Kenya E Voting

THE CAMBRIDGE ASSOCIATION OF MANAGERSADVANCED DIPLOMA IN COMPUTING

E-VOTING SYSTEM FOR THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA

Done by: Carlson Govedi Saisi

Candidate Number: W-135-10-049

Purpose: Fulfillment of CAM Advanced Diploma in Computing

Dated: October 2010

Presented to: Cambridge Association of Managers, InternationalExaminations, Cambridge, UK.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor Mr. Clement

Oganga for his guidance during my project work and Digital Advisory Learning Center

(DALC) for providing me with the necessary learning materials and the environment for

learning that has build me with knowledge and ideas to write this project work.

I would also like to thank to all my friends especially Flavin Dona, George Omondi, Tony

Anyama and Solomon Omondi for their sharing of knowledge, endless kindness, advice

and support given to me during the course of the study.

Finally my greatest appreciation and love goes to my family and for sure this would not

have happened without your unconditional love and care.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION-----------------------------------------------------------------------ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT-----------------------------------------------------------iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY----------------------------------------------------------iv

Table of Contents----------------------------------------------------------------------vi

CHAPTER 1

1.0 Background of study ----------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.1 Background-----------------------------------------------------------------------1

1.2 Problem Discussion------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.3 Research Questions------------------------------------------------------------- 3

1.4 Qualification of the researcher-------------------------------------------------5

CHAPTER 2

2.0 Literature Review -------------------------------------------------------------- 6

2.1 Democracy ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

2.1.1 A view in Elections in Kenya ---------------------------------------------- 8

2.2 E-Democracy------------------------------------------------------------------11

2.3 E-Voting System Definition--------------------------------------------------13

2.4 Basic Principles of E-voting ------------------------------------------------ 13

2.5 Issues in E-voting------------------------------------------------------------- 13

2.5.1 Why is e-voting a difficult problem-------------------------------------- 13

2.5.2 E-voting is Black box system---------------------------------------------- 15

2.6 Common Forms of E-voting------------------------------------------------- 16

2.7 Applications for E-voting ---------------------------------------------------- 17

2.7.1 UK E-voting, past and present-------------------------------------------- 17

2.7.2 E-voting Application in Malaysia University--------------------------- 18

2.8 Program Language-------------------------------------------------------------19

2.8.1 Visual Basic 6 Overview--------------------------------------------------- 19

2.3.1 Summary--------------------------------------------------------------------- 20

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CHAPTER 3

3.0 Methodology------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

3.1 Research purpose-------------------------------------------------------------- 22

3.2 Research approach------------------------------------------------------------ 22

3.3 Research strategy --------------------------------------------------------------24

3.4 Data collection----------------------------------------------------------------- 24

3.5 Data Analysis------------------------------------------------------------------ 25

3.6 Validity and Reliability-------------------------------------------------------25

3.6.1 Validity----------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

3.6.2 Reliability-------------------------------------------------------------------- 26

CHAPTER 4

4.0 Algorithm and Logic Design------------------------------------------------- 27

4.1 Algorithms--------------------------------------------------------------------- 27

4.2 Electronic Voting System---------------------------------------------------- 28

4.3 Flowchart----------------------------------------------------------------------- 33

4.4 Source Code-------------------------------------------------------------------- 38

4.5 Physical Design---------------------------------------------------------------- 76

CHAPTR 5

5.0 Implementation---------------------------------------------------------------- 77

5.1 System Development----------------------------------------------------------77

5.2 How to run the program-------------------------------------------------------84

5.3 Summary------------------------------------------------------------------------85

CHAPTR 6

6.0 Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------- 86

6.1 Finding---------------------------------------------------------------------------86

6.2 Problems and Limitation -----------------------------------------------------86

6.3 Future Work--------------------------------------------------------------------86

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6.4 Summary------------------------------------------------------------------------87

References-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88

Appendix ---------------------------------------------------------------------------90

List of Figures

Fig1.Main Module---------------------------------------------------------------------32

Fig2. Add New Candidate/Voter-----------------------------------------------------33

Fig3. Edit Candidate/Voter-----------------------------------------------------------34

Fig4. Delete Record--------------------------------------------------------------------35

Fig5. Casting Vote---------------------------------------------------------------------36

Fig6. View Results---------------------------------------------------------------------37

Fig7. Log-In-----------------------------------------------------------------------------77

Fig8. Voting Process-------------------------------------------------------------------78

Fig9. Administrator Login------------------------------------------------------------79

Fig10. Administrator User Interface-------------------------------------------------80

Fig11. Add New Candidate-----------------------------------------------------------81

Fig12. Add New Voter/Mwananchi-------------------------------------------------82

Fig13. View Results User Interface-------------------------------------------------83

Fig14. List of voters who did and who did not participate-----------------------84

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CHAPTER 1

1.0 Background of Study

This introductory chapter introduces the problem area, the research problem for this

project as well as qualification of the researcher conducting the study.

1.1 Background

Voting in Kenya is the central element of a democracy. Election gives the citizens of

our country the ability to voice their opinions, choose representative and ensure that the

Government remains in the hands of the people. Kenya has faced issues of having real

democracy in power and the basic reason why it has never been able to govern by

proper leadership was insecurity of the people and distrust on the elections, elected

bodies and the democratic environment where people can sell votes and people can buy

votes without any problem.

Digging deep into problem Media Houses like KTN, NTV see the root cause is the ill

mannered activities people do in the elections. As the whole system is manual so they

buy votes and/or shake hands with people working at the voting stations. And the

people in command would fill their pockets and make the whole system unfair.

Therefore Kenya is in need of such a system where people can vote without any

problem and feel secure through some automated system which cannot be forged or

cheated by any one. Here we will try to find out what can be suggested to get fair

results and also make it convenient for voter to vote.

1.2 Problem Discussion

Although voting systems and protocols have improved since their inception, more must

be done to improve their accuracy, reliability, efficiency and security as well as

accessibility and trustworthiness. However just because a government or organization

allows voting makes it a democracy. Voting can be useless if the election outcome does

not accurately represent the combined desires of the voters. What properties must a

voting scheme possess to be considered useful? At the very least, it must allow each

voter to have his opinion counted in the election outcome. Ideally the election outcome

should represent the solution most favorable to the majority.

Paper ballots are subjects to loss and many be corrupted in various ways including

accidental/malicious over voting. Additionally, paper ballots must be securely

transported and counted, activities which tend to make the election process slow, labor

intensive and costly. All paper ballot schemes faces administrative nightmare in order

to get the right ballots to the right locations. Further, the paper ballots required by these

schemes are expensive to print, secure and distribute correctly. Full paper ballot face

the additional task of securing the ballots after they have been marked and before they

can be counted, ballot box opening and ballot counting must be carefully monitored.

We believe that all of this cost significantly more time and money than would be the

case with electronic voting system. Further the mundane, repetitive task of hand

counting is relatively slowed cumbersome. Labor-intensive, inefficient and error-prone.

Hand counting the millions of ballots generated in a Kenya Presidential election would

be quite infeasible and thus to go completely back to full paper ballot system are

unreasonable in practice.

There is also the issue of appointment of polling staff. Polling staff can help in

corruption during the polling; increasing number of polling stations raises the number

of staff required. Polling staff who are appointed away from the area where they belong

to, thus many of the people could not cast their vote. And not only polling staff are

denied a chance to cast their vote also some citizens work a distance from the area

where they are registered as voters so come election day some are not able to go to

their registered area to vote.

A huge number of ballot papers are printed and distributed of polling stations and this

cost millions, not acceptable for a developing country like Kenya. Many of the votes

are not counted due to slight mistake by the voter e.g. voters left thumb impression is

between two check boxes etc. Presiding Officers count ballot papers, but human-

counting is usually sluggish and has chances of error as well as, which means ultimate

disaster ahead in the process of democracy.

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Breaking down the problem more deeply paper voting in Kenya is not accessible to

many voters with special needs, for example: One voter/several are away from their

voting station during election period and can not make in time, thus they cannot vote

from where they are. Because of these and other user interface problems voters are

unable to vote and millions of other persons with less sever impairment find voting

extremely difficult. E-voting is being proposed to address these issues. Hereby; I will

try to encounter these issues and suggest some better alternatives or solutions to stop

these kinds of illegal activities.

1.3 Research Question

For our research work we formulated a research question as follows:

Based on the effectiveness of currently employed variant of e-voting what factors can

make e-voting success in Kenya?

Definitions of word from the research question:

Effectiveness

“Ability to achieve stated goals/objectives, judged in terms of both output and impact.”

In the case electoral system, effectiveness means “The power of a ballot to influence

the election outcome. In our research we focus on replacing of paper-based voting with

electronic one. So ballots will be replaced by electronic votes.

In our research we are going to measure effectiveness with these criteria’s:

1. Cost

Resource

Investment

2. Time

Casting a Vote

Calculation of the results

3. Result

Correct results

Avoiding human errors

4. Transparency

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Elections are not rigged.

We divide users of the e-voting system in three groups

1. Voters (Mwananchi)

2. Government (Official)

3. Electoral Candidate (Candidate)

For voters these criteria of effective e-voting system are important:

Time

Transparency

Correct Result

Easy-to-use system

For the government important criteria of effective e-voting are:

Cost

Time

Results

For electoral candidate the most important criteria of effective e-voting are:

Time

Correct result

Transparency

Success

“An event that accomplishes its intended purpose”. In case of e-voting success means

being effective system to replace paper-based voting. In our research the intend purpose

of the e-voting system is to satisfy the needs of the following group of users:

Voter

Official

Candidate

From voters perspective e-voting system will be successful if:

It will be easy-to-use system

One will be able to make a fast voting and be able to vote anywhere also get results

faster than it was provided with paper-based system(time factor)

It will not be a complicated process(transparency factor)

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System reliability, security and objectivity will provide correct voting results(results

factor)

From official/government perspective e-voting system will be successful if:

Price of the system will be affordable and not much sensitive for the budget(price

factor)

It will be reusable with minimum costs involved and would be able to work in the

long-term perspective.

It will provide results fast(time factor)

Fewer complaints from voters and candidates about the procedure and results of the

election (transparency and results factor)

It will eliminate human factor errors.

From the candidate perspective e-voting system will be successful if:

They will get faster results of voting (time factor)

They will be sure that results are correct ( results factor)

They will be able to monitor electoral process at any time (transparency factor)

1.4 Qualification of the researcher

“For the last four years I have being studying computers, the first two years while I was

in high school and for the last one year I have done Standard Diploma in Computing

and these year I have been doing an Advanced Diploma in Computing at DALC,

Kisumu. Now I have totally devoted myself to computers and now I am trying more

system way of thinking and understanding problems

CHAPTER 2

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2. Literature Review

2.1. Democracy

Democracy is a journey of reflections and making decisions or it can be defined as way

of governing based on peoples consent. Since representative democracy gives huge

powers to the elected leaders, it is important that any electoral process produces the

right leadership. It indicates a form of government where all the states decisions are

exercised directly/indirectly by a majority of its citizenry through a fair elective

process. When these factors are met a government can be classified as such. In a phrase

democracy is a government “of the people, by the people and for the people.” It is

based on the understanding that power belongs to the people and thus government is

answerable to them. People have the power to decide freely how they want to be

governed and by whom. Democracy requires tolerance and consensus between people.

