Key Concept 1.1: As native populations migrated and...

KeyConceptsOutlinePeriod1:1491‐1607RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)

KeyConcept1.1:AsnativepopulationsmigratedandsettledacrossthevastexpanseofNorthAmericaovertime,theydevelopeddistinctandincreasinglycomplexsocietiesbyadaptingtoandtransformingtheirdiverseenvironments.

MIG‐2.0:Analyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementin whatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.GEO‐1.0:Explain howgeographic andenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.

I.Differentnativesocietiesadaptedtoandtransformedtheirenvironmentsthroughinnovationsinagriculture,resourceuse,andsocialstructure.A.Thespreadofmaizecultivationfrompresent‐dayMexiconorthwardintothe

present‐dayAmericanSouthwestandbeyondsupportedeconomicdevelopment,settlement,advancedirrigation,andsocialdiversificationamongsocieties.

B.SocietiesrespondedtothearidityoftheGreatBasinandthegrasslandsofthewesternGreatPlainsbydevelopinglargelymobilelifestyles.

C.IntheNortheast,theMississippiRiverValley,andalongtheAtlanticseaboardsomesocietiesdevelopedmixedagriculturalandhunter‐gatherereconomiesthatfavoredthedevelopmentofpermanentvillages.

D.SocietiesintheNorthwestandpresent‐dayCaliforniasupportedthemselvesbyhuntingandgathering,andinsomeareasdevelopedsettledcommunitiessupportedbythevastresourcesoftheocean.

RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)

KeyConcept1.2:ContactamongEuropeans,NativeAmericans,andAfricansresultedintheColumbianExchangeandsignificantsocial,cultural,andpoliticalchangesonbothsidesoftheAtlanticOcean.

WXT‐2.0:Explain howpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.

I.EuropeanexpansionintotheWesternHemispheregeneratedintensesocial,religious,political,andeconomiccompetitionandchangeswithinEuropeansocieties.A.Europeannations’effortstoexploreandconquertheNewWorldstemmedfroma

searchfornewsourcesofwealth,economicandmilitarycompetition,andadesiretospreadChristianity.

B.TheColumbianExchangebroughtnewcropstoEuropefromtheAmericas,stimulatingEuropeanpopulationgrowth,andnewsourcesofmineralwealth,whichfacilitatedtheEuropeanshiftfromfeudalismtocapitalism.

C.Improvementsinmaritimetechnologyandmoreorganizedmethodsforconductinginternationaltrade,suchasjoint‐stockcompanies,helpeddrivechangestoeconomiesinEuropeandtheAmericas.

MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.WXT‐1.0:Explain howdifferentlaborsystemsdeveloped inNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’lives andU.S.society.GEO‐1.0:Explain howgeographic andenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.

II.TheColumbianExchangeanddevelopmentoftheSpanishEmpireintheWesternHemisphereresultedinextensivedemographic,economic,andsocialchanges.A.SpanishexplorationandconquestoftheAmericaswereaccompaniedandfurthered

bywidespreaddeadlyepidemicsthatdevastatednativepopulationsandbytheintroductionofcropsandanimalsnotfoundintheAmericas.

B.Intheencomiendasystem,SpanishcolonialeconomiesmarshaledNativeAmericanlabortosupportplantation‐basedagricultureandextractpreciousmetalsandotherresources.

C.EuropeantraderspartneredwithsomeWestAfricangroupswhopracticedslaverytoforciblyextractslavelaborfortheAmericas.TheSpanishimportedenslavedAfricanstolaborinplantationagricultureandmining.

D.TheSpanishdevelopedacastesystemthatincorporated,andcarefullydefinedthestatusof,thediversepopulationofEuropeans,Africans,andNativeAmericansintheirempire.

CUL‐1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasabout

III.Intheirinteractions,EuropeansandNativeAmericansasserteddivergentworldviewsregardingissuessuchasreligion,genderroles,family,landuse,andpower.

women’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.CUL‐4.0:Explain howdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.

A.MutualmisunderstandingsbetweenEuropeansandNativeAmericansoftendefinedtheearlyyearsofinteractionandtradeaseachgroupsoughttomakesenseoftheother.Overtime,EuropeansandNativeAmericansadoptedsomeusefulaspectsofeachother’sculture.

B.AsEuropeanencroachmentsonNativeAmericans’landsanddemandsontheirlaborincreased,nativepeoplessoughttodefendandmaintaintheirpoliticalsovereignty,economicprosperity,religiousbeliefs,andconceptsofgenderrelationsthroughdiplomaticnegotiationsandmilitaryresistance.

C.ExtendedcontactwithNativeAmericansandAfricansfosteredadebateamongEuropeanreligiousandpoliticalleadersabouthownon‐Europeansshouldbetreated,aswellasevolvingreligious,cultural,andracialjustificationsforthesubjugationofAfricansandNativeAmericans.

Period2:1607‐1754RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)

KeyConcept2.1:Europeansdevelopedavarietyofcolonizationandmigrationpatterns,influencedbydifferentimperialgoals,cultures,andthevariedNorthAmericanenvironmentswheretheysettled,andtheycompetedwitheachotherandAmericanIndiansforresources.

MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.

I.Spanish,French,Dutch,andBritishcolonizershaddifferenteconomicandimperialgoalsinvolvinglandandlaborthatshapedthesocialandpoliticaldevelopmentoftheircoloniesaswellastheirrelationshipswithnativepopulations.A.Spanisheffortstoextractwealthfromthelandledthemtodevelopinstitutions

basedonsubjugatingnativepopulations,convertingthemtoChristianity,andincorporatingthem,alongwithenslavedandfreeAfricans,intotheSpanishcolonialsociety.

B.FrenchandDutchcolonialeffortsinvolvedrelativelyfewEuropeansandreliedontradealliancesandintermarriagewithAmericanIndianstobuildeconomicanddiplomaticrelationshipsandacquirefursandotherproductsforexporttoEurope.

C.EnglishcolonizationeffortsattractedacomparativelylargenumberofmaleandfemaleBritishmigrants,aswellasotherEuropeanmigrants,allofwhomsoughtsocialmobility,economicprosperity,religiousfreedom,andimprovedlivingconditions.ThesecolonistsfocusedonagricultureandsettledonlandtakenfromNativeAmericans,fromwhomtheylivedseparately.

NAT‐1.0:Explain howideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressionin thedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.MIG‐2.0:Analyze causesofinternalmigrationandpatterns ofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplain howmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.GEO‐1.0:Explain howgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsand thedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.

II.Inthe17thcentury,earlyBritishcoloniesdevelopedalongtheAtlanticcoast,withregionaldifferencesthatreflectedvariousenvironmental,economic,cultural,anddemographicfactors.A.TheChesapeakeandNorthCarolinacoloniesgrewprosperousexportingtobacco—

alabor‐intensiveproductinitiallycultivatedbywhite,mostlymaleindenturedservantsandlaterbyenslavedAfricans.

B.TheNewEnglandcolonies,initiallysettledbyPuritans,developedaroundsmalltownswithfamilyfarmsandachievedathrivingmixedeconomyofagricultureandcommerce.

C.ThemiddlecoloniessupportedaflourishingexporteconomybasedoncerealcropsandattractedabroadrangeofEuropeanmigrants,leadingtosocietieswithgreatercultural,ethnic,andreligiousdiversityandtolerance.

D.ThecoloniesofthesouthernmostAtlanticcoastandtheBritishWestIndiesusedlonggrowingseasonstodevelopplantationeconomiesbasedonexportingstaplecrops.TheydependedonthelaborofenslavedAfricans,whooftenconstitutedthemajorityofthepopulationintheseareasanddevelopedtheirownformsofculturalandreligiousautonomy.

E.DistanceandBritain’sinitiallylaxattentionledtothecoloniescreatingself‐governinginstitutionsthatwereunusuallydemocraticfortheera.TheNewEnglandcoloniesbasedpowerinparticipatorytownmeetings,whichinturnelectedmemberstotheircoloniallegislatures;intheSoutherncolonies,eliteplantersexercisedlocalauthorityandalsodominatedtheelectedassemblies.

WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.CUL‐4.0:Explain howdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedand

III.CompetitionoverresourcesbetweenEuropeanrivalsandAmericanIndiansencouragedindustryandtradeandledtoconflictintheAmericas.A.AnAtlanticeconomydevelopedinwhichgoods,aswellasenslavedAfricansand

AmericanIndians,wereexchangedbetweenEurope,Africa,andtheAmericasthroughextensivetradenetworks.Europeancolonialeconomiesfocusedonacquiring,producing,andexportingcommoditiesthatwerevaluedinEuropeandgainingnewsourcesoflabor.

changedovertime.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.

