamu and Tana River.

Out of the ten (10) research assistants per county, three were chosen to collect GIS

information and to map and collect baseline data on VMGs only in each county. The three

research assistants, apart from the normal training, were also trained on recording of

coordinate of physical features such as markets, schools, land, agricultural activities, health

centers, roads among others using Geographical Positioning System (GPS). Each of the three

enumerators was provided with GPS gadget prior to moving to the field.

2.2 Methodology

The data collection process was implemented in two phases. The first phase involved

collection of quantitative data through the administration of questionnaires while the second

phase of data collection involved conducting of Focus Group Discussions with Vulnerable

and Marginalized communities in the Coastal region following the procedure of free, prior

and informed consultations.


2.2.1 Baseline Quantitative data collection

Thus, upon completion of the training, research assistants accompanied by their supervisors

moved to villages in the five counties namely; Kilifi, Kwale, Taita Taveta, Lamu and Tana

River. Baseline studies were conducted between 16/3/2014 to 5/4/2014. At the village level,

each research assistant carried out face-to-face interviews with the head of household as

shown below.

The enumerators were accompanied by the local administration officials mainly the village

elders who led them to the VMG households for purposes of identification and security. The

actual household visits were commenced after the client (KCDP) informed the local

administration starting from the Governor to the local chief on the same. The purpose of

informing the local administration was for security reasons. The Identified local facilitators

were facilitated for transport and subsistence to accompany and help the research assistants to

identify the appropriate households from which data was collected.

2.2.2 Sampling Frame and Sampling Exercise

The sample design was based on the wards created by Independent Electoral and Boundary

Commission. The sampling process started at the constituency level. Each research assistant

was provided with a list of Enumeration Areas (Ward) within the constituency in project area.

The KCDP Social Assessment sampling was a two stage stratified cluster sample designed in

such a way that individual constituency formed the strata.

At the constituency level, research assistants moved to Wards of the list provided. Within the

constituencies in the six (6) project Counties, the supervisors ensured that all the Wards were

covered. Household heads in the listed Ward were randomly sampled by picking every 5

names in each ward. At least 245 and 105 households from non-marginalized and

marginalized communities respectively were targeted per county depending on the county

size. A total of 525 households were targeted in five counties of Kwale, Kilifi, Taita Taveta,

Tana River and Lamu. Table 1 below shows the sample size for the study among the VMGs.


Table 1: Sample Size

County

VMGs

Target Achieved % Achieved

Mombasa

Kilifi 105 107 102%

Kwale 105 79 75%

Taita Taveta 105 80 76%

Tana River 105 47 45%

Lamu 105 93 89%

Total 525 406 77%

2.2.3 Focus Group Discussions

In order to have an overall synthesized perception and group opinions of larger community

and VMGs living within the project area as well as authenticating the data from the sample

households, focused groups discussions were held with various representatives of women,

elders and youths among the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups (VMGs). These

discussions were conducted at village level in each of the five counties namely; Kwale, Kilifi,

Taita Taveta, Tana River and Lamu. The group sessions were conducted between 18/11/2014

to 5/12/2014. The villages were as follows: Shimoni, Fikirini, Kilibasi, Kikobeni and

Shirango in Kwale; Mabuani, Dabaso, Katana (bombi), Chamari (Gigitole), Baraka Chembe,

Majivuno (Tezo), Shirango (Bamba) in Kilifi; Birikani, Bondeni and Matingi (Kasigeu) and

Kajire in Taita Taveta; Madogo, Sombo and Hamesa in Tana River. VMG communities that

were represented in these Focus Group Discussions in the four counties included; Wakifundi,

Wachwaka and Watha in Kwale; Watha in Kilifi and Taita Taveta; Malakote/Wailuana,

Munyoyaya and Watha in Tana River. In Lamu due to security concerns, VMGs from

Bargoni, Kiunga, Pandanguo and Mapenya were assembled at Mokowe government quarters

in Lamu mainland for Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Representatives from the two VMG

communities namely; the Boni/Aweer and Wasaanye living in Lamu County participated in

the Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The group discussions provided a means for validation

of the information given by individual respondents during household survey. At least two (2)

Focus Group Discussions were held in each county.

Before every Focus Group Discussion was held, appropriate introduction about the aim of the

FGD and screening of VMG was done at the start of the meetings; this helped build the

confidence between the community and the study team in order to dispel misplaced

expectations of the participants as well as ensuring the team was holding discussions with

right participants.


This was followed by disaggregating the participants into youths, Women and Men for

purposes of homogeneity and to provide room for free discussions during the group sessions.

