Kinds of Patronage:The Public

Kinds of Patronage:The Public

By: Brittany GuntherChristopher Kleist

Tony PattonElla Wallace

By: Brittany GuntherChristopher Kleist

Tony PattonElla Wallace

Public PatronagePublic Patronage

The result of court and church patronage coming to an end. The public takes on the role of consumer, providing monetary means for the author. As print technology grows, and court and church patronage decreases, public patronage arises.

The result of court and church patronage coming to an end. The public takes on the role of consumer, providing monetary means for the author. As print technology grows, and court and church patronage decreases, public patronage arises.

Early 17th CenturyEarly 17th Century

Writers far outnumber patronsPrinting presses becoming more popular

Book trade expanding

Writers far outnumber patronsPrinting presses becoming more popular

Book trade expanding

The Reign of James I 1603 - 1625:

The Reign of James I 1603 - 1625:

Thought of himself as an author

Supported literary production

King James Bible

Thought of himself as an author

Supported literary production

King James Bible

The Reign of Charles I1625 - 1649:

The Reign of Charles I1625 - 1649:

Monetary means of production

DedicationsReason for decline

Monetary means of production

DedicationsReason for decline

Early 1640s, Civil War:

Early 1640s, Civil War:

Court dissolves and priorities change

Press productionsPoetry and playsExecution of Charles I in 1649

Court dissolves and priorities change

Press productionsPoetry and playsExecution of Charles I in 1649

The 1650s:The 1650s:

Major scholarly workSubscription systemFree gifts

Major scholarly workSubscription systemFree gifts

Printing Press:Printing Press:Before the printing press: scribes

AuthorshipEmphasis of textFaster and less expensive

Before the printing press: scribes

AuthorshipEmphasis of textFaster and less expensive

Patronage and the Distribution of Books before the Printing

Press:

Patronage and the Distribution of Books before the Printing

Press:Corrosion of manuscripts

Lack of standardization in words and images

Vespasiano da Bisticci

The introduction of paper

Cartolai

Corrosion of manuscripts

Lack of standardization in words and images

Vespasiano da Bisticci

The introduction of paper

Cartolai

Patronage and the Distribution of Books post

Printing-Press

Patronage and the Distribution of Books post

Printing-PressPrinting of the Gutenberg Bible

AdvertisingNew sources of patronage

More books, less time, lower prices

Commercial drive

Printing of the Gutenberg Bible

AdvertisingNew sources of patronage

More books, less time, lower prices

Commercial drive

A Question to Ponder:A Question to Ponder:

How might the proliferation of books and literacy have effected the concept of individual fame and the rise of the celebrity?

How might the proliferation of books and literacy have effected the concept of individual fame and the rise of the celebrity?

Relevant English Rulers

Relevant English Rulers

House of Tudor:Henry VII 1485 - 1509

Henry VIII 1509 - 1547Edward VI 1547 - 1553Mary I “Bloody Mary Tudor” 1553 - 1558Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603

House of Tudor:Henry VII 1485 - 1509

Henry VIII 1509 - 1547Edward VI 1547 - 1553Mary I “Bloody Mary Tudor” 1553 - 1558Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603

Relevant English Rulers pt. 2:

Relevant English Rulers pt. 2:

House of Stewart:James I 1603 - 1625Charles I 1625 - 1649

Commonwealth & ProtectorateCouncil of State 1649 - 1653Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector 1653 - 1658Richard Cromwell 1658 - 1660

House of Stewart:James I 1603 - 1625Charles I 1625 - 1649

Commonwealth & ProtectorateCouncil of State 1649 - 1653Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector 1653 - 1658Richard Cromwell 1658 - 1660

PatronsPatrons

1 - Church2 - Court 3 - Public

1 - Church2 - Court 3 - Public

The religious Situation in England

The religious Situation in England

1517: Martin Luther’s 95 Theses 1534: Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII declared Henry Supreme Head of the Church of England

Dissolution of the Catholic monasteries. Catholic property taken by the crown and passed out to nobles.

1553 - 1558: Mart Tudor’s reign 1558: Elizabeth I starts Anglican church (finally, a set of principles)

Puritanism: Late 16th century - 17th century. Calvinist reforms in Church of England

1517: Martin Luther’s 95 Theses 1534: Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII declared Henry Supreme Head of the Church of England

Dissolution of the Catholic monasteries. Catholic property taken by the crown and passed out to nobles.