The wishes of all are taken into consideration. Whereas the majority will have their

way, the wishes and needs of minorities and disadvantage groups must also be

respected.

What are the pillars of a democracy?

For a genuine democracy to grow, a society must practice the following for all

citizens:-

1) Justice

2) Fairness

3) Equality

4) Respect for rights and freedoms

The constitution provides the following key freedoms:-

i) Freedom of expression

ii) Freedom of press

iii) Freedom of association

iv) Freedom of acquire(though lawful means), own and sell property

Kenya which has a large area and population uses indirect democracy. This is form of

democracy where people do not directly govern themselves but elect or vote for person

to represent them in the local government, Parliament or as their president.

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Principles of a democracy

The understanding and practice of democracy differs from one country to another.

There are however basic principles that constitute a democratic government. The

following are some of the principles supported by people in most democracies:-

i) Citizen Participation: This involves participating in political parties activities

including attending rallies and other consultative meetings, being members of private

voluntary organizations, paying taxes and even protesting lawfully to demonstrate in

disagreement with the government of the day on certain issues.

ii) Human Rights and Freedoms of the Individual: Democracy emphasizes the value of

every human being. Examples of human rights include the right to life, to personal

liberty, protection from slavery and forced labor, protection from deprivation of

property, freedom of conscience, of expression, of movement, protection from

discrimination on grounds of race, sex etc.

iii) Political Tolerance: The rights of the majority and minorities must be protected.

Individuals must learn to be tolerant of one another’s point of view and to respect other

people’s freedoms and rights.

iv) Accountability: Elected and appointed officials have to be accountable to the

people.

v) Transparency: The Press and the public should be able to get information about

decision affecting them by those they have elected and other public officers serving on

their behalf.

vi) Multi-party Political System: More than one party must participate and compete

peacefully in elections and play a role or contribute to the process of governance.

vii)Regular Free and Fair Elections: Citizens express their will though elected

representatives. In a democracy, elections are held regularly. It is important for

elections to be free, fair and transparent. This requires the removal and intolerance of

obstacles such as excessive government control, intimidation, violence or corruption.

viii) Acceptance of Election Results: In democratic elections, there are winners and

losers.

ix) Equality before the Law: All individuals are valued equally and should not be

discriminated on the grounds of race, religion, ethnic origin or sex.

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x) Control of Abuse of Power: There should be control of the abuse of power. Some

examples of abuse of power include:-

a.) Corruption

b.) Discriminatory use of public resources or facilities by

government, institutions or individuals to campaign.

In the following discussion I am going to narrow down my scope to election process

selection of the governing people in a democratic country Kenya

2.1.1 A View on Elections in Kenya

If we take a look on the history of Kenya, we come to know that it is a democratic

country since independence, the country is divided into eight (8) provinces also as a

result of public elections is one of them. So Kenya was made on the basis of democracy

and is named as The Republic of Kenya. Till date, as to the law, the government of

Kenya is supposed to be elected by citizens by means of transparent elections.

Currently the Republic of Kenya is almost completing its 5 years democratic period in

the Parliament and now we are going to have elections in 2012. So working on this

topic helped me understand the flaws in the system and have understanding of

Kenyan’s political situation. The following are a few statistics given to have a quick

review of the current system to elect government people in Kenya.

Government (Semi-presidential system)

Due to unavoidable circumstance the election that was held in 2007 brought us a semi-

presidential system. The semi-presidential system is a system of government in which a

Prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day

functioning of the administration of a country.

Government Representatives.

The Parliament of Kenya consists of the National Assembly, and the Senate. The

National Assembly consists of 290 members, while the Senate consists of 47 members

each elected by the registered voters. They are elected for a term of 5 years.

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Electoral Commission

It’s the duty of the Electoral Commission to organize and conduct the election and to

make such arrangements as necessary to ensure that the election is conducted honestly,

justly, fairly and in accordance with law and that corrupt practices are against

The electoral system shall comply with the following principles:

Freedom of citizens to exercise their political rights under Article 38;

Not More than two third of the members of elective public bodies shall be of the

same gender

Fair representation of persons with disabilities

Universal suffrage based on the aspiration for fair representation and equality of

vote; and

Free and fair elections which are:- By secret ballot, free from violence, intimidation,

improper influence or corruption conducted by and independent body, transparent and

administered in an impartial, neutral, efficient, accurate and accountable manner

Membership of the National Assembly

Members of the National Assembly are elected by the registered voters of single

member constituencies. A candidate, who obtains the highest number of votes in a

constituency, is declared elected as a member of National Assembly. It consists of 290

members.

Membership of the Senate

The senate consist of 47 members each elected by the registered voters of the counties,

each constitution as a single member constituency.

Election of the President

The President shall be elected by registered voters in National election conducted in

accordance with the Constitution and any Act of Parliament regulating presidential

elections. A person who is a citizen by birth is qualified to stand for election as a

member of Parliament is nominated by a political party or is an independent candidate

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and is nominated by not fewer than two thousand voters from each of a majority of the

counties can contest the Presidential election

The President is elected for a term of 5years. It is the duty of the Independent Electoral

and Boundaries Commission to conduct election to the office of the President on the

same day as general elections of Members of Parliament being the second Tuesday in

August, in every fifth year. The candidate shall be declared elected as President if the

candidate receives more than half of the entire vote cast in the election.

Qualifications for Election as Member of Parliament

A person is eligible for election as a member of Parliament if the person is a registered

as a voter, satisfies any educational moral and ethical requirements prescribed by the

Constitution or by an Act of Parliament and is nominated by a political party, or is an

independent candidate who is supported: (i) In the case of election to the National

Assembly, by at least one thousand registered voters in the Constituency or (ii) In the

case of election to the Senate, by at least two thousand registered voters in the county.

Eligibility of being a Voter

A person qualifies for registration as a voter at elections or referenda if the person is an

adult citizen (18yrs and above), is not declared to be of unsound mind and has not been

convicted of an election offence during the preceding five years. Administrative

arrangements for the registration of voters and the conduct of elections shall be

designed to facilitate and shall not deny an eligible citizen the right to vote. You must

have a national ID or a valid Kenyan passport, must have lived in Kenya for one year

before registering/at least.

2.2 E-Democracy

E-democracy, a portmanteau of electronic and democracy, comprises the use of

electronic communication technology such as Internet in enhancing democratic

processes within a democratic republic/representative democracy.

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Typically, the kinds of enhancements sought by proponents of e-democracy are framed

in terms of making processes more accessible; making citizen participation in public

policy decision, making more expensive and direct so as to enable broader influence in

policy outcome as more individuals involved could yield smarter policies, increasing

transparency and accountability and keeping the government closer to the consent of

the governed, increasing its political legitimacy. E-democracy includes within its scope

electronic voting, but has much wider span that this single aspect of the democratic

process.

E-democracy is large field of study and there is no all-encompassing definition.

Essentially, e-democracy relates to the online activities of governments, elected

representatives, political parties and citizen groups. The websites of these organizations

have a variety of functions, which include political, or current affairs discussion, online

consultation between representatives and their constituency, or there can be a free and

non-partisan forum of discussions by citizens.

Importance of this Issue

E-democracy is relatively new concept, which has surfaced out the popularity of the

internet and the need to re-invigorate interest in the democratic process. Citizens are

more willing to use website to support their candidate and campaign drives. Time

saving, efficiency of procedure and reliability are worthwhile.

Below are some types of e-democracy:

1. Online consultations and political websites online: Online consultation/e-consultation

refers to an exchange between government and citizens using the Internet. They are one

form of online deliberation. Further, e-consultation consist in using the Internet to ask a

group of people their opinion on one o more specific topics, allowing for trade-offs

between participants. Generally, an agency consults a group of people to get their

thoughts on an issue when a project/or a policy is being developed/implemented e.g. to

identify/access options or to evaluate ongoing activities. This enables government to

draft more citizen-centered policy.

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As the Internet gain popularity with the public for voicing opinion, citizen participation

in policy development through cyberspace is changing the face of democracy. The rise

of the Internet has given a way to buzzwords such as e-democracy, referring to citizen

participating in politics, government issues and policy development through electronic

technology and the Internet and e-government, pertaining to providing citizens with

government information and services online. Online consultation is an extension of

these concepts. Through online engagement, government is enabled to hold interactive

dialogues with the public as they have amore direct route to citizen opinion via the

Internet.

Online consultations are probably the first step taken by many governments in creating

and e-democracy. Nearly all government has made legistalation case law and other

information online. E-democracy communities have been set up, which encourage

participation in the political process via the Internet. E-consultations do not challenge

traditional notions of democracy in any significant way. Therefore e-consultations are

more likely to be adopted than the more radical direct voting form of e-democracy.

2. E-Voting: E-voting combines technology with the democratic process, in order to

make voting more efficient and convenient for voters. E-voting allows voters to either

vote by a computer at the polling station, from a website or from your mobile phone.

a) E-voting at the polling booth – This form of e-voting is virtually the same as regular

voting, but replaces the ballot paper with a balloting machine/computer. These

machines are only connected to a private network and server while voting is going on

or after the voting is done.

b) E-voting Online – The most advanced form of e-democracy would be voting online,

which would allow voters to cast their votes from anywhere there is internet access.

The Internet is viewed as a platform and delivery medium for tools that help to

eliminate some of the distance constraints in direct democracy. Technical media for e-

democracy can be expected to extend the mobile technologies such as phones.

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2.3 E-Voting System Definition

“Definition The e-voting is the system to enhance efficiency in the voting process by

automating the current manual voting process using electronic devices. Introducing the

e-voting system will enhance efficiency in voting by reducing time required for ballot

counting and counting errors.”

Functions

Analyze ballot counting results more promptly and accurately through electronic

ballot counting.

Provide a user interface easy to use and access to register to voters list.

Expected Effects

A higher turnout of voters is expected.

Voting time and cost will be reduced through the use of an electronic device. High

accuracy and promptitude of voting result.

2.4 Basic Principles of E-Voting

The main principles of e-voting is that it must be similar to regular voting as possible,

compliant with election legislation and principles and be at least as secure as regular

voting. Therefore e-voting must be uniform and secret, only eligible persons must be

allowed to e-vote, a voter must not be able to prove in favor of who he/she voted. In

addition to this the collecting of votes must be secure, reliable and accountable.

2.5 Issues in E-Voting

2.5.1 Why is e-voting a difficult problem?

First, let’s consider the international standards an election has to meet to be considered

free and fair:

Individuals have to be accurately identified as eligible voters who have not already

voted.

Voters are only allowed one anonymous ballot each, which they can mark in

privacy.

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The ballot box is secure, observed and during the election, only able to have votes

added to it by voters. Votes cannot be removed.

When the election ends the ballot box is opened and counted in the presence of

observers from all competing parties. The counting process cannot reveal how

individual voters cast their ballots.

If results are in doubt the ballots can be checked and counted again by different

people

We can formulate three basic steps for a computerized voting system: check that a user

is entitled to vote and hasn’t already; show the user the ballot and record their vote; and

finally, count the votes. In an election we cannot associate your identity with your vote

without breaching your privacy, yet somehow we need to be certain that you actually

are entitled to vote.

