KINETIC

POTENTIAL

HEAT OR THERMAL

CHEMICAL

ELECTRICAL

Types of Energy and Energy Transfer

Potential and Kinetic Energy

Potential Energy

Energy that is stored

Energy of position

Kinetic Energy

Energy that is in motion

An increase in kinetic energy will increase particle movement

Temperature is a measure of an object’s average kinetic energy

Heat Transfer

The science of how heat flows is called heat transfer.

There are three ways heat transfer works: conduction, convection, and radiation.

Heat flow depends on the temperature difference.

Heat or Thermal Energy

Thermal Energy or Heat always flows from hot object to cooler object until there is Thermal Equilibrium

Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed…

So energy is Transformed

1. Describe the difference between kinetic and potential energy

2. What is the law of conservation of energy?

CONDUCTION

RADIATION

CONVECTION

Energy Transformation

What is Conduction? Conduction in Action

Transfer of heat through direct contact

Heat flows from hot item to cooler item until equilibrium is reached.

Conduction

Heat Conduction

A thermal insulator is a material that conducts heat poorly.

Heat flows very slowly through the plastic so that the temperature of your hand does not rise very much.

Heat Conduction

Styrofoam gets its insulating ability by trapping spaces of air in bubbles.

Solids usually are better heat conductors than liquids, and liquids are better conductors than gases.

Heat Conduction

The ability to conduct heat often depends more on the structure of a material than on the material itself. Solid glass is a thermal

conductor when it is formed into a beaker or cup.

When glass is spun into fine fibers, the trapped air makes a thermal insulator.

Insulators and Conductors

Thermal Insulators

Do not transfer heat well

Used for items where heat is to be retained

Examples include:StyrofoamWoodDown Feathers

Thermal Conductors

Transfer heat very well

Used when it is necessary to move heat from one place to another

Examples include:Most metals

including copper and aluminum

Describe the difference between a thermal insulator with a thermal conductor….give an example of each.

What is thermal radiation?What is thermal equilibrium?

Radiation

Radiation is heat transfer by electromagnetic waves.

Thermal radiation is electromagnetic waves (including light) produced by objects because of their temperature.

The higher the temperature of an object, the more thermal radiation it gives off.

What is RadiationRadiation in Action

The transfer of thermal energy when objects are not touching

Energy of the sun is radiated by electromagnetic waves

Light bulbs are another example of radiant energy

Radiation

Convection

Convection is the transfer of heat by the motion of liquids and gases.

Convection in a gas occurs because gas expands when heated. Convection occurs

because currents flow when hot gas rises and cool gas sink.

Convection in liquids also occurs because of differences in density.

1. What are the 3 different ways that heat energy can be transferred? Explain or give an example of each.

Convection and Continental Drift

Convection in the Mantle

Convection currents below the surface, cause a rise and fall of magma.

It is the widely held theory that these currents cause plate movement.

Convection and Earth’s Layers

Temperature Lab

AS WE HAVE SEEN, ENERGY CAUSES CHANGE

CHANGE LEADS TO MOVEMENT OF EARTH’S

SURFACE

MOVEMENT LEADS TO STRESSES AT THE SURFACE

Energy and Movement of the Crust

Compression Tension

Compression is when two surfaces collide “head on”

This leads to folding and crumpling of the crust

This is when two surfaces move away from each other

This leads to breaks or cracks in the crust

Types of Stress

Shearing

Shearing is when two surfaces slide past each other, moving in opposite directions.

The San Andreas Fault line is a famous example of shearing forces.

This leads to “scars” on the landscape

San Andreas Fault

Folded MountainCompression Stress

Folded Mountain

FaultingTensile Stress/Pulling Apart

Magma and Rock

Magma is the parent material for all rockRock is: a hard surface composed of minerals

and found in the crust.Rock is categorized by Geologists into 3

categories

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Granite

Metamorphic Rock

Quartzite

Sedimentary Rock

Sandstone