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KINGDOM PLANTAE
Overview of Plant DiversityTo Accompany the Kingdom Plantae Foldable Notes
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Plant Evolution & Adaptations
Section 1:
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Plant Evolution
Plants do not exist
Algae in oceans
Algae at the edges of Seas adapt to life
on land
Simple plants appear
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Algae & Plants
When compared to algae, plants share 6 common characteristics.
1. Cell walls composed of cellulose.2. Cell division that includes the formation of a
cell plate.3. Chlorophyll used for photosynthesis.4. Similar genes used in ribosomal RNA.5. Food stored as starch.6. Same enzymes in cellular vessels.
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Plant Adaptations
Over time, plants developed adaptations for living on land.
• Cuticle: Waxy surface on leaves to retain water.• Stomata: Allows for the exchange of gases.• Vascular Tissue: Allows for the transport of water and
nutrients throughout plant.• Reproduction: Seed covering allows for sperm to reach egg
without presence of water.• Seeds: Enable survival in harsh environments and sprout
with conditions are favorable.
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Criteria for Organisms in
Kingdom Plantae
Recall from our previous lessons on taxonomy, members of this kingdom must meet certain criteria.
• Cell type: Eukaryotes.• Cell structure: Cell wall made of cellulose.• Cell number: Multicellular. • Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic.• Carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments
chlorophyll a and b.• Some are parasitic or saprobes.
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Plant Life Cycle
All plants have a life cycle with alternation of generations, in which the haploid gametophyte phase alternates with the diploid sporophyte phase.
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Plant Life Cycle
Alternation of Generations
Haploid (N)
• Gametophyte plant (N) • Produces either sperm or eggs.
• (gametes = reproductive cells)
Diploid (2N)
• The sperm and egg join to create the sporophyte plant (2N), which is diploid.
• Egg and sperm join to create spores by meiosis.
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Evolutionary Cladogram
Non-Vascular
Plants
(Bryophytes)
Seedless
Vascular Plants
(Ferns)
Cone-bearing
Plants
(Gymnosperms)
Flowering
Plants
(Angiosperms)
Embryo Protection
Vascular Tissue
Seeds
Flowers, seeds
enclosed in
fruit
Green Algae Ancestor
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Plant Survival
Sunlight needed to carry out photosynthesis.
Minerals and water are needed to make new plant parts.
Gas exchange (through photosynthesis and cellular respiration) must occur without losing excessive amounts of water.
Movement of water and nutrients is required for plant energy production and growth.
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Overview of the Plant Kingdom
The majority of plant life is _________________.flowering plants
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Non-Vascular Plants: BryophytesMosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
Life cycles depend on water for reproduction.
Water moves through by osmosis & diffusion.
Abundant in damp, shady areas because there is no vascular tissue.
Sphagnum moss alive is used in gardening, and whencompacted (peat) it’sused for fuel.
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Typical Moss Plant
Capsule
Stalk
LeaflikeStructure
StemlikeStructure
Rhizoid
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
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What happened between plant divisions 1 & 2?
Vascular tissue: specialized tissue to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
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Seedless Vascular Plants
Divisions include:
• Phylum Lycophyta: Club mosses• Phylum Pterophyta: Ferns & horsetails
Strobilus is a compact structure of spore-bearing structures which can be carried by the wind.
Found in moist, shaded forest areas.
Leaves are called fronds.
Undergound stems called rhizomes .
Fern spores on the underside of fronds are called sporangium and clusters for a sorus(sori=plural).
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Typical Fern Plant
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Life Cycle of a Fern
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Gymnosperms:Cone Bearing Plants
Means “naked seed”.
Includes conifers (pines & spruces) and palms (cycads & ginkgoes).
Second evolutionary development: Adapted seed to allow reproduction without water; able survive in dry and extreme temperatures.
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Diversity of Seed Plants
Vascular plants that produce seeds.
Seeds have one or more cotyledons, structures that either store food or absorb food for the tiny sporophyte.
The early growth stage of a plant embryo is called germination.
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Reproduction
Dormancy is a period of time during which a plant embryo is alive but not growing.
A cone is a that contains the male and female reproductive structures of gymnosperms.