To prevent ballot stuffing, we must mark your vote so that we can be sure it came from

a real voter, yet we cannot trace this vote to you personally. It turns out that this is an

extremely difficult cryptographic problem that still challenges top scientists and there

simply are no solutions which are practical and which fulfill all necessary criteria. In

the meantime e-voting suppliers are selling system they believe are ‘good enough’, but

which make compromises. The problems with e-voting arise not only because these

compromises are made, but also because of the difficulties of building any large-scale

computer system. All election counts have same problems due to human error.

However these errors are random, as likely to affect one candidate as another, so that

overall the result is fair. If errors become systematic, such as if an e-voting system

doesn’t register any votes for one or counts backwards for one candidate whilst

counting forward for another, then the errors aren’t evenly distributed. This means that

one candidate is more likely to be affected than others and so the election result isn’t a

fair representation of voter’s intentions.

These types of errors can have serious implications: small vote manipulation of less

than 1% in key marginal seats can swing the results of elections in first-past-the-post

systems such as that used in the UK. And, as will be shown below, countries with

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voting system less sensitive to fraud than first part-the-post are already withdrawing e-

voting system.

2.5.2 E-Voting is a Black box system

Voting technology is what is known as a ‘black box’: voters, candidates and officials

cannot see the inner working of the machines. Only a small group of technology experts

has any hope of understanding how the election is being conducted and counted.

Because the votes are invisible, made up of ones and zeros, it is extremely difficult

even for experts to be certain that what vendor claim is happening really is happening.

Manipulating bits in a computer is much easier than copying paper ballots, so there is

potential for undetectable vote manipulation on scale never seen before: a hacker could

hide a tiny piece of code in the voting software that could invisibly, but significantly,

modify an election’s results. But putting aside undetectable hackers, vote stealing and

other manipulations, we must also remember that these systems are built by ordinary,

fallible people. Like all computer e-voting system go wrong and usually do so on

Election Day because this is the only time they are used. And the problems that come to

light are not trivial. There have been cases where the system failed completely,

depriving people of their right to vote.

Problems are often not discovered until the election is over, when it is impossible to say

how the votes should have been cast. Because the votes are stored as bits, there is

nothing for election officials to study when problems occur, as there is with paper

ballots. There is nothing to audit except some memory cards, which cannot shed any

light upon what happened but can only provide a final tally. There is no way for the

voter, candidates/officials to know whether the voter’s intent was accurately stored and

the correctly counted by the e-voting system. Everything happens inside the black box.

With paper ballot the voter can see their mark and has immediate feedback. That mark

is stored, unchangeable, in the ballot box until it is time to be counted. If a recount is

required, that ballot can be examined a second time. It would be trivial for an e-voting

to report it has stored a vote for Ms X when in fact Mr. Y gains one vote in the

memory. Under these circumstances a recount is no help, as the computer adds the

same numbers up again and will arrive at the same result each time.

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2.6 Common Forms of E-Voting

Kiosk

Kiosk e-voting consists of dedicated machines being used in the polling station or

elsewhere, such as shopping mall, to let electors cast their votes. Votes are cast using

buttons/a touch screen and are stored in an electronic memory. If used in a polling

station, kiosk systems have the advantage of being supervised. But unless a paper ballot

is printed at the time of voting and checked by the voter, manual recounts are not

possible. If there are any technical problems/attempts at fraud, polling station staff lack

the skills the resolve matters; they are dependent on support from the e-voting supplier.

This support is often sun-contracted, bur regardless it is inevitable that voters will be

forced to wait until support staffs can attend to the polling station. In America, this has

resulted in a need for court injunctions to decide whether the polling station can stay

open long enough to let waiting voters exercises their right to vote. Kiosk Machine is

costly, particularly in light of the fact that they can only be used for elections. Whilst

kiosk machines can provide audio and other input/output features to help voters with

disabilities vote alone, they are only shifting their trust from a helper in the polling

station to a system they cannot be sure is voting as they desire

Remote (Internet)

Voters sit at home/ in a library and use a computer, digital television or mobile phone to

mark their ballot. Elections held using remote voting can be contentious because it is

difficult to verify that the voter is who they claim to be. Both anonymity and privacy

are compromised because others can watch the elector vote. This opens the door to

voter coercion and vote buying. There are technical problems too. The system is

vulnerable to attacks both on the central e-voting server and each computer used to

vote. These attacks may disrupt the process of voting or bring the results into question.

Phone

Votes are cast either through a touch-tone system (similar to that used for television

votes)/through SMS text messages on mobile phones authentication is achieved through

the use of PIN and access codes that are mailed to voters ahead of the ballot. While

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proven in entertainment settings where there are no requirements for authentication

such systems are not suitable for democratic elections. Phone voting depends on highly

centralized, private infrastructures which, in the case of SMS, are unreliable and

insecure (SMS messages are sent ‘in the clear’ and so could be intercepted). Thus

privacy is virtually impossible to maintain and security is based more on commercial

confidentiality and control of the connections than any explicitly protocol (such as SSL

on the web). Indeed TV Production companies encourage multiple voting as a way to

increase their revenue from each vote cast. For the very enthusiastic fan, software is

available on the internet which automates dialing, allowing a single individual to vote

hundreds of times.

E-Counting

Specially designed ballots are marked by voters in such a way that an optical counting

machine, i.e. a computer, can read them. The advantages of the paper ballot system are

retained, but counts are quicker and if problems arise recounts of the ballots can still be

done by hand. However, computer-readable ballot papers can be confusing for some

voters, resulting in errors and lost votes. E-counting systems are as vulnerable to fraud

and error as other forms of e-voting technology, and unless the ballot papers are

regularly audited and counted, those incorrect/fraudulent results can escape detection.

2.7 Applications for E-Voting

2.7.1 UK E-Voting, past and present

May 2003 saw the largest electoral pilots ever, covering 14% of the English electorate,

funded with £18.5m from central government, in addition to the usual local government

electoral budgets. Mistakes were made, many of which were clearly identified in the

Electoral Commission’s evaluation reports.

In particular, the selection and management of e-voting vendors was heavily criticized.

Competing vendors were forced to work together without prior notice or contracts.

Vendors took control of running elections from Returning officers. There were no clear

structures/lines of responsibilities in which vendors were impossible to scrutinize as

nobody except the vendors knew what was supposed to be happening. Extremely tight

17

implementation timescales imposed by the Government were roundly criticized by the

Electoral Commission and vendors.

The lack of time prevented proper testing and evaluation of the systems before

elections. The little testing that was done was felt not to have been sufficiently

independent of the suppliers. The Government’s extraordinary view was that short

timescales is extremely tight, yet by January 2007 the Government was already a month

behind in a timetable that only allowed two months for implementation and testing. In

2003 the lack of time prevented proper security testing and analysis, complete risk

assessment and usability testing. Are these absolutely necessary steps to be skipped

again due to lack of time? None of the Department for Constitutional Affairs, local

government or the Electoral Commission has the technical expertise to evaluate and

manage e-voting vendors properly.

The result is that vendors have to be trusted to run elections in secure, reliable and

private manner without proper external, independent testing and evaluation. These

amounts to the effective privatization of our election systems, as for-profit corporations,

usually foreign-owned, are paid to completely administer our election from start to end.

We do not believe this is healthy for democracy. It is vital that elections are publicly-

run and scrutinized. Undoubtedly e-voting system brings new risks, challenges and

costs to our electoral process. So what are the benefits? Initially, claims were made that

e-voting could save money spent in the electoral process. This was quickly discarded in

favor of arguing that e-voting could boost turnout, particularly.

2.7.2 E-Voting Application in Malaysia University

At the International Islamic University (IIU), e-voting proceeded smoothly with 68% of

the 13,219 students eligible to vote having cast their ballots as at 2.45pm. The 10

polling stations at IIU opened a few minutes after 9am and closed at 4.45pm. Results

were announced by 6.30pm, with UIA rector Prof. Datuk, Dr. Syed Arabi, I did release

a statement at around 7pm (Gilmore, 2006).

18

Students were generally satisfied with the electronic voting system, with no reported

disruptions at IIU (Gilmore, 2006). It was a different story at University Putra Malaysia

(UPM), which saw the electronic-voting system experiencing an hour-long breakdown

from 9.45am to about 11am.

The implementation of e-voting is the latest threat to the rights of students via what was

promised as secret balloting. The validity of this electoral process is suspect because it

lacked transparency. The lack of transparency, lack of confidence in its accuracy and

trustworthiness, the high risks, the lack of scrutiny and violation of the secrecy of the

ballot are the main reasons for the doubts among students over the electoral system at

University Putra Malaysia.

2.8 Program Language

2.8.1 Visual Basic 6 Overview

Visual Basic is the third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated

development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model.

Visual Basic is also considered a relatively easy to learn and use programming

language, because of its graphical development features and BASIC heritage. Visual

Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD)

of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access

Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX

controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBScript is syntactically similar to

Visual Basic, but perform differently.

A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with VB

itself. Programs written in VB can also use the Windows API, but doing so requires

external function declarations. The language not only allows programmers to create

simple Graphical User Interface (GUI) applications, but can also develop complex

applications. Programming in VB is a combination of visually arranging components or

controls on a form, specifying attributes and actions of those components, and writing

additional lines of code for more functionality. Since default attributes and actions are

19

defined for the components, a simple program can be created without the programmer

having to write many lines of code.

Forms are created drag-and-drop techniques. A tool is used to place controls (e.g. text

boxes, command buttons etc) on the form (window). Controls have attributes and event

handles associated with them. Default values are provided when the control is created,

but may be changed by the programmer. Many attribute values can be modified during

run time based on user actions/changes in the environment, providing a dynamic

application.

Visual Basic executable (EXE files), ActiveX controls, or DLL files, but is primarily

used to develop Windows application and to interface database system. Dialog boxes

with less functionality can be used to provide pop-up capabilities. Controls provide the

basic functionality of the application, while programmers can insert additional logic

within the appropriate event handlers e.g. a drop-down combination box will

automatically display its list and allow the user to select any element. An event handler

is called when an item is selected, which can then execute additional code created by

the programmer to perform some action based on which element was selected such as

popularity a related list.

2.9 Summary

Elections allow the populace to choose their representatives and express their

preferences for how they will b governed. Naturally, the integrity of the election system

must be sufficiently robust withstand a variety of fraudulent behaviors and must be

sufficiently transparent and comprehensible that voters and candidates can accept the

results of an election. Unsurprisingly, history is littered with examples of elections

being manipulated in order to influence their outcome.

The main principle of e-voting is that it must be as similar to regular voting as possible,

compliant with election legislation and principles and be at least as secure as regular

voting.

20

Voting technology is what is known as a ‘black box’: voters, candidates and even

officials cannot see the inner the workings of the machines. Only a small group of

technology experts has any hope of understanding how the election is done

Found previous application for the elections electronic, some of these applications

succeeded and others failed, and faced several problems mentioned earlier. But for e-

voting in universities found that it greatly succeeded.

21

CHAPTER 3

3.0 Methodology

The aim of this chapter is to give an introduction about the general research methodology

used in this study together with specific tools used in data collection and analysis. Also

this chapter discusses the methods to evaluate validity and reliability of the research.

