Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

Review the KingdomsReview the Kingdoms

• ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

• EubacteriaEubacteria

• ProtistaProtista

• FungiFungi

• PlantaePlantae

The Nature of AnimalsThe Nature of Animals

• MulticellularMulticellular

• EukaryoticEukaryotic

• HeterotrophicHeterotrophic

• Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction

• Movement (some)Movement (some)

• Specialization and organization Specialization and organization (some)(some)

Origin and ClassificationOrigin and Classification

• From the seaFrom the sea

• Colonial ProtistaColonial Protista

• Phylogeny based on morphologyPhylogeny based on morphology

Animal BodiesAnimal Bodies

• Body SymmetryBody Symmetry– No symmetryNo symmetry– RadialRadial– BilateralBilateral

Germ LayersGerm Layers

• Fundamental Fundamental tissue types tissue types found in the found in the embryoembryo– EctodermEctoderm

– MesodermMesoderm

– EndodermEndoderm

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

• AcoelomateAcoelomate

• PseudocoelomatePseudocoelomate

• CoelomateCoelomate– Fluid-filled space that forms Fluid-filled space that forms

between the digestive tract between the digestive tract and the outer wall and the outer wall

– Aids in movement, reservoir Aids in movement, reservoir for transporting nutrients and for transporting nutrients and wasteswastes

Animal Kingdom -- 11 PhylaAnimal Kingdom -- 11 Phyla

• PoriferaPorifera• CnidariaCnidaria• CtenophoraCtenophora• PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes• NematodaNematoda• RotiferaRotifera• AnnelidaAnnelida

• MolluscaMollusca• ArthropodaArthropoda• EchinodermataEchinodermata• ChordataChordata

Animal Phylogeny TreeAnimal Phylogeny Tree

PoriferaPorifera• Aquatic spongeAquatic sponge• Sessile as adultsSessile as adults• 1 cm-2 m diameter1 cm-2 m diameter• No symmetryNo symmetry• Collar cellsCollar cells• SponginSpongin• osculumosculum• Spicules Spicules

– Calcium carbonateCalcium carbonate– Silica dioxideSilica dioxide

• Filter feedingFilter feeding• Regeneration, budding, larva and internal Regeneration, budding, larva and internal

fertilizationfertilization

CnidariansCnidarians• Examples: Hydra, jellyfish Examples: Hydra, jellyfish

and coraland coral

• Radial symmetryRadial symmetry

• Tissues and simple Tissues and simple organsorgans

• Fresh and OceanFresh and Ocean

• Medusa & Polyp formsMedusa & Polyp forms

• Cnidocyte w/ nematocystCnidocyte w/ nematocyst

• Nerve netNerve net

• PolypPolyp

• medusamedusa

• cnidocytecnidocyte

CtenophoraCtenophora• Example: Comb jelly or sea walnutExample: Comb jelly or sea walnut

• MarineMarine

• Rows of beating ciliaRows of beating cilia

• Colloblasts for defenseColloblasts for defense

• Apical organApical organ

• BioluminescenceBioluminescence

PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes• FlatwormsFlatworms• Three germ layersThree germ layers• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry• AcoelomateAcoelomate• DiffusionDiffusion• HermaphroditesHermaphrodites• ClassesClasses

– Turbellaria Turbellaria • Free living Free living • flame cellsflame cells

– TrematodaTrematoda• flukesflukes

– CestodaCestoda• tapewormstapeworms

NematodaNematoda

• Examples: Ascaris, Examples: Ascaris, Hookworm, Trichinella Hookworm, Trichinella and Pinwormsand Pinworms

• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry• RoundwormsRoundworms• Free living and Free living and

parasiticparasitic• PseudocoelomatePseudocoelomate• Mouth Mouth Anus Anus• Separate sexesSeparate sexes• CuticleCuticle

RotiferaRotifera

• Free livingFree living

• TransparentTransparent

• PseudocoelomatePseudocoelomate

• Mouth Mouth Anus Anus

AnnelidaAnnelida

• Little ringsLittle rings• SegmentationSegmentation• Bilaterial symmetryBilaterial symmetry• Mouth Mouth anus anus• Closed circulatory systemClosed circulatory system• hermaphroditeshermaphrodites• ClassesClasses

– OligochaetaOligochaeta• earthwormearthworm

– Polychaeta Polychaeta • bristled wormsbristled worms

– Hirudinea Hirudinea • leechesleeches

Earthworm Internal Earthworm Internal AnatomyAnatomy

MolluscaMollusca• Examples: Clam, snail, slug, Examples: Clam, snail, slug,

octopusoctopus• CoelomatesCoelomates• Soft-bodiedSoft-bodied• Mantle cavityMantle cavity• RadulaRadula• ChromatophoresChromatophores• GroupsGroups

– GastropodGastropod– BivalveBivalve– cephalopodcephalopod

ArthropodaArthropoda

• Bilateral coelomatesBilateral coelomates• Jointed appendagesJointed appendages• Exoskeleton – chitinExoskeleton – chitin• Compound eyeCompound eye• MoltingMolting• Groups Groups

– TrilobitaTrilobita– CrustaceaCrustacea– ChelicerataChelicerata– UniramianUniramian

EchinodermataEchinodermata

• Marine invertebrateMarine invertebrate

• Sea star, sea urchin, brittle star, Sea star, sea urchin, brittle star, sea cucumber and sand dollarsea cucumber and sand dollar