B.ContinuingtradewithEuropeansincreasedtheflowofgoodsinandoutofAmericanIndiancommunities,stimulatingculturalandeconomicchangesandspreadingepidemicdiseasesthatcausedradicaldemographicshifts.

C.InteractionsbetweenEuropeanrivalsandAmericanIndianpopulationsfosteredbothaccommodationandconflict.French,Dutch,British,andSpanishcoloniesalliedwithandarmedAmericanIndiangroups,whofrequentlysoughtallianceswithEuropeansagainstotherIndiangroups.

D.ThegoalsandinterestsofEuropeanleadersandcolonistsattimesdiverged,leadingtoagrowingmistrustonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.Colonists,especiallyinBritishNorthAmerica,expresseddissatisfactionoverissuesincludingterritorialsettlements,frontierdefense,self‐rule,andtrade.

E.BritishconflictswithAmericanIndiansoverland,resources,andpoliticalboundariesledtomilitaryconfrontations,suchasMetacom’sWar(KingPhilip’sWar)inNewEngland.

F.AmericanIndianresistancetoSpanishcolonizingeffortsinNorthAmerica,particularlyafterthePuebloRevolt,ledtoSpanishaccommodationofsomeaspectsofAmericanIndiancultureintheSouthwest.


KeyConcept2.2:TheBritishcoloniesparticipatedinpolitical,social,cultural,andeconomicexchangeswithGreatBritainthatencouragedbothstrongerbondswithBritainandresistancetoBritain’scontrol.

NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.CUL‐1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.CUL‐2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyandinstitutions.

I.Transatlanticcommercial,religious,philosophical,andpoliticalexchangesledresidentsoftheBritishcoloniestoevolveintheirpoliticalandculturalattitudesastheybecameincreasinglytiedtoBritainandoneanother.A.ThepresenceofdifferentEuropeanreligiousandethnicgroupscontributedtoa

significantdegreeofpluralismandintellectualexchange,whichwerelaterenhancedbythefirstGreatAwakeningandthespreadofEuropeanEnlightenmentideas.

B.TheBritishcoloniesexperiencedagradualAnglicizationovertime,developingautonomouspoliticalcommunitiesbasedonEnglishmodelswithinfluencefrominter‐colonialcommercialties,theemergenceofatrans‐Atlanticprintculture,andthespreadofProtestantevangelicalism.

C.TheBritishgovernmentincreasinglyattemptedtoincorporateitsNorthAmericancoloniesintoacoherent,hierarchical,andimperialstructureinordertopursuemercantilisteconomicaims,butconflictswithcolonistsandAmericanIndiansledtoerraticenforcementofimperialpolicies.

D.Colonists’resistancetoimperialcontroldrewonlocalexperiencesofself‐government,evolvingideasofliberty,thepoliticalthoughtoftheEnlightenment,greaterreligiousindependenceanddiversity,andanideologycriticalofperceivedcorruptionintheimperialsystem.

WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsin

II.LikeotherEuropeanempiresintheAmericasthatparticipatedintheAtlanticslavetrade,theEnglishcoloniesdevelopedasystemofslaverythatreflectedthespecificeconomic,demographic,andgeographiccharacteristicsofthosecolonies.A.AlltheBritishcoloniesparticipatedtovaryingdegreesintheAtlanticslavetrade

duetotheabundanceoflandandagrowingEuropeandemandforcolonialgoods,aswellasashortageofindenturedservants.SmallNewEnglandfarmsusedrelativelyfewenslavedlaborers,allportcitiesheldsignificantminoritiesofenslavedpeople,andtheemergingplantationsystemsoftheChesapeakeandthesouthernmostAtlanticcoasthadlargenumbersofenslavedworkers,whilethegreatmajorityofenslavedAfricansweresenttotheWestIndies.

B.Aschattelslaverybecamethedominantlaborsysteminmanysoutherncolonies,newlawscreatedastrictracialsystemthatprohibitedinterracialrelationshipsanddefinedthedescendantsofAfricanAmericanmothersasblackandenslavedinperpetuity.

C.Africansdevelopedbothovertandcovertmeanstoresistthedehumanizingaspects

NorthAmerica. ofslaveryandmaintaintheirfamilyandgendersystems,culture,andreligion.


KeyConcept3.1:BritishattemptstoasserttightercontroloveritsNorthAmericancoloniesandthecolonialresolvetopursueself‐governmentledtoacolonialindependencemovementandtheRevolutionaryWar.

MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.

I.ThecompetitionamongtheBritish,French,andAmericanIndiansforeconomicandpoliticaladvantageinNorthAmericaculminatedintheSevenyears’War(theFrenchandIndianWar),inwhichBritaindefeatedFranceandalliedAmericanIndians.A.ColonialrivalryintensifiedbetweenBritainandFranceinthemid‐18thcentury,as

thegrowingpopulationoftheBritishcoloniesexpandedintotheinteriorofNorthAmerica,threateningFrench–IndiantradenetworksandAmericanIndianautonomy.

B.BritainachievedamajorexpansionofitsterritorialholdingsbydefeatingtheFrench,butattremendousexpense,settingthestageforimperialeffortstoraiserevenueandconsolidatecontroloverthecolonies.

C.AftertheBritishvictory,imperialofficials’attemptstopreventcolonistsfrommovingwestwardgeneratedcolonialopposition,whilenativegroupssoughttobothcontinuetradingwithEuropeansandresisttheencroachmentsofcolonistsontriballands.

NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.

II.Thedesireofmanycoloniststoassertidealsofself‐governmentinthefaceofrenewedBritishimperialeffortsledtoacolonialindependencemovementandwarwithBritain.A.Theimperialstrugglesofthemid‐18thcentury,aswellasnewBritisheffortsto

collecttaxeswithoutdirectcolonialrepresentationorconsentandtoassertimperialauthorityinthecolonies,begantounitethecolonistsagainstperceivedandrealconstraintsontheireconomicactivitiesandpoliticalrights.

B.ColonialleadersbasedtheircallsforresistancetoBritainonargumentsabouttherightsofBritishsubjects,therightsoftheindividual,localtraditionsofself‐rule,andtheideasoftheEnlightenment.

C.TheeffortforAmericanindependencewasenergizedbycolonialleaderssuchasBenjaminFranklin,aswellasbypopularmovementsthatincludedthepoliticalactivismoflaborers,artisans,andwomen.

D.InthefaceofeconomicshortagesandtheBritishmilitaryoccupationofsomeregions,menandwomenmobilizedinlargenumberstoprovidefinancialandmaterialsupporttothePatriotmovement.

E.Despiteconsiderableloyalistopposition,aswellasGreatBritain’sapparentlyoverwhelmingmilitaryandfinancialadvantages,thePatriotcausesucceededbecauseoftheactionsofcolonialmilitiasandtheContinentalArmy,GeorgeWashington’smilitaryleadership,thecolonists’ideologicalcommitmentandresilience,andassistancesentbyEuropeanallies.


KeyConcept3.2:TheAmericanRevolution’sdemocraticandrepublicanidealsinspirednewexperimentswithdifferentformsofgovernment.

NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.CUL‐1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.

I.Theidealsthatinspiredtherevolutionarycausereflectednewbeliefsaboutpolitics,religion,andsocietythathadbeendevelopingoverthecourseofthe18thcentury.A.EnlightenmentideasandphilosophyinspiredmanyAmericanpoliticalthinkersto

emphasizeindividualtalentoverhereditaryprivilege,whilereligionstrengthenedAmericans’viewofthemselvesasapeopleblessedwithliberty.

B.Thecolonists’beliefinthesuperiorityofrepublicanformsofgovernmentbasedonthenaturalrightsofthepeoplefoundexpressioninThomasPaine’sCommonSenseandtheDeclarationofIndependence.TheideasinthesedocumentsresonatedthroughoutAmericanhistory,shapingAmericans’understandingoftheidealsonwhichthenationwasbased.

C.DuringandaftertheAmericanRevolution,anincreasedawarenessof

inequalitiesinsocietymotivatedsomeindividualsandgroupstocallfortheabolitionofslaveryandgreaterpoliticaldemocracyinthenewstateandnationalgovernments.