Features that allow seeds to reproduce without water:
• Reproduction in cones.• Movement of gametes by pollination.• Protection of embryo in a seed.
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Pollination
Transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure.
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Diagram of a Seed
Embryo• Growing part of seed
Endosperm• Tissue that provides nutrition for the developing seed.
Seed Coat• Protective outer covering of the seed.
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Adaptations of Gymnosperms
Needles
Winged Seeds
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Angiosperms:Flowering Plants
Dominate plant life.
Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants.
• Has ovaries (fruit) to protect the seeds.• Attracts animals which help with pollination.
Can be classified into:
1. Lifespans: annuals, biennials, perennials.2. Seeds: Monocotyledonous vs. dicotyledonous.3. Stems: herbaceous vs. woody.
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Lifespans
Annuals• Complete life cycle in one year.
Biennials• Life cycle takes 2 years
• Year one: germinate and grow roots, maybe leaves.
• Year two: grow new stems, leaves, and flowers.
Perennials• Live through many years
• May die back in winter, but re-grow in the spring (asparagus, peonies, many grasses).
• Most have woody stems (palms, trees, honeysuckle).
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Monocots vs. Eudicots Cotyledon = Seed Chamber
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Plant Cells & Tissues
Section 2:
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Identifying Plant Cells
Typical plant cell has cell wall and large vacuole.
However, adaptations help plant carry out specific functions.
• Parenchyma Cells: Most common; responsible for storage, photosynthesis, gas exchange, protection.
• Collenchyma Cells: Elongated cells that provide structure and support.
• Sclerenchyma Cells: Lack cytoplasm and other living components, but provide support for the plant.
• Phloem: Transports carbohydrates and other items.
• Xylem: Transports water and other minerals.
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Plant Tissues:
Vascular Tissue
A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
Vascular tissue is responsible for the movement of water, food and dissolved substances in the plant.
Xylem: moves water and nutrients throughout plant using a tracheid.• A tracheid is specialized cell that can move fluids through the
plant body, even against the force of gravity.
Phloem: moves carbohydrates throughout the plant through sieve tubes.
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Plant Tissues:
Vascular Tissue
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Plant Tissues:
Meristematic Tissue
A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
• Meristematic Tissue: regions of rapidly dividing cells.
• Apical meristems: Tips of roots and stems.• Intercalary meristems: Produces new cells resulting in added
stem or leaf length.• Lateral meristems: Increase
root or stem diameter.
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Plant Tissues
A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
• Dermal Tissue – the Epidermis: The layer of cells that makes up the outer covering of a plant.
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Plant Anatomy & Physiology
Section 3:
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Plant Anatomy & Physiology
Transport
• Roots, stems, leaves.
Energy Production
• Leaves.
Reproduction
• Flowers.
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Roots: Plant Transport System
Root Functions
1. Absorbs water & nutrients from the soil.
2. Transports water & nutrients to stem.
3. Anchors plant to maintain stability.
4. Stores food and water.
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Roots: Plant Transport System
Root Structures
Root Hair
Water & nutrient pathways
Epidermis
Cortex Pericycle Xylem Phloem
EndodermisCasparianStrip
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Taproot: primary root grows down from the stem with secondary roots forming.
• ex. carrot, radish, beets
Fibrous: small lateral roots that spread out just below surface of the soil.
• ex. weeds
Roots: Plant Transport System
Root Structures
Taproot System
Fibrous Root System
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Woody
• Thick cell walls that support the plant.• Trees, shrubs, and vines.
Herbaceous
• Stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic (turgor) pressure.
• Dandelions, zinnias, petunias.
Stems: Plant Transport System
Stem Structures
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Stems: Plant Transport System
Herbaceous Stems
The xylem and phloem of stems are grouped together in vascular bundles.
• Eudicot stems have one ring or concentric rings of vascular bundles.
• The vascular bundles in a monocot stem are scattered.
Eudicot Monocot
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Stems: Plant Transport System
Function of Stems
1. Transports water & nutrients from roots to leaves.
2. Supports/produces leaves, branches, fruits/flowers.
3. Stores food.
• Tuber: swollen underground stem which stores food.• Bulb: shortened, compressed stem surrounded by fleshy
leaves.• Corm: composed almost entirely of stem
tissue.• Rhizome: underground horizontal stem
which may store food.