3.1 Research purpose

In the information age, it seems that the application of information technology is an in-

dispensable tendency for the evolution of organizations in 21st century, regardless of

public or private organizations. The application of information technology into public

affairs briefly includes the electronic democracy, which is governance-oriented, and e-

government, which is service-oriented. E-Voting being a vital part of the services being

offered by e-Government would lead the application of information technology to

improve the efficiency of public sector obviously and the participation of the citizen

through the electronic forum.

The purpose of this research is to go through the current situation of Kenya’s democracy

and electoral system in context of the view point of people of Kenya. Furthermore, one

purpose to make a research in this area is to get to know the factors affecting the

implementation of electronic voting in Kenya in coming future. It is also important as

Kenya is near to hold its general elections in December 2012.

3.2 Research approach

There are two main research approaches used in scientific work, quantitative and

qualitative. The main difference between these two is that the aim of quantitative

research is to fin explanation to a phenomenon or a situation that can be generalized to

other people and places while in qualitative research the aim is to gain deeper

understanding of a phenomena or a situation.

In our study we will be using both of them. Our aim is to find out the factors affecting the

implementation of electronic voting in Kenya. And finding out what way of electronic

voting in Kenya should adopt in order to have smooth transformation of normal electoral

system to the electronic one. Our work will be divided in 2 parts. First one will be

devoted to analyzing of case-studies of implementation of e-voting in different countries.

22

During this part we will be using qualitative research approach. Second part of our

research will be to find out peoples opinion about the situation with democracy in Kenya

and need for implementing of e-voting.

During this part we will be using quantitative research approach.

We are going to collect data using the literature about the subject, Internet survey to

question people that are using or not using e-government services. This will help us to

form a picture of what kind of people are using the e-government services and what

motivates them to believe or not believe in having electronic voting in Kenya, what is the

level of their satisfaction, how do they evaluate current way of voting system and what

drawbacks and good points they see in old system and electronic system and also what

level of security they think is necessary to be implemented while thinking of e-voting.

There are 2 reasoning in analyzing data that we are going to use in our research:

Deductive and Inductive reasoning.

Deductive reasoning is sometimes called the “top-down” approach. It begins with theory

about the field of interest and narrowing that theory down into hypothesis that can be

later tested. Next observations are collected to address the hypothesis which then leads to

the testing of the hypothesis to confirm the original theories.

Inductive reasoning on the other hand is called the “bottom up” approach that moves

from observations meant for detecting patterns to develop conclusions or theories and

also broader generalizations and theories. This kind of reasoning is open-ended and

exploratory. And it is used in a way that a researcher observes a sample and then draws

conclusions about the population from which the sample is taken.

According to these two definitions we are going to use inductive and deductive reasoning

to analyze the collected date from our surveys and case-studies. Based on the answers

given of the particular users of the e-government services and published materials we

will try to form picture of the present situation. Then based on the people’s opinions we

will come up with ideas about changing the present situation in order to encourage

people to use the e-government services more often.

23

3.3 Research strategy

There are five primary research strategies in the social sciences: experiments, surveys,

archival analysis, histories, and case studies. Each strategy has its own advantages and

disadvantages.

Some scholars use the term survey research to refer to almost any form of descriptive,

quantitative research. We use a more restricted meaning here: Survey research involves

acquiring information about one or more groups of people – perhaps about their

characteristics, opinions, attitudes, or previous experiences – by asking questions and

tabulating their answers.

The ultimate goal is to learn about a large population by surveying a sample of that

population; thus, we might call this approach a descriptive survey or normative survey.

We have chosen survey research and case-studies as our research strategy. We are using

quantitative and qualitative approach for our research, that’s why surveys and case-

studies are the most fast and convenient way to conduct this kind of research. For us also

very important to get people’s attitude to the problem and find causes of their fear about

this new e-voting service.

That’s why we are looking forward to get as much respondents as possible. And using

surveys in this scenario will be most appropriate. Also we want to compare already

existing systems in order to see the results of their implementation and choose most

suitable system for Kenya. So case-studies will help us to achieve this goal.

3.4 Data collection

In our research we are going to use two forms of collecting data: internet survey and

study cases.

As far as topic of our research is related with electronic voting aspects, there are a lot of

publications from different governmental authorities and scholars concerning electronic

systems used in e-voting in particular countries. We find this material very useful,

because it will help us to look on to our main topic from different point of views. To see

what systems are implemented, what problems remained, what suggestions are given.

At the same time we will use our internet survey in order to analyze what people think

24

and consider while seeing the perspectives of implementation of electronic voting. It will

also lead us to believe why and how people think is wise to have this kind of voting and

what justification they look for while trusting the new system to be implemented.

Our survey is open for all the people from Pakistan that are using or may use e-

government services. But due to limited time of research and lack of mail-databases of

actual users, we believe that most of the respondents will be students of different

institutes/universities with different educational and financial backgrounds. This has two

sides, first is that our research will not cover the main part of e-government users (we

believe that our respondents are between 18-50 years old). Second, as far as our target

group may be students, we may consider them being future users of the e-government.

So it’s very important to develop e-government services in order to meet their

requirements. And also young people are more familiar with computers, internet and

security aspects. And they also have fresh and modern view on the problem situation.

3.5 Data analysis

After we finish collecting data from the survey we will conduct and from the case

studies, we are going to represent the results in tabular / graphical form. So it will be

easier for readers to understand them and would be easy for us to analyze them and

present to readers. Also, as far as we are going to have some cross-related question, we

will need to analyze them separately and make some conclusions based on results we

receive from our survey.

After we will finish making statistic analyze of data, we will try to sum up the results and

make some conclusions about what are the prospects of implementation of electronic

voting in Kenya

3.6 Validity and reliability

3.6.1 Validity

When we consider the validity of a research study we need to ask two basic questions.

First, does the study have sufficient controls to ensure that the conclusions we draw are

truly warranted by the data? Second, can we use what we have observed in the research

situation to make generalizations about world beyond that specific situation? The answer

25

to these two questions addresses the issues of internal validity and external validity

respectively.

3.6.2 Reliability

Reliability of a measurement instrument is the extent to which it yields consistent results

when the characteristics being measured has not changed. A researcher can enhance the

reliability of a measurement instrument in several ways. First, the instrument should

always be administered in a consistent fashion: In other words, there should be

standardization in use of the instrument from one situation or person to next. Second, to

the extent that subjective judgments are required, specific criteria should be established

that dictate the kinds of judgments the researcher makes.

And third, any research assistants who are using the instrument should be well trained so

they can obtain similar results.

According to the target group we have chosen and the complexity of the problem we

have to research on, the reliability and validity of the research may vary. But by

narrowing down the target group we try to research we will be able to increase the

reliability of the research.

26

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ALGORITHM AND LOGIC DESIGN (FLOWCHART)

4.1 ALGORITHMS

Algorithm consists of the step-by-step procedure in solving a given task. The algorithm is

broken down into modules to allow for a detailed evaluation of the programming

procedures.

Also, in this chapter the graphical representation of the algorithm known as the

FLOWCHART is given. The flowchart is another vital tool in program development

process, which in fact gives a clearer picture and understanding of representation of the

sequence of operations.

Logical Design

Hevner et al. (2004) explained that logical design is the phase where all functional features

that have been chosen for the development of the system are described without regard of

any computer platform. Assuming that the developed system could be implemented on any

hardware/system software, the aim of this phase is actually to make sure that the system

can really function as it should be. This also involved the representation of functional

requirements of the system in the form of notation which in the case of this study, the

Object Oriented approach was adopted by the researcher. The adoption of this approach is

in line with the needs to produce more details design besides the increasingly complex

system requirement. Object oriented offer conceptual structures of the system to assist in

understanding the whole systems’ functions especially during use case diagram to represent

the whole functions available in the e-voting system.

27

4.2 ELECTRONIC VOTING SYSTEM

ALGORITHM FOR MAIN PROGRAM MODULE

Step 1: START

2: Define and Initialize variables

3: Display user Login Screen

4: Open Database

5: Prompt to enter user ID and Password

6: IF password is invalid THEN Step - 4

IF Login Exit THEN Step - 9

7: IF Password = ‘Administrative Password’ THEN GOTO Main Window

IF Password=’Official’s Password’ THEN GOTO Main Window

IF Password = ‘Voter’s Password’ THEN GOTO Voter’s Screen

8: END IF

9: Close Database

10: STOP

ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE

Step 1: Display main Program Window

2: Open Database

3: Display main menu (Option)

4: Make Selection from menu

5: On Selection transfer control to appropriate subroutine

6: Close Database

7: Return

ADDNEW CANDIDATE: SUBROUTINE

Step 1: Display program interface in Input Mode

2: Open Database

28

3: Enter Candidate’s Personal Data

4: Enter Candidate’s Position and Party

5: IF Candidate Record Already exist in Database THEN Step -7

IF Exit Window THEN Step -8

6: Save Record to Database

7: Add another Record (Yes / No)?

8: IF Response = “YES” THEN Step – 3

ELSE Step – 9

9: Close Database

10: Return

ADDNEW OFFICIAL: SUBROUTINE

Step 1: Display program interface in Input Mode

2: Open Database

3: Enter Official’s Personal Data

4: Enter Official’s Position and Party

5: IF Official Record Already exist in Database THEN Step -7

IF Exit Window THEN Step -8

6: Save Record to Database

7: Add another Record (Yes / No)?

8: IF Response = “YES” THEN Step – 3

ELSE Step – 9

9: Close Database

10: Return

ADDNEW VOTER: SUBROUTINE

Step 1: Display program Interface in Input Mode

2: Open Database

3: Enter Voter’s Details

4: IF Voter’s Record Already exists in Database THEN Step – 6

29

IF Exit window THEN Step – 8

5: Save Voter’s Record to Database

6: Add Another Record (Yes/No)?

7: IF Response = “Yes” THEN Step – 3

ELSE Step – 8

8: Close Database

9: Return

EDIT CANDIDATE’S, OFFICIAL’/ VOTER’S RECORD: SUBROUTINE

Step 1: Display program interface in Edit Mode

2: Open Database

3: Prompt to enter Candidate’s / Voter’s ID No:

4: IF ID No: is invalid THEN Step – 3

IF Exit Window THEN Step – 10

5: Display record for Update

6: Make necessary changes

7a: Save record after changes

7b: Update Database

8: Edit another Record (Yes/No)?


ELSE Step - 10

10: Close Database

11: Return

DELETE CANDIDATE’S, OFFICIAL’ / VOTER’S RECORD: SUBROUTINE

Step 1: Display program interface in output mode

2: Open Database

3: Prompt to enter Candidate’s / Voter’s ID No:

4: IF ID No: is Invalid THEN Step – 3


30

5: Display record to for deletion

6: Display confirmation message

7: IF Confirmation = “Yes” THEN Step – 8

ELSE Step – 3

8a: Delete displayed record from Database

8b: Update Database

9: Delete another record (Yes/No)?


ELSE Step – 11

11: Close Database

12: Return.

