Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Pg. 1- What is a Plant?

Plants are placed into 2 groups based on structural and

functional similarities, but all plants share the following

characteristics.A. B. C. HaveE. Have _____________composed ofF. AreG. Photosynthesis takes place in the ______________of plant

cells

H. All are Special adaptations are therefore required for

EukaryoticMulticellular

organs and organ systemscell walls

autotrophiccellulose

chloroplastCO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

non-motilereproduction

Pg. 1- What is alteration of Pg. 1- What is alteration of generation?generation?

Plant life cycles have two alternating phases, a Plant life cycles have two alternating phases, a diploid (2n) phase and a haploid (n) phase.diploid (2n) phase and a haploid (n) phase.

During the two phases of the life cycle, mitosis During the two phases of the life cycle, mitosis and meiosis alternate to produce the two types and meiosis alternate to produce the two types of reproductive cells- of reproductive cells- gametesgametes and and sporesspores. . The diploid (2n) phase is known as the The diploid (2n) phase is known as the sporophytesporophyte. . The haploid (n) phase is known as the The haploid (n) phase is known as the

gametophytegametophyte

Pg. 2 Pg. 2

Define:Define:1.1. Sporophyte-Sporophyte- spore producing plant spore producing plant

2.2. Gametophyte-Gametophyte- gamete producing plant gamete producing plant

Pg. 2- List and explain the 4 things Pg. 2- List and explain the 4 things plants need to surviveplants need to survive

a.a. SunlightSunlight-- use to perform photosynthesis. use to perform photosynthesis.

b.b. Water & Minerals- Water & Minerals- all cells need a constant supply all cells need a constant supply of water. One use is for photosynthesis. Minerals of water. One use is for photosynthesis. Minerals are needed for plant growth.are needed for plant growth.

c.c. Gas Exchange- Gas Exchange- plants require oxygen for cellular plants require oxygen for cellular respirations & carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.respirations & carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.

d.d. Movement of water and nutrients- Movement of water and nutrients- specialized specialized tissues carry water and nutrients up from soil and tissues carry water and nutrients up from soil and distribute the products of photosynthesis distribute the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant.throughout the plant.

Plant ClassificationPlants are classified into 2 basic groups

based on whether they contain _________ tissue.Bryophyte- NO Vascular TissueTracheophytes – contain vascular tissue

vascular

Pg. 3- Phylum Bryophyte

A. Bryophytes – No vascular tissue present

Depends on water for reproduction

No vascular system, therefore no tallerthan 20 cm

Examples: mosses, hornworts, liverworts

mosses

hornworts,

liverworts

Pg. 4- Phylum Pg. 4- Phylum PterophytaPterophyta

Pterophytes – commonly called Tracheophytes – contain vascular tissue No pollen No seeds No fruits Found predominantly in moist climates

because the sperm must swim to the egg cell

fernsferns

Pg. 5- Phylum CycadophytaPg. 5- Phylum Cycadophyta

EvergreenEvergreen Slow-growingSlow-growing Tropical and subtropical shrubsTropical and subtropical shrubs My resemble small palm treesMy resemble small palm trees Sexes are separate- Sexes are separate-

either have male pollen-producing cones or female either have male pollen-producing cones or female seed-producing conesseed-producing cones

Examples- CycadsExamples- Cycads

Pg. 6 – Phylum GinkgophytaPg. 6 – Phylum Ginkgophyta

Deciduous trees with fan-shaped leavesDeciduous trees with fan-shaped leaves Sexes separateSexes separate Outer skin of ovule develops into a fleshy, Outer skin of ovule develops into a fleshy,

fruitlike covering (berry)fruitlike covering (berry) Only 1 living speciesOnly 1 living species

Example: Ginkgo Biloba (ginkgo)Example: Ginkgo Biloba (ginkgo)

Pg. 7- Phylum GnetophytaPg. 7- Phylum Gnetophyta

Mostly desert-livingMostly desert-living Example: Welwitschia, Mormon tree Example: Welwitschia, Mormon tree

