Khanke Water Supply Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Khanke Water Supply

Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Submitted to World Vision KRI By SETS

May 2015

Khanke Water Treatment Plant Environmental Impact Assessment

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Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................. 2

List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................................... 3

List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................................... 4

Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................. 5

1. Project Description ...................................................................................................................................... 7

2. Methodology................................................................................................................................................... 8

3. Description of Project Surroundings .................................................................................................... 9

3.1. Physical .................................................................................................................................................... 9

3.1.1. Climate ............................................................................................................................................ 9

3.1.2. Geology ........................................................................................................................................ 10

3.1.3. Land use....................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1.4. Water Resources ...................................................................................................................... 14

3.2. Biophysical .......................................................................................................................................... 17

4. Environmental Issues .............................................................................................................................. 20

4.1. Map of Physical Works and Undertakings .............................................................................. 20

4.2. Concerns for Specific Infrastructure ......................................................................................... 23

5. Analysis of Environmental Impacts ................................................................................................... 25

5.1. Summary of Impacts ........................................................................................................................ 25

5.2. Analysis of Negative Impacts and Mitigating Measures .................................................... 29

5.3. Analysis of Positive Impacts and Opportunities for Enhancement ............................... 29

5.4. Long-Term or Cumulative Effects .............................................................................................. 30

6. Environmental Considerations during Implementation ............................................................ 31

6.1. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measurers............................................................. 31

6.2. Monitoring Environment Effects and Mitigation ................................................................. 38

7. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan ...................................................................... 39

8. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................. 51

9. References .................................................................................................................................................... 53

Appendix A ........................................................................................................................................................... 55

Appendix B ........................................................................................................................................................... 56


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List of Figures Figure 1 - Project Site Location ........................................................................................................................ 7 Figure 2 – Annual Precipitation Map of the Tigris River Basin ........................................................... 9 Figure 3 – Topography of the region .......................................................................................................... 11 Figure 4 - Division of the Northern Iraq in an alluvial (yellow) and an infiltrative/non-infiltrative (blue) zone ..................................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 5 - Soil formations ............................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 6 – Land Cover....................................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 7 - River Map of Iraq [5] .................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 8- Surface water resources .............................................................................................................. 16 Figure 9 –Area surrounding the site location (1) .................................................................................. 18 Figure 10 - Area surrounding the site location (2) ............................................................................... 18 Figure 11 – Mosul Dam Lake nearby the site location ......................................................................... 19 Figure 12 – Khanke Water treatment Plant site location ................................................................... 20 Figure 13 – Site plan ......................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 14 – Khanke proposed Water Network ....................................................................................... 22 Figure 15 – Existing Facility Components ................................................................................................ 24


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List of Tables Table 1 - Duhok Climate Data ........................................................................................................................ 10 Table 2 - Duhok Rainfall Data ........................................................................................................................ 10 Table 3 – Results of water sample testing ................................................................................................ 17 Table 4 – Summary of impacts ...................................................................................................................... 25 Table 5 – Water quality requirements ....................................................................................................... 30 Table 6 – Impacts and mitigation measures ............................................................................................ 31 Table 7 - Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan ............................................................ 39


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Executive Summary

The population in the Village of Khanke has increased rapidly during the past year due to the influx of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). As a result, a solution to meet the significant increase in water demand has been proposed. The Department of Foreign Affairs Trade and Development, Canada (DFATD) has agreed to fund a proposed solution through World Vision which consists of upgrading the existing water treatment plant in Khanke and the implementation of a 4km network to convey the necessary water supply.

As part of the project, an Environmental Impact Assessment needs to be performed, with the objective of ensuring that any interventions and ongoing operations of the project would not cause any long term negative consequences to the environment and the community within which the project is proposed.

The methodology used to complete the environmental impact assessment includes field visits and data collection from different sources (e.g. local authorities, desk research, tests conducted, field work, etc.) followed by analysis of the collected information. Based on the data analysis, mitigation measures and recommendations are presented.

As a first step, the project surroundings are presented. The site is located on the northeastern bank of the Mosul Dam Reservoir, where the Tigris River flows. The yearly average temperature is equal to 15.6 °C and the yearly average rainfall is 863mm. Khanke region consists of a plain with some local hills further to the North-East. The site is characterized by alluvial deposits. Land use around the water treatment plant site is mainly composed of shrubs and plants. The capacity of Mosul Reservoir is approximately 11.11 km3 which makes it the largest reservoir in Kurdistan Regional Government. Water samples were extracted from the reservoir for laboratory testing. The results show that all parameters are below the maximum permissible levels. The site investigation revealed that the area surrounding the project site is mainly rural.

The project will consist of the following main elements:

• Supply and installation of a prefabricated water treatment plant including all fittings and accessories:

• Rehabilitation of old pump room including all fittings and accessories • Construction of a concrete storage tank (200 m3) • Laying of a 4km water supply and distribution network

The impacts of the project are mostly negative during the construction phase. However, these negative impacts are only temporary and are greatly outweighed by the positive impacts during operation. For construction, negative impacts result from vehicles and


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machinery operation, temporary facilities on site, laborers’ behaviors, etc. Mitigation measures are presented to avoid or at least minimize all potential negative impacts. As for the positive impacts during operation, they mainly consist of an increase of water supply and improvement of water quality. However, special care needs to be taken during water extraction in order for the project to be sustainable which requires meticulous monitoring. Water quality is also of paramount importance which is why chlorination dosages need to be carefully checked. Finally, the frequency of reporting for each mitigation measure, the person responsible and the monitoring indicators are all identified.

This assessment discusses these issues in more detail and outlines mitigation measures to be employed in order not only to minimize the risk to the environment as a result of these interventions, but also to improve water quality and quantity. Finally the environmental management plan will help summarize how this project can incorporate the findings and monitor them over the life of the project.