Minutes of the consultation meetings with Vulnerable and Marginalized Group’s stakeholders

at the village’s and dates are attached in Annex I

FGDs during VMG consultation process

2.2.4 VMG Land use Mapping

A hand held GPS devise was used by a GIS specialist to capture the geographical positions of

the various VMG land uses. Transect walks within the key pathways within the communities

were used to help in the mapping of VMG land use patterns. The transect walks were

conducted jointly by the research team, KCDP team, members of the community and their

representatives to verify the existing land use patterns captured during the survey as well as

discuss the potential land use for the community in case they are supported. The observations

and inquiries as well as photography were used in conjunction with the transect walks and

observations.

2.2.5 Gender Considerations

The consultations also took into account the issues of gender. Specific consultations with

women in the project-affected area were carried to ensure that their concerns are included in

the project design and preparation. The Marginalized communities are a highly patrilineal

society where women and their views are generally not considered. Majority of Marginalized

communities still hold to the traditional misconception that women cannot make decisions

and thus women are under-represented in property ownership, education, and political

leadership among others. This situation is the outcome of the interplay of a myriad of factors

ranging from discriminatory property ownership laws and practices to deep seated cultural

values.


2.2.6 Data Organization and Analysis

Data Editing: The data editing involved the sorting out of the questionnaire papers visually

and discarding those with obvious anomalies.

Data Coding and Entry: The data from the numbered questionnaires was coded and entered

into the computer for analysis. The data entry exercise was done by the trained data entrants

who were closely supervised by consultants.

Data Analysis: Both qualitative and quantitative data obtained from the field was

disaggregated by gender and analyzed using SPSS and MS Excel. The data was first cleaned

and coded before being entered into the computer. Mostly, the data was analysed

descriptively. With descriptive analysis, averages and percentages were calculated using

Microsoft Excel and SPSS.

2.3 Limitations/Challenges Faced by Consultants and Research Assistants

The key challenges to the consultants and research were: the vast area covered and poor rural

access roads made transport difficult in the six counties, high cost of transport which made

access to VMGs and none marginalized communities rather difficult. Negative attitude

towards the consultants and research assistants due to unfulfilled promises by various

organizations particularly from VMGs, insecurity, difficulty in reaching respondents,

inability to access areas such as Dide Waride and Pandanguo location in Witu Division due to

conflicts and violence which occurred in these areas because of terrorist attacks. Additionally,

there was a general failure by the local community to avail information to outsiders, high

level of illiteracy among the marginalized communities and high dependency syndrome.


Chapter III: Findings of the Study

3.1 Introduction

This section presents both quantitative and qualitative data on the social assessment of

Vulnerable and Marginalized Communities in the coastal region. The section is divided into

six sections which include; the socio-economic profile of the Vulnerable and Marginalized

Communities, sustainable management of fisheries resources, Sound Management of Natural

Resources, Support for Alternative Livelihoods, conflict resolution mechanisms and Capacity

building needs of the vulnerable and marginalized communities living in the coastal region to

meaningfully participate and benefit from the KCDP project activities in a culturally

appropriate way based on the existing conditions.

3.2 Description of data and information gathered

• Quantitative data was obtained through the use of semi-structured questionnaires

mainly to obtain socio-demographic characteristics of the Vulnerable and

Marginalized population. This data which is presented in this report in the form of

percentages and textual data has been used to complement what has been obtained

through qualitative social assessment procedures.

• Qualitative data comprised of the data obtained from the group consultative meetings

based on the activities or the expected activities of the Vulnerable and Marginalized

communities with regard to the various components of the project

• Observational data and pictography included the information obtained through

transect walks across the communities in the company of community members and

the photographs that were taken depicting the land use patterns and the existing

farming activities that are being undertaken by the VMGs

• The information gathered: socio-demographic, information on the current practices

around fishing beaches, use of mangroves, the challenges faced in fishing activities

including management of fish landing beaches, suggestions on the co-management of

fisheries resources by the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups and the fisheries

officers. Furthermore, the information gathered included: data on the use of natural

resources such as forests, conservation of wildlife activities and the potential adverse

effects of restrictions on the use of forest resources and wildlife. The VMG

communities also provided information on opportunities for co-management of the

wildlife using a combination of Kenya Wildlife service’s and the indigenous

conservation knowledge.


In addition, the VMG communities provided information on the existing livelihood

activities being undertaken and the suggestions on possible alternative livelihoods

activities that they would be willing to undertake if they were supported by KCDP.