(Ephedra)(Ephedra)

Pg. 8- Phylum ConiferophytaPg. 8- Phylum Coniferophyta

Seeds born on conesSeeds born on cones Wind-pollinatedWind-pollinated Most are evergreenMost are evergreen Many have needlelike leavesMany have needlelike leaves In most species- sexes are not separateIn most species- sexes are not separate

Examples: pine, spruce, cedar, cypress, yew, fir, Examples: pine, spruce, cedar, cypress, yew, fir, larch, sequoizlarch, sequoiz

Pg. 9- GymnospermsPg. 9- GymnospermsGymnosperms – Gymnosperms –

A group of cone bearing plants including the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta & Coniferophyta

Have pollenHave pollen Have seeds not protected by fruitHave seeds not protected by fruit No fruitNo fruit ______ present______ present Example: Largest group is the _________ Example: Largest group is the _________

which includeswhich includes Have common characteristic leaves called_________, Have common characteristic leaves called_________,

which are modified to ___________________ andwhich are modified to ___________________ and

Have “flying sperm” or_________, so they are no Have “flying sperm” or_________, so they are no longer tied to _______ for reproductionlonger tied to _______ for reproduction

““naked seed”naked seed”

ConesConesconifersconifers

pines, spruce, cedarpines, spruce, cedarneedlesneedles

prevent water lossprevent water lossminimize ice build – upminimize ice build – up

pollenpollenwaterwater

Pg. 10- Angiosperms Group of Flowering plants including Phylum

Anthophyta Most complex and adaptable Most successful Have pollen Have seeds Have flowers

It enhances _____________ Have fruit

Mature ________ Contains one or more seeds Provides embryo with _________ Increases seed dispersal

ovary

protection

pollination

Pg. 11- Pg. 11- Phylum Anthophyta

Seeds develop enclosed within ovariesSeeds develop enclosed within ovaries Leaves modified into flowersLeaves modified into flowers Flowers pollinated by wind or by animalsFlowers pollinated by wind or by animals Occur in many different formsOccur in many different forms Found in most land and freshwater habitats, Found in most land and freshwater habitats,

some in shallow saltwater and estuaries areassome in shallow saltwater and estuaries areas Example: angiosperms: flowering plantsExample: angiosperms: flowering plants

Pg. 11 Continued: Pg. 11 Continued:

Pg. 12- Pg. 12- parts of a flower Sepals- resemble ordinary leaves. They protect the flower

while it’s developing Petals- attract insects and other pollinators Stamen- male part- consists of anther & filament Anther- Haploid male gametophytes are produced, where

meiosis occurs Filament- long, thin structure that supports the anther Carpels/Pistil- produces the female gametophytes Ovary- contains one or more ovules where female

gametophytes are produced Style- stalk at the top of the carpel Stigma- sticky portion @ the top of the style, where pollen

grains frequently land Ovule- structure in seed cones in which female gametophytes

develop

Pg. 13- Class Monoctyledonae (Monocots)

One cotyledon – seed leaf Parallel veins on leaves Fibrous roots Flower parts in multiples of 3 Ex.: grasses, corn, lilies

Pg. 14 - Class Dicotyledenae (Dicot)

Two cotyledon Branching veins on leaves Tap roots Flowering parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Ex.:roses, oak trees, etc.

Pg. 15- Monocots and Dicots

Pg. 16- Roots

A. Functions: Absorb __________and Transport these materials to the

stem Some plants store food in roots Each root has root hairs, increase

______ _____for

Anchor the plant

water minerals

surface

area water absorption

Pg. 16- RootsB. Growth:

Primary- growth in length Secondary- growth in width

C. Root adaptations For food storage- taproots ex. Carrots & beets To prevent soil erosion- fibrous roots

D. Two types: Tap roots in dicots- primary root Fibrous roots in monocots- no single root grows

larger than the rest

Pg. 17- StemsPg. 17- Stems

A. Functions: Support Storage of food ex. Tubers- potatoes Photosynthesis if stem is green Transport of food and water Modified for asexual reproduction- rhizomes Produce leaf & flower buds