1553 - 1558: Mart Tudor’s reign 1558: Elizabeth I starts Anglican church (finally, a set of principles)

Puritanism: Late 16th century - 17th century. Calvinist reforms in Church of England

Effects of English Religious Reform

Effects of English Religious Reform

Roman Catholic Church severely weakened. Less parishioners = Less cash = Less money for

patronage Protestant Churches gain near-total influence Less-structured church Less money spent by Protestant religious

figures on the arts English Rulers become Protestant Monarchs, nobles, and their courts become the

biggest patrons Protestant rulers patronize Protestant writers Anti-Catholic literature abounds

Roman Catholic Church severely weakened. Less parishioners = Less cash = Less money for

patronage Protestant Churches gain near-total influence Less-structured church Less money spent by Protestant religious

figures on the arts English Rulers become Protestant Monarchs, nobles, and their courts become the

biggest patrons Protestant rulers patronize Protestant writers Anti-Catholic literature abounds

The CourtThe Court

Nobility as primary patrons Substantial brown-nosing by writers by Elizabethan times: dedications, payment, multiple patrons

Protection: patronage guaranteed work of author, allayed fears of readers - patronized books didn’t contain black magic or heresy, religious recrimination, extended to medicine, history and even poetry

Nobility as primary patrons Substantial brown-nosing by writers by Elizabethan times: dedications, payment, multiple patrons

Protection: patronage guaranteed work of author, allayed fears of readers - patronized books didn’t contain black magic or heresy, religious recrimination, extended to medicine, history and even poetry

Some Noble PatronsSome Noble PatronsElizabethan Court

-Literature reflected new set of Protestant values-Religious polemics (refutations) and Biblical interpretations-Revival of classical learning - had started in early Tudor times

-Consisted primarily of translations of ancient textsOxford and Cambridge

-Even more religious polemics-Little in the way of secular writings

-Exception: Henry Savile’s translation of Tacitus -Few other humanist works during Elizabethan times

William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520 - 1598)-Patronized religious scholars, humanists, poets, and historians

James I-Wrote himself-Patron of King James Bible

-50 translators-Meant to replace Bishop’s Bible and Geneva Bible

-Many, many more

Elizabethan Court-Literature reflected new set of Protestant values-Religious polemics (refutations) and Biblical interpretations-Revival of classical learning - had started in early Tudor times

-Consisted primarily of translations of ancient textsOxford and Cambridge

-Even more religious polemics-Little in the way of secular writings

-Exception: Henry Savile’s translation of Tacitus -Few other humanist works during Elizabethan times

William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520 - 1598)-Patronized religious scholars, humanists, poets, and historians

James I-Wrote himself-Patron of King James Bible

-50 translators-Meant to replace Bishop’s Bible and Geneva Bible

-Many, many more

Starving ArtistsStarving Artists

By Elizabethan period the market was already supersaturated

Conversely, there was a relative dearth of patrons

Very few authors “struck it big”Think John Norden, Thomas Nashe, and Richard Robinson

By Elizabethan period the market was already supersaturated

Conversely, there was a relative dearth of patrons

Very few authors “struck it big”Think John Norden, Thomas Nashe, and Richard Robinson

But What Did They Write?

But What Did They Write?

Under the Catholic Church:-Almost exclusively religious works, including philosophy and theology-Censorship

-Copernicus afraid to publish until after his deathUnder the Protestant Church and English Courts:

-Many religious works criticizing the Catholics-Censorship-New poetry-Some Humanist works-History-Revived classical literature-Topography -Philosophy-Major Scholarly Works

-History of English monastaries (The Monasticon)-Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum - Made the Anglo-Saxon

language broadly accessible - Subscription method-The Polygot Bible - Texts in 9 languages - Subscription method

Under the Catholic Church:-Almost exclusively religious works, including philosophy and theology-Censorship

-Copernicus afraid to publish until after his deathUnder the Protestant Church and English Courts:

-Many religious works criticizing the Catholics-Censorship-New poetry-Some Humanist works-History-Revived classical literature-Topography -Philosophy-Major Scholarly Works

