Kingdom Animalia

Important phyla features• 1) Evolution of tissues

– Present in all but one group (Phylum Porifera: sponges)

– Called ________________.– Animals with tissues (all other phyla) called

Eumetazoa.

Important phyla features• 2) Evolution of symmetry

– Sponges lack definite _______________– Radial symmetry: characterize Radiata (Phyla

Cnidaria and Ctenophora)

Important phyla features• 2) Evolution of bilateral symmetry

• Other animal phyla have bilateral symmetry

• Note dorsal/ventral, anterior/posterior

• Note _____________: clustering of senses and nervous system at one end of body

Important phyla features• 3) Evolution of a body cavity

• Acoelomates: no ______________. Outside from ectoderm, gut from endoderm, in-between from mesoderm

Important phyla features• 3) Evolution of a body cavity

• Pseudocoelomates: body cavity between mesoderm and ________________

Important phyla features• 3) Evolution of a body cavity

• Coelomates: body cavity (coelom) develops within mesoderm. Organs suspended in it. ____________: epithelium cells lining coelom

Important phyla features• 3) Evolution of a body cavity

• Problem: cavity needs circulation system (blood)

• Open system: blood dumped into _________ and mixes with body fluids

• Closed system: blood kept within ___________

Important phyla features• 4) Protostome vs. deuterostome development

• Paths of embryonic development: does _________ become mouth or anus?

Important phyla features• 4) Protostome vs.

deuterostome development

• Other: cleavage pattern, ____________ formation

• Also: any cell in deuterostome embryo can develop into complete organism, but not protostome

Important phyla features• 5) Segmentation

• Divide body into sections along its length– allows ______________ of systems (damage to

one not fatal)– allows greater movement complexity as ________

expand/contract/interact

Phylogeny of animals• Uncertain

Subkingdoms• 1) Parazoa: Lack symmetry, lack ____________

– Phylum Porifera (sponges)

• 2) Eumetazoa: Have definite shape and symmetry. Have tissues, and usually these organized into organs (groups of tissues with specific structure and function)– Radiata: Have 2 embryonic layers. Ectoderm (outer)

and endoderm (inner). ___________________.– Bilateria: Have 3 embryonic layers: Ectoderm,

endoderm, and mesoderm (middle layer). _____________.

Phylum SurveyPhylum Porifera (sponges)

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

Covered in Lab 6

Sea anemone (Cnidaria)with symbiotic fish

Phylum Porifera• Parazoa: Lack symmetry, lack _____________

• About 5000 species, almost all marine

• Larva (immature stage) swims, adult is sessile (attached to ocean bottom)

• Have multiple cell types, but little ___________ among cells

“Glass” sponges from 1400 feet down

Phylum Porifera• Osculum: large opening

• Water flows thru pores, driven by __________ of choanocytes

Phylum Porifera• Collar of choanocytes traps food particles

(ingested by cell)

• Digestion __________________

• Spicules (hard) and spongin (spongy) fibers

Phylum Porifera• Spicules and spongin fibers

(protein): give body shape and protection

Spicules

Phylum Porifera• Other cells:

– epithelium– pore– amoebocyte (move about and secrete spicules and

spongin fibers)

Phylum Porifera• Other cells obtain food by transfer from

_______________

• Note spongocoel: large internal cavity. NOT a true digestive cavity since digestion intracellular.

Phylum Porifera• Body complexity

– 1) simple (Scypha)– 2) intermediate– 3) complex (common)– Note spongocoel and where

choanocytes located in each type.

Scypha sponges

Phylum Porifera• Reproduction:

• Asexual by _____________. Can pass some sponges through silk mesh and they’ll reform!

• Sexual: some _____________ make sperms and eggs, these then make swimming larva

• Larva settles and starts to grow into mature sponge.

Phylum Porifera• Sponge importance/uses:

• Original source of ________ sponges

Greek sponge fishermenand processors (MediterraneanSea)

Phylum Porifera• Sponge importance/uses:

• Consumers/habitat feature in marine _________

• Some contain potentially useful chemicals– some toxic to fish and used as insecticides– HIV treatment? One sponge chemical interferes with

HIV virus– Cancer treatment? ______________: compounds

that inhibit tumor growth

Sponge inhabitedby crab

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)• Subkingdom Eumetazoa: have tissues

• Embryos with ectoderm (becomes epidermis tissue and nerves) and endoderm (becomes digestive tissue: gastrodermis). _____________.

• Note no mesoderm.

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)• Have mouth and digestive (gastrovascular)

cavity. Extracellular digestion (can eat big things!). Incomplete digestive tract (no anus).

• ____________ is tissue (produced by ectoderm) between epidermis and gastrodermis that contains muscles

• Member of Radiata: have radial symmetry, lack organs

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)• Almost all marine. About _________ species.

• Carnivores. Capture prey with stinging tentacles.

QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)• Body forms: polyp (sessile) and medusa

(swimming)

• Each with gastrodermis, epidermis, mesoglea

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)• Many have polyps and medusae as parts of life

cycle

• Make swimming planula larva

• Example: Obelia

• Note asexual reproduction of polyps by _________

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)• Body structure of polyp (Ex, Hydra)

• Note digestion is extracellular (outside of individual cells) in gut cavity. Individual cells ingest food particles by ________________.