D.Inresponsetowomen’sparticipationintheAmericanRevolution,Enlightenmentideas,andwomen’sappealsforexpandedroles,anidealof“republicanmotherhood”gainedpopularity.ItcalledonwomentoteachrepublicanvalueswithinthefamilyandgrantedwomenanewimportanceinAmericanpoliticalculture.

E.TheAmericanRevolutionandtheidealssetforthintheDeclarationofIndependencereverberatedinFrance,Haiti,andLatinAmerica,inspiringfutureindependencemovements.

NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.

II.Afterdeclaringindependence,Americanpoliticalleaderscreatednewconstitutionsanddeclarationsofrightsthatarticulatedtheroleofthestateandfederalgovernmentswhileprotectingindividuallibertiesandlimitingbothcentralizedpowerandexcessivepopularinfluence.A.Manynewstateconstitutionsplacedpowerinthehandsofthelegislativebranch

andmaintainedpropertyqualificationsforvotingandcitizenship.B.TheArticlesofConfederationunifiedthenewlyindependentstates,creatinga

centralgovernmentwithlimitedpower.AftertheRevolution,difficultiesoverinternationaltrade,finances,interstatecommerce,foreignrelations,andinternalunrestledtocallsforastrongercentralgovernment.

C.DelegatesfromthestatesparticipatedinaConstitutionalConventionandthroughnegotiation,collaboration,andcompromiseproposedaconstitutionthatcreatedalimitedbutdynamiccentralgovernmentembodyingfederalismandprovidingforaseparationofpowersbetweenitsthreebranches.

D.TheConstitutionalConventioncompromisedovertherepresentationofslavestatesinCongressandtheroleofthefederalgovernmentinregulatingbothslaveryandtheslavetrade,allowingtheprohibitionoftheinternationalslavetradeafter1808.

E.InthedebateoverratifyingtheConstitution,Anti‐FederalistsopposingratificationbattledwithFederalists,whoseprincipleswerearticulatedintheFederalistPapers(primarilywrittenbyAlexanderHamiltonandJamesMadison).FederalistsensuredtheratificationoftheConstitutionbypromisingtheadditionofaBillofRightsthatenumeratedindividualrightsandexplicitlyrestrictedthepowersofthefederalgovernment.

NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.CUL‐2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyandinstitutions.

III.NewformsofnationalcultureandpoliticalinstitutionsdevelopedintheUnitedStatesalongsidecontinuedregionalvariationsanddifferencesovereconomic,political,social,andforeignpolicyissues.A.DuringthepresidentialadministrationsofGeorgeWashingtonandJohnAdams,

politicalleaderscreatedinstitutionsandprecedentsthatputtheprinciplesoftheConstitutionintopractice.

B.Politicalleadersinthe1790stookavarietyofpositionsonissuessuchastherelationshipbetweenthenationalgovernmentandthestates,economicpolicy,foreignpolicy,andthebalancebetweenlibertyandorder.Thisledtotheformationofpoliticalparties—mostsignificantlytheFederalists,ledbyAlexanderHamilton,andtheDemocratic‐RepublicanParty,ledbyThomasJeffersonandJamesMadison.

C.TheexpansionofslaveryinthedeepSouthandadjacentwesternlandsandrisingantislaverysentimentbegantocreatedistinctiveregionalattitudestowardtheinstitution.

D.Ideasaboutnationalidentityincreasinglyfoundexpressioninworksofart,literature,andarchitecture.


KeyConcept3.3:MigrationwithinNorthAmericaandcompetitionoverresources,boundaries,andtradeintensifiedconflictsamongpeoplesandnations.

MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.

I.InthedecadesafterAmericanindependence,interactionsamongdifferentgroupsresultedincompetitionforresources,shiftingalliances,andculturalblending.A.VariousAmericanIndiangroupsrepeatedlyevaluatedandadjustedtheiralliances

withEuropeans,othertribes,andtheU.S.,seekingtolimitmigrationofwhitesettlersandmaintaincontroloftriballandsandnaturalresources.BritishallianceswithAmericanIndianscontributedtotensionsbetweentheU.S.andBritain.

B.AsincreasingnumbersofmigrantsfromNorthAmericaandotherpartsoftheworldcontinuedtomovewestward,frontierculturesthathademergedinthecolonialperiodcontinuedtogrow,fuelingsocial,political,andethnictensions.

C.Assettlersmovedwestwardduringthe1780s,CongressenactedtheNorthwestordinanceforadmittingnewstates;theordinancepromotedpubliceducation,theprotectionofprivateproperty,andabanonslaveryintheNorthwestTerritory.

D.AnambiguousrelationshipbetweenthefederalgovernmentandAmericanIndiantribescontributedtoproblemsregardingtreatiesandAmericanIndianlegalclaimsrelatingtotheseizureoftheirlands.

E.TheSpanish,supportedbythebondedlaborofthelocalAmericanIndians,expandedtheirmissionsettlementsintoCalifornia;theseprovidedopportunitiesforsocialmobilityamongsoldiersandledtonewculturalblending.

NAT‐3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.

II.ThecontinuedpresenceofEuropeanpowersinNorthAmericachallengedtheUnitedStatestofindwaystosafeguarditsborders,maintainneutraltradingrights,andpromoteitseconomicinterests.A.TheUnitedStatesgovernmentforgeddiplomaticinitiativesaimedatdealingwith

thecontinuedBritishandSpanishpresenceinNorthAmerica,asU.S.settlersmigratedbeyondtheAppalachiansandsoughtfreenavigationoftheMississippiRiver.

B.WarbetweenFranceandBritainresultingfromtheFrenchRevolutionpresentedchallengestotheUnitedStatesoverissuesoffreetradeandforeignpolicyandfosteredpoliticaldisagreement.

C.GeorgeWashington’sFarewellAddressencouragednationalunity,ashecautionedagainstpoliticalfactionsandwarnedaboutthedangerofpermanentforeignalliances.


KeyConcept4.1:TheUnitedStatesbegantodevelopamoderndemocracyandcelebratedanewnationalculture,whileAmericanssoughttodefinethenation’sdemocraticidealsandchangetheirsocietyandinstitutionstomatchthem.

NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.nationalidentity.POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.

I.Thenation’stransitiontoamoreparticipatorydemocracywasachievedbyexpandingsuffragefromasystembasedonpropertyownershiptoonebasedonvotingbyalladultwhitemen,anditwasaccompaniedbythegrowthofpoliticalparties.A.Intheearly1800s,nationalpoliticalpartiescontinuedtodebateissuessuchasthe

tariff,powersofthefederalgovernment,andrelationswithEuropeanpowers.

B.SupremeCourtdecisionsestablishedtheprimacyofthejudiciaryindeterminingthemeaningoftheConstitutionandassertedthatfederallawstookprecedenceoverstatelaws.

C.Bythe1820sand1830s,newpoliticalpartiesarose—theDemocrats,led,byAndrewJackson,andtheWhigs,ledbyHenryClay—thatdisagreedabouttheroleandpowersofthefederalgovernmentandissuessuchasthenationalbank,tariffs,andfederallyfundedinternalimprovements.

D.Regionalinterestsoftentrumpednationalconcernsasthebasisformanypoliticalleaders’positionsonslaveryandeconomicpolicy.

NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.nationalidentity.CUL‐1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.CUL‐2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyandinstitutions.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.

II.WhileAmericansembracedanewnationalculture,variousgroupsdevelopeddistinctiveculturesoftheirown.A.Theriseofdemocraticandindividualisticbeliefs,aresponsetorationalism,and

changestosocietycausedbythemarketrevolution,alongwithgreatersocialandgeographicalmobility,contributedtoaSecondGreatAwakeningamongProtestantsthatinfluencedmoralandsocialreformsandinspiredutopianandotherreligiousmovements.

B.AnewnationalcultureemergedthatcombinedAmericanelements,Europeaninfluences,andregionalculturalsensibilities.

C.LiberalsocialideasfromabroadandRomanticbeliefsinhumanperfectibilityinfluencedliterature,art,philosophy,andarchitecture.

D.EnslavedblacksandfreeAfricanAmericanscreatedcommunitiesandstrategiestoprotecttheirdignityandfamilystructures,andtheyjoinedpoliticaleffortsaimedatchangingtheirstatus.

NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.

III.IncreasingnumbersofAmericans,manyinspiredbynewreligiousandintellectualmovements,workedprimarilyoutsideofgovernmentinstitutionstoadvancetheirideals.A.Americansformednewvoluntaryorganizationsthataimedtochangeindividual

behaviorsandimprovesocietythroughtemperanceandotherreformefforts.