Types: Herbaceous- green & flexible Woody – trees & shrubs

Adaptations: Tuber- stores food Bulb- stem surrounded by short, thick leaves (amaryllis) Corm- thickened stem covered w/thin leaves (gladiolus) Rhizome- underground stem for food storage (ginger) or

asexual reproduction (grasses)

Pg. 17- Stems

Pg. 18- Leaves Notes-A. Function

Major photosynthesizing organ of plant; shape is optimized for absorbing light

B. Types Simple leaf- a single leaf on petiole (stalk) Compound leaf- divided into leaflet

C. C. Leaf Structure Cuticle- outer waxy covering to keep moisture in Epidermis- layer of cells on top and bottom of leaf Mesophyll- photosynthetic layer of leaf

Palisade mesophyll- closely packed cells absorb light that enters the leaf

Spongy mesophyll- beneath the palisade layer, loose tissue with many air spaces between cells, connect the stomata, where most of the photosynthesis takes place

Vascular bundle (tissue)- xylem & phloem Stomata- small pores on the under surface of leaves through

which gases are exchanged Guard cells- control the size of the stomata; open during the

day when photosynthesis is taking place, closed at night to prevent water loss.

Pg. 18- Leaves Notes-

Pg. 18- Leaves Notes-D. Adaptation

1. Pitcher plant- leaf modified to attract & digest insects

2. Cactus- non-photosynthetic thorns to protect against herbivores

3. Pine- needle like leaf to reduce surface area & prevent water loss

4. Rock plant- (picture on 598) adapted for hot, dry conditions, few stomata clear tissue allows light to penetrate into leaf

5. Tendril- modified to allow plant to grow around things or up things

6. Leaf hair- prevents water loss on some plants; stinging hairs -allows for protection (stinging nettle); glandular hairs- sticky hairs that trap insects and prevent them from eating plant, or to attach onto animals to aid in seed dispersal.

7. Thick wax- prevents water loss

8. Thorns- prevents against herbivores

Tropism- response of a plant to an environmental stimulus.

1. Phototropism - is the tendency of a plant to grow toward a source of light.

2. Gravitropism - response to gravity. This assures that roots grow down and stems grow up.

3. Thigmotropism-Response to touch. May be used for venus fly trap, to capture insects, or allow a plant to grow on a surface for support. Tendril

Plant Structure and Growth

Structure of Leafa.) Cuticle: _______covering to prevent b.) Epidermis: Outermost layer of cells; preventsc.) Mesophyll: ________________layer of leaf

1. Palisade layer: upper portion of mesophyll with closely packed cells; site

of most2. Spongy layer: Underside of leaf; loosely – packed cells allow for gas

exchange of

d.) Vein: _________ande.) Stomata: Opening in underside of leaf that allows _____ to ______________ enter and ____________ to exitf.) Guard cells: Control the size of_________. Work to preserve

balance between allowing for gas exchange without losing too much______. “Plant sweat” is known as.

waxy water loss

injury, infectionPhotosynthetic

photosynthesis

CO2 and O2xylem phloem

CO2

(carbon dioxide) O2 (oxygen)stomata

watertranspiration

Plant Structure and Growth

D. Plant TransportThe 2 types of vascular tissue:

1. Xylem: transports ______ and _________from the _____to

the rest of the plant2. Phloem: transports _________________ from the leaves to the rest of the plant

water minerals root

“food” (glucose)

Plant Structure and Growth

E. Plant growth1. Primary growth: Life long

growth occurs at the tip of the ______ and the end of

the

2. Secondary Growth: Trees and some other plants

have a second type that allows

them to grow in width or girth.

stem

roots

Plant Structure and Growth

F. SeedsA seed consist of an ________

surrounded by a tough protective coat.

Dicot Seed

embryo

petal

filament

anther

stigma

style

ovary

ovule

Carpel

{Stamen