Classification

Classification • Biological classification, or scientific classification in

biology, is a method of scientific taxonomy used to

group and categorize organisms into groups such

as genus or species. These groups are known as

taxa

•

Living MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition

images from en.wikipedia.org

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Three main ‘Domains’ in the Phylogenetic Tree of Life

•

Eukaryota

Prokaryota

•

Some examples of Phyla we need to know

Kingdom Animalia • porifera • cnidaria • platyhelminthes • annelida • mollusca • arthropoda

Kingdom Plantae (phyla are better know as divisions) • Bryophyta • Filicinophyta • Coniferophyta • Angiospermophyta

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As we move down the taxonomic levels, groups become smaller and more closely related. For example, the Phylum Chordata includes the Classes: Amphebia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

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Common names • What is the common name for this species?

camel

camello

جمال

Chameau

верблюд

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Binomial Nomenclature

‚two-name naming system‛

typed binomial names MUST be italicized

Handwritten binomial names MUST be underlined

Camelus dromedarius Genus name is capitalized

Species name is NEVER capitalized

C. dromedarius or C. dromedarius

Binomial Nomenclature

Carolus Linnaeus

1707-1778

Carolus Lineus

1707-1778

Reasons for putting organisms in groups

• Trying to make sense of the biosphere

• Showing evolutionary links

• Predicting characteristics shared by members of a

group

Mnemonic

D

K

P

C

O

F

G

S

• Domain

• Kingdom

• Phylum • Class

• Order

• Family

• Genius

• Species

• Subspecies

Classification & Naming 10-minute Poster Task

• Complete one poster each for an animal and a

plant o Include IUCN database conservation status information

o Include citations, photo credit and license

• Explore the interactive tree of life: o http://www.wellcometreeoflife.org/interactive/

o How closely related are your two species?

o Test it with other pairs of species (and us).

Taxonomy

Taxonomy • The practice and science

of classification

• Classifying organisms helps

develop an

understanding of of their

structure

Species • A group of organism which can interbreed and

produce fertile offspring

• Species are named: Genus species

o Pan troglodytes

• The smallest taxonomic group, though many

subspecies are recognized.

o Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii

Which two species of reef shark are most closely related?

How do you know

• Black-tip reef shark

Carcharhinus melanopterus

• White-tip reef shark

Triaenodon obesus

• Caribbean reef shark

Carcharhinus perezi

Which two species of reef shark are most closely related?

How do you know

• Black-tip reef shark

Carcharhinus melanopterus

• White-tip reef shark

Triaenodon obesus

• Caribbean reef shark

Carcharhinus perezi

Which two are most commonly related

• Domestic dog

Canis lupus familiaris

• Tibetan wolf

Canis lupus chanco

• Red wolf

Canis rufus

Which two are most commonly related

• Domestic dog

Canis lupus familiaris

• Tibetan wolf

Canis lupus chanco

• Red wolf

Canis rufus

Same species Different subspecies

Same genus Different species

Which of the following are true about these elephants

• Elephas maximus Loxodonta afriana

• They are two species in the same genus

• They are two species in different geni

• They are from two geni in the same family

• They are two subspecies of the same species

Which of the following are true about these elephants

• Elephas maximus Loxodonta afriana

• They are two species in the same genus

• They are two species in different geni

• They are from two geni in the same family

• They are two subspecies of the same species

Plantae Photosynthetic Cell wall

Non-Vascular Plants • Chlorophyta

o Aquatic algae

• Bryophyta

o mosses

Chlorophyta (algae) • Vasculature

o none

• Appearance:

o Photosynthetic, small

o Marine freshwater, terrestrial

http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Spirogyra/group_B/sp_16b.html

Bryophyta (mosses) • Vasculature

o None, absorb moisture

• Appearance

o Simple, small, furry

o Under 50 cm

• Reproduction

o spores

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthoceros.jpg

Vascular Plants • These have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) to

transport resources and waste

• Plants can be larger in size

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissue

Filicinophyta (ferns) • Appearance

o Roots, leaves, short stem

o Max height 15m

o Leaves in sections

• Vasculature

o Yes, not woody

• Reproduction

o Spores under leaves

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athyrium_filix-femina.jpg

Coniferophyta (conifers) • Appearance

o Woody

o Leaves are needles

o 100 m

• Vasculature

o Yes, woody

• Reproduction

o Female cones contain seed

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT201/Conifers/coniferophytaDIYSLifeCycle.htm

Angiospermophyta (flowering plants)

• Appearance

o Flowering plants

o Roots, stems, leaves

o 100 m

• Vasculature

o yes

• Reproduction

o Seeds dispersed

o Pollination through flowers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sweetbay_Magnolia_Magnolia_virginiana_Flower_Closeup_2242px.jpg

Kingdom Animalia

Symmetry Symmetry in biology is the balanced distribution of duplicate body parts or shapes

Segmentation • Segmentation in biology refers to the division of

some animal and plant body plans into a series of

repetitive segments

Porifera (sponges) • Symmetry

o none

• Digestion

o No mouth or anus

o Filter food from currents

• Segmentation

o none

• Notes

o pore=hole

o Attached to rocky surfaces

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera

Cnidaria • Symmetry

o radial

• Digestion

o Mouth, no anus

• Segmentation

o none

• Notes

o Tentacles around mouth

o Many have stinging cells http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

• Symmetry

o bilateral

• Digestion

o Mouth, no anus

• Segmentation

o none

• Notes

o Ribbon-shaped

o Many are parasites

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platyhelminthes

Annelida (segmented worms)

• Symmetry

o bilateral

• Digestion

o Mouth and anus

• Segmentation

o yes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nerr0328.jpg

Mollusca • Symmetry

o bilateral

• Digestion

o Mouth and anus

• Segmentation

o Not visibly

• Notes

o Hugely diverse group

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tonicella-lineata.jpg

Arthropoda • Symmetry

o bilateral

• Digestion

o Mouth and anus

• Segmentation

o Segmented, jointed

• Notes

o Exoskeleton, joints

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arthropoda.jpg