-History of English monastaries (The Monasticon)-Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum - Made the Anglo-Saxon

language broadly accessible - Subscription method-The Polygot Bible - Texts in 9 languages - Subscription method

Public PatronagePublic Patronage

Subscription Method:-Supporters of a work each sponsored a plate-They would receive their name, coat of arms, and a Latin phrase engraved in the work-Inexpensive patronage-Many people could support the writing of a work-Became the norm for scholarly works after the Restoration

John Milton-Refused patronage by nobility and the wealthy-Became “independent of all earthly obligation”-Invented/discovered a patron in the form of the Muse of Divine Poetry

Subscription Method:-Supporters of a work each sponsored a plate-They would receive their name, coat of arms, and a Latin phrase engraved in the work-Inexpensive patronage-Many people could support the writing of a work-Became the norm for scholarly works after the Restoration

John Milton-Refused patronage by nobility and the wealthy-Became “independent of all earthly obligation”-Invented/discovered a patron in the form of the Muse of Divine Poetry

Public PatronagePublic Patronage-Not an easy road to riches-Lack of established quality control and censorship

-Church and court patrons had previously fulfilled this role

-Huge literary diversification-Atheistic works-Humanism:

-Ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people.-Based on rationalism, the innate ability of humans to tell right from wrong-Searches for truth and morality without using transcendental justifications like faith or the Bible

-Science or Natural Philosophy-Originally promulgated by the Catholic Church-Some private and court patrons-Descartes, Boyle, Galileo, Isaac Newton, Kepler-Often worked in universities

-Not an easy road to riches-Lack of established quality control and censorship

-Church and court patrons had previously fulfilled this role

-Huge literary diversification-Atheistic works-Humanism:

-Ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people.-Based on rationalism, the innate ability of humans to tell right from wrong-Searches for truth and morality without using transcendental justifications like faith or the Bible

-Science or Natural Philosophy-Originally promulgated by the Catholic Church-Some private and court patrons-Descartes, Boyle, Galileo, Isaac Newton, Kepler-Often worked in universities

Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei-Example of religious censorship-1564 - 1642-Patrons: Both Private and Religious-Duke of Mantua, Vincenzo Gonzaga (1562 - 1612)-de Medici Family (especially Cosimo)-Paolo Sarpi-Pope Urban VIII

-Persecuted by Catholic Church-Placed under house arrest in 1632 for the rest of his life

-Example of religious censorship-1564 - 1642-Patrons: Both Private and Religious-Duke of Mantua, Vincenzo Gonzaga (1562 - 1612)-de Medici Family (especially Cosimo)-Paolo Sarpi-Pope Urban VIII

-Persecuted by Catholic Church-Placed under house arrest in 1632 for the rest of his life

Consumption of WorksConsumption of Works

During this time period, most people were still illiterate

Therefore most of the written works would be written for nobility, church leaders; all potential sponsors of the works

Could result in stagnation of types and themes of works

During this time period, most people were still illiterate

Therefore most of the written works would be written for nobility, church leaders; all potential sponsors of the works

Could result in stagnation of types and themes of works

BilbliographyBilbliography Eisenstein, Elizabeth. The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. New York, New

York Cambridge University Press, 1983

English Literature. October 30, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature Langford, Jerome J. Galileo, Science and the Church. New York: Desclee Co., 1966. “Literacy.” Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. 2 Nov 2006, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Loewenstein, David, and Janel Mueller. The Cambridge History of Early Modern

English Literature. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. “Patronage.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2 Nov 2006, Wikimedia

Foundation, Inc.

"Printing press." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2 Nov 2006, 01:18 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 Nov 2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Printing_press&oldid=85162100>.

Eisenstein, Elizabeth. The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. New York, New York Cambridge University Press, 1983

English Literature. October 30, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature Langford, Jerome J. Galileo, Science and the Church. New York: Desclee Co., 1966. “Literacy.” Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. 2 Nov 2006, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Loewenstein, David, and Janel Mueller. The Cambridge History of Early Modern

English Literature. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. “Patronage.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2 Nov 2006, Wikimedia

Foundation, Inc.

"Printing press." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2 Nov 2006, 01:18 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 Nov 2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Printing_press&oldid=85162100>.