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1. Project Description

The population in the Village of Khanke has increased rapidly during the past year due to the influx of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). As a result, a solution to meet the significant increase in water demand has been proposed. The Department of Foreign Affairs Trade and Development, Canada (DFATD) has agreed to fund a proposed solution through World Vision which consists of upgrading the existing water treatment plant in Khanke and the implementation of a 4km network to convey the necessary water supply. Khanke village is part of Duhok Governate, located in Sumel Sub district. Figure 1 below shows the project site location. The Water treatment plant site is located on the northeastern side of Mosul Dam Lake, from which it pumps 250m3/hr of water to be treated and supplied to the village. The project consists of increasing the water supply by:

• Supply and installation up of prefabricated water treatment units • Supply and installation of 3 horizontal booster pumps • Construction a concrete storage tank with a capacity of 200 m3 • Construction of 3,800 m long water network

Figure 1 - Project Site Location


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2. Methodology

The methodology used to complete the environmental impact assessment includes field and data collection followed by analysis of the collected information. Based on the data analysis, mitigation measures and recommendations are presented.

Several sources were used to complete the data collection required for this project. General information, including technical data, was gathered through meeting key personnel from the concerned local authorities, namely the Ministry of Municipalities and Tourism, General Directorate of Water and Sewerage, Directorate of Water outskirts – Duhok and Duhok Sewerage Directorate.

In addition to meeting key personnel from the local authorities, further data was collected through observatory field visits to consolidate the understanding of the environmental setting. A visit to the water treatment plant and the surrounding region was conducted to inspect the physical setting. Moreover, social impacts were assessed through public discourse and interaction during the conducted site visits.

Furthermore, different types of tests were carried out to assess the quality of drinking water such as biological, physical and chemical tests. The parameters tested include turbidity and pH among others.

Desk review was also used as a source of information that could support the impact assessment study especially regarding some of the project’s surroundings’ description including topography, climate, etc.

Based on all the above activities, the main concerns were highlighted and analyzed as shown in the Environmental Impact Assessment report.


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3. Description of Project Surroundings

3.1. Physical

3.1.1. Climate

The climate in Khanke is classified as a hot-summer Mediterranean, with very high summer temperatures and moderate winter temperatures. There is more rainfall in the winter than in the summer. The temperature on a yearly average is equal to 15.6 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 863mm. The figures in Table 1 and Table 2 are based on long-term weather and climate records. They are an average for Khanke weather during various months [1].

Figure 2 – Annual Precipitation Map of the Tigris River Basin


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Table 1 - Duhok Climate Data

Month Average Temp (°C) Average Max Temp (°C)

Average Min Temp (°C)

January 2.4 6.6 -1.8 February 3.8 8.4 -0.7 March 7.8 12.7 2.9 April 12.9 18.3 7.5 May 19.2 25.6 12.8 June 24.9 32.3 17.6 July 29.3 36.9 21.7 August 28.8 36.6 21.1 September 24.7 32.5 17.0 October 17.9 24.7 11.2 November 10.6 15.9 5.4 December 4.7 8.9 0.5

Table 2 - Duhok Rainfall Data

Month Average rainfall per month (mm)

January 126 February 165 March 147 April 120 May 54 June 0 July 0 August 0 September 2 October 32 November 92 December 125

3.1.2. Geology

3.1.2.1 Topography

Khanke region consists of a plain with some local hills further to the North-East. Cultivated land surrounds the region all the way up to Duhok city. The nearest human settlement is approximately 1km away from the treatment plant site [2]. The site is located on the


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northeastern bank of the Mosul Dam Lake, where the Tigris River flows. There are concerns about the dam stability because it was built with highly soluble gypsum beds. The site surface elevation is 352m above sea level. Figure 3 illustrates the topography in the region.

Figure 3 – Topography of the region


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3.1.2.2 Soil Formations

The site is characterized by alluvial deposits varying from gravel and very coarse sediments to sand and clay in sequential layers as can be seen in Figure 4 below. The plain area is dominated by the Fatha and Injana Formations. [3]

Figure 4 - Division of the Northern Iraq in an alluvial (yellow) and an infiltrative/non-infiltrative (blue) zone

The site is located in an area consisting of Pleistocene to Recent age alluvial deposits overlying rocks of the Middle Miocene age Fatha Formation, and the Early Miocene age Jeribe Formation (See Figure 5). [4] Many faults occur in the concerned area, besides the Sinjar-Dohuk-Amadiya deep seated fault.


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Figure 5 - Soil formations

3.1.3. Land use

Land use around the water treatment plant site is mainly composed of shrubs and plants as can be seen from Figure 6 below. A limited number of low rise buildings exists around the existing water treatment plant.


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Figure 6 – Land Cover

3.1.4. Water Resources

3.1.4.1. Surface Water

Kurdistan Regional Government is rich with rivers and streams as can be seen in Figure 7. The most important rivers are Khabur, Greater Zab, Lesser Zab, Sirwan and Awa Spi. They all flow into the Tigris River which crosses the whole country down to the Persian Gulf.

The water treatment plant lies next to the Mosul fresh water lake that was created by the Mosul Dam. The capacity of Mosul Lake reservoir is approximately 11.11 km3 which makes it the largest reservoir in Kurdistan Regional Government (See Figure 8). 80% of the water consumption in the city of Duhok comes from Mosul and Duhok dams and the remaining 20% depend on local groundwater wells.


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Figure 7 - River Map of Iraq [5]

SITE LOCATION


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Figure 8- Surface water resources

3.1.4.2. Groundwater

The existing anticlines in the area allow the exposition of the Pila Spi, Avanah and Sinjar formations to the surface at the cores of these anticlines. This amplifies groundwater infiltration. The formation is made of fractured limestone with transmissivities of 3.5 to 42000 m2/day and an infiltration rate varying between 30 and 40%. The aquifers drain through springs in the valleys where formations are exposed to the surface. [6]

3.1.4.3. Water Flow Rate

Water is pumped from the Mosul Reservoir to the water treatment facility at a rate of 250m3/hr.