B.AbolitionistandantislaverymovementsgraduallyachievedemancipationintheNorth,contributingtothegrowthofthefreeAfricanAmericanpopulation,evenasmanystategovernmentsrestrictedAfricanAmericans’rights.AntislaveryeffortsintheSouthwerelargelylimitedtounsuccessfulslaverebellions.

C.Awomen’srightsmovementsoughttocreategreaterequalityandopportunitiesforwomen,expressingitsidealsattheSenecaFallsConvention.


KeyConcept4.2:Innovationsintechnology,agriculture,andcommercepowerfullyacceleratedtheAmericaneconomy,precipitatingprofoundchangestoU.S.societyand

tonationalandregionalidentities.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.

I.Newtransportationsystemsandtechnologiesdramaticallyexpandedmanufacturingandagriculturalproduction.A.Entrepreneurshelpedtocreateamarketrevolutioninproductionandcommerce,

inwhichmarketrelationshipsbetweenproducersandconsumerscametoprevailasthemanufactureofgoodsbecamemoreorganized.

B.Innovationsincludingtextilemachinery,steamengines,interchangeableparts,thetelegraph,andagriculturalinventionsincreasedtheefficiencyofproductionmethods.

C.Legislationandjudicialsystemssupportedthedevelopmentofroads,canals,andrailroads,whichextendedandenlargedmarketsandhelpedfosterregionalinterdependence.TransportationnetworkslinkedtheNorthandMidwestmorecloselythaneitherwaslinkedtotheSouth.

WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.

II.ThechangescausedbythemarketrevolutionhadsignificanteffectsonU.S.society,workers’lives,andgenderandfamilyrelations.A.IncreasingnumbersofAmericans,especiallywomenandmenworkinginfactories,

nolongerreliedonsemi‐subsistenceagriculture;insteadtheysupportedthemselvesproducinggoodsfordistantmarkets.

B.Thegrowthofmanufacturingdroveasignificantincreaseinprosperityandstandardsoflivingforsome;thisledtotheemergenceofalargermiddleclassandasmallbutwealthybusinesselitebutalsotoalargeandgrowingpopulationoflaboringpoor.

C.Genderandfamilyroleschangedinresponsetothemarketrevolution,particularlywiththegrowthofdefinitionsofdomesticidealsthatemphasizedtheseparationofpublicandprivatespheres.

POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.

III.Economicdevelopmentshapedsettlementandtradepatterns,helpingtounifythenationwhilealsoencouragingthegrowthofdifferentregions.A.Largenumbersofinternationalmigrantsmovedtoindustrializingnortherncities,

whilemanyAmericansmovedwestoftheAppalachians,developingthrivingnewcommunitiesalongtheOhioandMississippirivers.

B.IncreasingSoutherncottonproductionandtherelatedgrowthofNorthernmanufacturing,banking,andshippingindustriespromotedthedevelopmentofnationalandinternationalcommercialties.

C.Southernbusinessleaderscontinuedtorelyontheproductionandexportoftraditionalagriculturalstaples,contributingtothegrowthofadistinctiveSouthernregionalidentity.

D.PlanstofurtherunifytheU.S.economy,suchastheAmericanSystem,generateddebatesoverwhethersuchpolicieswouldbenefitagricultureorindustry,potentiallyfavoringdifferentsectionsofthecountry.


KeyConcept4.3:TheU.S.interestinincreasingforeigntradeandexpandingitsnationalbordersshapedthenation’sforeignpolicyandspurredgovernmentandprivateinitiatives.

MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsin

I.Strugglingtocreateanindependentglobalpresence,theUnitedStatessoughttoclaimterritorythroughouttheNorthAmericancontinentandpromoteforeigntrade.A.FollowingtheLouisianaPurchase,theUnitedStatesgovernmentsoughtinfluence

andcontroloverNorthAmericaandtheWesternHemispherethroughavarietyofmeans,includingexploration,militaryactions,AmericanIndianremoval,anddiplomaticeffortssuchastheMonroeDoctrine.

B.Frontiersettlerstendedtochampionexpansionefforts,whileAmericanIndianresistanceledtoasequenceofwarsandfederaleffortstocontrolandrelocateAmericanIndianpopulations.

NorthAmerica.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.

II.TheUnitedStates’acquisitionoflandsintheWestgaverisetocontestsovertheextensionofslaveryintonewterritories.A.Asover‐cultivationdepletedarablelandintheSoutheast,slaveholdersbegan

relocatingtheirplantationstomorefertilelandswestoftheAppalachians,wheretheinstitutionofslaverycontinuedtogrow.

B.AntislaveryeffortsincreasedintheNorth,whileintheSouth,althoughthemajorityofSouthernersownednoslaves,mostleadersarguedthatslaverywaspartoftheSouthernwayoflife.

C.Congressionalattemptsatpoliticalcompromise,suchastheMissouriCompromise,onlytemporarilystemmedgrowingtensionsbetweenopponentsanddefendersofslavery.


KeyConcept5.1:TheUnitedStatesbecamemoreconnectedwiththeworld,pursuedanexpansionistforeignpolicyintheWesternHemisphere,andemergedasthedestinationformanymigrantsfromothercountries.

NAT‐3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.

I.PopularenthusiasmforU.S.expansion,bolsteredbyeconomicandsecurityinterests,resultedintheacquisitionofnewterritories,substantialmigrationwestward,andnewoverseasinitiatives.A.Thedesireforaccesstonaturalandmineralresourcesandthehopeofmany

settlersforeconomicopportunitiesorreligiousrefugeledtoanincreasedmigrationtoandsettlementintheWest.

B.AdvocatesofannexingwesternlandsarguedthatManifestDestinyandthesuperiorityofAmericaninstitutionscompelledtheUnitedStatestoexpanditsborderswestwardtothePacificocean.

C.TheU.S.addedlargeterritoriesintheWestthroughvictoryintheMexican–AmericanWaranddiplomaticnegotiations,raisingquestionsaboutthestatusofslavery,AmericanIndians,andMexicansinthenewlyacquiredlands.

D.WestwardmigrationwasboostedduringandaftertheCivilWarbythepassageofnewlegislationpromotingWesterntransportationandeconomicdevelopment.

E.U.S.interestinexpandingtradeledtoeconomic,diplomatic,andculturalinitiativestocreatemoretieswithAsia.

NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.nationalidentity.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.

II.Inthe1840sand1850s,AmericanscontinuedtodebatequestionsaboutrightsandcitizenshipforvariousgroupsofU.S.inhabitants.A.SubstantialnumbersofinternationalmigrantscontinuedtoarriveintheUnited

StatesfromEuropeandAsia,mainlyfromIrelandandGermany,oftensettlinginethniccommunitieswheretheycouldpreserveelementsoftheirlanguagesandcustoms.

B.Astronglyanti‐Catholicnativistmovementarosethatwasaimedatlimitingnewimmigrants’politicalpowerandculturalinfluence.

C.U.S.governmentinteractionandconflictwithMexicanAmericansandAmericanIndiansincreasedinregionsnewlytakenfromAmericanIndiansandMexico,alteringthesegroups’economicself‐sufficiencyandcultures.


KeyConcept5.2:Intensifiedbyexpansionanddeepeningregionaldivisions,debatesoverslaveryandothereconomic,cultural,andpoliticalissuesledthenationintocivilwar.

NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.

I.IdeologicalandeconomicdifferencesoverslaveryproducedanarrayofdivergingresponsesfromAmericansintheNorthandtheSouth.A.TheNorth’sexpandingmanufacturingeconomyreliedonfreelaborincontrastto

theSoutherneconomy’sdependenceonslavelabor.SomeNorthernersdidnotobjecttoslaveryonprinciplebutclaimedthatslaverywouldunderminethefreelabormarket.Asaresult,afree‐soilmovementarosethatportrayedtheexpansionofslaveryasincompatiblewithfreelabor.

B.AfricanAmericanandwhiteabolitionists,althoughaminorityintheNorth,

WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.CUL‐2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyandinstitutions.

mountedahighlyvisiblecampaignagainstslavery,presentingmoralargumentsagainsttheinstitution,assistingslaves’escapes,andsometimesexpressingawillingnesstouseviolencetoachievetheirgoals.

C.Defendersofslaverybasedtheirargumentsonracialdoctrines,theviewthatslaverywasapositivesocialgood,andthebeliefthatslaveryandstates’rightswereprotectedbytheConstitution.

NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.