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)• Tentacles with stinging cells (cnidocytes).

• Cnidocytes contain ______________ (harpoon)

Class Hydrozoa (hydroids)• Usually with polyp and medusa stages

• Exs, Obelia (marine), Hydra (freshwater)

• Bottom view of medusa of Obelia, with _____________, mouth visible.

Class Hydrozoa (hydroids)• Ex, Portuguese man-of-war

• Colony of four types of polyps– float polyp– feeding polyps– tentacle polyps– gamete polyps

Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish)• Only about 200 species, _____________

• Medusa stage largest part of life cycle

QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Swim using contractions of bell

Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish)• Anatomy

Class Cubozoa (box jellyfish)• Similar to jellyfish, but tentacles at end of box-

shaped body

• Small group: 20 species.

Class Cubozoa (box jellyfish)• Can be deadly. Ex, Australian

stinger.

• Nematocysts packed into rings on tentacles.

• 100 deaths in last century due to extensive stings

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)• Largest cnidarian group (6200 species), marine

• Sea anemones:– Have only _________ stage. – Solitary (don’t form colony). – Make no exoskeleton.

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)• Body a tube: oral disk (with mouth) surrounded by

tentacles, pedal disk attaches tube to bottom

• Pharynx and gastrovascular cavity process ______.

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)• Sea anemone symbionts

– anemonefishes (28 species): not stung (due to ______ on fish body). Can be species-specific.

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)• Sea anemone symbionts

– some have algae living in tissues (zooxanthellae)– can give anemone color– deep sea anemones lack these.

A deep sea anemoneThe submersible,Alvin

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones /corals)• Corals:

– Also have only polyp stage but are _____________.– Many secrete exoskeleton of calcium carbonate (stony

corals).

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)• Corals: Help form coral reefs.

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)• Stony corals: Have exoskeletons, and many

tentacles per polyp.

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)• Soft corals: Do not have exoskeletons. Have

only ______ tentacles per polyp.

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)• _________ examples include gorgonians,

leather corals, and sea pens Leather corals (3 ft tall)

Gorgonians

Seapens

Coral Reefs• Diverse: maybe 1-3

million species present• 30% of ocean fish

species, ______% of ocean area

• High productivity• Marine “__________”:

many fish spend some time (including larval stages) at reefs.

Coral Reefs• Recall coral biology: polyps contain

photosynthetic dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthellae)

• Algae produce up to ______% of energy used by polyp.

Coral Reefs• Unusually warm

water may cause corals to expel _________________

• “Bleached” coral may die

• 1998 El Niño Event: warm water widespread in Tropics.

A bleaching coral from Micronesia

Coral Reefs• 1998 El Niño event

– Indian Ocean: up to 85% coral mortality– Great Barrier Reef (Australia): 87% of inshore

reefs bleached– Florida Keys: 40-90% of reefs bleached.

Coral Reefs

• Many other threats:– Global climate change– Pollution– Sedimentation– Overharvesting– Blasting (dynamiting):

fishing technique

Coral Reefs• Many other threats:

– ________ fishing: capture fish for aquarium trade or for live food fish in oriental markets

Coral Reefs• 2002 report (Status of The Coral Reefs of

the World 2002)– 27% of reefs already severely

damaged/destroyed– 14% more expected to be severely

damaged/destroyed in next 10-20 years

• August 2003 article (in journal: Science)– 30% of coral reefs severely damaged– 60% projected severely damaged by 2030.

Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies)• Subkingdom Eumetazoa: have ____________

• Embryos with ectoderm, endoderm. Have epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea.

• Member of Radiata: have radial symmetry, lack ___________

• Small group: 100 species

Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies)• Have mouth and anal pore (complete digestive

tract)

• Have comblike plates of __________, used to swim.

Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies)• Many are

________________

Importance• Invasive species

– North American comb jelly

– About 10 cm in length

– Predatory: eats small fish and fish larvae.

• Introduced into Black Sea in ship ballast

• Now in Caspian Sea, some in Mediterranean.

Importance• Detected in 1982

• By 1989 was ____% of biomass in Black Sea

• Destroyed $250 million/yr fishery there.

Phylum SurveyPhylum Porifera (sponges)

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

Covered in Lab 6

Sea anemone (Cnidaria)with symbiotic fish

Eumetazoa: Bilaterian Acoelomates• Bilateral symmetry

• Acoelomates: no ___________, but 3 embryonic layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)

• Focus on Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)• 20,000 species. Most (75%) are

parasites. Others aquatic or soil terrestrial habitats

Marine flatworm

Planaria

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)• Body solid: only cavity is __________

• Gut is incomplete (1 opening). Digestion mainly _________________.

• Have head, organs. Pharynx: acts as mouth and anus

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)• Have __________ system (protonephridia,

containing flame cells)

• Control water content, excrete wastes thru excretory pore

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)• Lack __________ system. All cells must

be close to gut or epidermis to receive oxygen and food (gut highly branched to aid this)

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)• ______________ (hermaphroditic): make both

eggs (in ovaries) and sperm (in testes).