3.1.4.4. Water Quality (Chemical and Biological samples)

Water samples were taken from the lake for laboratory testing. The following parameters were analyzed: Turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), Chloride (Cl), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), nitrate (NO3), sulfate (SO4), dissolved oxygen (DO), Fluride (F), Lithium (Li), Phosphate, Aluminum (Al). The results are shown in Table 3,

SITE LOCATION


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along with the desirable range and the maximum allowed level according to the Directorate of Water Outskirts Duhok:

Table 3 – Results of water sample testing

Characteristic Water Sample Desirable Range Max permissible level Turbidity un (NTU) 2.4 0.1 – 5 25

PH 8.6 7 - 8.5 6.5 - 9.2 EC in (MHO/cm) 292 1000 2000

Total dissolved solid 146 500 1500 Total Alkalinity 144 125 200 Total Hardness 131 80 - 150 500

Calcium 44 50 - 100 200 Magnesium 5.1 50 150

Chloride 66 200 250 Sulfate 63.1 200 400 Sodium 16 0 200

Potassium 4.6 10 12 Iron 0.16 0.1 - 0.3 1

Nitrate <0.5 0 50 Lithium (Li) ppm 1 0.7 59

Phophate <0.05 0.3 5 Aluminum (Al) ppm <0.05 0 0.2

Dissolved oxygen 8.1 6.5 14

The results show that all parameters are below the maximum permissible levels. However they do not all comply with the desired range. pH level (8.6) is slightly higher than the desirable pH (7 – 8.5). Moreover, the total alkalinity is also high. Minerals levels are low with respect to the desirable range: Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulfate, Potassium and Phosphate. There exist some Sodium, Nitrate and Aluminum in the water but these too are below the maximum permissible level.

3.2. Biophysical

The site investigation revealed that the area surrounding the project site is mainly rural (see Figure 9 and Figure 10). Different types of shrubs occupy the territory with few trees. Some lands are used for the cultivation of wheat and barley in addition to some vines and vegetables.


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Figure 9 –Area surrounding the site location (1)

Figure 10 - Area surrounding the site location (2)


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Figure 11 below shows an overview of the Mosul Dam Lake from the site location. The main threat on the ecosystem is the Mosul Dam downstream the lake which is in a dangerous state. Fishing, livestock production/grazing, gravel mining, and agricultural activities exist in the area. Boating also takes place in the lake which may cause some pollution.

Figure 11 – Mosul Dam Lake nearby the site location


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4. Environmental Issues

4.1. Map of Physical Works and Undertakings

The project site location is shown on the Google Earth image below (Figure 12), with coordinates: 36°45'17.64"N, 42°45'43.92"E. It falls next to Mosul Dam Lake, to the southwest of Khanke village.

Figure 12 – Khanke Water treatment Plant site location

Figure 13 below represents the site plan of the project, showing the existing pump room and water tank, and the proposed treatment plant facility. Figure 14 illustrates the water network from the tank to the village.

Khanke Water treatment Plant

Khanke Village


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Figure 13 – Site plan


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Figure 14 – Khanke proposed Water Network


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4.2. Concerns for Specific Infrastructure

Figure 15 below presents the existing water treatment plant components that were investigated during the site visit. It can be clearly seen that the existing tank has a limited capacity. The water overflow is being discharged on site forming ponds. The tank walls are in a bad state and needs rehabilitation. Pumps are operating well but additional ones will be incorporated.


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Figure 15 – Existing Facility Components

The project will consist of the following main elements:

• Construction of a water filter plant including all fittings and accessories: • Rehabilitation of old pump room including all fittings and accessories • Construction of a concrete storage tank (200 m3) • Laying of a 4km water supply and distribution network

The impacts for the construction of the above are presented in details in Table 4.


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5. Analysis of Environmental Impacts

5.1. Summary of Impacts

Table 4 summarizes the impacts for each activity related to the project and presents the magnitude, frequency, likelihood and consequence of each impact.

Table 4 – Summary of impacts

Activity Type of Impact Magnitude Frequency / Duration Likelihood Consequence

(+ / -) CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Site Preparation

Construction of the water network may cause increase in traffic in the village

Medium Only during construction Medium Negative

Construction of a temporary site offices and lay down area may have a limited impact on the topography

Minimal Only during construction Low Negative

Commercial activities hindered because of the difficulty of access Medium Only during

construction Low Negative

General use of vehicles and machinery

Water for wash down of vehicles and machinery on site may contaminate groundwater

Significant Permanent Low Negative

Spills or leaks of fuels, lubricants or chemicals from machinery and vehicles may contaminate groundwater

Significant Permanent Low Negative

Source of noise Medium Only during construction High Negative

General laborers presence on site Inadequate storage and management of litter, construction



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(+ / -) waste and liquid wastes prior to disposal Effluent from construction workers’ temporary amenities leaching into groundwater, carrying nutrients and micro-organisms

Significant Permanent Medium Negative

Contamination of the storm water from litter and construction wastes and untreated effluent from temporary workers' amenities

Medium Only during construction Low Negative

Odor generated from sewer of worker's amenities Significant Only during

construction High Negative

Traffic due to transport of personnel


Excavation works

Heavy noises near schools can affect learning Medium Only during

construction Minimal Negative

Dust emissions generated from earthworks due to loading and unloading of materials on site and from uncovered truckload in addition to the potential dust emissions that could occur as a result of 4km of excavation for the water supply network

Minimal Only during construction Medium Negative

Contamination of storm water from exposed soils Medium Only during


Generation of excavation material to be disposed of Medium Only during


Potential public safety concerns associated with the excavation works for the installation of the water supply network

Low Only during construction Low Negative


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(+ / -)

Manhole construction Potential worker accidents from constructing manholes Significant Only during


