Kh. Kunjo Singh – Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in...

Modern

Research

Studies

pp. 35–49.

Editor-in-Chief

Gyanabati Khuraijam

An International

Journal of

Humanities and Social

Sciences

www.modernresearch.in

Volume 1, Issue 1

June 2014

ISSN: 2349-2147

Email: [email protected]

[email protected] Managing Editor: Yumnam Oken Singh

Title: Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in

English from North-East India: A Brief

Survey

Author/s: Kh. Kunjo Singh

ISSN: 2349-2147

Modern Research Studies:

An International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Modern Research Studies: ISSN 2349-2147

http://www.modernresearch.in Vol.I. Issue 1 / June 2014

35

Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in English from

North-East India: A Brief Survey

Prof. KH. KUNJO SINGH

Head, Department of English

Manipur University, India

Abstract: The term ‘ecopolitics’ refers to the various aspects of

ecology, biodiversity, ecomysticism, ecofeminism and ecosophy.

‘Ecopolitics’ also known as ‘Green Politics’ will be used as the basic

tool for analyzing the writings of the chosen authors from different

states of Northeast India. Prose writing in English from Northeast India

is a powerful one dealing with the themes of nationhood, identity,

insurgency, ethnic violence, corruption in the bureaucracy, home,

migration, exile, memory, etc. A regional ecological concern is inherent

in most of the writing. The ecological and acoustical world is explored

in the plays written in Manipuri and Assamese and translated into

English. These plays deal with ecology, myths and legends, tradition,

mysticism, etc. There is the enactment of the very idea of ecomysticism

– the idea of living together peacefully and maintaining a balance in the

entire ecosystem.

Contemporary poetry in English from India’s Northeast has

multifaceted voices. It presents a vista of images of the mountains, hills,

rivers, myths and legends, tradition and culture, and multi-ethnic people

of the region. Identity crisis, a sense of alienation and migrancy are

some of the dominant features of contemporary politics in the

Northeast. The poets of this region strongly advocate preservation of

the ecology of their region to preserve their land, native tradition and

culture, and above all, their identity amidst cultural and political

hegemony.

Keywords: Ecopolitics, ecosophy, green politics, ecofeminism,

affinity, polemics, degeneration, indigenous, prophetic.

Kh. Kunjo Singh – Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in English from North-East India: A Brief Survey



36

The term ‘ecopolitics’ refers to the various aspects of ecology,

biodiversity, ecomysticism, ecofeminism and ecosophy. Ecopolitics

covers subjects like checking destruction and degeneration of ecology,

mystifying its existence and providing its role in upholding the peace

and prosperity of humanity. The present ecological crisis is leading to

political, economic and social crisis for human civilization. Discussion

on ‘Ecopolitics’ also known as ‘Green Politics’ will be used as the basic

tool for analyzing the writings of the chosen authors from different

states of Northeast India.

Of the many genres, prose writing in English from Northeast

India is a powerful one. The dominant themes in both fiction and non-

fiction are: nationhood, identity, insurgency, ethnic violence, corruption

in the bureaucracy, home, migration, exile, memory etc. A regional

ecological concern is inherent in most of the writing.

To name some of the representative prose writers of the region,

we may mention Mamang Dai, Yeshe Dorji Thongchi (Arunachal

Pradesh); Birendra Kumar Bhattacharyya, Hem Barua, Indira Goswami,

Arup Kumar Dutta, Mitra Phukan, Dhruba Hazarika, Arupa Patangia

Kalita, Sanjoy Hazarika, Sanjib Baruah (Assam); Arambam Ongbi

Memchoubi, Thingnam Kishan Singh, Tayenjam Bijoykumar Singh,

Pradip Phanjoubam, Yumlembam Ibomcha (Manipur); Patricia

Mukhim, Siddartha Deb, Anjum Hasan (Meghalaya); Margaret

Chalthantluangi Zama, Margaret Lalmuanpuii Pachuau, Mona Zote

(Mizoram); Temsula Ao, Easterine Iralu, Charles Chasie, Anungla Aier

(Nagaland); etc. Eco-consciousness is a significant feature in the

writings of these writers.

Arunachal Pradesh writer Mamang Dai’s novel, The Legends of

Pensam deals with the ecology of Arunachal Pradesh by merging

history, myth, tradition, memory and fiction together. The story

revolves around the myths, legends, tradition and culture of the ‘Adis’,

one of the major tribes, and re-invents that part of history which is yet

unexposed. A world with ecofeministic ideals is vividly seen through

the clash between tradition and modernity in the novel.