• Pentaradial symmetryPentaradial symmetry

• No cephalizationNo cephalization

• Water vascular systemWater vascular system

• Tube feetTube feet

• Cardiac and pyloric stomachCardiac and pyloric stomach

ChordataChordata

• Invertebrates and Invertebrates and VertebratesVertebrates

• CharacteristicsCharacteristics– NotochordNotochord– Dorsal hollow nerve Dorsal hollow nerve

cordcord– Pharyngeal pouchesPharyngeal pouches– Post anal tailPost anal tail– These are present at These are present at

some time in the some time in the developmental processdevelopmental process

Vertebrate ClassesVertebrate Classes

• AgnathaAgnatha – Jawless fish – Jawless fish

• ChondrichthyesChondrichthyes – Cartilage and unique – Cartilage and unique scalesscales

• OsteichthyesOsteichthyes – bony fish – bony fish

• AmphibiaAmphibia – double life (aquatic and land) – double life (aquatic and land)

• ReptiliaReptilia – egg layers – egg layers

• AvesAves – wing – wing

• MammaliaMammalia – hair and mammary gland – hair and mammary gland

EvolutionEvolution

• Vertebrates Vertebrates 550 million years 550 million years

• Origin of Jaws Origin of Jaws 440 million years 440 million years

The FishesThe Fishes

• Jawless Jawless Cartilage Cartilage Bony Bony• Life in WaterLife in Water

– Streamline bodyStreamline body– Dense tail muscleDense tail muscle– Gill Gill lung lung– Swim bladderSwim bladder

• HomeostasisHomeostasis– Kidney functionKidney function

• Sensory FunctionsSensory Functions– Lateral line systemLateral line system

AgnathaAgnatha• Jawless fishJawless fish• Lack paired finsLack paired fins• No plates or scalesNo plates or scales• CartilageCartilage• No swim bladderNo swim bladder• Lateral lineLateral line• EctothermicEctothermic• External fertilizationExternal fertilization• Two chambered heartTwo chambered heart• GillsGills• Hagfish and LampreyHagfish and Lamprey

ChondrichthyesChondrichthyes• Cartilage skeletonCartilage skeleton• Placoid scalesPlacoid scales• Paired finsPaired fins• No swim bladderNo swim bladder• Lateral lineLateral line• EctothermicEctothermic• Internal fertilizationInternal fertilization• Two chambered heartTwo chambered heart• GillsGills• Triangular teethTriangular teeth• Shark, Ray, SkateShark, Ray, Skate

OsteichthyesOsteichthyes

• Bony fishBony fish• Lateral lineLateral line• Two chambered heartTwo chambered heart• Lung Lung • swim bladderswim bladder• Operculum with gillsOperculum with gills• ScalesScales• Paired finsPaired fins• EctothermicEctothermic• External fertilizationExternal fertilization• SpawningSpawning• Lobe and Ray finsLobe and Ray fins

AmphibiaAmphibia• EctothermEctotherm• Gills Gills lungs lungs• vascular skinvascular skin

– RespirationRespiration– protectionprotection

• Three chambered heartThree chambered heart– Separation of oxygenated and Separation of oxygenated and

deoxygenated blooddeoxygenated blood

• Bony skeletonBony skeleton• Digestive systemDigestive system• External fertilizationExternal fertilization• MetamorphosisMetamorphosis

• Evolution 370 million years agoEvolution 370 million years ago

• Lobed fin moved over landLobed fin moved over land

• Challenges Challenges – Water availabilityWater availability– Air temperatureAir temperature– New habitatsNew habitats– Climate shiftsClimate shifts

• Homologous structures?Homologous structures?

• Orders of Orders of AmphibiansAmphibians– Urodela – Urodela –

salamandersalamander

– Anura – frogs and Anura – frogs and toadstoads

– Apoda - caeciliansApoda - caecilians

External Frog AnatomyExternal Frog Anatomy

Internal Frog AnatomyInternal Frog Anatomy

ReptiliaReptilia

• Evolved from amphibiansEvolved from amphibians– Greater modificationsGreater modifications– Cortex region of brainCortex region of brain– Three chambered heart w/ partial divided Three chambered heart w/ partial divided

ventricleventricle

• Water freedomWater freedom– Water tight skinWater tight skin– Copulatory organCopulatory organ– KidneyKidney– Amniote eggAmniote egg

• The Amniotic EggThe Amniotic Egg

• OrdersOrders– Crocodilia Crocodilia

•CrocodileCrocodile

•AlligatorAlligator– CheloniaChelonia

•TurtlesTurtles– TuataraTuatara– SquamataSquamata

•Lizards and Lizards and SnakesSnakes

AvesAves

• Evolved from reptilesEvolved from reptiles– Only 150 million years agoOnly 150 million years ago

• Horny beak, scaly leg, egg Horny beak, scaly leg, egg layinglaying

• FeathersFeathers• WingWing• Low weight – high powerLow weight – high power• Hollow bonesHollow bones• Four chambered heartFour chambered heart• EndothermsEndotherms• MigrationMigration

MammaliaMammalia

• Origin from small, hairless Origin from small, hairless reptilereptile

• TraitsTraits– Brain capacityBrain capacity– Milk secreting glandMilk secreting gland– HairHair– Dentition for dietary habitsDentition for dietary habits– Four chambered heartFour chambered heart– DiaphragmDiaphragm– EndothermEndotherm

• OrdersOrders– MonotremataMonotremata

• Duckbilled platypusDuckbilled platypus• Spiny anteaterSpiny anteater

– MarsupialMarsupial• Pouched animalsPouched animals• Australia and New Australia and New

ZealandZealand

– PlacentalPlacental• Young nourished Young nourished

within uteruswithin uterus• placentaplacenta