Breaking of existing concrete bases of the old pumps

Generation of debris to be disposed outside the project site Medium Only during


Dust emissions during breaking of concrete that might affect workers health

Medium Only during construction High Negative

Disposal of debris hauling to an approved location

Traffic congestion Medium Only during construction Medium Negative

Adverse impact on the health of the workers and residents in and around the due to deterioration of the air quality, increase of noise and traffic

Significant Only during construction Medium Negative

Volatile emissions during earthwork phase from solvents and fuels stored or used on the Project site

Medium Only during construction High Negative

Exhaust and dust emissions from construction vehicles and machinery Medium Only during


Facility façade Negative visual effect on aesthetics Minimal Permanent Low Negative Installation of electric cables to connect pumps with the power source

Use of potentially harmful materials (e.g. PCB) Significant Permanent Low Negative

OPERATION PHASE

Delivery of Water Treatment Plant supplies

Increase traffic of vehicles required to deliver materials and supply for the treatment processes

Low Permanent Low Negative

Water extraction from the lake

Water drawdown Significant Permanent Low Negative

Unsustainable water use Medium Permanent Low Negative Decrease in water available for existing flora and fauna in the lake Minimal Permanent Low Negative Effects on the current fishing activities Minimal Permanent Low Negative


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(+ / -)

Effects on the sensitive ecosystem Minimal Permanent Low Negative Increase of water supply to population Significant Permanent High Positive

Backwash water Backwash water to be disposed of Significant Permanent High Negative

Treatment of water by chlorination

Supply of improved drinking water quality to population Significant Permanent High Positive

Risk of wrong dosage Significant Single event occurrences Low Negative

Potential hazard from the use of chlorine Significant Permanent Low Negative

Waste generation Chemicals coagulation, settled water from pre-sedimentation Minimal Permanent Low Negative

Pump room operation

Halted operation due to electricity cuts Medium Single event

occurrences Low Negative Pollution in case generators are needed Minimal Permanent Medium Negative Contamination of water due to spills and propagation of chemical elements (e.g. PCB, oil, etc.)

Significant Permanent Medium Negative

Risk of leakage from fuel storage tanks Significant Permanent Medium Negative

Noise pollution Minimal Permanent High Negative

Water treatment plant facility Aesthetic issue Minimal Permanent Low Negative Additional use of energy to operate the facility (electricity) Minimal Permanent Low Negative

Land use around facility Deterioration of landscape (trees and plants) that exists at the proposed new site location

Minimal Permanent Low Negative


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5.2. Analysis of Negative Impacts and Mitigating Measures

After a qualitative study of the potential impacts that are caused by the construction of the new treatment plant, mitigation measures were developed to attenuate negative impacts as much as possible.

The project is an extension of an existing water treatment plant therefore the impacts will be minimal when included to those generated from the current facility.

Backwash water shall be discharged to a recovery basin and recycled for use in other areas such as irrigation or firefighting or for reprocessing with the inlet raw water. Sludge generated from water treatment may be sent to a lagoon or a drying bed for dewatering by gravity drainage and air drying, thickening and temporary storage. After a period of several months, the sludge cake formed on the surface is removed by hand shoveling or mechanical means.

Excavation and construction activities will be restricted to daytime only for less noise and dust impact.

Traffic impact at the site location is minimal during construction of the water treatment plant since it is a remote area where traffic is almost negligible. In the village, provisions will be made for a shared worker's transport from workers accommodation to the proposed Project site and avoid transportation activities during traffic peak hours (8:00 AM – 9:00 AM and 5:00 PM to 6:00 PM).

Trees shall be replanted around the site to improve the visual impact and reduce noise and dust.

Further mitigation measures are elaborated in Table 6.

5.3. Analysis of Positive Impacts and Opportunities for Enhancement

Improvements in the drinking water quality and increase in the water supply represent the most important positive impacts of the project. The proposed treatment plant shall produce water which complies with the recommendations of the World Health Organization and/or European Community Standards in addition to the operational requirements outlined in Table 5 below.


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Table 5 – Water quality requirements

Parameter (units) Requirements

Target Mean

Guide Levels at 95%

Maximum Permissible Levels

Turbidity (NTU) 0.2 0.8 3 Color (mg/l pt-Co) 0.5 1 20 Aluminum (mg/l) 0.03 0.05 0.2 Iron(mg/l) 0.03 0.05 0.2 Manganese (mg/l) 0.015 0.02 0.05 pH (1) - 6.5 - 8.5 - Taste and Odor (TON) - - 3 THM (µg/l) - - 100 Total Coliforms/100 ml - 0 < 1 Chlorine residual after 30 min. (mg/l) - 0.5 0.7

(1) The water shall not be corrosive (or aggressive) or noticeably scale forming as such, the water shall have a slightly positive “Langelier” index

With the population increase and the influx of refugees, the implementation of this project is necessary to meet with the population needs. Almost 58000 inhabitants will benefit from the newly installed water network. Other major enhancements include timely supply, better equitable water distribution, and extensive service area.

5.4. Long-Term or Cumulative Effects

Management regulations and appropriate operation procedures are required to achieve full control.


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6. Environmental Considerations during Implementation

6.1. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measurers

The mitigation actions and approaches of all identified impacts are presented in Table 6.