37

Birendra Kumar Bhattacharyya, a Jnanpith Awardee and a

prominent writer from Assam, in his novel Love in the Time of

Insurgency, tells ‘a story that had never been told.’ Set in Nagaland

during the World War II, the novel talks about war, love and life in a

large dimension. The landscape and the ecology of Nagaland as well as

the Northeast India and the environmental degradation due to the war

are much talked about in the novel.

The novel A Bowstring Winter by Dhruba Hazarika portrays life

in Shillong, Meghalaya’s capital city in the 1970s. Shillong with all its

ecological features has been projected as the main character of the

novel, which is divided into three parts named after three months of the

year – “U Naiwieng” (November), “U Nohprah” (December), and “U

Kyllalyngkot” (January). The affinity of the tribal people with nature

and sharing a deep ecological relationship with it is celebrated in many

occasions. In many places in the novel ecomystical sentiments are

heard.

Another Jnanpith Awardee Indira Goswami, popularly known as

Momoni Raisom Goswami, from Assam expresses a strong ecological

concern in her novels like Pages Stained with Blood or The Man from

Chinnamasta or The Shadow of Kamakhya. The major themes of

Goswami’s writings are insurgency in the region, the complexities of

modern life and an all pervading love. The plight of women and their

trauma in a patriarchal society are touchingly portrayed in most of her

writing. The biodiversity of the region, with a rich flora and fauna has

been a recurrent presentation in her writings. The peaceful coexistence

of man and animal in Northeast India is the dominant feature of her

writings. There is ecomystical ideal in her writings.

Mitra Phukan, another celebrated Assamese novelist writing in

English narrates a touching story of a young lady called Rukmini in her

novel A Collector’s Wife. With the probing into the inner life of the

protagonist, the story also deals with the atmosphere of terror, violence

and insurgency prevailing in Assam during the last three decades. The

agitation of the 1970s and 1980s and the growth of full blown

insurgency are vividly presented. Moreover, she speaks of the threat




38

and the sense of insecurity among the indigenous people posed by the

illegal migration from Bangladesh and ecological issues are also dealt

with in this work.

Siddartha Deb from Meghalaya in his debut novel The Point of

Return develops the story of father-son relationship. Adjudged a New

York Times Notable Book of the year in 2002, the novel is set in an

unnamed town, presumably Shillong, the capital city of Meghalaya.

This partly autobiographical novel also delves deep into the world of

corruption in the bureaucracy, communal violence and ethnic clashes

rampant in Meghalaya. One may also have an idea of ecology from a

few passages in the novel. His novel Surface is also set in one of the

regions in Northeast India. This unnamed remote part of India is

referred to as ‘the region’ which might be Manipur, one of the states in

India’s northeast. There are a number of references presenting the

unique ecology of the land as well as the peaceful co-existence of the

local tribes with nature.

A Meghalayan poet, novelist and chronicler Anjum Hasan has

published two novels Lunatic in My Head (2007) and Neti, Neti (2009),

a collection of poems entitled Street on the Hill (2006) and a number of

short fictions, reviews and essays in many books and journals. Her

debut novel Lunatic in My Head was shortlisted for the Crossword

Book Award 2007 and her second novel Neti, Neti was on the long list

for the 2008 Man Asian Prize and was shortlisted for the Hindu Best

Fiction Award in 2010 and the 2011 DSC Prize for South Asian

Literature. In Lunatic in My Head, she talks about roots, identity, clash

of culture, home, etc. There are voices in the novel raised on the issue

of identity born out of the outsider – insider conflict. The outsider also

has an identity crisis, a fear of losing its originality. The outsider –

insider conflict has been predominantly a burning issue of politics in the

Northeast India since 1947. Politics of displacement, migration, and

ever raising voices for new homelands have been ravaging the entire

region. An atmosphere of doubt and distrust is created by the polemics

of power between the ‘insider’ and the ‘outsider’. The divide between

them may also be seen as the postcolonial distance between the ‘self’

and the ‘other’.




39

Biakliana, the writer of the first ever Mizo novel Hawilopari

also wrote the first ever Mizo short story, ‘Lali’ (Zama 2004: 9). This

story of a girl called Lali portrays the hopes and aspirations, pain and

pleasure, the agony and conflicts of human life. Along with the

presentation of some of the traditions of the Mizo society, it also

delineates the predicament of women in a male-dominated society.

‘Thunderbird’ by Vanneihtluanga of Mizoram is a short story

celebrating the invincible human spirit that has been inspiring human

beings, all through the ages to stand against all odds of life. The story

can also be studied with a Deep Ecological perspective as it seems to

portray the age-old bond between the human world and the world of

nature and the peaceful co-existence of the two worlds. There are also

references to traditional Mizo rites and rituals as well as Mizo myths

and legends.

