StatisticsMr. Jeffrey D. Del Mundo
Key Terms and Definitions
Statistics
It is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.
Data collection
It is the process and methods of gathering information by interview, questionnaire, experiments, observation and documentary analysis.
Data presentation
It takes the form of tables and graphs.
Example:
Frequency distribution table
Pie Chart
Histogram
Frequency Polygon
Frequency Ogive
Analysis
It is the manipulation of the data gathered using descriptive and inferential statistics.
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Interpretation
It makes clear results of the analysis using statistical methods to see whether significant differences or relationships exist between variables.
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Population
It is defined as a group of people, animals, places, things, or ideas.
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Sample
It is a subgroup of the population.
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Statistical investigation can be classified into two major functions:
Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Descriptive Statistics
It is concerned with techniques that are used to describe or characterize the obtained data.
The most common summarizing values are the measures of central tendency (Mean, Median, and Mode) and the measures of variation (range, mean deviation and the standard deviation)
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Descriptive Statistics
The most common summarizing values are the measures of central tendency (Mean, Median, and Mode) and the measures of variation (range, mean deviation and the standard deviation)
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Inferential Statistics
It deals with prediction and inferences based on the analysis and interpretation of the results of the information gathered by the statistician.
Some of the common statistical tools of inferential statistics are the t-test, z-test, chi-square, and Pearson r.
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Data Point to statistical facts, principles,
opinions and variations of items of different sources.
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Qualitative Data It consists of categories or attributes,
which have non-numerical characteristics.
Example:
- Eye color
- Gender
- Religion
- Level of Education
- Civil Status
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Quantitative Data It consists of numbers
representing counts or measurement.
Example:
- Number of children
- Heights of Students
- Scores on a final exam
- Temperature
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Discrete Data
Values are obtained by counting. Example:
- Number of children
- Number of patients with T.B.
- Number of males and females
- Number of computers working
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Continuous Data Values are obtained by measuring Example:
- Distance
- Age
- Height
- Weight
- Temperature
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal Data It is the lowest level of measurement. Nominal scales are used as measures of
identity. It has no quantitative value. The labels do not have an order (cannot
be ranked). Example
- Gender- Religion- Jersey Number
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Ordinal Data
The next higher level of measurement.
The term “ordinal” implies that objects can be rank in order.
Example:
- Poor, Good, Excellent
- Letter grades in Mathematics
- Top 50 greatest movies of all time
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Interval Represents a higher level of
measurement than ordinal scale. Numbers that reflect differences among
items. Interval Data are always numeric. It has no absolute zero point. Example:
- Celsius thermometer (Temperature)
- Scores in a test
- Ages (in years)(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Ratio
Represents the highest level of measurement.
Numeric It has absolute zero Example:
- Weight
- Height
- Area
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Summation Notation
∑ capital letter sigma denotes summation of, the sum of
The symbol shall mean that we well add all values of x from 1 to n.
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
n
iiX
1
Examples:
Consider the grades obtained by five high school students 76, 84, 90, 85, and 74.
Find:
1.
2.
3.
4
2iiX
5
1iiX
5
3iiX
Examples:
Find:
1.
2.
3.
4.
24
2
)(i
iX
)(5
1i
ii YX
25
3
)(i
iX
X Y
5 15
8 9
12 6
15 6
22 4
ii
iYX
5
3
Qualitative or Quantitative(3 points each) for 2 minutes only
1. Height of students in SBCA2. Cellphone brands3. Color of the skin4. Favorite subject5. Length of hair 6. Distance from house to SBCA7. Taste of a Food8. Civil status9. Profession10.Speed of a car
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Discrete or Continuous(3 points each) for 3 minutes only
1. Number of blue bags
2. Temperature in Manila
3. Height of students in BSIS-3B
4. Weight of professors in SBCA
5. Number of passengers
6. Pages of book in Mathematics
7. Length of hair
8. Number of school service in SBCA
9. Age of students in CAS
10.Number of athletes in iBED(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio (4 points each) for 4 minutes1. Height of the students2. Hair color of the students3. Letter grades for mathematics4. Temperatures in degrees Celsius5. Scores of the students in Math 6. Top 10 models in the Philippines7. Age of students in BSFM (in years)8. Length of hair9. Weight of the students10. Religion
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
X Y
5 3
4 3
4 2
6 5
4 3
4 3
3 2
6 4
5 5
7 6
Find:
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5.10.
6
1iiX
9
5iiX
4
1
)(i
ii YX
9
4
)(i
ii YX
7
3iiiYX
6
2
2)(i
iX
5
1
2)(i
iX
5
3
2)(i
iiYX
7
2
2)(i
ii YX
8
5
2)(i
ii YX
Qualitative or Quantitative
1. Height of students in SBCA2. Cellphone brands3. Color of the skin4. Favorite subject5. Length of hair 6. Distance from house to SBCA7. Taste of a Food8. Civil status9. Profession10.Speed of a car
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Quantitative Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative Quantitative Quantitative Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative Quantitative
Discrete or Continuous
1. Number of blue bags
2. Temperature in Manila
3. Height of students in BSIS-3B
4. Weight of professors in SBCA
5. Number of passengers
6. Pages of book in Mathematics
7. Length of hair
8. Number of school service in SBCA
9. Age of students in CAS
10.Number of athletes in iBED(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
Discrete Continuous Continuous Continuous Discrete Discrete Continuous Discrete Continuous Discrete
Level of Measurement
1. Height of the students2. Hair color of the students3. Letter grades for mathematics4. Temperatures in degrees Celsius5. Scores of the students in Math 6. Top 10 models in the Philippines7. Age of students in BSFM (in years)8. Length of hair9. Weight of the students10. Religion
(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions
- Ratio
- Nominal
- Ordinal
- Interval
- Interval
- Ordinal
- Interval
- Ratio
- Ratio
- Nominal