Table 6 – Impacts and mitigation measures

Activity/Impact Mitigating Actions and Approaches Construction of a temporary site offices and lay down area may have a limited impact on the topography

Limit earthworks to the minimum required for the proposed facilities such as site office

Commercial activities hindered because of the difficulty of access Local residents should be employed during the construction phases

wherever feasible Water for wash down of vehicles and machinery on site may contaminate groundwater

Provision of uncontaminated water for dust suppression and wash down of vehicles and machinery


Spill control measures should be implemented to prevent spills from infiltrating into the groundwater table. Measures should include appropriate materials handling and storage procedures, and development of contingency plans in the event of a spill

Noise pollution during construction

Make sure all machinery and vehicles are fitted with appropriate mufflers, and that all mufflers and acoustic treatments are in good working order;

Make sure all machinery and vehicles are regularly maintained and broken parts (such as mufflers) are replaced immediately


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Activity/Impact Mitigating Actions and Approaches

Make sure all machinery and vehicles are operated efficiently and according to the manufacturers specifications, by trained and qualified operator

Make sure that activities likely to cause adverse noise impacts are timed to have least impact on surrounding land users and other site activities (such as the schools and the hospitals)

Make sure all personnel are issued with hearing protection and are advised of its proper use

Consultation of earthwork hours with affected residents and nearby sensitive receivers

Inadequate storage and management of litter, construction waste and liquid wastes prior to disposal

Waste management measures should be implemented to prevent litter and debris and liquid wastes from entering soil excavations

Effluent from construction workers’ temporary amenities leaching into groundwater, carrying nutrients and micro-organisms

Provision of temporary amenities for workers. Effluent should be treated or suitably disposed off-site


Waste control measures should be implemented to prevent litter and construction waste from infiltrating into the groundwater table

Provision of suitable workers’ amenities facilities. If possible, effluent should be disposed of off-site at a nearby STP

High volume of excavation and filling may alter flow paths within the portions under construction

Re-use any excess excavation material generated by the construction within the site or on the other nearby projects. The deposit of waste to landfill is a last resort.


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Reduce as much as possible difference between cut and fill

Odor generated from sewer of worker's amenities

Provision of suitable workers’ amenities, located within the construction area and, if possible, downwind from residential areas

Regular maintenance of workers’ amenities, including the emptying of effluent storage tanks

Traffic congestions

Provision of shared worker's transport from workers accommodation to the proposed Project site

Installation of warning signs and specified speed limits (site roads should reduce traffic speeds to 20 km/hr)

The use of local construction materials where practical to avoid long journeys

Provision of adequate lighting on site road and parking areas

Timing of construction activity, such as restricting construction traffic to designated roads during designated times, avoiding peak hour traffic

Design a traffic plan to make sure that traffic avoids, where possible, congested and heavily populated areas and dusty roads

Heavy noises near schools can affect learning

Construction works within 100m of schools should be restricted to outside school hours (such as before and after school, during school holidays or weekends, or left as the final stage of works); Wire fence meshing, dust screens or wooden hoardings should be installed to delineate the construction area and therefore decrease impacts; The access points for construction vehicles should be a minimum of 100m from school access


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Minimizing the height and slope of stockpiles to ensure erosion of unconsolidated materials during rainfall events does not occur

Side enclosure and covering, by impervious sheeting, of any aggregate or other dusty material stockpiles

Dusty vehicle loads transported to, from and within the Project site should be covered by sheets and should not be overloaded

Use of water sprays to decrease dust generation

Contamination of storm water from exposed soils sediments

The height and slope of stockpiles should be limited to minimize erosion of unconsolidated materials during rainfall events

Locating stockpiles on flat areas, away from storm water. Ensure that sediment or erosion cannot reach a waterway; Diversion of overland flow around work areas / construction sites

Generation of excavation material to be disposed of Re-use of excavated material for the project or other projects in the area Potential public safety concerns associated with the excavation works for the installation of the water supply network

The area surrounding the excavations should be fenced off or otherwise restricted from public access to prevent injury or accident due to entry onto a construction site

Potential worker accidents from constructing manholes

Following mitigation measures are recommended for the prevention of gas emissions

Generation of debris to be disposed outside the project site Solid waste that cannot be re-used shall be disposed of in approved

landfills Dust emissions during breaking of concrete that might affect workers health Use of water sprays to decrease dust emissions


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Activity/Impact Mitigating Actions and Approaches Adverse impact on the health of the workers and residents in and around the due to deterioration of the air quality, increase of noise and traffic

Implement the air quality, noise and traffic mitigation measures as described in the relevant sections


Ensure all machinery is in good order and repair and not leaking fuel or volatile emissions from fuel tanks or fuel lines

A full list of all volatile fuels and chemicals stored on site should be kept by the site supervisor, including accompanying volumes, locations and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)

Exhaust and dust emissions from construction vehicles and machinery

Use of modern machinery, with adequate pollution control devices. Regular maintenance and inspection programs for all construction vehicles.

Proper and efficient operation of construction machinery and vehicles by qualified workers

Regular maintenance and inspection program for all construction vehicles

Minimize unnecessary operation of construction machinery, including efficiency of trip times and reduction of double handling through appropriate placement of stockpiles, haul roads, work depots and work areas

Daily visual checks to ensure the above points are followed, particularly in regards to smoke emissions from vehicles and plants. Equipment generating smoke should be given defect notices and taken out of service until repaired and approved for re-deployment by site supervisor.

Visual effect on aesthetics Design facilities’ facades in a subtle way that matches its surroundings and reduce their size as much as possible to minimize the potential negative effects on aesthetics.


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Use of potentially harmful materials (e.g. PCB) Limit use of harmful materials. If unavoidable, impose monitoring and maintenance

Improper chlorination dosage may alter water quality Regular monitoring of water content and of chlorination performance

Water drawdown Control water extraction to match as close as possible the groundwater recharge rate

Unsustainable water use

Water extraction monitoring Sensitize and educate the beneficiaries/refugees on the need to conserve water and promote best practices in the use of water

Improved irrigation practices Decrease in water available for existing flora and fauna in the lake

Control water extraction to match as close as possible the groundwater recharge rate

Effects on the current fishing activities Control water extraction to match as close as possible the groundwater recharge rate

Effects on the sensitive ecosystem Minimize habitat loss due to construction activities Backwash water to be disposed of without treatment Recycle backwash water to the treatment plant inflow water

Risk of wrong chlorination dosage Regular monitoring of water content and of chlorination performance

Potential hazard from the use of chlorine Regular monitoring of chlorination performance and appropriate disposal of wastes

Chemicals coagulation, settled water from pre-sedimentation Empty sedimentation pond more frequently and dispose solid waste at

specified landfills


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Halted operation due to electricity cuts Use backup sources of power (e.g. traditional, renewable, etc.) Pollution in case generators are needed Use double hulled storage tanks for fuel

Contamination of water due to spills and propagation of chemical elements (e.g. PCB, oil, etc.)