II.Debatesoverslaverycametodominatepoliticaldiscussioninthe1850s,culminatinginthebitterelectionof1860andthesecessionofSouthernstates.A.TheMexicanCessionledtoheatedcontroversiesoverwhethertoallowslaveryin

thenewlyacquiredterritories.B.Thecourtsandnationalleadersmadeavarietyofattemptstoresolvetheissueof

slaveryintheterritories,includingtheCompromiseof1850,theKansas–NebraskaAct,andtheDredScottdecision,buttheseultimatelyfailedtoreduceconflict.

C.TheSecondPartySystemendedwhentheissuesofslaveryandanti‐immigrantnativismweakenedloyaltiestothetwomajorpartiesandfosteredtheemergenceofsectionalparties,mostnotablytheRepublicanPartyintheNorth.

D.AbrahamLincoln’svictoryontheRepublicans’free‐soilplatforminthepresidentialelectionof1860wasaccomplishedwithoutanySouthernelectoralvotes.Afteraseriesofcontesteddebatesaboutsecession,mostslavestatesvotedtosecedefromtheUnion,precipitatingtheCivilWar.


KeyConcept5.3:TheUnionvictoryintheCivilWarandthecontestedreconstructionoftheSouthsettledtheissuesofslaveryandsecession,butleftunresolvedmanyquestionsaboutthepowerofthefederalgovernmentandcitizenshiprights.

NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.

I.TheNorth’sgreatermanpowerandindustrialresources,theleadershipofAbrahamLincolnandothers,andthedecisiontoemancipateslaveseventuallyledtotheUnionmilitaryvictoryovertheConfederacyinthedevastatingCivilWar.A.BoththeUnionandtheConfederacymobilizedtheireconomiesandsocietiesto

wagethewarevenwhilefacingconsiderablehomefrontopposition.B.LincolnandmostUnionsupportersbegantheCivilWartopreservetheUnion,but

Lincoln’sdecisiontoissuetheEmancipationProclamationreframedthepurposeofthewarandhelpedpreventtheConfederacyfromgainingfulldiplomaticsupportfromEuropeanpowers.ManyAfricanAmericansfledsouthernplantationsandenlistedintheUnionArmy,helpingtounderminetheConfederacy.

C.LincolnsoughttoreunifythecountryandusedspeechessuchastheGettysburgAddresstoportraythestruggleagainstslaveryasthefulfillmentofAmerica’sfoundingdemocraticideals.

D.AlthoughtheConfederacyshowedmilitaryinitiativeanddaringearlyinthewar,theUnionultimatelysucceededduetoimprovementsinleadershipandstrategy,keyvictories,greaterresources,andthewartimedestructionoftheSouth’sinfrastructure.

NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐1.0:Explainhowdifferentlabor

II.ReconstructionandtheCivilWarendedslavery,alteredrelationshipsbetweenthestatesandthefederalgovernment,andledtodebatesovernewdefinitionsofcitizenship,particularlyregardingtherightsofAfricanAmericans,women,andotherminorities.A.The13thAmendmentabolishedslavery,whilethe14thand15thamendments

grantedAfricanAmericanscitizenship,equalprotectionunderthelaws,andvotingrights.

B.Thewomen’srightsmovementwasbothemboldenedanddividedoverthe14thand15thamendmentstotheConstitution.

C.EffortsbyradicalandmoderateRepublicanstochangethebalanceofpower

systemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.

betweenCongressandthepresidencyandtoreorderracerelationsinthedefeatedSouthyieldedsomeshort‐termsuccesses.Reconstructionopeneduppoliticalopportunitiesandotherleadershiprolestoformerslaves,butitultimatelyfailed,duebothtodeterminedSouthernresistanceandtheNorth’swaningresolve.

D.Southernplantationownerscontinuedtoownthemajorityoftheregion’slandevenafterReconstruction.Formerslavessoughtlandownershipbutgenerallyfellshortofself‐sufficiency,asanexploitativeandsoil‐intensivesharecroppingsystemlimitedblacks’andpoorwhites’accesstolandintheSouth.

E.Segregation,violence,SupremeCourtdecisions,andlocalpoliticaltacticsprogressivelystrippedawayAfricanAmericanrights,butthe14thand15thamendmentseventuallybecamethebasisforcourtdecisionsupholdingcivilrightsinthe20thcentury.


KeyConcept6.1:Technologicaladvances,large‐scaleproductionmethods,andtheopeningofnewmarketsencouragedtheriseofindustrialcapitalismintheUnitedStates.

WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.

I.Large‐scaleindustrialproduction—accompaniedbymassivetechnologicalchange,expandinginternationalcommunicationnetworks,andpro‐growthgovernmentpolicies—generatedrapideconomicdevelopmentandbusinessconsolidation.A.FollowingtheCivilWar,governmentsubsidiesfortransportationand

communicationsystemshelpedopennewmarketsinNorthAmerica.B.Businessesmadeuseoftechnologicalinnovations,greateraccesstonatural

resources,redesignedfinancialandmanagementstructures,advancesinmarketing,andagrowinglaborforcetodramaticallyincreasetheproductionofgoods.

C.Asthepriceofmanygoodsdecreased,workers’realwagesincreased,providingnewaccesstoavarietyofgoodsandservices;manyAmericans’standardsoflivingimproved,whilethegapbetweenrichandpoorgrew.

D.Manybusinessleaderssoughtincreasedprofitsbyconsolidatingcorporationsintolargetrustsandholdingcompanies,whichfurtherconcentratedwealth.

E.BusinessesandforeignpolicymakersincreasinglylookedoutsideU.S.bordersinanefforttogaingreaterinfluenceandcontrolovermarketsandnaturalresourcesinthePacificRim,Asia,andLatinAmerica.

WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.

II.Avarietyofperspectivesontheeconomyandlabordevelopedduringatimeoffinancialpanicsanddownturns.A.Somearguedthatlaissez‐fairepoliciesandcompetitionpromotedeconomicgrowth

inthelongrun,andtheyopposedgovernmentinterventionduringeconomicdownturns.

B.Theindustrialworkforceexpandedandbecamemorediversethroughinternalandinternationalmigration;childlaboralsoincreased.

C.Laborandmanagementbattledoverwagesandworkingconditions,withworkersorganizinglocalandnationalunionsand/ordirectlyconfrontingbusinessleaders.

D.DespitetheindustrializationofsomesegmentsoftheSoutherneconomy—achangepromotedbySouthernleaderswhocalledfora“NewSouth”—agriculturebasedonsharecroppingandtenantfarmingcontinuedtobetheprimaryeconomicactivityintheSouth.

POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.

III.Newsystemsofproductionandtransportationenabledconsolidationwithinagriculture,which,alongwithperiodsofinstability,spurredavarietyofresponsesfromfarmers.A.Improvementsinmechanizationhelpedagriculturalproductionincrease

substantiallyandcontributedtodeclinesinfoodprices.B.Manyfarmersrespondedtotheincreasingconsolidationinagriculturalmarkets

andtheirdependenceontheevolvingrailroadsystembycreatinglocalandregionalcooperativeorganizations.

C.EconomicinstabilityinspiredagrarianactiviststocreatethePeople’s(Populist)Party,whichcalledforastrongergovernmentalroleinregulatingtheAmericaneconomicsystem.


KeyConcept6.2:ThemigrationsthataccompaniedindustrializationtransformedbothurbanandruralareasoftheUnitedStatesandcauseddramaticsocialandculturalchange.

NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.

I.Internationalandinternalmigrationincreasedurbanpopulationsandfosteredthegrowthofanewurbanculture.

nationalidentity.MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.

A.Ascitiesbecameareasofeconomicgrowthfeaturingnewfactoriesandbusinesses,theyattractedimmigrantsfromAsiaandfromsouthernandeasternEurope,aswellasAfricanAmericanmigrantswithinandoutoftheSouth.Manymigrantsmovedtoescapepoverty,religiouspersecution,andlimitedopportunitiesforsocialmobilityintheirhomecountriesorregions.

B.Urbanneighborhoodsbasedonparticularethnicities,races,andclassesprovidednewculturalopportunitiesforcitydwellers.

C.IncreasingpublicdebatesoverassimilationandAmericanizationaccompaniedthegrowthofinternationalmigration.ManyimmigrantsnegotiatedcompromisesbetweentheculturestheybroughtandtheculturetheyfoundintheUnitedStates.

D.Inanurbanatmospherewheretheaccesstopowerwasunequallydistributed,politicalmachinesthrived,inpartbyprovidingimmigrantsandthepoorwithsocialservices.

