Keystone Review

Module 1 Cells and cellular Processes•Characteristics of Life•Biochemistry•Cells (including movement of materials)•Photosynthesis•Cellular respiration

Module 2 Continuity and Unity of Life

•Mitosis•Meiosis•Genetics•DNA•Evolution•Ecology

•Test consists of 64 multiple choice and 8 constructed response.

•73% multiple choice and 27% constructed response

Day 1

Characteristics of Living Things

Living or nonliving?•Biotic

•Abiotic

8 characteristics of living things

8 characteristics of living things•DNA•Homeostasis•Cells•Reproduction•Response to environment•Adaptation and evolution•Growth and development•Obtain and use energy

Biological Macromolecules

Biological Macromolecules•Made up of subunits

•Lipids (C, H, O)•Carbohydrates (C, H, O)•Protein (C, H, O, N)•Nucleic acids (C, H, O, N, P)

Lipids•Long term energy storage

▫more energy per unit weight then carbohydrates

•Fat molecules ▫Many different kinds

Phospholipid Makes up cell membrane

Triglyceride molecules three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol

molecule

Carbohydrate•Energy storage, structure•The simplest carbohydrate =

monosaccharide▫Glucose

•Monosaccharides are covalently bonded together▫disaccharide ▫polysaccharide

Starch. (storage polysaccharide found in plants) Cellulose (plant’s cell wall)

Protein•acting as biological catalysts •forming structural parts of organisms •participating in cell signal and recognition

factors •acting as molecules of immunity

•Made up of amino acids (monomer)•String together amino acids to create

polymer (polypeptide)

Nucleic Acids•Transmit genetic information•Code for proteins

•DNA•RNA

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis•Autotrophs use light energy to make food

(glucose)Balanced equation:

•Light-dependent reactions•Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

Chloroplasts

Light Reaction• H2O O2 + ATP + NADPH2

• Water is split, giving off oxygen. • This system depends on sunlight for activation

energy. • Light is absorbed by chlorophyll a which "excites"

the electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. • Electrons are passed through a series of carriers

and adenosine triphosphate or ATP (energy) is produced.

• Takes place in the thylakoids.

Dark Reaction•ATP + NADPH2 + CO2 C6H12O6

•Carbon dioxide is split, providing carbon to make sugars.

•The ultimate product is glucose. •While this system depends on the products

from the light reactions, it does not directly require light energy.

• Includes the Calvin Cycle. •Takes place in the stroma.

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration•Break down sugar to produce energy for

the cell to use•Mitochondria

Balanced equation:

Cellular Respiration•Glycolysis•Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)•Electron Transport Chain (Chemiosmotic

Phosphorylation)

Day 2

The Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis

The Cell Cycle

Mitosis•Prophase•(Prometaphase)•Metaphase•Anaphase•Telophase

Meiosis•2 divisions•Diploid cell divides to form 4 haploid

daughter cells▫Haploid cells = gametes

•Crossing over•Nondisjunction

Meiosis

Biogeochemical Cycles

Biogeochemical Cycles•Carbon•Nitrogen•Water•Phosphorus

Water

Nitrogen

Carbon

Phosphorus

DNA and RNA, Transcription and Translation

DNA•Double helix held together by hydrogen

bonds•A, T, C, G•DNA Replication:

▫During S phase of cell cycle (interphase, before mitosis)

▫DNA helicase, DNA polymerase•Haploid / Diploid

RNA, Transcription and Translation•RNA:

▫Single stranded▫A, U, C, G▫Copy of a gene

•Transcription: making an RNA copy of a DNA gene▫Takes place in the NUCLEUS

•Translation: making a protein from a strand of RNA▫Takes place in the CYTOPLASM

RNA, Transcription and Translation•Transcription: making an RNA copy of a

DNA gene▫Takes place in the NUCLEUS

•Translation: making a protein from a strand of RNA▫Takes place in the CYTOPLASM

RNA, Transcription and Translation•3 types of RNA

▫tRNA – transfer ▫rRNA – ribosomal ▫mRNA – messenger

RNA, Transcription and Translation•ALL types of RNA are involved in

translation▫tRNA: transfers amino acid to ribosome to

be added to the polypeptide chain▫rRNA: makes up the ribosome▫mRNA: message from nucleus to ribosome

Contains codons which MATCH the anticodon found on the tRNA

Codons and Anticodons•Codon

▫Three letter sequence found on mRNA▫Corresponds to anticodon on the tRNA

•Anticodon▫On tRNA▫Matches with amino acid on tRNA