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Stems: Plant Transport System
Transport in Plants
Capillary action: the tendency of water to rise in a thin tube.
The result of the water molecules’ ability to stick to one another (cohesion) and to the walls of the tube (adhesion).
Contributes to the movement of water up the cells of the xylem tissue.
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Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
• Process that plants use to produce their food.
• 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System
Leaf Structure
Cuticle
Epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Vascular bundle
Xylem
Phloem
StomataGuard Cells
Lower epidermis
Spongy mesophyll
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Letter Structure Color Function
A Cuticle Yellow Waxy outer surface; retains moisture.
B Epidermis Orange “Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange.
C Vein (Xylem) Blue Pumps water up from soil through roots.
D Vein (Phloem) RedMoves nutrients and carbohydrates throughout the plant.
E Mesophyll Green Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs.
F Stomata PinkOutside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange.
G Guard Cells BrownControl stomata; trigger when water is scarce causing stomata to become flaccid and pores close.
Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System
Leaf Structure
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Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System
Gas Exchange & Transpiration
Transpiration
• Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide.
Stomata function to open and close to allow diffusion of gases and water needed for photosynthesis.
• Stomata close automatically when supplies of water from roots start to dry up.
• Guard cells trigger when water is scarce causing stomata to become flaccid and pores close.
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Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System
Leaf Modifications
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Flowers: Plant Reproduction System
Flower Structure
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Flowers: Plant Reproduction System
Flower Structure
Petals• Highly colored part of the flower, may contain perfume
and/or nectar glands.
Sepals• Small green structures on the base of a flower that protect
the flower bud.
Image found at: http://biology.clc.uc.edu
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Flowers: Plant Reproduction System
Male Plant Organs
Stamen contains:
• Anther: produces pollen.• Filament: upholds anther.
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Flowers: Plant Reproduction System
Female Plant Organs
Carpel/Pistil contains:
• Stigma: sticky for pollen to attach.• Style: sperm travel to ovary.• Ovary: fruit.• Ovules: eggs.
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Flowers: Plant Reproduction System
Pollination
The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma.
Pollen can’t move on its own, so animals or the wind (and water in rare cases) move the pollen for plants.
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Flowers: Plant Reproduction System
Development
Ovule
1 haploid nucleus Other haploid nucleus
Undergoes mitosis three
times, producing 8 haploid
nuclei.
dies dies dies
6 of the nuclei develop membranes; one becomes the egg cell.
The 2 remaining nuclei migrate to the center of the cell and are
called polar nuclei.
Ovary
Four haploid megaspores
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Flowers: Plant Reproduction System
Fruit Development
As the endospore matures, cell walls form.
The outside layers of the ovule harden to form a seed coat (or shell, husk).
As the ovule develops into a seed, changes lead to the formation of a fruit.
Fruits form primarily from the ovary wall.
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Flowers: Plant Reproduction System
Seed Dispersal & Germination
The early growth stage of a plant embryo is called germination.
Seeds are dispersed by:
• Wind • Water• Animal
Factors that affect seed germination:
• Temperature• Moisture
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Plants:
Responding to Environment
Plant hormones: chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of cell division, growth & differentiation.
• Made in one part of a plant and transported to another where they have effect.
Receptor proteins: specific sites where plant hormones work.
Auxin: One of the first plant hormones to be identified.
• A substance produced in the tip of the seeding.• Usually stimulates the lengthening, or elongation, of cells.
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Plants:
Responding to Environment
Nastic response: response that causes movement that is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus.
Tropic response: response of a plant to an environmental stimulus.
• Gravitropism: response of a plant to the force of gravity.
• Phototropism: tendency of a plant to grow towards light.
• Thigmotropism: response of plants to touch.
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Plants:
Responding to Environment
Photoperiodism: the timing of seasonal activities such as flowering and growth.
Herbicides: auxin-like compounds in high concentrations that are toxic to plants therefore inhibiting growth.
Chemical defenses: many plants defend themselves against insect attack by manufacturing compounds that have powerful effects on animals, ex. poison oak.