E.Corporations’needformanagersandformaleandfemaleclericalworkersaswellasincreasedaccesstoeducationalinstitutions,fosteredthegrowthofadistinctivemiddleclass.Agrowingamountofleisuretimealsohelpedexpandconsumerculture.

NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.

II.LargernumbersofmigrantsmovedtotheWestinsearchoflandandeconomicopportunity,frequentlyprovokingcompetitionandviolentconflict.A.Thebuildingoftranscontinentalrailroads,thediscoveryofmineralresources,and

governmentpoliciespromotedeconomicgrowthandcreatednewcommunitiesandcentersofcommercialactivity.

B.Inhopesofachievingidealsofself‐sufficiencyandindependence,migrantsmovedtobothruralandboomtownareasoftheWestforopportunities,suchasbuildingtherailroads,mining,farming,andranching.

C.AsmigrantpopulationsincreasedinnumberandtheAmericanbisonpopulationwasdecimated,competitionforlandandresourcesintheWestamongwhitesettlers,AmericanIndians,andMexicanAmericansledtoanincreaseinviolentconflict.

D.TheU.S.governmentviolatedtreatieswithAmericanIndiansandrespondedtoresistancewithmilitaryforce,eventuallyconfiningAmericanIndianstoreservationsanddenyingtribalsovereignty.

E.ManyAmericanIndianspreservedtheirculturesandtribalidentitiesdespitegovernmentpoliciespromotingassimilation,andtheyattemptedtodevelopself‐sustainingeconomicpractices.


KeyConcept6.3:TheGildedAgeproducednewculturalandintellectualmovements,publicreformefforts,andpoliticaldebatesovereconomicandsocialpolicies.

CUL‐1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.CUL‐2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyandinstitutions.

I.NewculturalandintellectualmovementsbothbuttressedandchallengedthesocialorderoftheGildedAge.A.SocialcommentatorsadvocatedtheorieslaterdescribedasSocialDarwinismto

justifythesuccessofthoseatthetopofthesocioeconomicstructureasbothappropriateandinevitable.

B.Somebusinessleadersarguedthatthewealthyhadamoralobligationtohelpthelessfortunateandimprovesociety,asarticulatedintheideaknownastheGospelofWealth,andtheymadephilanthropiccontributionsthatenhancededucationalopportunitiesandurbanenvironments.

C.Anumberofartistsandcritics,includingagrarians,utopians,socialists,andadvocatesoftheSocialGospel,championedalternativevisionsfortheeconomyandU.S.society.

NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.

II.Dramaticsocialchangesintheperiodinspiredpoliticaldebatesovercitizenship,corruption,andtheproperrelationshipbetweenbusinessandgovernment.A.ThemajorpoliticalpartiesappealedtolingeringdivisionsfromtheCivilWarand

contendedovertariffsandcurrencyissues,evenasreformersarguedthateconomicgreedandself‐interesthadcorruptedalllevelsofgovernment.

B.Manywomensoughtgreaterequalitywithmen,oftenjoiningvoluntaryorganizations,goingtocollege,promotingsocialandpoliticalreform,and,likeJaneAddams,workinginsettlementhousestohelpimmigrantsadapttoU.S.languageandcustoms.

C.TheSupremeCourtdecisioninPlessyv.FergusonthatupheldracialsegregationhelpedtomarktheendofmostofthepoliticalgainsAfricanAmericansmadeduringReconstruction.Facingincreasedviolence,discrimination,andscientifictheoriesofrace,AfricanAmericanreformerscontinuedtofightforpoliticalandsocialequality.


KeyConcept7.1:Growthexpandedopportunity,whileeconomicinstabilityledtoneweffortstoreformU.S.societyanditseconomicsystem.

WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.

I.TheUnitedStatescontinueditstransitionfromarural,agriculturaleconomytoanurban,industrialeconomyledbylargecompanies.A.NewtechnologiesandmanufacturingtechniqueshelpedfocustheU.S.economyon

theproductionofconsumergoods,contributingtoimprovedstandardsofliving,greaterpersonalmobility,andbettercommunicationssystems.

B.By1920,amajorityoftheU.S.populationlivedinurbancenters,whichofferedneweconomicopportunitiesforwomen,internationalmigrants,andinternalmigrants.

C.Episodesofcreditandmarketinstabilityintheearly20thcentury,inparticulartheGreatDepression,ledtocallsforastrongerfinancialregulatorysystem.

POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.

II.IntheProgressiveEraoftheearly20thcentury,Progressivesrespondedtopoliticalcorruption,economicinstability,andsocialconcernsbycallingforgreatergovernmentactionandotherpoliticalandsocialmeasures.A.SomeProgressiveErajournalistsattackedwhattheysawaspoliticalcorruption,

socialinjustice,andeconomicinequality,whilereformers,oftenfromthemiddleandupperclassesandincludingmanywomen,workedtoeffectsocialchangesincitiesandamongimmigrantpopulations.

B.Onthenationallevel,Progressivessoughtfederallegislationthattheybelievedwouldeffectivelyregulatetheeconomy,expanddemocracy,andgeneratemoralreform.ProgressiveamendmentstotheConstitutiondealtwithissuessuchasprohibitionandwomansuffrage.

C.Preservationistsandconservationistsbothsupportedtheestablishmentofnationalparkswhileadvocatingdifferentgovernmentresponsestotheoveruseofnaturalresources.

D.TheProgressivesweredividedovermanyissues.SomeProgressivessupportedSouthernsegregation,whileothersignoreditspresence.SomeProgressivesadvocatedexpandingpopularparticipationingovernment,whileotherscalledforgreaterrelianceonprofessionalandtechnicalexpertstomakegovernmentmoreefficient.Progressivesalsodisagreedaboutimmigrationrestriction.

POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.

III.Duringthe1930s,policymakersrespondedtothemassunemploymentandsocialupheavalsoftheGreatDepressionbytransformingtheU.S.intoalimitedwelfarestate,redefiningthegoalsandideasofmodernAmericanliberalism.A.FranklinRoosevelt’sNewDealattemptedtoendtheGreatDepressionbyusing

governmentpowertoproviderelieftothepoor,stimulaterecovery,andreformtheAmericaneconomy.

B.Radical,union,andpopulistmovementspushedRoosevelttowardmoreextensiveeffortstochangetheAmericaneconomicsystem,whileconservativesinCongressandtheSupremeCourtsoughttolimittheNewDeal’sscope.

C.AlthoughtheNewDealdidnotendtheDepression,itleftalegacyofreformsandregulatoryagenciesandfosteredalong‐termpoliticalrealignmentinwhichmanyethnicgroups,AfricanAmericans,andworking‐classcommunitiesidentifiedwiththeDemocraticParty.


KeyConcept7.2:Innovationsincommunicationsandtechnologycontributedtothe

growthofmassculture,whilesignificantchangesoccurredininternalandinternationalmigrationpatterns.

NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.CUL‐1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.CUL‐2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyandinstitutions.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.

I.PopularculturegrewininfluenceinU.S.society,evenasdebatesincreasedovertheeffectsofcultureonpublicvalues,morals,andAmericannationalidentity.A.Newformsofmassmedia,suchasradioandcinema,contributedtothespreadof

nationalcultureaswellasgreaterawarenessofregionalcultures.B.Migrationgaverisetonewformsofartandliteraturethatexpressedethnicand

regionalidentities,suchtheHarlemRenaissancemovement.C.OfficialrestrictionsonfreedomofspeechgrewduringWorldWarI,asincreased

anxietyaboutradicalismledtoaRedScareandattacksonlaboractivismandimmigrantculture.

D.Inthe1920s,culturalandpoliticalcontroversiesemergedasAmericansdebatedgenderroles,modernism,science,religion,andissuesrelatedtoraceandimmigration.

CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.

II.Economicpressures,globalevents,andpoliticaldevelopmentscausedsharpvariationsinthenumbers,sources,andexperiencesofbothinternationalandinternalmigrants.A.ImmigrationfromEuropereacheditspeakintheyearsbeforeWorldWarI.During

andafterWorldWarI,nativistcampaignsagainstsomeethnicgroupsledtothepassageofquotasthatrestrictedimmigration,particularlyfromsouthernandeasternEurope,andincreasedbarrierstoAsianimmigration.

B.TheincreaseddemandforwarproductionandlaborduringWorldWarIandWorldWarIIandtheeconomicdifficultiesofthe1930sledmanyAmericanstomigratetourbancentersinsearchofeconomicopportunities.

