Impact of Money maker pumps in East Africa

Ephraim Nkonya, IFPRI

Lora Iannotti, Washington University, St Louis

Beatrice Sakwa, KickStart

Amber Peterman, IFPRI

Benjamin Wielgos, IFPRI,

Valentine Gandhi, KickStart,

Edward Kato, IFPRI

Outline

• Progress is to date;

• Key findings from completed

qualitative and quantitative

assessments;

• mid course corrections

completed or planned based on

the results of the assessments;

• Key challenges and

constraints;

• capacity needs.

Progress

• Qualitative approaches:

• 30 gender disaggregated

Focus Group Discussions

(FGDs) - women only, men

only and mixed men and

women were conducted - 15

in each country ;

Progress (2)

• Major reason behind the delayed completion of midline survey is money – project ran out of money to employ a greater number of enumerators

• Efforts to raise money to complete survey are underway. But completion will be late.

Qualitative Results: Decision making on crops grown using MMP

Both Kenya and Tanzania

• Tomatoes, cabbages, green maize and leafy vegetables (kale, amaranth and Chinese cabbage) were the most commonly irrigated crops

• Tomato was the most important crop for both men and women. Difference came in the 2nd and third most important where women preferred leafy vegetables and men crops that bring in more cash.

• There was joint decision making on what to grow, how much to grow and where to sell but men made the final decision

Kenya • Kales, tomatoes, spinach, cabbage, indigenous vegetables, onions and

cucumbers were the most important crops irrigated • Choice of crop depended on market demand, availability of inputs,

and ease of management, and maturity time, length of harvesting period, ability to fetch high income

Qualitative Results: Decision making on crops grown using MMP

Kenya contd: • Women preferred leafy vegetables (kale, spinach, local vegetables)

because they are harvested over a long time, are for both food and sale and can easily be sold at farm gate

• Men preferred high value crops such as tomatoes, onions, TC banana, cabbage and green maize, as they were harvested and marketed at once and fetched high incomes, and they require less monitoring during their production.

• In a typical male-headed household men operated and maintained the pump and women laid out the pipes and watered crops

• Both women and men planted and weeded all priority crops. Women harvested leafy vegetables and men harvested tomatoes.

Qual Results: Benefits of the MMP

Tanzania

• Increased area under irrigation

• Increased harvests, leading to improved food security, better quality food, improved health

• Higher incomes and more investments

• Improvement household well being and more love at home

• Main investments for men were: Education, house construction, purchasing of motorcycles and/or bicycle and opening of shops for men.

• Main investments for women were: Education, household utensils, expanding their business an clothing

Some negative benefits: Some men used the money for alcohol and extra marital affairs

Qualitative Results: Benefits of the MMP

Kenya

• Reduced labor for fetching water by women;

• ability to grow a variety off-season crops that lead to higher incomes, household food security and improved nutrition;

• reduced idleness and time wasting in social gathering and alcohol drinking for men,

• Recognition by agricultural extension agents - their farms are used for field day demonstration,

• Self esteem and family cohesion – more love

• Investment in various assets – School fees land, houses, plots, and household assets (furniture, utensils, clothing)

• Some negative benefits: Some men used the money for alcohol and extra marital affairs

Qualitative Results: Constraints of accessing, owning and using pumps

Tanzania

• Majority had no problem accessing the pump however, there are long distances to dealer shops

• However they were cash constrained and took between 1 day and five years to buy the pump – female headed households more constrained

• Technical problems: Rubber cups wearing out too quickly, Difficulties in changing the valves, unavailability of spare parts and difficult to get technical assistance to repair the pump.

• The mandatory need of two people during irrigation – especially for female headed households

Kenya – similar to Tanzania except in Kenya time between hearing about the pump and buying ranged from immediately to one year

• Limitation of the pump in terms of depth and distance

Key quantitative results – baseline survey

About 75% of pump buyers bought pumps a year or more after hearing them

Lack of money was reason for delaying to pumps in both countries

Qual Results: Asset Ownership

• In both Tanzania and Kenya men owned most of the

valuable assets including the wife and the children.

