BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION

PREPARED BY :

AMIRA HUSNA BINTI ARMAIN

NOR HASNIZA BINTI HASNAN

NOR HAFIZAH BINTI ZAHARI

NOR HAZWANI BINTI RAZALI

NUR NADIAH BINTI ROMELI

RAFIZA BINTI REJMI

INTRODUCTION

Whether the source of radiation is- natural - man-made- small dose - large dosethere will be biological effects.

RADIATION CAUSES IONIZATIONS OF:

ATOMS which may affect

MOLECULES which may affect

CELLS which may affect

TISSUES which may affect

ORGANS which may affect

THE WHOLE BODY!!

RADIATION MECHANISM THAT EFFECTS CELL

Direct effect radiation INTERACTS with the atoms of the DNA

molecule, or some other cellular component critical to the survival of the cell.

affect the ability of the cell to reproduce and, thus, survive. Chromosomes do not replicate properly, or if there is significant alteration in the information carried by the DNA molecule, then the cell may be destroyed

Indirect effect radiation DO NOT INTERACTS directly to the atoms

of the DNA molecule, or some other cellular component.

DIRECT EFFECT

INDIRECT EFFECT

CELLULAR SENSITIVITY TO RADIATION(FROM MOST SENSITIVE TO LEAST SENSITIVE)

Lymphocytes and Blood Forming Cells

Reproductive and Gastrointestinal (GI)

Cells

Nerve and Muscle Cells

Depend on regeneration rate of the cells

Cells which are actively reproducing are more sensitive than those which are not.

A direct interaction of radiation with an active cell could result in the death or mutation of the cell

TYPES OF RADIATION EFFECT ON CELLS

ORGAN SENSITIVITY(FROM MOST SENSITIVE TO LEAST SENSITIVE)

Blood Forming Organs

Reproductive and Gastrointestinal Tract Organs

Skin

Muscle and Brain

The sensitivity of the various organs of the human body correlate with the relative sensitivity of the cellsfrom which they

are composed.

WHOLE BODY SENSITIVITY FACTORS

Total Dose Type of Cell Type of Radiation Age of Individual Stage of Cell Division Part of Body Exposed General State of Health Tissue Volume Exposed Time Interval over which Dose is Received

CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION

High Doses (Acute) exposure to high doses of radiation over

short periods of time producing acute or short term effects.

kill cells damage tissues and organs cause a rapid whole body response often

called the Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)

CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION

Low Doses (Chronic) Exposure to low doses of radiation over an

extended period of time producing chronic or long term effects.

Don’t cause an immediate problem to any body organ.

The effects of low doses of radiation occur at the level of the cell, and the results may not be observed for many years.

HIGH DOSE RADIATION EFFECT

OTHER HIGH DOSE EFFECT Effects on the skierythema (reddening like sunburn- 300 rad) dry

desquamation (peeling), and moist desquamation (blistering- 1,200 rad). Skin effects are more likely to occur with exposure to low energy gamma, X-ray, or beta radiation.

Hair loss, also called epilation, is similar to skin effects and can occur after acute doses of about 500 rad.

Sterility can be temporary or permanent in males, depending upon the dose. In females, it is usually permanent, but it requires a higher dose. To produce permanent sterility, a dose in excess of 400 rad is required to the reproductive organs.

Cataracts (a clouding of the lens of the eye) appear to have a threshold of about 200 rad. Neutrons are especially effective in producing cataracts, because the eye has a high water content, which is particularly effective in stopping neutrons.

CATEGORIES OF EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES

RADIATION

Genetic Somatic In- Utero

GENETIC EFFECTS

Mutation of the reproductive cells passed on the offspring of the exposed individual.

The Genetic Effect involves the mutation of very specific cells, namely the sperm or egg cells. Mutations of these reproductive cells are passed to the offspring of the individual exposed.

SOMATIC EFFECTS

Effect is suffered by the individual exposed: Primary consequence is cancer.

Somatic effects (carcinogenic) are, from an occupational risk perspective, the most significant since the individual exposed (usually the radiation worker) suffers the consequences (typically cancer).

IN- UTERO EFFECTS

Effects of radiation on embryo/ fetus: Intrauterine Death Growth Retardation Developmental Abnormalities Childhood Cancers

The in- utero effect involves the production of malformations in developing embryos.

LOKASI KESAN RADIASI DISEBABKAN OLEH

Toyama (bandar) di Pulau Honshu

Penyakit “itai- itai” badan menjadi lemah akibat keracunan kadmium yang menyerang sendi dan tulang belakang fungsi buah pinggang (penapis bahan asing dan asid sebelum masuk ke dalam saluran darah) terbantut

Pencemaran kadmium

KESAN RADIASI KE ATAS MANUSIA

LOKASI KESAN RADIASI DISEBABKAN OLEH

Sebuah bandar yang terletak di pantai barat bahagian selatan Pulau Kyushu

Penyakit Minamata sejenis sindrom neurologi simptom- ketidakstabilan pergerakan akibat kegagalan serebelum otak untuk berfungsi dengan baik, gangguan deria rasa pada tangan dan kaki, pengurangan daya penglihatan dan pendengaran simptom minamata menyebabkan kematian

Keracunan raksa

DO YOU KNOW???Whole grains help to protect us from the deleterious health effects of radiation exposure in several ways: Important with respect to radiation protection is the high

fiber and phosphorous contents in grains. The binding ability of these substances helps the body to remove poisons.

The bulking factor of grains lessens the intestinal transit time and so hasten the elimination of all toxins.

Being neither very acid nor very alkaline, grains help us to maintain the middle-range pH that has been found to increase our resistance to radiation.

Whole grains provide vitamin B6, which is indispensable for the thymus. In addition, their calcium content guards against uptake of radioactive strontium, and their vitamin E and selenium prevent cellular damage caused by free radicals.

THE END...THANK YOU