C.InaGreatMigrationduringandafterWorldWarI,AfricanAmericansescapingsegregation,racialviolence,andlimitedeconomicopportunityintheSouthmovedtotheNorthandWest,wheretheyfoundnewopportunitiesbutstillencountereddiscrimination.

D.MigrationtotheUnitedStatesfromMexicoandelsewhereintheWesternHemisphereincreased,inspiteofcontradictorygovernmentpoliciestowardMexicanimmigration.


KeyConcept7.3:ParticipationinaseriesofglobalconflictspropelledtheUnitedStatesintoapositionofinternationalpowerwhilerenewingdomesticdebatesoverthenation’sproperroleintheworld.

NAT‐3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.

I.Inthelate19thcenturyandearly20thcentury,newU.S.territorialambitionsandacquisitionsintheWesternHemisphereandthePacificaccompaniedheightenedpublicdebatesoverAmerica’sroleintheworld.A.Imperialistscitedeconomicopportunities,racialtheories,competitionwith

Europeanempires,andtheperceptioninthe1890sthattheWesternfrontierwas“closed”toarguethatAmericansweredestinedtoexpandtheircultureandinstitutionstopeoplesaroundtheglobe.

B.Anti‐imperialistscitedprinciplesofself‐determinationandinvokedbothracialtheoriesandtheU.S.foreignpolicytraditionofisolationismtoarguethattheU.S.shouldnotextenditsterritoryoverseas.

C.TheAmericanvictoryintheSpanish–AmericanWarledtotheU.S.acquisitionofislandterritoriesintheCaribbeanandthePacific,anincreaseininvolvementinAsia,andthesuppressionofanationalistmovementinthePhilippines.

NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualism

II.WorldWarIanditsaftermathintensifiedongoingdebatesaboutthenation’sroleintheworldandhowbesttoachievenationalsecurityandpursueAmericaninterests.

foundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.NAT‐3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.

A.AfterinitialneutralityinWorldWarI,thenationenteredtheconflict,departing

fromtheU.S.foreignpolicytraditionofnoninvolvementinEuropeanaffairs,inresponsetoWoodrowWilson’scallforthedefenseofhumanitariananddemocraticprinciples.

B.AlthoughtheAmericanExpeditionaryForcesplayedarelativelylimitedroleincombat,theU.S.’sentryhelpedtotipthebalanceoftheconflictinfavoroftheAllies.

C.DespiteWilson’sdeepinvolvementinpostwarnegotiations,theU.S.SenaterefusedtoratifytheTreatyofVersaillesorjointheLeagueofNations.

D.IntheyearsfollowingWorldWarI,theUnitedStatespursuedaunilateralforeignpolicythatusedinternationalinvestment,peacetreaties,andselectmilitaryinterventiontopromoteavisionofinternationalorder,evenwhilemaintainingU.S.isolationism.

E.Inthe1930s,whilemanyAmericanswereconcernedabouttheriseoffascismandtotalitarianism,mostopposedtakingmilitaryactionagainsttheaggressionofNaziGermanyandJapanuntiltheJapaneseattackonPearlHarbordrewtheUnitedStatesintoWorldWarII.

NAT‐3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.nationalidentity.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.

III.U.S.participationinWorldWarIItransformedAmericansociety,whilethevictoryoftheUnitedStatesanditsalliesovertheAxispowersvaultedtheU.S.intoapositionofglobal,political,andmilitaryleadership.A.Americansviewedthewarasafightforthesurvivaloffreedomanddemocracy

againstfascistandmilitaristideologies.ThisperspectivewaslaterreinforcedbyrevelationsaboutJapanesewartimeatrocities,Naziconcentrationcamps,andtheHolocaust.

B.ThemassmobilizationofAmericansocietyhelpedendtheGreatDepression,andthecountry’sstrongindustrialbaseplayedapivotalroleinwinningthewarbyequippingandprovisioningalliesandmillionsofU.S.troops.

C.Mobilizationandmilitaryserviceprovidedopportunitiesforwomenandminoritiestoimprovetheirsocioeconomicpositionsforthewar’sduration,whilealsoleadingtodebatesoverracialsegregation.Wartimeexperiencesalsogeneratedchallengestocivilliberties,suchastheinternmentofJapaneseAmericans.

D.TheUnitedStatesanditsalliesachievedmilitaryvictorythroughAlliedcooperation,technologicalandscientificadvances,thecontributionsofservicemenandwomen,andcampaignssuchasPacific“island‐hopping”andtheD‐Dayinvasion.Theuseofatomicbombshastenedtheendofthewarandsparkeddebatesaboutthemoralityofusingatomicweapons.

E.Thewar‐ravagedconditionofAsiaandEurope,andthedominantU.S.roleintheAlliedvictoryandpostwarpeacesettlements,allowedtheUnitedStatestoemergefromthewarasthemostpowerfulnationonearth.


KeyConcept8.1:TheUnitedStatesrespondedtoanuncertainandunstablepostwarworldbyassertingandworkingtomaintainapositionofgloballeadership,withfar‐reachingdomesticandinternationalconsequences.

WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.

I.UnitedStatespolicymakersengagedinaColdWarwiththeauthoritarianSovietUnion,seekingtolimitthegrowthofCommunistmilitarypowerandideologicalinfluence,createafree‐marketglobaleconomy,andbuildaninternationalsecuritysystem.A.AspostwartensionsdissolvedthewartimealliancebetweenWesterndemocracies

andtheSovietUnion,theUnitedStatesdevelopedaforeignpolicybasedoncollectivesecurity,internationalaid,andeconomicinstitutionsthatbolsterednon‐Communistnations.

B.ConcernedbyexpansionistCommunistideologyandSovietrepression,theUnitedStatessoughttocontaincommunismthroughavarietyofmeasures,includingmajormilitaryengagementsinKoreaandVietnam.

C.TheColdWarfluctuatedbetweenperiodsofdirectandindirectmilitaryconfrontationandperiodsofmutualcoexistence(ordétente).

D.PostwardecolonizationandtheemergenceofpowerfulnationalistmovementsinAsia,Africa,andtheMiddleEastledbothsidesintheColdWartoseekalliesamongnewnations,manyofwhichremainednonaligned.

E.ColdWarcompetitionextendedtoLatinAmerica,wheretheU.S.supportednon‐Communistregimesthathadvaryinglevelsofcommitmenttodemocracy.

NAT‐3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.

II.ColdWarpoliciesledtopublicdebatesoverthepowerofthefederalgovernmentandacceptablemeansforpursuinginternationalanddomesticgoalswhileprotectingcivilliberties.A.Americansdebatedpoliciesandmethodsdesignedtoexposesuspectedcommunists

withintheUnitedStatesevenasbothpartiessupportedthebroaderstrategyofcontainingcommunism.

B.Althoughanticommunistforeignpolicyfacedlittledomesticoppositioninpreviousyears,theVietnamWarinspiredsizableandpassionateantiwarproteststhatbecamemorenumerousasthewarescalated,andsometimesledtoviolence.

C.Americansdebatedthemeritsofalargenucleararsenal,themilitary‐industrialcomplex,andtheappropriatepoweroftheexecutivebranchinconductingforeignandmilitarypolicy.

D.Ideological,military,andeconomicconcernsshapedU.S.involvementintheMiddleEast,withseveraloilcrisesintheregioneventuallysparkingattemptsatcreatinganationalenergypolicy.


KeyConcept8.2:Newmovementsforcivilrightsandliberaleffortstoexpandtheroleofgovernmentgeneratedarangeofpoliticalandculturalresponses.

NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.

I.SeekingtofulfillReconstruction‐erapromises,civilrightsactivistsandpoliticalleadersachievedsomelegalandpoliticalsuccessesinendingsegregation,althoughprogresstowardracialequalitywasslow.A.DuringandafterWorldWarII,civilrightsactivistsandleaders,mostnotably

MartinLutherKingJr.,combattedracialdiscriminationutilizingavarietyofstrategies,includinglegalchallenges,directaction,andnonviolentprotesttactics.

B.Thethreebranchesofthefederalgovernmentusedmeasuresincludingdesegregationofthearmedservices,Brownv.BoardofEducation,andtheCivilRightsActof1964topromotegreaterracialequality.

C.Continuingresistanceslowedeffortsatdesegregation,sparkingsocialandpoliticalunrestacrossthenation.Debatesamongcivilrightsactivistsovertheefficacyofnonviolenceincreasedafter1965.

nationalidentity.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.nationalidentity.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.