Kaphleia’s Mizo short story ‘Chhingpuii’ presents a good

number of Mizo traditional songs. The story also has references to the

wonderful landscape of Mizoram. These Hills Called Home by Temsula

Ao, a collection of short stories, is the saga of ordinary people in an

atmosphere of violence and bloodshed. Naga people’s struggle for an

independent Nagaland and their continuing search for identity provide

the background to these stories. The predicament of children,

housewives, older people, or even the militant in a violent atmosphere

of insurgency are some of the important themes of these stories.

Easterine Eralu, a Naga writer from Nagaland wrote the first

novel in English from Nagaland entitled A Naga Village Remembered.

The novel gives an account of the great battle of Khonoma (1879 –

1880) and of the advent of the Christian Missionaries to Nagaland. The

novel abounds in references to tribal faiths, festivals, myths and

legends, hills, rivers and forests of Nagaland, the entire ecology of the

region. The novel reflects the writer’s concern for the degeneration of

ecology. In fact, the novel reflects the degradation of pristine ecology

(N. Das 2011, 288). A Terrible Matriarchy, another novel by Easterine

Eralu, talks about gender inequality. She raises this issue from a new

perspective, showing how women exploit women in a setup of

matriarchal hegemony.




40

Apart from all those writers mentioned above, there have been

quite a good number of non-fictional writers discussing some of the

core issues of the Northeastern region of India. Sanjoy Hazarika, the

international journalist, in his book Strangers of the Mist delves deeper

into the history of insurgency in Northeast India.

In his book The Brahmaputra, Arup Kumar Dutta makes a

historical and anatomical survey of the Brahmaputra, discusses the

myths and legends associated with the river. Going back to the pages of

remote history, he finds out scriptural references to this river. The book

also talks about the ethics and values of the indigenous people

regarding Brahmaputra. The traditional ecomystical ideals of the people

of this region are reflected in these discussions.

Sanjib Baruah’s book Durable Disorder: Understanding the

Politics of Northeast India addresses the issues of search for identity,

ethnicity, aspirations for new homelands, and crisis of displacement.

The book also talks about the geopolitics of the region as well as the

tradition and culture of the tribal communities of the region. Thus the

political life of the region and the cultural aspects along with ecological

greatness constituting the ecopolitics are vividly discussed in both the

fictional and non-fictional prose writings in English of the Northeast.

The ecological and acoustical world is explored in the plays

written in Manipuri and Assamese and translated into English.

Exhibiting local colours, local sense and sentiment, these plays deal

with some of the core issues of the region: ecology, myths and legends,

tradition, mysticism, etc. and have a universal appeal.

A major Manipuri playwright G.C. Tongbra tries to expose the

anomalous conditions in the society and envisions a better life through

his plays and ecofeministic ideas can be marked in his plays. To him

sustaining of life is the fundamental question of human beings and so he

challenges the issues of morality, law or justice as impediments to the

life of the exploited class of the society.




41

Another Manipuri playwright Ratan Thiyam seems to be very

much concerned about the erosion of human values resulting in the

degradation of ecology. His plays have a prophetic voice and spiritual

yearnings amidst the chaotic socio-political atmosphere of the present

world. Ratan is not only a sensible theatre personality and an artist of

high caliber, but also an activist very much aware of and sensitive to

various contemporary issues. Ecological concerns are strongly voiced in

his plays. He also rediscovers the folklores, myths and legends of

Manipur and bestows upon them contemporary meaning.

Bus Stop is a play written by another important playwright from

Manipur Athokpam Tomchou Singh. The play depicts the ecological

crisis posed by the changing values in the name of modernization. As

the play reiterates the need to develop a new environmental ethics, that

can restore peace and harmony, a sense of ecomysticism can be heard in

the play. A notable Manipuri playwright of the post-war era, Arambam

Somorendra Singh wrote Leipaklei (A Tender Earth Flower, 1988). He

attacks the hollow pretensions of the middle class and envisages a better

society where human beings can live an unburdened life. The play has

presented myriad views of ecology.

Another forceful playwright of Manipur, Wairokpam Kamini

Singh (1948 –) wrote Hing-ning-liba Thawai (A Soul, Still Wishing to

Stay Alive). The play presents the playwright’s serious concern for the

loss of human values in the modern society. Suggestions for ending the

overall degeneration in modern living and for a revival of the good old

days of the past by going back to nature as a solace are hinted in the

play. Human beings can peacefully survive on this earth only by

identifying themselves with nature. And this fact is exposed in the play.