VOTER WINDOW (CASTING VOTE): SUBROUTINE

Step 1: Display Interface in Input/Output Mode

2: Open Database

3: Select candidate details from a List Box

4: IF Candidate’s Details is invalid THEN Step – 3


5: Cast your vote

6: Update Database

7: Close Database Connection

8: Return

VIEW RESULTS: SUBROUTINE

Step 1: Display Interface in Output mode

2: Display results in a list view

3: Open Database

4: Display results for all position

5: Close Database

6: Return

31

4.3 FLOWCHART

MAIN MODULE

Enter UserID and Password

Enter UserID and Password

START

Define and Initialize variables

Display user Login Screen

Open Database

No Continuel? Yes

IS userID and Password Valid?

YES

NO

A

Display Main Window: Display Main Menu ADDNEW RECORDEDIT RECORDDELETE RECORDCAST YOUR VOTEVIEW RESULT(REPORT)

A

1

2

3

4

5

RETURN

ADDNEW RECORD

EDIT RECORD

DELETE RECORD

CAST YOUR VOTE

VIEW RESULT (REPORT)

Make Selection Based On Main Menu

ON Selection

Fig 1.0 Main Module

32

ADDNEW CANDIDATE’S / VOTER’S RECORD

ADDNEW RECORD

Display form in Input Mode

Open Database

Continue?NO

YES

Enter candidates / voters Data

Select position contesting for

Is Record Already YES In Database?

NO

Update Database

Save Record to Database

Add another YES Record?

NO

Close Database

RETURN

Fig .2 Add new candidate/voter

33

EDIT CANDIDATE’S / VOTER’S RECORD: SUBROUTINE

EDIT RECORD

Display Program Interface in Edit Mode

Open Database

Continue?NO

YES

Enter Record IDnumber to Edit

IS Record IDNumber Valid?

YES

NO

Display Record for Editting

Make necessary changes

Save changes to Database

Update Database

EditAnother Record?

NO

YES

Close Database

RETURN

Fig.3 Edit Candidate/Voter

34

DELETE RECORD: SUBROUTINE:

DELETE RECORD

Display Program interface in Output mode

Open Database

Continue?

YES

NO

Enter Record IDNumber to Delete

IS Record IDnumber Valid?

NO

YES

Display record on form

Delete record from Database

Delete Displayed Record?

NO

YES

Update Database

Close Database

Delete Another record?

NO

YES

RETURN

Fig.4 Delete Record

35

CASTING VOTE: SUBROUTINE

CASTING VOTE

Display form in Output / Input Mode

Open Database

Check if the Voters ID is valid

Continue?

YES

NO

Display list of Candidates

Has the Voter

Cast his/her Vote?

YES

NO

Cast your vote for selected candidate

Update Database

Close Database

RETURN

Fig.5 Casting Vote

36

DISPLAY / VIEW RESULTS

VIEW RESULT (REPORT)

Display program interface in Output mode

Open Database

Display all contested candidates in a list view

NO

YES

Continue?

Display result of each position

Close Database

RETURN

Fig.6 View Results

37

4.4 Source Code

Private Sub Command1_Click()

frmSystem.Show

Unload Me

End Sub

Private Sub cmdClearDatabase_Click()

If MsgBox("You are about to delete all database entries. Are you sure?", vbQuestion +

vbYesNo, "Confirm Clear Database") = vbNo Then Exit Sub

With Me

.Adodc1.RecordSource = "Candidates"

.Adodc1.Refresh

With Me

.Adodc1.Recordset.Delete

If .Adodc1.Recordset.BOF = False Then

.Adodc1.Recordset.MoveFirst

While Not .Adodc1.Recordset.EOF


.Adodc1.Recordset.MoveNext

Wend

End If

End With

.Adodc1.RecordSource = "Mwananchi"

.Adodc1.Refresh

With Me







Wend

End If

End With

.Adodc1.RecordSource = "ImageW"

.Adodc1.Refresh

With Me







Wend

End If

End With

.Adodc1.RecordSource = "ImageO"

.Adodc1.Refresh

With Me







Wend

End If

End With

.Adodc1.RecordSource = "Official"

.Adodc1.Refresh

With Me


39






Wend

End If

End With

.Adodc1.RecordSource = "Vote"

.Adodc1.Refresh

With Me







Wend

End If

End With

.Adodc1.RecordSource = "Images"

.Adodc1.Refresh

With Me







Wend

End If

End With

40

End With

End Sub

Private Sub lshortcut_Click()

Dim askmelogout As Single

On Error Resume Next

Unload MDIForm1.ActiveForm

Select Case Me.lshortcut.SelectedItem.Key

Case "Candidate": frmCandidate.Show

Case "elecres": frmResults.Show

Case "electwin": frmwinner.Show: Unload Me.ActiveForm: Me.Hide

Case "logout":

askmelogout = MsgBox("Continue log - out?", vbOKCancel + vbQuestion,

"KENYAN'S ELECTION")

If askmelogout = vbOK Then

frmSystem.Show

End If

Case "Mwananchi": frmMwananchi.Show

Case "Official": frmElectrolBoard.Show

Case "report": frmreport.Show

Case "change": Unload mdiMain.ActiveForm: frmchange.Show

Case "Ballot box": frmVote.Show

End Select

End Sub

Private Sub lshortcut_MouseDown(Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As

Single)

If Button = vbRightButton Then

PopupMenu myright

End If

End Sub

41

Private Sub MDIForm_Load()

With Me.lshortcut

Set .SmallIcons = ImageList1

Set .Icons = ImageList1

'For Sales

.ListItems.Add , "Candidate", "Candidate Info", 1, 1

.ListItems.Add , "elecres", "Election Result", 2, 2

.ListItems.Add , "Mwananchi", "Mwananchi's Info", 3, 3

.ListItems.Add , "Official", "Official", 4, 4

.ListItems.Add , "logout", "Log-out ", 5, 5

.ListItems.Add , "report", "Report", 6, 6

.ListItems.Add , "change", "My Account", 7, 7

.ListItems.Add , "Ballot box", "Ballot Box", 8, 8

End With

If Format(dtpDate, "dddd - MMMM dd, yyyy") <> Format(Date, "dddd - MMMM dd,

yyyy") Then dtpDate = Date

lblTime = Format(Time, "hh:mm:ss AM/PM")

End Sub

Private Sub MDIForm_MouseDown(Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As

Single)

If Button = vbRightButton Then

PopupMenu myright1

End If

End Sub

Private Sub MDIForm_QueryUnload(Cancel As Integer, UnloadMode As Integer)

Dim askmequit As Single

askmequit = MsgBox("Close application?", vbYesNo + vbQuestion, "KENYAN'S

ELECTION")

If askmequit = vbYes Then

End

42

Else

Cancel = 1

End If

End Sub

Private Sub MDIForm_Resize()


Me.WindowState = 2

End Sub

Private Sub mnuclose2_Click()


Unload mdiMain.ActiveForm

End Sub

Private Sub mnuclose_Click()


Unload mdiMain.ActiveForm

End Sub

Private Sub mnuexit_Click()

Dim askmequit As Single

askmequit = MsgBox("Close application?", vbYesNo + vbQuestion, "KENYAN'S

ELECTION")

If askmequit = vbYes Then

End

Else

Cancel = 1

End If

End Sub

Private Sub mnulogout_Click()

Dim askmelogout As Single

43

askmelogout = MsgBox("Continue log - out?", vbOKCancel + vbQuestion, "KENYAN'S

ELECTION")

If askmelogout = vbOK Then

frmSystem.Show: Unload Me.ActiveForm: Me.Hide

End If

End Sub

Private Sub mnuOpen_Click()

lshortcut_Click

End Sub

Private Sub mnuLogin_Click()

Dim askmelogin As Single

askmelogin = MsgBox("Please Select from the System Security", vbOKCancel +

vbQuestion, "Kenyan's Election")

If askmelogin = vbOK Then

frmSystem.Show

mdiMain.ActiveForm.Refresh

End If

End Sub

Private Sub mnurefresh_Click()


mdiMain.ActiveForm.Refresh

End Sub

Private Sub tmrDateTime_Timer()

lblTime.Caption = " & Time()"

dtpDate = " & Date & "

End Sub

Private Sub tmrLoadDatabase_Timer()

44

frmLoadDatabase.Show 1

tmrLoadDatabase.Enabled = False

End Sub

Option Explicit

Public FN As String

Public FT As String

Public Sub unlockedme()

With Me

.txtid.Locked = False

.txtfn.Locked = False

.txtln.Locked = False

.txtmi.Locked = False

.cboAge.Visible = True

.cboGender.Visible = True

.cboConstituency.Visible = True

.cboPosition.Visible = True

.cboParty.Visible = True

.dtpDateRegistred.Visible = True

.txtPic.Visible = True

.Picture1.Picture = LoadPicture(FN)

.cmdadd.Enabled = False

.cmdsave.Enabled = True

.cmddel.Caption = "Cancel"

.cmdedit.Enabled = False

.txtge.Visible = False

.txtgende.Visible = False

.txtcon.Visible = False

.txtpos.Visible = False

.txtpart.Visible = False

.txtDateregistered.Visible = False

.c1.Enabled = False

45

.c2.Enabled = False

.c3.Enabled = False

.c4.Enabled = False

' .cbocourse.List (1)

' .cbosex.List (1)

End With

End Sub

Public Sub lockedme()

With Me

.txtid.Locked = True

.txtfn.Locked = True

.txtln.Locked = True

.txtmi.Locked = True

.cboAge.Visible = False

.cboGender.Visible = False

.cboConstituency.Visible = False

.cboPosition.Visible = False

.cboParty.Visible = False

.dtpDateRegistred.Visible = False

.txtPic.Visible = True

.Picture1.Visible = True

.cmdadd.Enabled = True

.cmdedit.Enabled = True

.cmdsave.Enabled = False

.cmddel.Caption = "Delete"

.txtge.Visible = True

.txtgende.Visible = True

.txtcon.Visible = True

.txtpos.Visible = True

.txtpart.Visible = True

.txtDateregistered.Visible = True

.c1.Enabled = True

46

.c2.Enabled = True

.c3.Enabled = True

.c4.Enabled = True

End With

End Sub

Private Sub c1_Click()

Me.Adodc1.Recordset.MoveFirst

Me.Adodc2.Recordset.MoveFirst

End Sub


With Me.Adodc1.Recordset

.MovePrevious

If .BOF Then .MoveFirst

End With


.MovePrevious

If .BOF Then .MoveFirst

End With

End Sub



.MoveNext

If .EOF Then .MoveLast

End With


.MoveNext

If .EOF Then .MoveLast

End With

End Sub


47

Me.Adodc1.Recordset.MoveLast

Me.Adodc2.Recordset.MoveLast

End Sub

Private Sub cboAge_Change()

Me.txtge.Text = Me.cboAge.Text

End Sub

Private Sub cboAge_Click()

Me.txtge.Text = Me.cboAge.Text

End Sub

Private Sub cboConstituency_Change()

Me.txtcon.Text = Me.cboConstituency.Text

End Sub

Private Sub cboConstituency_Click()

Me.txtcon.Text = Me.cboConstituency.Text

End Sub

Private Sub cboGender_Change()

Me.txtgende.Text = Me.cboGender.Text

End Sub

Private Sub cboGender_Click()

Me.txtgende.Text = Me.cboGender.Text

End Sub

Private Sub cmdadd_Click()

With Me

Call unlockedme

.txtid.SetFocus

48

.Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew

.cmdedit.Enabled = False

End With

End Sub

Private Sub cmdBrowse_Click()

Dim bytData() As Byte

Dim strDescription As String

On Error GoTo err

With cdlg1 'remember the common dialog box.