• However, probing revealed that men owned most high value assets such as land, dairy cattle, commercial plots and rental houses.

• Women owned the family house, local poultry and household assets that they normally use to perform their reproductive tasks such as kitchen utensils.

• Decisions on their use and disposal were however made jointly by husband and wife.

Quantitative Results

Are pump owners poorer than the general population?

Child morbidities (%)

Kenya Tanzania All

2 week recall period

Acute diarrhea (3+ loose stools) 6.06 18.13 12.48

Bloody diarrhea (among those with acute diarrhea) 16.67 21.54 20.48

Fever 31.21 26.32 28.59

Respiratory illness (cough with rapid breathing) 16.83 27.83 22.68

6 month recall period

Malaria 36.12 46.90 41.85

Severe malaria (with seizures, degedege) 12.84 10.56 11.48

Eye infections 5.35 7.14 6.30

Guinea worm infection 5.35 7.14 6.30

Schistosomiasis 0.34 0.30 0.32

• Infectious disease morbidities assessed including those with possible links to KS pump ownership (water & sanitation)

• Diarrhea lower in Kenya than expected; 16% prevalence in DHS 2003

• Prevalence of morbidities higher in Tanzania compared to Kenya, except for fever

Are KickStart pump buyers the poorest?

474

325 278

366

770

500

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Kenya Tanzania

Pe

r ca

pit

a an

nu

al in

com

e (

US$

)

KickStart

Rural income

Total population

% of households owning at least one cellular phone

88%

61% 63%

50%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Kenya Tanzania

KickStart

Total population

Household head education of KickStart, Kenya

5%

38%

31%

27%

No formal education/adult literacy training Primary education

Secondary education Post-secondary education

% of adults with no formal education = 13% UNICEF 2010

Household head education, Tanzania

3%

68%

7%

6%

No formal education/adult literacy training Primary education

Secondary education Post-secondary education

% of adults with no formal education =27% UNICEF, 2010

Ownership of pumps & hosepipe, Kenya

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Hip pump MMP SMMP Motorizedpump

Hose pipe

Female

Joint

Male

Sex of pump & hosepipe owners, Tanzania

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Hip pump MMP SMMP Motorizedpump

Hose pipe

Female

Joint

Male

Who controls pump? Kenya

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Hip pump MMP SMMP Motorizedpump

Hose pipe

Female

Joint

Male

Who controls pump, horse pipe?, Tanzania

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Hip pump SMMP Motorized pump Hose pipe

Female Joint

Male

Mid-courses adjustments

• Layaway program – to allow women to acquire pumps – 31% of pump buyers

thru layaway program are women vs 18% thru the traditional marketing

• Family bank to subsidize loan for acquisition of pumps for both men & women

Mid-course correction

New questions Why?

1.How has pump acquisition changed lifestyle?

Want to difference across sex of owner/controller of pump

2. Time use across enterprises, domestic chores, & school activities?

Analyze differences across sex, age

3. Who controls crop harvest & money?

Comparison across sex of pump owner, plot owner & drivers of such patterns

4. What are the negative social impacts of pump ownership?

Previous questions largely looked at positive impacts

5. Group membership for each adult

Previous instrument asked for entire household. New question will help compare social capital across sex & age

Key constraints

• Large unexpected data collection cost & consequent budget constraint will lead to cutting sample, reducing ability to detect statistical difference between groups becoming the biggest challenge in the project.

• Low capacity of M&E staff: • To do quality control of

quantitative data • Collect and analyze qualitative

data reliance on consultants • Consultants ask for large fees.

But writing skills of many consultants is low spending long time rewriting their reports. So plan to hire consultants for only facilitation & report writing to be done by investigators

Project capacity needs and evaluation team

• To improve data collection & analysis during the endline survey and FGD, we request training of: – KickStart M&E staff to

collect qualitative data related to gender and other aspects will certainly

– Selected consultants willing to work with the project during the endline FGD