3.3 Stakeholders and Institutional Analysis

The social assessment did not find many stakeholders currently working with the VMG

communities. However, there were few NGOs that had worked on a one-off basis among

these communities and do not have current running projects within the VMG communities.

These institutions do not therefore have running interests among the VMGs. These included:

A Rocha Kenya which helped to construct Mida Creek as a tourist attraction site among the

Watha of Dabaso, Watamu Marine Reserve, National Museums of Kenya under which the

Shimoni Slave Cave and the colonial D.C’s residence are managed. The National Museums

of Kenya (NMK) has not however initiated any work or exerted its presence at the Shimoni

slave cave or the colonial D.C’s residence. However, since the slave cave and the colonial

D.C’s residence are registered under the ownership of the NMK, it is a requirement that the

interests of NMK are recognized on any work KCDP might be carried out in these two

historical sites. Another Stakeholder is the Red Cross which sponsored horticultural farming

in Bombi village Chakama location in Kilifi County and has since left. There are other

Community Based Organizations within the VMGs who were consulted. A list of these

Community Based Organisations has been put in the annex one of this report. However, in

terms of stakeholder and institutional analysis, the few NGOs who have worked and left the

VMG communities do not have present interests to pursue and the initiation of sub-projects

within these communities is unlikely to elicit conflicts of interest with these NGOs since they

do not stand to lose anything. This leaves the Community Based Organizations within the

VMGs as winners in the entire situation. However, there other institutions such as the county

governments in the counties where KCDP sub-projects will operate. The county governments

have interests in the development activities in the counties and we advice that such interests

be incorporated into the development plans. Moreso, KCDP should strive to align the

suggested sub-projects with the County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs) for

sustainability after the KCDP closes down.

3.3.1 Group Formations /Institutions (stakeholder and institutional

analysis)

Group formation and dynamics are important prerequisite for community empowerment in

regards to poverty reduction and wealth creation through benefits that accrue from collective

bargaining. Additionally, group organization can be used as an effective vehicle for project

implementation. This is more so where groups can play the role of local resource

mobilization in relation to micro-financing, for example, formation of village table banking

or as conduit for facilitating the disbursement of donor funds.

Some of the groups/Associations and government agencies identified during VMG

consultation process and their activities are presented in annex I and II: It emerged during the


consultation process that group formation permeates the lives of the VMGs in the coastal

region and that such groups can be utilized as avenues for implementing development

activities and change in a culturally appropriate way that is also conducive to the lives of the

VMGs. However, these groups need to be fully involved in the process of designing VMG

action plans for them to fully participate in their implementation. The registered groups from

these communities shall be screened and vetted for their suitability to implement projects for

the VMGs through consultations with the clan elders and during community and stakeholders

forums for the finalization of the action plans.

This social assessment has shown that there are different institutions or groupings in each of

the VMGs with interests which might compete for control of resources when KCDP launches

the various sub-projects. These groups are listed at the annex one of this report. In addition to

the community based groups identified during the consultative meetings, there are other

established groupings with wider coverage and special interests in the activities taking place

within the VMGs particularly -the Watta community. For instance, the Masowat Education

and Environmental Project in Kwale and Centre for Minority Development of Kenya among

the Watta in Kilifi and Taita Taveta counties claim to advocate for the rights of the larger

Watta communities at the Coast. These institutions operating at different levels among the

VMG communities can be a potential barrier to successful implementation of the sub-projects

and a source of conflicts at community level. This scenario needs to be carefully evaluated at

the planning stage of the sub-activities through a careful consultation at community level to

eliminate any source of conflict between these two groupings. On the other hand, these two

groupings if carefully consulted and included in the design of the sub-projects can provide

better opportunities for initial project buy-in at community level and successful

implementation of the KCDP sub-projects with proper participation of the local institutions.

The use of traditional structures among the VMGs can be useful in moderating the operations

of these different institutions. An important constraint noted in all these local institutions is

inadequate capacity in conflict resolutions and group dynamics.

The design considerations for sub-projects with the involvement of these institutions can

therefore be promoted through a careful validation of the choices of these institutions at the

community levels where their operations and membership are well known, the integration of

the traditional structures of authority within the project design and the training of the different

stakeholders within these institutions and the traditional authority in conflict resolutions and

group dynamics. This integrated approach to the project design should also be used for

training in the monitoring and evaluation of the project activities involving these institutions

in a culturally appropriate way.


3.4 Process of free, prior, and informed consultation with the affected and

informed consultation with the affected VMGs

The consultative meetings were conducted following the process of free, prior and informed

consultations with VMGs representative in five counties according to OP4.10. This

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