Store chemicals in a contained location with no drainage connection to the water network

Ensure that transformers are located on impermeable and contained surfaces

Risk of leakage from fuel storage tanks Cover area where fuel storage tank is located with impervious material to limit leakage to groundwater

Noise pollution during operation Plant trees and shrubs around facility and fitting of mufflers on equipment Aesthetic issue Plant trees and shrubs around facility Additional use of energy to operate the facility (electricity)

Use alternative power sources such as solar power

Deterioration of landscape (trees and plants) that exists at the proposed new site location Plant trees and shrubs around facility


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6.2. Monitoring Environment Effects and Mitigation

During the construction phase, the resident engineer on site would designate a person to continuously monitor the activities that have been highlighted above that would cause a negative impact and that subsequently necessitate mitigation action. The monitoring would ensure that mitigation measures are strictly followed and any nonconformance would be reported to the resident engineer for correction. Some monitoring activities would include but not be limited to:

• Site inspection • Construction activities • Disposal activities • Worker behavior • Traffic • Power supply

Such a monitoring effort would limit any negative impact from nonconformance and would enable a better implementation of the management plan.

In order to ensure that the water treatment plant and the corresponding entities (tanks, network, valves and fittings, etc…) are properly operating there would be a team, from the Directorate of Water Outskirts Duhok, designated for their follow-up. During operation this team would also monitor on a regular basis the level of water in the lake, chlorination dosage and power supply – the main potential sources of negative impacts.


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7. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

Table 7 presents the monitoring indicators, reporting frequency and person responsible for each mitigation measure identified for the project.

Table 7 - Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

Environmental Component and Activity Mitigating Measure(s) Monitoring

Indicator(s)

Data Collection and Reporting

Frequency Responsible

Construction of a temporary site offices and lay down area may have a limited impact on the topography

Limit earthworks to the minimum required for the proposed facilities such as site office

Earthwork quantities optimization

Prior to commencing earthworks

Construction Manager

Commercial activities hindered because of the difficulty of access

Local residents should be employed during the construction phases wherever feasible

Number of local residents employed

Prior to and during construction


Water for wash down of vehicles and machinery on site may contaminate groundwater

Provision of uncontaminated water for dust suppression and wash down of vehicles and machinery

Water quality for dust suppression Bi - Weekly Site

Supervisor


Spill control measures should be implemented to prevent spills from infiltrating into the groundwater table. Measures should include appropriate materials handling and storage procedures, and development of contingency plans in the event of a spill

Correctness of procedures and plans

Prior to commencing construction

Health Officer Water/Sanitation Officer


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Indicator(s)



Noise pollution during construction

Make sure all machinery and vehicles are fitted with appropriate mufflers, and that all mufflers and acoustic treatments are in good working order;

Visual inspections Noise level

Prior to construction and update as required

Site Supervisor

Make sure all machinery and vehicles are regularly maintained and broken parts (such as mufflers) are replaced immediately


Daily Site Supervisor

Make sure all machinery and vehicles are operated efficiently and according to the manufacturers specifications, by trained and qualified operator


Prior to construction

Site Supervisor

Make sure that activities likely to cause adverse noise impacts are timed to have least impact on surrounding land users and other site activities (such as the schools and the hospitals)

Noise level Daily/Weekly

Construction Manager Site Supervisor

Make sure all personnel are issued with hearing protection and are advised of its proper use


Daily/weekly Safety Engineer

Consultation of earthwork hours with affected residents and nearby sensitive receivers

Noise level at different times Residents feedback



Inadequate storage and management of litter, construction waste and liquid wastes prior to disposal

Waste management measures should be implemented to prevent litter and debris and liquid wastes from entering soil excavations

Visual inspections of site

During construction



May 2015 41


Indicator(s)



Effluent from construction workers’ temporary amenities leaching into groundwater, carrying nutrients and micro-organisms

Provision of temporary amenities for workers. Effluent should be treated or suitably disposed off-site

Efficiency of provided amenities




Waste control measures should be implemented to prevent litter and construction waste from infiltrating into the groundwater table

Efficiency of proposed measures



Provision of suitable workers’ amenities facilities. If possible, effluent should be disposed of off-site at a nearby STP




High volume of excavation and filling may alter flow paths within the portions under construction

Re-use any excess excavation material generated by the construction within the site or on the other nearby projects. The deposit of waste to landfill is a last resort.

Location and quantities of cut and fill volumes

During construction


Reduce as much as possible difference between cut and fill

Cut and fill volumes

Before construction

Design Engineer

Odor generated from sewer of worker's amenities

Provision of suitable workers’ amenities, located within the construction area and, if possible, downwind from residential areas



Health Officer Water/Sanitation Officer Site Supervisor


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Indicator(s)



Regular maintenance of workers’ amenities, including the emptying of effluent storage tanks



Health Officer Water/Sanitation Officer Site Supervisor

Traffic congestions

Provision of shared worker's transport from workers accommodation to the proposed Project site

Number of vehicles required to transport workers

Daily/Weekly Site Supervisor

Installation of warning signs and specified speed limits (site roads should reduce traffic speeds to 20 km/hr)

Efficiency of signs location


Site Supervisor

The use of local construction materials where practical to avoid long journeys

Number of local suppliers involved compared to non-local construction materials



Provision of adequate lighting on site road and parking areas

Efficiency of light distribution and intensity


Site Supervisor

Timing of construction activity, such as restricting construction traffic to designated roads during designated times, avoiding peak hour traffic

Traffic level of service




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Indicator(s)



