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KINGDOM PLANTAE - TAXONOMY
ALGAL PhylaRhodophyta – Red Algae
Phaeophyta – Brown Algae
Chlorophyta – Green Algae
Bryophyta - Mosses
Tracheophyta – Vascular Plants
Subphylum – Pteridophyta - Ferns
Subphylum Spermopsida – Seed Plants
Gymnosperms – Naked Seeded Angiosperms – Enclosed Seeded
Monocots Dicots
GYMNOSPERMS
Phylum Tracheophyta
-Subphylum Spermopsida – “Sperm” = “Seed”
CYCADS – 100 Species
CONIFERS- most successful Gymnosperms
GINKOS – 1 species remains
Look Familiar?
GYMNOSPERMS- “Naked Seeded” Most Common Class – The Conifers
• Typical coniferous forest primarily spruce, fir and pine.
• Not all coniferous forests have the same appearance, some conifers are better suited for a warmer wetter climate.
This is an old-growth coniferous forest consisting of Giant Sequoia trees. This type of tree prefers more precipitation than most of the conifers in the Okanagan
CAUTION
WATCH FOR FALLING LUMBER
Did you ever go back and study your family TREE?
Anyone ever been to CAPILANO SUSPENSION BRIDGE – North Vancouver?
Here is a coniferous forest located in a temperate rainforest.
In a temperate rainforest there is year-round precipitation through four seasons; typically warm summers and cool winters
CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO CONIFERS
•“Conifer” – Means “Cone Bearer”.
•Leaves are adapted to take needle shape, a thick cuticle and reduced surface area allows conifers to grow in dry cold climates without losing too much water.
•Almost all conifers are evergreens : They do NOT shed their needles seasonally. Deciduous trees shed their leaves
Conifer wood has growth rings of XYLEM
The meristematic tissue called VASCULAR CAMBIUM produces XYLEM to the inside and PHLOEM to the outside.
AGING A TREE
A Forestry Technician uses a tree borer to take out a tree core sample
There are two types of Xylem rings.Spring Wood (Xylem) is a lighter colour.
-In the springtime rapid cell division gives rise to very large cells.
Summer Wood (Xylem) is darker.
- In summer tissue grows slower and cells are more compact
THE CONE BEARERS
Mature female (ovulate) cone
Several female cones on a Ponderosa Pine- Very common conifer to the Okanagan
Clusters of female cones on a Spruce Tree
What’s Wrong With This Picture? This is a European Larch a close relative to a Tamarack. Its still a conifer (cone-bearer) but its not a true “EVERGREEN”
Male Cone
Female Cone
Conifers can be classified by the following:
Characteristics of the bark
Needle shape, length and texture
Cone size, shape and scale patterns
These cones with the little tags sticking out from the scales is characteristic of FIR cones
Ponderosa Pine
Blue Spruce
Fir Cedar
Douglas Fir
Western Cedar
Ponderosa Pine – Should look very familiar next time you are around Knox Mountain
A Renewable ResourceProperties:
LIGHT but very STRONG
These properties make it a perfect building material
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q3554jk38qU
Clear Cut Logging Erosion of Soil
We need trees but need to be careful in logging practices and reforestation.