.Filter="(*.bmp;*.jpg;*.gif;*.dat;*.pcx)|*.bmp;*.jpg;*.gif;*.dat;*.pcx;|(*.psd)|*.psd|(*.All

files)|*.*" 'filtering so only jpg's and gifs are shown!

.DialogTitle = "Select Picture" 'sets the title of it.

.ShowOpen ' show the open dialog box.

Open .FileName For Binary As #1 'bit to "convert" the image to binary.

ReDim bytData(FileLen(.FileName))

End With

Get #1, , bytData

Close #1

strDescription = InputBox("Enter description.", "New Picture") 'show a input box to enter

description to the description to the description field

With Me

.Adodc2.Recordset.AddNew

.Adodc2.Recordset.Fields("Description") = strDescription

.Adodc2.Recordset.Fields("Passport").AppendChunk bytData

.Adodc2.Recordset.Update

End With

FillFields

Exit Sub

err:

49

If err.Number = 32755 Then 'simple error check.

Else

MsgBox err.Description

err.Clear

End If

End Sub

Public Sub FillFields()

If Not (Adodc2.Recordset.BOF And Adodc2.Recordset.EOF) Then

txtPic = Adodc2.Recordset.Fields("Description")

Set Picture1.DataSource = Adodc2.Recordset

Picture1.DataField = "Passport"

End If

End Sub

Private Sub cmddel_Click()

Dim askmedel As Single

Dim mydelete As String

With Me

If .cmddel.Caption = "Delete" Then

askmedel = MsgBox("Are you sure you want to delete this record?", vbYesNo +

vbQuestion, "KENYAN'S ELECTION")

If askmedel = vbYes Then

mydelete = .Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("cIDNo")



If .Adodc1.Recordset.EOF Then: .Adodc1.Refresh


If askmedel = vbYes Then

mydelete = .Fields("Description")

.Delete

50

.MoveNext

If .EOF Then: .MoveLast

FillFields

End If

End With

End If

.Adodc1.Refresh

.Adodc2.Refresh

.Adodc1.Refresh

.Adodc2.Refresh

.Refresh

Else


.Adodc1.Recordset.CancelUpdate

.Adodc2.Recordset.CancelUpdate

Call lockedme

.Refresh

.Refresh

End If

End With

End Sub

Private Sub cmdedit_Click()

With Me

Call unlockedme

End With

End Sub

Private Sub cmdExit_Click()

Unload Me

51

End Sub

Private Sub cmdFind_Click()

Dim i, j As Integer

If Me.txtfind.Text <> "" Then

With Me.MSHFlexGrid1

.FillStyle = flexFillRepeat

.Col = 0

.Row = 0

.ColSel = .Cols - 1

.RowSel = .Rows - 1

.CellFontBold = False

.FillStyle = flexFillSingle

For i = 0 To .Cols - 1

For j = 1 To .Rows - 1

If InStr(UCase(.TextMatrix(j, i)), UCase(Me.txtfind.Text)) Then

.Col = i

.Row = j

.CellFontBold = True

End If

Next j

Next i

End With

End If

End Sub

Private Sub cmdgo_Click()

With Me

If .cbosort.ListIndex = 1 Then

If .optsurname.Value Then

.Adodc1.Recordset.Sort = "cLName ASC"

ElseIf .optstud.Value = True Then

52

.Adodc1.Recordset.Sort = "cIDNo ASC"

End If

ElseIf .cbosort.ListIndex = 2 Then

If .optsurname.Value Then

.Adodc1.Recordset.Sort = "cLName DESC"

ElseIf .optstud.Value = True Then

.Adodc1.Recordset.Sort = "cIDNo DESC"

End If

End If

End With

End Sub

Private Sub cmdsave_Click()

With Me

If .txtid.Text <> "" And .txtfn.Text <> "" And .txtln.Text <> "" And .txtmi.Text <> "" _

And .cboAge.Text <> "" And .cboGender.Text <> "" And .cboConstituency.Text <> "" _

And .cboPosition.Text <> "" And .cboParty.Text <> "" And .dtpDateRegistred <> ""

Then

.Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("cIDNo") = txtid

.Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("cFName") = txtfn

.Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("cLName") = txtln

.Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("cMInitial") = txtmi

.Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("Age") = cboAge

.Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("Gender") = cboGender

.Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("cConstituency") = cboConstituency

.Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("cPosition") = cboPosition

.Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("cParty") = cboParty

.Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("Date Registred") = dtpDateRegistred

.Adodc1.Recordset.Update

.Adodc1.Refresh

.Adodc1.Refresh

Me.Refresh

53

Call lockedme

MsgBox "Record Successfully saved", vbInformation, "Kenyans's Election"

Else

MsgBox "Please Fill Out All Requirements", vbOKOnly + vbInformation, "Kenyans's

Election"

Me.txtid.SetFocus

Me.txtid = ""

Exit Sub

End If

End With

End Sub

Private Sub dtpDateRegistred_Change()

Me.dtpDateRegistred.Value = Format$(Date, "MMMM DD, YYYY")

End Sub

Private Sub dtpDateRegistred_Click()


End Sub

Private Sub Form_Activate()

Me.WindowState = 2

'Me.Adodc2.Refresh


Me.txtDateregistered.Text = Format$(Date, "MMMM DD, YYYY")

Me.cbosort.ListIndex = 0

End Sub

Private Sub txtfind_Change()

cmdFind_Click

End Sub

Private Sub txtfind_KeyDown(KeyCode As Integer, Shift As Integer)

54

If KeyCode = vbKeyBack Then

cmdFind_Click

End If

End Sub

Private Sub txtfind_KeyUp(KeyCode As Integer, Shift As Integer)

cmdFind_Click

End Sub

Option Explicit

Public CountV As Integer

Dim myCandidate As New clsPresident

Dim sPosition As String

Dim myCriteria, myTarget As String

Dim ctr As Integer

Dim sql, vot As String

Dim candidateDetails As String

Dim candidateDetail1 As String

Dim candidateDetail2 As String

Dim ListIndex As Integer

Dim President_ID(100) As String

Dim MP_ID(100) As String

Dim Senators_ID(100) As String

Dim Councillor_ID(100) As String

Dim President_Party(100) As String

Dim MP_Party(100) As String

Dim Senators_Party(100) As String

Dim Councillor_Party(100) As String

55

Dim President_Constituency(100) As String

Dim MP_Constituency(100) As String

Dim Senators_Constituency(100) As String

Dim Councillor_Constituency(100) As String

Dim President_FName(100) As String

Dim MP_FName(100) As String

Dim Senators_FName(100) As String

Dim Councillor_FName(100) As String

Dim President_LName(100) As String

Dim MP_LName(100) As String

Dim Senators_LName(100) As String

Dim Councillor_LName(100) As String

Dim intLoopIndex


Unload Me

End Sub

Private Sub cmdsubmit_Click()

Dim wIDNo As String

Dim wIDNo2 As String

wIDNo2 = Me.lblIDNo.Caption

Me.AdoVote.Refresh

With Me

Me.AdoVote.Refresh

AdoVote.Recordset.Find "mIDNo='" & wIDNo2 & "'"

MsgBox "You have already submitted your ballot.", vbExclamation, "Kenyan's

Election's"

56

If AdoVote.Recordset.EOF Then

Save_President lstPresident, wIDNo

Save_Member lstMember, wIDNo

Save_Senators lstSenators, wIDNo

Save_Councillor lstCouncillor, wIDNo

If lstPresident.SelCount <= 0 And lstMember.SelCount <= 0 And

lstSenators.SelCount <= 0 And lstCouncillor.SelCount <= 0 Then

MsgBox "No votes has been save. Please choose candidate(s) to vote",

vbInformation, " Voting System"

Exit Sub

End If

VoteStatus

MsgBox "Thank you for Voting...", vbInformation, " Voting System"

End If

End With

Me.AdoVote.Refresh

End Sub


With Me

FramePresident.Enabled = True

FrameMP.Enabled = True

FrameSenators.Enabled = True

FrameCouncillors.Enabled = True

End With

With Me

Set myCandidate = New clsPresident

Adodc6.LockType = adLockPessimistic

Adodc6.CursorType = adOpenStatic

List_President lstPresident

57

List_MP lstMember

List_Senator lstSenators

List_Councillor lstCouncillor

End With

End Sub

Function List_President(lst As ListBox)

If Adodc6.Recordset.State = adStateOpen Then

Adodc6.Recordset.Close

End If

Adodc6.Refresh

ctr = Adodc6.Recordset.RecordCount

If ctr <= 0 Then Exit Function

Adodc6.Recordset.MoveFirst

For ctr = 0 To ctr – 1

President_ID(ctr) = Adodc6.Recordset.Fields("cIDNo")

President_Party(ctr) = Adodc6.Recordset.Fields("cParty")

President_Constituency(ctr) = Adodc6.Recordset.Fields("cConstituency")

President_FName(ctr) = Adodc6.Recordset.Fields("cFName")

President_LName(ctr) = Adodc6.Recordset.Fields("cLName")

candidateDetails = Adodc6.Recordset.Fields("cLName") & "," &

Adodc6.Recordset.Fields("cFName") & "--->" & Adodc6.Recordset.Fields("cConstituency")

& "," & Adodc6.Recordset.Fields("cParty")

lst.AddItem candidateDetails

Adodc6.Recordset.MoveNext

Next ctr

End Function

Function List_MP(lst As ListBox)

58



End If

Adodc3.Refresh




For ctr = 0 To ctr – 1

MP_ID(ctr) = Adodc3.Recordset.Fields("cIDNo")

MP_Party(ctr) = Adodc3.Recordset.Fields("cParty")

MP_Constituency(ctr) = Adodc3.Recordset.Fields("cConstituency")

MP_FName(ctr) = Adodc3.Recordset.Fields("cFName")

MP_LName(ctr) = Adodc3.Recordset.Fields("cLName")






Next ctr

End Function

Function List_Councillor(lst As ListBox)



End If

Adodc4.Refresh



59


For ctr = 0 To ctr - 1

Councillor_ID(ctr) = Adodc4.Recordset.Fields("cIDNo")

Councillor_Party(ctr) = Adodc4.Recordset.Fields("cParty")

Councillor_Constituency(ctr) = Adodc4.Recordset.Fields("cConstituency")

Councillor_FName(ctr) = Adodc4.Recordset.Fields("cFName")

Councillor_LName(ctr) = Adodc4.Recordset.Fields("cLName")






Next ctr

End Function

Function List_Senator(lst As ListBox)

If adoreport.Recordset.State = adStateOpen Then

adoreport.Recordset.Close

End If

adoreport.Refresh

ctr = adoreport.Recordset.RecordCount


adoreport.Recordset.MoveFirst

For ctr = 0 To ctr - 1

Senators_ID(ctr) = adoreport.Recordset.Fields("cIDNo")