II.RespondingtosocialconditionsandtheAfricanAmericancivilrightsmovement,avarietyofmovementsemergedthatfocusedonissuesofidentity,socialjustice,andtheenvironment.A.Feministandgayandlesbianactivistsmobilizedbehindclaimsforlegal,economic,

andsocialequality.B.Latino,AmericanIndian,andAsianAmericanmovementscontinuedtodemand

socialandeconomicequalityandaredressofpastinjustices.C.DespiteanoverallaffluenceinpostwarAmerica,advocatesraisedconcernsabout

theprevalenceandpersistenceofpovertyasanationalproblem.D.Environmentalproblemsandaccidentsledtoagrowingenvironmentalmovement

thataimedtouselegislativeandpubliceffortstocombatpollutionandprotectnaturalresources.Thefederalgovernmentestablishednewenvironmentalprogramsandregulations.

POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.

III.Liberalisminfluencedpostwarpoliticsandcourtdecisions,butitcameunderincreasingattackfromtheleftaswellasfromaresurgentconservativemovement.A.Liberalism,basedonanticommunismabroadandafirmbeliefintheefficacyof

governmentpowertoachievesocialgoalsathome,reachedahighpointofpoliticalinfluencebythemid‐1960s.

B.LiberalideasfoundexpressioninLyndonJohnson’sGreatSociety,whichattemptedtousefederallegislationandprogramstoendracialdiscrimination,eliminatepoverty,andaddressothersocialissues.AseriesofSupremeCourtdecisionsexpandedcivilrightsandindividualliberties.

C.Inthe1960s,conservativeschallengedliberallawsandcourtdecisionsandperceivedmoralandculturaldecline,seekingtolimittheroleofthefederalgovernmentandenactmoreassertiveforeignpolicies.

D.Somegroupsontheleftalsorejectedliberalpolicies,arguingthatpoliticalleadersdidtoolittletotransformtheracialandeconomicstatusquoathomeandpursuedimmoralpoliciesabroad.

E.Publicconfidenceandtrustingovernment’sabilitytosolvesocialandeconomicproblemsdeclinedinthe1970sinthewakeofeconomicchallenges,politicalscandals,andforeignpolicycrises.

F.The1970ssawgrowingclashesbetweenconservativesandliberalsoversocialandculturalissues,thepowerofthefederalgovernment,race,andmovementsforgreaterindividualrights.


KeyConcept8.3:Postwareconomicanddemographicchangeshadfar‐reachingconsequencesforAmericansociety,politics,andculture.

WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmerica

I.RapideconomicandsocialchangesinAmericansocietyfosteredasenseofoptimisminthepostwaryears.A.Aburgeoningprivatesector,federalspending,thebabyboom,andtechnological

developmentshelpedspureconomicgrowth.

and,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.

B.Ashighereducationopportunitiesandnewtechnologiesrapidlyexpanded,increasingsocialmobilityencouragedthemigrationofthemiddleclasstothesuburbsandofmanyAmericanstotheSouthandWest.TheSunBeltregionemergedasasignificantpoliticalandeconomicforce.

C.Immigrantsfromaroundtheworldsoughtaccesstothepolitical,social,andeconomicopportunitiesintheUnitedStates,especiallyafterthepassageofnewimmigrationlawsin1965.

POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.CUL‐1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.CUL‐2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyandinstitutions.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.

II.Newdemographicandsocialdevelopments,alongwithanxietiesovertheColdWar,changedU.S.cultureandledtosignificantpoliticalandmoraldebatesthatsharplydividedthenation.A.Massculturebecameincreasinglyhomogeneousinthepostwaryears,inspiring

challengestoconformitybyartists,intellectuals,andrebelliousyouth.B.Feministsandyoungpeoplewhoparticipatedinthecountercultureofthe1960s

rejectedmanyofthesocial,economic,andpoliticalvaluesoftheirparents’generation,introducedgreaterinformalityintoU.S.culture,andadvocatedchangesinsexualnorms.

C.TherapidandsubstantialgrowthofevangelicalChristianchurchesandorganizationswasaccompaniedbygreaterpoliticalandsocialactivismonthepartofreligiousconservatives.

Period9:1980‐presentRelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)

KeyConcept9.1:Anewlyascendantconservativemovementachievedseveralpoliticalandpolicygoalsduringthe1980sandcontinuedtostronglyinfluencepublicdiscourseinthefollowingdecades.

POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.

I.ConservativebeliefsregardingtheneedfortraditionalsocialvaluesandareducedroleforgovernmentadvancedinU.S.politicsafter1980.A.RonaldReagan’svictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1980representedan

importantmilestone,allowingconservativestoenactsignificanttaxcutsandcontinuethederegulationofmanyindustries.

B.Conservativesarguedthatliberalprogramswerecounterproductiveinfightingpovertyandstimulatingeconomicgrowth.Someoftheireffortstoreducethesizeandscopeofgovernmentmetwithinertiaandliberalopposition,asmanyprogramsremainedpopularwithvoters.

C.Policydebatescontinuedoverfree‐tradeagreements,thescopeofthegovernmentsocialsafetynet,andcallstoreformtheU.S.financialsystem.


KeyConcept9.2:Movingintothe21stcentury,thenationexperiencedsignificanttechnological,economic,anddemographicchanges.

WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.

I.Newdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologyenhancedtheeconomyandtransformedsociety,whilemanufacturingdecreased.A.Economicproductivityincreasedasimprovementsindigitalcommunications

enabledincreasedAmericanparticipationinworldwideeconomicopportunities.

B.Technologicalinnovationsincomputing,digitalmobiletechnology,andtheInternettransformeddailylife,increasedaccesstoinformation,andledtonewsocialbehaviorsandnetworks.

C.Employmentincreasedinservicesectorsanddecreasedinmanufacturing,andunionmembershipdeclined.

D.Realwagesstagnatedfortheworkingandmiddleclassamidgrowingeconomicinequality.

NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.nationalidentity.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.

II.TheU.S.populationcontinuedtoundergodemographicshiftsthathadsignificantculturalandpoliticalconsequences.A.After1980,thepolitical,economic,andculturalinfluenceoftheAmericanSouthand

Westcontinuedtoincreaseaspopulationshiftedtothoseareas.B.InternationalmigrationfromLatinAmericaandAsiaincreaseddramatically.The

newimmigrantsaffectedU.S.cultureinmanywaysandsuppliedtheeconomywithanimportantlaborforce.

C.Intensepoliticalandculturaldebatescontinuedoverissuessuchasimmigrationpolicy,diversity,genderroles,andfamilystructures.


KeyConcept9.3:TheendoftheColdWarandnewchallengestoU.S.leadershipforcedthenationtoredefineitsforeignpolicyandroleintheworld.

WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.

I.TheReaganadministrationpromotedaninterventionistforeignpolicythatcontinuedinlateradministrations,evenaftertheendoftheColdWar.A.ReaganassertedU.S.oppositiontocommunismthroughspeeches,diplomaticefforts,limitedmilitaryinterventions,andabuildupofnuclearandconventionalweapons.B.IncreasedU.S.militaryspending,Reagan’sdiplomaticinitiatives,andpoliticalchangesandeconomicproblemsinEasternEuropeandtheSovietUnionwereallimportantinendingtheColdWar.C.TheendoftheColdWarledtonewdiplomaticrelationshipsbutalsonewU.S.militaryandpeacekeepinginterventions,aswellascontinueddebatesovertheappropriateuseofAmericanpowerintheworld.

NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.NAT‐3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.

II.FollowingtheattacksofSeptember11,2001,U.S.foreignpolicyeffortsfocusedonfightingterrorismaroundtheworld.A.InthewakeofattacksontheWorldTradeCenterandthePentagon,theUnited

Stateslaunchedmilitaryeffortsagainstterrorismandlengthy,controversialconflictsinAfghanistanandIraq.

B.ThewaronterrorismsoughttoimprovesecuritywithintheUnitedStatesbutalsoraisedquestionsabouttheprotectionofcivillibertiesandhumanrights.

C.ConflictsintheMiddleEastandconcernsaboutclimatechangeledtodebatesoverU.S.dependenceonfossilfuelsandtheimpactofeconomicconsumptionontheenvironment.

D.Despiteeconomicandforeignpolicychallenges,theUnitedStatescontinuedastheworld’sleadingsuperpowerinthe21stcentury.

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