And so echoes of ecomysticism are recurrently heard in this play.

An eminent Assamese poet and playwright Ganesh Gogoi

(1907-1937) wrote Saikunir Protisodh (Revenge of Sakuni). A

remarkable play in the history of Assamese drama, the play centres

round the character of Sakuni, the maternal uncle of the ‘Kauravas’ in

the great Indian epic the Mahabharata. The play can be studied from

ecofeminist ideologies. It is also interesting to note that recent concept




42

of ecofeminism dates back even to the age of the epics. The

ecofeminists opine that the notion of womanhood is a social construct

and women have been without a ‘space’ in all ages of human history.

Ecofeminism believes that nature as a woman/mother has been

exploited and treated as a passive object by the patriarchal society. The

play Revenge of Sakuni opens up many such issues, strengthening the

claim of the ecofeminists.

Another outstanding Assamese playwright is Arun Sarma (1931

–). He wrote The Wolf Man that expresses the agony of the rootless

people, and Robes of Destiny (2009), The Fortress of Fire) and Aditir

Atmakatha (Aditi’s Autography). Ecocritical principles may be adopted

in studying these plays. Thus, ecology, ecofeminism and ecomysticism

are in a matrix in the plays from the Northeast. There is the enactment

of the very idea of ecomysticism – the idea of living together peacefully

and maintaining a balance in the entire ecosystem.

Contemporary poetry in English from India’s Northeast has

multifaceted voices. It is an expression of an individual poetic self as

well as the saga of the people of the region in general. It presents a vista

of images of the mountains, hills, rivers, myths and legends, tradition

and culture, and multi-ethnic people of the region. Identity crisis, a

sense of alienation and migrancy are some of the dominant features of

contemporary politics in the Northeast. There has been a conscious use

of ecology as a means for an assertion of identity in the works of the

poets of this region.

Some of the representative poets of this region whose works

have been enriching the multi-ethnic Indian poetry in English from

Northeast either in original writing or through translations are listed

below. Mamang Dai, Yumlam Tana (Arunachal Pradesh); Navakanta

Baruah, Nilamani Phookan, Hiren Bhattacharya, Harekrishna Deka,

Bhupati Das. Lakshahira Das, Dayananda Pathak, Umakanta Sarma,

Rupanjali Baruah (Assam); Robin S Ngangom, R.K. Madhurbir, R.K.

Bhubonsana, Kunjarani Longjam Chanu, Yumlembam Ibomcha,

Thangjam Ibopishak, Raghu Leishangthem, Arambam Ongbi

Memchoubi, Saratchand Thiyam, Ilabanta Yumnam, Gambhini Devi




43

(Manipur); Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih, Desmond L. Kharmawphlang,

Tarun Bhartiya, Pijush Dhar, Ananya S Guha, Anjum Hasan, Paul

Lyngdoh, Donboklang Ryntathiang, Almond D Syiem, Esther Syiem,

Bevan L. Swer, Indari Siyem Warjri (Meghalaya); Mona Zote, Cherrie

L. Chhangte, Lalrinmawii Khiangte, L. Biakliana, H. Ramdinthari

(Mizoram); Temsula Ao, Monalisa Changkija, Easterine Eralu, Nini

Lungalang (Nagaland); Rajendra Bhandari, Guru T. Ladakhi (Sikkim);

Bhaskar Roy Barman, Niranjan Chakma, Jagamaya Chakma, Bijoy

Kumar Debbarma, Narendra Debbarma, Nandakumar Debbarma,

Kalyanbrata Chakraborti, Krittibas Chakraborty, Swapan Sengupta,

Sudhanya Tripura, Sefali Debbarma, Chandra Kanta Murasingh, Pijush

Routh and Gambhini Sorokkhaibam (Tripura).

In the poetry of these poets there is a continuous urge of going

back to the native tradition in search of roots. These writers strongly

advocate preservation of their own culture and tradition, which they

seem to believe as a powerful way of asserting their own identity amidst

cultural and political hegemony. In doing so, they also emphasize on

preservation of the ecology of their region, which is synonymous with

their self-identity in their perception. Contemporary poetry from the

Northeast seems to play a pivotal role in the search for identity, root,

traditional values, culture, etc. which are lost in the humdrum of

modernization and urbanization. The poets of this region strongly

advocate preservation of the ecology of their region to preserve their

land, native tradition and culture, and above all, their identity amidst

cultural and political hegemony.




44

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