Senators_Party(ctr) = adoreport.Recordset.Fields("cParty")

Senators_Constituency(ctr) = adoreport.Recordset.Fields("cConstituency")

60

Senators_FName(ctr) = adoreport.Recordset.Fields("cFName")

Senators_LName(ctr) = adoreport.Recordset.Fields("cLName")

candidateDetails = adoreport.Recordset.Fields("cLName") & "," &

adoreport.Recordset.Fields("cFName")&"--->"&

adoreport.Recordset.Fields("cConstituency") & "," & adoreport.Recordset.Fields("cParty")


adoreport.Recordset.MoveNext

Next ctr

End Function

Private Sub lstCouncillor_Click()

If lstCouncillor.SelCount >= 1 Then

FrameCouncillors.Enabled = True

End If

End Sub

Private Sub lstPresident_Click()

If lstPresident.SelCount >= 1 Then

FramePresident.Enabled = True

End If

End Sub

Private Sub lstSenators_Click()

If lstSenators.SelCount >= 1 Then

FrameSenators.Enabled = True

End If

End Sub

Private Sub lstMember_Click()

If lstMember.SelCount >= 1 Then

FrameMP.Enabled = True

61

End If

End Sub

Function Save_President(lst As ListBox, wIDNo As String)

Dim X, gText, i As Integer

Dim cLName, cFName, Constituency As String

Me.Adodc2.Refresh



End If

Adodc6.Refresh

If lst.SelCount = 0 Then

Exit Function

Else

intLoopIndex = lst.ListCount

For intLoopIndex = 0 To lst.ListCount - 1

If lst.Selected(intLoopIndex) = True Then

With Me

AdoVote.Refresh

With Me

gText = toNumber(lstPresident.Text) + 1

wIDNo = Me.lblIDNo

cLName = Adodc6.Recordset.Fields("cLName")

cFName = Adodc6.Recordset.Fields("cFName")

AdoVote.Recordset.AddNew

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("mIDNO") = wIDNo

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("cIDNO") = President_ID(intLoopIndex)

62

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("cFName") = President_FName(intLoopIndex)

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("cLName") = President_LName(intLoopIndex)

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("Position") = "President"

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("Party") = President_Party(intLoopIndex)

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("Constituency") =

President_Constituency(intLoopIndex)

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("Count") = gText

AdoVote.Recordset.Update

End With

End With

End If

Next intLoopIndex

End If

Me.Adodc2.Refresh

End Function

Function Save_Member(lst As ListBox, wIDNo As String)

Dim X, i, gText As Integer


Me.Adodc2.Refresh



End If

Adodc3.Refresh


Exit Function

Else


For intLoopIndex = 0 To intLoopIndex - 1

63


With Me

AdoVote.Refresh

With Me

gText = toNumber(lstMember.Text) + 1

wIDNo = Me.lblIDNo



Constituency = Adodc3.Recordset.Fields("cConstituency")



AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("cIDNO") = MP_ID(intLoopIndex)

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("cFName") = MP_FName(intLoopIndex)

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("cLName") = MP_LName(intLoopIndex)

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("Position") = "MP"

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("Party") = MP_Party(intLoopIndex)


MP_Constituency(intLoopIndex)



End With

End With

End If

Next intLoopIndex

End If

Me.Adodc2.Refresh

End Function

64

Function Save_Senators(lst As ListBox, wIDNo As String)



Me.Adodc2.Refresh

If adoreport.Recordset.State = adStateOpen Then

adoreport.Recordset.Close

End If

adoreport.Refresh


Exit Function

Else




With Me

AdoVote.Refresh

With Me

gText = toNumber(lstSenators.Text) + 1

wIDNo = Me.lblIDNo

Constituency = adoreport.Recordset.Fields("cConstituency")

cLName = adoreport.Recordset.Fields("cLName")

cFName = adoreport.Recordset.Fields("cFName")



AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("cIDNO") = Senators_ID(intLoopIndex)

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("cFName") = Senators_FName(intLoopIndex)

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("cLName") = Senators_LName(intLoopIndex)

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("Position") = "Senator"

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("Party") = Senators_Party(intLoopIndex)

65


Senators_Constituency(intLoopIndex)



End With

End With

End If

Next intLoopIndex

End If

Me.Adodc2.Refresh

End Function

Function Save_Councillor(lst As ListBox, wIDNo As String)



Me.Adodc2.Refresh



End If

Adodc4.Refresh


Exit Function

Else




With Me

AdoVote.Refresh

66

With Me

gText = toNumber(lstCouncillor.Text) + 1

wIDNo = Me.lblIDNo

Constituency = Adodc4.Recordset.Fields("cConstituency")





AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("cIDNO") = Councillor_ID(intLoopIndex)

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("cFName") = Councillor_FName(intLoopIndex)

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("cLName") = Councillor_LName(intLoopIndex)

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("Position") = "Councillor"

AdoVote.Recordset.Fields("Party") = Councillor_Party(intLoopIndex)


Councillor_Constituency(intLoopIndex)



End With

End With

End If

Next intLoopIndex

End If

Me.Adodc2.Refresh

End Function

Function Check_Voter()

Dim wIDNo As String

wIDNo = Me.lblIDNo

Me.AdoVote.Refresh

67

With Me.AdoVote.Recordset

.Find "mIDNo='" & wIDNo & "'"

If .Fields("mIDNo") = wIDNo Then

MsgBox "You have already submitted you ballot.", vbExclamation, "Kenyan's Election"

Else

End

End If

End With

Me.AdoVote.Refresh

End Function

Private Sub VoteStatus()


.Find "mIDNo='" & lblIDNo & "'"

.Fields("Voted") = True

.Update

End With

End Sub

' Search a control's ItemData property for the

' indicated ID. If found select the item.

Public Sub SelectItemData(ctl As Control, lst As ListBox)

Dim nCnt As Long

Dim cIDNo As Integer

Set ctl = Me!lst

For nCnt = 0 To ctl.ListCount - 1

If ctl.ItemData(nCnt) = cIDNo Then

ctl.ListIndex = nCnt

Exit For

End If

68

Next

End Sub

Private Sub cmdclose_Click()

mdiMain.Show

Unload Me

End Sub


exitQ

End Sub

Private Sub ListView_President()

Dim vForm As Form, vListView As ListView, vSQL As String, vStart As Integer, vEnd As

Integer

Me.Adodc1.Refresh

With Me

.lPres.ListItems.Clear

With .Adodc1.Recordset

.Sort = "SumofCount DESC"

If .BOF = False Then

.MoveFirst

While Not .EOF

Set vpubList = Me.lPres.ListItems.Add(, , .Fields("cIDNo") & "")

For vpubLoop = vStart To vEnd

vpubList.SubItems(1) = .Fields("cFName")

vpubList.SubItems(2) = .Fields("cLName")

vpubList.SubItems(3) = .Fields("Position")

vpubList.SubItems(4) = .Fields("Party")

69

vpubList.SubItems(5) = .Fields("Constituency")

vpubList.SubItems(6) = .Fields("SumOfCount")

Next vpubLoop

.MoveNext

Wend

End If

End With

End With

Me.Adodc1.Refresh

End Sub

Private Sub ListView_MP()


Integer

Me.Adodc3.Refresh

With Me

.lMP.ListItems.Clear




.MoveFirst

While Not .EOF

Set vpubList = Me.lMP.ListItems.Add(, , .Fields("cIDNo") & "")






70



Next vpubLoop

.MoveNext

Wend

End If

End With

End With

Me.Adodc3.Refresh

End Sub

Private Sub ListView_Councillor()


Integer

Me.adowinner.Refresh

With Me

.lvc.ListItems.Clear

With .adowinner.Recordset



.MoveFirst

While Not .EOF

Set vpubList = Me.lvc.ListItems.Add(, , .Fields("cIDNo") & "")





71




Next vpubLoop

.MoveNext

Wend

End If

End With

End With


End Sub

Private Sub ListView_Senator()


Integer

Me.Adodc2.Refresh

With Me

.lsen.ListItems.Clear




.MoveFirst

While Not .EOF

Set vpubList = Me.lsen.ListItems.Add(, , .Fields("cIDNo") & "")




72





Next vpubLoop

.MoveNext

Wend

End If

End With

End With

Me.Adodc2.Refresh

End Sub



ListView_MP

ListView_President

ListView_Councillor

ListView_Senator


Me.Refresh

End Sub

Option Explicit

Dim total, join, KJ, totalAMPM As Integer

Dim KJpercent, joinpercent, joinAM, joinPMpercent, joinPM, joinAMpercent As Double

Dim itm

Public Sub info()

73


Integer

Me.adojoin.Refresh

With Me.adojoin.Recordset

If .RecordCount <> 0 Then

total = .RecordCount

.MoveFirst

Do Until .EOF

If .Fields("voted") = True Then

join = join + 1

'for those who joined

Set vpubList = Me.lv2.ListItems.Add(, , .Fields("mIDNo") & "")


vpubList.SubItems(1) = .Fields("mLName")

vpubList.SubItems(2) = .Fields("mFName")

vpubList.SubItems(3) = .Fields("mConstituency")

vpubList.SubItems(4) = .Fields("mGender")

Next vpubLoop

Else

KJ = KJ + 1

'for those who not joined

Set itm = Me.lv1.ListItems.Add(, , .Fields!mIDNo)

itm.SubItems(1) = .Fields("mLName")

itm.SubItems(2) = .Fields("mFName")

itm.SubItems(3) = .Fields("mConstituency")

itm.SubItems(4) = .Fields("mGender")

End If

.MoveNext

74

Loop

Me.adojoin.Refresh

End If

End With

End Sub

Private Sub cmdclose_Click()

Unload Me

End Sub


join = 0

total = 0

KJ = 0

Call info

Me.lbltotalstud.Caption = total

Me.lblparticipate.Caption = join

Me.lbldiff.Caption = KJ

'---over all

joinpercent = (join / total)

KJpercent = (KJ / total)

L1.Caption = Format(joinpercent, "0.00%")

L2.Caption = Format(KJpercent, "0.00%")

End Sub

75

4.5 Physical Design

Meanwhile, physical design deals with process converting the logical design into a more

technical specification of the system development. In designing the physical part of the

system, all diagrams that were produced in the logical design were turned into a structured

systems design. During physical design, the researcher determined which programming

language and database system will be used as well as the determination of which hardware

platform, operating systems and network environment the system will run under. The

specifications are as follows:

Table: Hardware and Software Specification

Purpose H/W.S/W Requirements

Programming

Language

Visual Basic 6 and Microsoft Office Access 2003

Operating Systems Microsoft Windows Operating System

(Win98,Windows2000, Windows ME, Windows XP)

Hardware Monitor, CPU, RAM(minimum 512MB) Disk

Space(minimum 40GB), Keyboard and Mouse

The programming part of the study was dependent on the result from the designing process

which include the system’s functions, entities involve, hardware and Operating System

determined. After everything was designed, the physical system specifications were ready to

turn over for the next phase which is the implementation phase.

After all design had been produced, it was then referred for the construction of the e-voting

system in the next phase which is the implementation phase. The construction will involve

writing the programming codes besides setting of hardware and software for development of

the e-voting system.

