Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

22.1 Intro to Plants22.1 Intro to Plants

What is a plant? A member of the kingdom What is a plant? A member of the kingdom Plantae. Plants are multi-cellular eukaryotes Plantae. Plants are multi-cellular eukaryotes with cell walls composed of cellulosewith cell walls composed of cellulose

Plants are autotrophs, they make their own Plants are autotrophs, they make their own food by photosynthesis using pigments such as food by photosynthesis using pigments such as chlorophyll a & b.chlorophyll a & b.

Plant ReproductionPlant Reproduction

Plants have life cycles that are characterized Plants have life cycles that are characterized by alternation of generationsby alternation of generations

During the life cycle, plants alternate from a During the life cycle, plants alternate from a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte. haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte. These forms vary greatly from phylum to These forms vary greatly from phylum to phylumphylum

In order to gain independence from water, In order to gain independence from water, plants had to evolve to reproduce without itplants had to evolve to reproduce without it

What Plants Need to SurviveWhat Plants Need to Survive

Sunlight- plants use the energy from the sunlight to Sunlight- plants use the energy from the sunlight to produce food by photosynthesisproduce food by photosynthesis

Water and Minerals- plants need a constant supply of Water and Minerals- plants need a constant supply of water in order to make food. Minerals are nutrients water in order to make food. Minerals are nutrients in the soil that are needed for plant growthin the soil that are needed for plant growth

Gas exchange- plants need CO2 for photosynthesis Gas exchange- plants need CO2 for photosynthesis and O2 for respirationand O2 for respiration

Movement of water and minerals- plants must be able Movement of water and minerals- plants must be able to take in both water and minerals and transport them to take in both water and minerals and transport them throughout. throughout.

Evolution of PlantsEvolution of Plants

Plants once lived only in the water. All life processes Plants once lived only in the water. All life processes took place there, including reproductiontook place there, including reproduction

As plants evolved, they developed ways to reproduce As plants evolved, they developed ways to reproduce and live on landand live on land

Sperm no longer swam in water for reproduction and Sperm no longer swam in water for reproduction and plants developed ways to take in and store waterplants developed ways to take in and store water

The most well known ancestor of plants is green The most well known ancestor of plants is green algaealgae

Bryophytes- Non Vascular PlantsBryophytes- Non Vascular Plants

Mosses, liverworts and hornworts are all Mosses, liverworts and hornworts are all bryophytesbryophytes

Bryophytes need water to reproduce and are Bryophytes need water to reproduce and are very small because they lack tissue to transport very small because they lack tissue to transport water and nutrientswater and nutrients

Bryophytes do not have true roots, stems and Bryophytes do not have true roots, stems and leaves. They have root like structures called leaves. They have root like structures called rhizoids to anchor them in the groundrhizoids to anchor them in the ground

ExamplesExamples

Moss liverwort

Hornwort

Seedless Vascular PlantsSeedless Vascular Plants

Vascular tissue allows plants to transport water Vascular tissue allows plants to transport water and nutrients throughout their bodyand nutrients throughout their body

Tracheids are specialized cells that make up Tracheids are specialized cells that make up xylem, the tissue that transports waterxylem, the tissue that transports water

Phloem is tissue that transports food, meaning Phloem is tissue that transports food, meaning nutrients and carbohydratesnutrients and carbohydrates

Xylem and phloem can transport water and Xylem and phloem can transport water and food even against gravityfood even against gravity

Ferns and Their RelativesFerns and Their Relatives

Ferns are members of the phylum Pterophyta Ferns are members of the phylum Pterophyta and have true vascular tissue. They also have and have true vascular tissue. They also have strong creeping roots called rhizomes and strong creeping roots called rhizomes and large leaves called frondslarge leaves called fronds

Horsetails and Club mosses are also seedless Horsetails and Club mosses are also seedless vascular plantsvascular plants

ExamplesExamples

Fern

horsetail

Club Moss

Seed PlantsSeed Plants

Adaptations that allow seed plants to repro Adaptations that allow seed plants to repro duce outside of water include flowers, cones, duce outside of water include flowers, cones, pollination and protection of embryos in seedspollination and protection of embryos in seeds

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are examples Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are examples of seed plantsof seed plants

Gymnosperms- Cone BearersGymnosperms- Cone Bearers

Include gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, conifersInclude gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, conifers Conifers are considered “evergreens” they retain their Conifers are considered “evergreens” they retain their

needle shaped leaves all yearneedle shaped leaves all year All gymnosperms reproduce using exposed seed, the All gymnosperms reproduce using exposed seed, the

name literally means “naked seed”name literally means “naked seed” The most common gymnosperm is the conifer, The most common gymnosperm is the conifer,

phylum Coniferophyta. These include pines, spruces, phylum Coniferophyta. These include pines, spruces, firs, cedarsfirs, cedars

Angiosperms- Flowering plantsAngiosperms- Flowering plants

Have unique reproductive structures called Have unique reproductive structures called flowersflowers

Flowers contain ovaries, which protect and Flowers contain ovaries, which protect and surround the seedsurround the seed

Fruits develop after fertilization, (pollination) Fruits develop after fertilization, (pollination) and protect the seed and aid in dispersaland protect the seed and aid in dispersal

Diversity of Angiosperms- the two Diversity of Angiosperms- the two classesclasses

MONOCOTSMONOCOTS DICOTSDICOTS

Embryo with single cotyledon Embryo with single cotyledon Embryo with two cotyledons Embryo with two cotyledons

Pollen with single furrow or Pollen with single furrow or pore pore

Pollen with three furrows or pores Pollen with three furrows or pores

Flower parts in multiples of Flower parts in multiples of three three

Flower parts in multiples of four or Flower parts in multiples of four or five five

Major leaf veins parallel Major leaf veins parallel Major leaf veins reticulated Major leaf veins reticulated

Stem vacular bundles scattered Stem vacular bundles scattered Stem vascular bundles in a ring Stem vascular bundles in a ring

Fibrous roots Fibrous roots TaprootsTaproots

Secondary growth absent Secondary growth absent Secondary growth often present Secondary growth often present