Design a traffic plan to make sure that traffic avoids, where possible, congested and heavily populated areas and dusty roads

Traffic level of service


Traffic Engineer

Heavy noises near schools can affect learning

Construction works within 100m of schools should be restricted to outside school hours (such as before and after school, during school holidays or weekends, or left as the final stage of works); Wire fence meshing, dust screens or wooden hoardings should be installed to delineate the construction area and therefore decrease impacts; The access points for construction vehicles should be a minimum of 100m from school access

Noise levels School feedback




Minimizing the height and slope of stockpiles to ensure erosion of unconsolidated materials during rainfall events does not occur

Visual inspections


Site Supervisor

Side enclosure and covering, by impervious sheeting, of any aggregate or other dusty material stockpiles

Visual inspections


Site Supervisor

Dusty vehicle loads transported to, from and within the Project site should be covered by sheets and should not be overloaded

Visual inspections Daily/Weekly Site

Supervisor

Use of water sprays to decrease dust generation

Visual inspections Daily Site

Supervisor


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Indicator(s)



Contamination of storm water from exposed soils sediments

The height and slope of stockpiles should be limited to minimize erosion of unconsolidated materials during rainfall events

Visual inspections

Daily checks of the location of the stockpiles

Site Supervisor

Locating stockpiles on flat areas, away from storm water. Ensure that sediment or erosion cannot reach a waterway; Diversion of overland flow around work areas / construction sites

Visual inspections

Daily checks of the location of the stockpiles

Site Supervisor

Generation of excavation material to be disposed of Re-use of excavated material for the project or

other projects in the area

Visual inspections

Daily checks of the generated excavation material and its disposal

Site Supervisor

Potential public safety concerns associated with the excavation works for the installation of the water supply network

The area surrounding the excavations should be fenced off or otherwise restricted from public access to prevent injury or accident due to entry onto a construction site

Visual inspections

Daily checks of the access restriction signboard or fence

Site Supervisor

Potential worker accidents from constructing manholes

Following mitigation measures are recommended for the prevention of gas emissions

Efficiency of mitigation measure for gas emissions prevention


Safety Engineer

Generation of debris to be disposed outside the project site

Solid waste that cannot be re-used shall be disposed of in approved landfills

Visual inspections

Daily checks of the generated excavation material and its disposal

Site Supervisor


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Indicator(s)



Dust emissions during breaking of concrete that might affect workers health

Use of water sprays to decrease dust emissions Visual inspections Daily Site

Supervisor Adverse impact on the health of the workers and residents in and around the due to deterioration of the air quality, increase of noise and traffic

Implement the air quality, noise and traffic mitigation measures as described in the relevant sections

Efficiency of assigned mitigation measures


Safety Engineer Site Supervisor


Ensure all machinery is in good order and repair and not leaking fuel or volatile emissions from fuel tanks or fuel lines

Visual inspections Daily/Weekly Site

Supervisor

A full list of all volatile fuels and chemicals stored on site should be kept by the site supervisor, including accompanying volumes, locations and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)

List of volatile fuels and chemicals

Update the register as necessary

Site Supervisor

Exhaust and dust emissions from construction vehicles and machinery

Use of modern machinery, with adequate pollution control devices. Regular maintenance and inspection programs for all construction vehicles.

Visual inspections Daily


Proper and efficient operation of construction machinery and vehicles by qualified workers

Workers qualifications Visual inspections




May 2015 46


Indicator(s)



Regular maintenance and inspection program for all construction vehicles

Maintenance and inspection program efficiency and implementation

In accordance with manufacturer requirements


Minimize unnecessary operation of construction machinery, including efficiency of trip times and reduction of double handling through appropriate placement of stockpiles, haul roads, work depots and work areas

Optimized total expected trip time compared to usual total trip time

Prior to construction

Site Supervisor Traffic Engineer

Daily visual checks to ensure the above points are followed, particularly in regards to smoke emissions from vehicles and plants. Equipment generating smoke should be given defect notices and taken out of service until repaired and approved for re-deployment by site supervisor.

Visual checks Daily Health Officer

Visual effect on aesthetics Design facilities’ facades in a subtle way that matches its surroundings and reduce their size as much as possible to minimize the potential negative effects on aesthetics.

Façade design Prior to construction

Design Engineer

Use of potentially harmful materials (e.g. PCB) Limit use of harmful materials. If unavoidable,

impose monitoring and maintenance

Amount of harmful materials used

Weekly

Health Officer Site Supervisor


May 2015 47


Indicator(s)



Improper chlorination dosage may alter water quality Regular monitoring of water content and of

chlorination performance

Water quality tests Arsenic <0.01 mg/L Lead <0.01 mg/L Total coli forms not detectable in any 100 ml sample Copper <2 mg/L Nitrate <50 mg/L Nitrite <0.2 mg/L Fluoride <1.5 mg/L

Daily


Water drawdown Control water extraction to match as close as possible the groundwater recharge rate

Amount of water being extracted Bi-weekly Water/Sanit

ation Officer

Unsustainable water use

Water extraction monitoring Amount of water being extracted Bi-weekly Water/Sanit

ation Officer

Sensitize and educate the beneficiaries/refugees on the need to conserve water and promote best practices in the use of water

Amount of water being extracted Beneficiaries/refugees/IDPs feedback and reaction

Biannual


Improved irrigation practices Amount of water being used for irrigation

Quarterly Water/Sanitation Officer

Decrease in water available for existing flora and fauna in the lake

Control water extraction to match as close as possible the groundwater recharge rate


ation Officer


May 2015 48


Indicator(s)



Effects on the current fishing activities Control water extraction to match as close as

possible the groundwater recharge rate


ation Officer

Effects on the sensitive ecosystem Minimize habitat loss due to construction

activities Visual inspection Prior to construction

Design Engineer / Construction Manager/ Site supervisor

Backwash water to be disposed of without treatment

Recycle backwash water to the treatment plant inflow water or use in irrigation and/or firefighting

Visual inspections Daily

Operation manager / Health Officer Water/Sanitation Officer

Risk of wrong chlorination dosage Regular monitoring of water content and of

chlorination performance Monitoring sensors Daily Operation

manager

Potential hazard from the use of chlorine

Regular monitoring of chlorination performance and appropriate disposal of wastes

Monitoring sensors Daily Operation

manager

Chemicals coagulation, settled water from pre-sedimentation

Empty sedimentation pond more frequently and dispose solid waste at specified landfills

Visual inspections Biannual

Operation manager / Health Officer Water/Sanitation Officer

Halted operation due to electricity cuts Use backup sources of power (e.g. traditional,

renewable, etc.)