76

CHAPTER 5

5.0 IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 System Development

For the system development, Visual Basic 6 was used in coding e-voting system. The system

was completely developed with Visual Basic 6, Microsoft Office Access 2003 was used as

Database to store and retrieve all information. The functional requirements that have been

mentioned in the previous chapter has been developed to reach the proposed prototype, in this

chapter will be recalled how developed these functions which are combined with each other to

constitute the e-voting system.

Login Voter and Official

This function has developed to enable both official and voter for entry into the system

as follows. Through login the voter can enter the voting page to vote for candidates.

The vote must enter his ID no. and password.

This function of Official login has been developed as to show that the Official can add

candidates to list of candidates to become a candidate. Official can also add voters so as

to make them capable of voting come Election Day

Fig.7 Log-In

Voting for Candidate

This function has been developed as shown in the figure below for voters to enable

them to vote for candidates in their constituency, in the voting form the name and party

for each candidate appears for them to select one candidate per each category i.e.

77

President, MP, Senator, and Councilors

Fig.8 Voting Process

Admin Login

As shown in figure below the form allows admin to access the admin side of the

software. Administrator adds officials to the database and he/she can also add candidate

and voter as well, view result and etc. The only thing Administrator can’t do is vote.

78

Fig.9 Administrator Login

79

Fig.10 Administrator User Interface

80

Fig.11 Add new candidate

81

Fig.12 Add New Voter/Mwananchi

82

Election Result

This function was developed as shown in figure below to represent the result of the

elections in each faculty. The result can be seen through the faculty selection from the

list of candidates.

Fig.13 View Results User Interface

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Report

This function was developed as show below to represent the number of registered

voters who participated and who did not participate.

Fig.14 List of Voters who did and who did not participate

5.2 HOW TO RUN THE PROGRAM

The Program for this project, which E-Voting system is stored onto a CD-ROM or flash disk,

and can be run following these steps:

i. Insert the CD-ROM or flash disk into the computer, then access the CD-ROM from

my computer by double clicking the drive icon if it does not come up automatically.

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ii. Once the CD-ROM is open you see the folder with name E-Voting system, double

click on it to install the program into the system.

iii. To execute (run) the program click E-Voting on the start menu.

The program starts and presents the user with a login window asking the user to enter

username and password: the user should type “admin” in the username textbox and “admin” in

the password textbox to load the main form, which consists of main menu: Candidate Info,

Election Result, Mwananchi’s Info, Official, Log-out, Report, My Account, Ballot Box. When

any of the menu command is clicked, the task associated with it is started.

5.3 Summary

In this chapter, the implementation of the sequence of the several steps for building the system

is discussed. E-voting prototype for the voters was developed. The result of the running system

showed that the objective of the study was achieved successfully. The output of this chapter is

to the developed prototype. The conclusion of the study discussed in the next chapter.

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CHAPTER 6

6. CONCLUSION

There is much more work to do in developing an efficient and effective system in order to

make the IEEC elections easily and accurately and to help in solving the problems/ the

difficulties in the traditional voting system(ballot box). This study highlighted and

recommended future work.

6.1 Finding

As described in the chapter one, the aim of the study is to design an e-voting system to develop

a prototype for e-voting system.

Research Objective 1:

To design an e-voting system to help in solving the problems of the traditional voting

system that previously mentioned in the problem statement of this research, result are

discussed in chapter four.

Research Objective 2:

To develop a prototype for e-voting system to make the election process within the country

more efficient and accurate, and in order to help of solving the problems or the difficulties in

the traditional voting system (ballot box), results are in chapter five.

6.2 Problems and Limitation

The main problems and limitation of this study (e-voting) are:

The system is vulnerable to attacks on each computer used to vote. These attacks

may disrupt the process of voting or bring the results in question. Which can be

considered as a technical problem?

Recounting of votes is not possible if there were doubts as to the legitimacy of

results with no paper trail for audit.

6.3 Future Work

The research I conducted was to find out the factors that would make e-voting system a success

in Kenya and we limited our work to this extent but there are plenty of other aspects which can

86

be explored or researched for:

Research can be conducted to know how government can create awareness among people to let

them know about the new technologies in use and new ways of handling situations like e-

voting.

Research can be conducted on what infrastructure is needed to support e-voting and how that

infrastructure would help flourish the new system. In the infrastructure there are plenty of

things which are needed to be addressed.

There is huge probability to find out how and what security can be implemented to provide

enough room for the infrastructure to work in proper way and if the security should include

physical parameters/logical parameters to be followed.

There is room for research to find out how the implementation of e-voting should be done as

there is a diversity of different ethnic groups and Kenya is not a small country in relation to

population.

As I targeted my research to the people aged from 18 to 50 so it does not represent the will of

all age groups, in future a research can be conducted to get the views of other age groups as

well. The level of transparency can be an issue for people as well as for the Government.

Therefore a research can be made to know what level of transparency would be sufficient for

the people and the Government at the same time.

6.4 Summary

E-voting system was developed to help registered voters to vote for candidates easily and

accurately and to help in solving problems/ the difficulties in the traditional voting system

(ballot box). The system is tested and result confirms that the proposed system is capable to

record a successful completion of elections and provide an announcement for the results in

efficient and accurate manner

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References

1. Swartz N. 2004. “E-government Around the World”. Information Management

Journal,38 (1): 12.

2. R. Silcock, what is e-Government

http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/54/1/88?ijkey=ef28bcf065b9aeb96a17dc33edb7b

db2b2bc129d

3. Definition of e-democracy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDemocracy

4. Dr. Subhash Kapila Consultant, Strategic Affairs with South Asia Analysis Group

http://www.saag.org/papers22/paper2132.html

5. EETimes, Computer experts renew call for secure e-voting

http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193100139

6. Princeton University, Word Net

http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=success

7. Government Information Services of Canada, Glossary

http://www.communication.gc.ca/glossary.html

8. E-Government – Challenges and Opportunities

http://www.w3c.it/papers/cmg2005Italy.pdf

9. What is a Public Information System?

http://www.ijpis.net/issues/no1_2005/IJPIS_no1_2005_p7.pdf

10. M. Sakowicz, How to Evaluate E-Government? Different Methodologies and Methods

http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/nispacee/unpan009486.pdf

11. E-democracy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-democracy

12. E-democracy http://wiki.media-culture.org.au/index.php/E-Democracy

13. Implementing electronic voting in the UK

http://www.communities.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1133596

14. Electronic voting and counting http://www.elections.act.gov.au/Elecvote.html

15. E-voting in New Zealand http://www.e.govt.nz

16. E-Government Fact sheet - Lithuania

http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/en/document/6383/403

17. Internet Voting: Will it Spur or Corrupt Democracy? Lance J. Hoffman

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http://www.e.govt.nz/

http://wiki.media-culture.org.au/index.php/E-Democracy

http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193100139

http://www.cfp2000.org/papers/hoffman2.pdf

18. How E-Voting Threatens Democracy

http://www.wired.com/politics/security/news/2004/03/62790

19. E-democracy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy

20. Diebold systems http://www.diebold.com/dieboldes

21. Implementing projects through ICT http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/e-strategies/e-

security/index.html

22. Trochim W. (2001).The Research Methods Knowledge Base (2nded.), Atomic Dog Pub

Inc.

23. Leedy, P, & Ormrod, J. 2005.Practical research – Planning and design (8thed.).

PearsonEducation.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. USA.

24. Yin, R.K. (2003).Case study research: Design and Methods, Third edition, Sage

publications, Inc.

25. Gay, L. R., & Airasian, P. (2003).Educational research: Competencies for analysis and

application (7thed.). New York: Modern Language Association.

26. Aviel, D., & Rubin, K. (2001). Security Considerations for Remote Voting,

Communication of the ACM

27. Chen, Y. (2004) the design of a secure anonymous Internet voting system. ELSEVIER

computer and security.

28. Ibrahim, S. (2003). Secure E-voting with blind signature. Telecommunication

Technology 193-197

29. Siler, Brain; Spootts, Jeff; Mckelvy, Michael (1998) Special Edition Using Visual Basic

6, Pearson Education Inc.

30. Francesco Balena (1999) Programming Microsoft Visual Basic 6

31. Steven Holzner (1998) Visual Basic 6 Black Book

32. SAMS (2000) Visual Basic 6 Database How-To, Macmillan Computer Publishing.

33. Vincent Himpe (2002) Visual Basic for Electronic Engineering Application 2nd Edition.

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http://www.cfp2000.org/papers/hoffman2.pdf

Appendix – Questions for the survey

1. What’s your age?

under 18

18-25

26-35

36-45

45-60

over 60

2. What’s your gender?

Male

Female

3. What part of Kenya are you from?(by Constituency)

List of Kenya’s 290 Constituency

4. What is the level of your education?

School

College

University

Others

5. What is the level of your computer experience?

Novice

Average

Advanced

Expert

6. Do you use e-Government services?

Yes

No

7. Do you think that voting in Kenya is held democratically?

Yes

No

8. Do you think voting results are affected by the human-factor?

Yes, in a good way

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Yes, in a bad way

Not at all

9. Do you think human-factor could be avoided/minimized by using computers?

Yes

No

10. What way of voting is the most suitable for you?

Paper-based voting (the one used in Kenya at the moment)

Electronic voting (when e-voting machines are used to conduct voting)

11. Do you think is a need of implementing e-voting system in Kenya?

Yes

No

12. If so, then why do you think it’s needed?

Elections are rigged

There are many complains from citizens and political parties about the elections

being unfair

Staff on polling booths influence voting results

It takes too long to calculate voting results

Political parties influence voting results by appointing their members as staff on

the polling booth

Government can affect results of the voting by manipulating them

Votes are calculated by people. So they can cheat or miscount them

No

13. Do you think that use of computers may affect the way people vote?

Yes, in a good way

Yes, in a bad way

Not at all

14. In your opinion what way of authentication is the most appropriate for e-voting?

Login and Password

Scratch-codes

Issued certificates to access government’s system

Digital signature

Biometrical access(thumb-scans, eye-scans)

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Others

15. Do you think you can rely on results from this kind of voting?

Yes

No

16. Do you think that in the future e-voting can replace present way of voting on permanent

bases?

Yes

No

17. Should the votes be printed as well along with electronic storage?

Yes

No

18. If votes are printed, when they can be used?

Keep them for official records

Use them to calculate voting results if e-voting machine malfunctions

Use them to calculate voting results if any controversy arises

Use them to calculate voting results along with machine’s calculations

Other

19. What kind of information should be displayed on screens?

Candidate’s name

Candidate’s photo

20. What is the better way to cast the vote through e-voting machines?

By using touch-screen

By using buttons around the screen(like in the ATM)

By using Personal Computer

Other

21. Who in your opinion should have access to the voting machines to retrieve the results?

Electoral Commission

Judiciary

Military

Other

22. Who should develop the machines?

Local companies

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Government bodies

Foreign companies

23. How much money government should put in developing e-voting system?

As low as possible

Enough to provide a solution that can cater the basic needs of e-voting system

As much as possible

24. What languages should be used to display information on the e-voting machines?

English only

Kiswahili only

English and Kiswahili

All regional languages

25. Comment

User can leave any comments or ideas he has about the subject or survey itself

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