INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGORDEPARTMENT OF SILVICULTURE

ECOLOGY RESTORATION, SVK 611(Exploration on Khaya anthoteca)

BYPHILIP WORLANYO DUGBLEY (E451138231)

Lecturer:

Dr. Ir. Irdika Mansur, M.Sc

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION Overview of Khaya Species Classification Brief description of Khaya anthoteca

CONSERVATION STATUS OF Khaya anthoteca

DISTRIBUTION Origin of the species

Growth conditions

SILVICULTURE

POTENTIAL/IMPORTANT USES

INTRODUCTION

Khaya Africa a member of the Meliaceae family, is a small genus with five species, three in tropical Africa and two in Madagascar (Wiselius, 1998). Khaya species are tall with cylindrical boles and fast growing in nature.

Species of Khaya Khaya anthotheca (syn. K. nyasica) Khaya grandifoliola Khaya ivorensis Khaya madagascariensis Khaya senegalensis

The species name anthotheca is derived from the Greek words anthos (flower) and theke for the case/container of the flower.

Overview of Khaya Species

Scientific Classification

INTRODUCTION

Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum : Tracheophyta

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Sapindales

Family : Meliaceae

Genus : KhayaRef: Hawthorne, W. 1998. Khaya anthotheca. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 23 April 2014.

INTRODUCTION

Brief description of Khaya anthoteca K. anthotheca is one of the five species in the Khaya genus known as the source of true African mahogany.

It is a large or very large tree (up to 65 m tall) with a straight trunk that occurs in rainforest, riparian forests, and in savannah transitional zones.

Leaves are alternate, evenly compound with 3-7 pairs of leaflets, 150-300 mm long and dark glossy green, base broadly tapering to round and slightly asymmetric, smooth and glossy, veins distinct on the lower surface, margin smooth.

INTRODUCTION

Khaya a. in its natural habitat

INTRODUCTION

Khaya anthoteca….

Khaya anthotheca. A) Trees of c. 10 years B) Leaves; C) A fruiting twig; D) A dehiscent fruit; E) Seeds.

CONSERVATION STATUS OF KHAYA. A

Because of habitat loss and degradation, along with selective cutting throughout its range, K. anthotheca is listed as “vulnerable” on the IUCN Red List. It has been proposed for inclusion in CITES Appendix I or II, but not enough is known about its regeneration, plantation growth, or sustainability under current practice.

DISTRIBUTION

Origin of the species K. anthotheca is native to the

following countries. Namely;

Angola, Cameroon, The Democratic

Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire;

Ghana; Liberia; Malawi;

Mozambique; Nigeria; Sierra

Leone; Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia

and Zimbabwe

It is widespread in Ghana within

the wet evergreen, moist evergreen,

and moist semi-deciduous zones

(Hawthorne and Gyakari, 2006).

Growth conditions

Soil Requirements: Occurs at medium to low altitudes in evergreen forests and riverine fringe forests. Prefers moist, well-drained soils with subsoil moisture. K. anthotheca is found on fertile alluvial soils, stable, gently sloping riverbanks, and adjacent alluvial slopes.

Light Requirements: Moderately shade tolerant when young and moderately intolerant when older.

Influential Factors: Normally resistant to termites. Young trees are prone to damage from the shoot borer Tragocephala variagata (Watkins, 1960). It is very sensitive to fire and frost. Browsing animals can destroy young plants or slow growth.

SILVICULTUREGrowth Factors: Fast growing used in intercropping

and for plantation purposes

Growth Cycle: A typical rotation is from 60 to 80 years.

The tree fruits from March to July and sometimes

later. K. anthotheca is reported to be insect pollinated.

Seed Treatments: It is reported that it is not possible to

dry and store K. anthotheca seed, due to short seed

viability. Storing seed for longer than 3 months is not

recommended. Pretreatment of the seed is not necessary.

Seeds per kg: 3000Germination Length: 3-4 weeks

SILVICULTURE

Seedling Management: The tree regenerates well by seed

under a densely shaded canopy. When seedlings are grown

in small containers they should be out-planted when they

reach 30 cm and have fully developed compound leaves.

The root system is only slightly pruned off. Seedlings are

stripped of leaves before being transported to the planting

site to reduce transpiration losses (Nwoboshi, 1982).

Management Systems: Light shade is recommended,

possibly in a mixture with Melicia excelsa (Watkins 1960).

 K. anthotheca coppices poorly but it will coppice if it is not

too old when it is cut. It is sensitive to competition from

weeds and grass.

SILVICULTURE

Diseases and Pests Plantations of Khaya anthotheca may suffer seriously from

Hypsipyla robusta shoot borers that kill the main stem of

young trees, causing excessive branching and contributing

to mortality.

Silvicultural techniques, such as overhead shading of

saplings, mixed planting and removal of lateral shoots, can

reduce damage by shoot borers.

Seeds are commonly attacked by seed-boring beetles and

eaten by small rodents.

Realistic rotation cycles in natural forest are probably in the

range of 60–80 years.

HARVESTING

Yield and Harvesting The minimum bole diameter for harvesting of Khaya

anthotheca trees in natural forest is 60 cm in Côte d’Ivoire,

80 cm in Cameroon, Central African Republic and DR

Congo, and 110 cm in Ghana. The boles are occasionally so

large that they cannot be sawn with normal equipment. The

high buttresses at the base of the bole often necessitate the

construction of a platform before felling can take place, or

the removal of the buttresses before felling to recover more

timber.

For plantations at an age of 30 years, the annual production

is 2–4 m³/ha.

It is used in boat building, flooring,

furniture, decorative work, cabinetry,

window frames, plywood, and

musical instruments, among others.

In its natural range, it has

traditionally been used to make

dugout canoes and various parts of

the tree are very valuable in

traditional medicinal applications.

It is used as a shade tree and as a

windbreak.

POTENTIAL/IMPORTANT USES

THANK

YOU!!!