Hours of electricity cuts per day

In case of power cuts

Local authorities


May 2015 49


Indicator(s)



Pollution in case generators are needed Use double hulled storage tanks for fuel

Hours per day during which generator is being used

Always Contractor

Contamination of water due to spills and propagation of chemical elements (e.g. PCB, oil, etc.)

Store chemicals in a contained location with no drainage connection to the water network

Water quality tests Arsenic <0.01 mg/L Lead <0.01 mg/L Total coli forms not detectable in any 100 ml sample Copper <2 mg/L Nitrate <50 mg/L Nitrite <0.2 mg/L Fluoride <1.5 mg/L

Always


Ensure that transformers are located on impermeable and contained surfaces

Location of transformers Type of surfaces on which transformers are located

Before construction

Hydrogeologist

Risk of leakage from fuel storage tanks

Cover area where fuel storage tank is located with impervious material to limit leakage to groundwater

Visual inspection Prior to construction/ during operation

Site supervisor / Operation manager

Noise pollution during operation Plant trees and shrubs around facility and

fitting of mufflers on equipment

Trees layout, number and height

At the end of construction

Landscape Engineer


May 2015 50


Indicator(s)



Aesthetic issue Plant trees and shrubs around facility Trees layout, number and height


Landscape Engineer

Additional use of energy to operate the facility (electricity)

Use alternate sources of energy such as solar power Visual inspection

Prior to construction / during operation

Design Engineer

Deterioration of landscape (trees and plants) that exists at the proposed new site location

Plant trees and shrubs around facility Trees layout, number and height


Landscape Engineer


May 2015 51

8. Conclusions

After a thorough investigation of the environmental impacts, it can be concluded that the physical and biophysical features will not be impacted significantly on the long term. Short term impacts on noise, air quality and other physical features will be mitigated during construction. The only long term impact on water supply is a positive one which is the increase in water supply to the population, the expansion in area coverage and the amelioration of the drinking water quality in Khanke.

Monitoring and proper employment of the Environmental Management Plan are necessary, especially with regard to water level at the lake.


May 2015 52


May 2015 53

9. References

[1] Climate Data, "Climate Data: Khanika," [Online]. Available: http://en.climate-data.org/location/935135/.

[2] "Kurdland Dohuk," [Online]. Available: http://www.kdp-ankara.org.tr/dohuk.html.

[3] M. A. Al-Sinjari, "Characterization and classification of some vertisols west of duhok," 2007.

[4] V. Sissakian, D. Hagopian and K. A. Ma'ala, Geological Map of Mosul Quadrangle, Baghdad: GEOSURV, 1995.

[5] UN-ESCWA and BGR, "Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia," United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia; Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Beirut, 2013.

[6] Z. Stevanovic and M. MArkovic, "Hydrogeology of Northern Iraq," Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations , Rome, 2004.

[7] what's the weather like, "Erbil Climate Info," [Online]. Available: http://www.whatstheweatherlike.org/iraq/erbil.htm.

[8] Erbilia, "Erbilia," [Online]. Available: http://www.erbilia.com/erbil-info/weather/.

[9] N. A. Al-Ansari, "Management of Water Resources in Iraq: Perspectives and Prognoses," Sientific research, no. 5, pp. 667-684, 2013.

[10] "Maps of World," March 2013. [Online]. Available: www.mapsofworld.com.

[11] Climate Data, "Climate Data: Arbil," [Online]. Available: http://en.climate-data.org/location/4976/.

[12] Erbil Water Directorate, "Hydrogeology Report," Erbil, 2011.

[13] R. Dizayee, "Groundwater Degradation and Sustainability of the Erbil Basin, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq," Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, 2014.

[14] H. M. Hameed, "Water harvesting in Erbil Governorate, Kurdistan region, Iraq -


May 2015 54

Detection of suitable sites using Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing," Lund University, Sweden, 2013.

[15] UNDP, "UNDP," 2011. [Online]. Available: www.unhcr.org. [Accessed 2015].

[16] A. Heshmati, "Integrated water resources management in Kurdistan Region," Nova Science, New York, 2009.

[17] World Health Organization, "Iraq Briefing - Northern Governorates: Water Quality," 2000.

[18] C. Tavaglia, "Groundwater search by remote sensing: A methodological approach," Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2003.

[19] F. A. Ghaib, "The Assesssment of Erbil Aquifer using Geo-Electrical Investigation (Iraqi Kurdistan Region)," Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 43-54, 2009.

[20] A. S. Ati, A. Ibrahim and A. R. Jubair, "Relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Some Soil Characteristics in the North of Iraq," IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Ve terinary Science, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 39-45, 2014.

[21] S. Aziz, "Drawings," Erbil Water Directorate, Erbil.

[22] Erbil Water Directorate, "Chemical and Physical Test," Kurdistan, 2015.

[23] Erbil Water Directorate, "Bacterial Test," Kurdistan, 2015.


May 2015 55

Appendix A

Water Test Results of Mosul Lake Sample from the Directorate of Water Outskirts Duhok


May 2015 56

Appendix B

Khanke Water Expansion Project Approval Letter to Commence Work

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Khanke Water Supply Environmental Impact Assessment Report

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