Kingdom Protista• Placed into this kingdom by exclusion…

because they are not part of any other• Not quite plant, animals, fungi or

bacteria, though they share some characteristics of those

• Most are unicellular, some multi• Most are heterotrophic, some auto• Reproduce sexually (conjugation) and

asexually (binary fission)• Classified by how they move and/or what

kingdom they are like

Animal-like protists

• Also called protozoa• Live in water/moist soil and feed on

smaller organisms (bacteria, protists)• Phylum protozoa

– Amoeboid movement…cytoplasm moves forward in a pseudopod (false foot)

and pulls rest of body that way– e.g. amoeba, foraminiferans, radiolarians– e.g. Entamoeba histolytica…amebiasis

Amoeba

Radiolarians

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/featuredmicroscopist/vanegmond/starradiolarialarge.html

Foraminiferans

Animal-like protists

• Phylum Ciolophora– Move by cilia…small hairs that beat in

rhythm– Cilia move food into an oral groove

that ends in a food vacuole– Remove water from cell by contractile

vacuole– 2 nuclei:

•Macronucleus…controls functions•Micronucleus…used during conjugation

Paramecium

Paramecium reproduction

Paramecia conjugating: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5c_Vhb0vBVw

Animal-like protists

• Phylum Sarcomastigophora– Move by flagella…long whip like tail– e.g. trypanosome (African Sleeping

Sickeness), Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis

• Phylum Apicomplexa– Don’t move, all are parasites– Named for apical complex…specialized

structures used to enter host– e.g. toxoplasma, cryptosporidium,

plasmodium (malaria)

Trypanosome (sleeping sickness)

Plasmodium (malaria)

Plant-like protists• All are autotrophic and photosynthetic• Most live in water and have a flagellum at

some point in their life• Algae…classified by pigments used for

photosynthesis and color– Green algae: what you think of as “algae”– Brown algae: seaweed and kelp– Diatoms: live in soil– Dinoflagelates: bioluminesce (make own light)– Euglenoids: Euglenas: have a light detecting

area called an eye spot.

Dinoflagellates

EuglenaEuglena

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z01EUaUd3E4

Diatoms

Spirogyra

Volvox http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8O4OolGcPg

Fungus-like protists

• Reproduce using spores contained in a fruiting body like fungi do

• Slime molds and water molds

Impact on humans

• Good:– Create oxygen (plantlike)/carbon cycle– Basis of food chain, especially aquatic– Symbiotic relationships, e.g. coral colors– Research: chemotaxis (cell movement)– Food: seaweed

• Bad:– Algae blooms: use up all oxygen– Diseases (specific ones mentioned earlier)

Movies• Paramecia conjugating: http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=5c_Vhb0vBVw• Close up contractile vacuoule

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG6Dd3COug4• Amoeba moving:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRymTNuPi2M• Euglena

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z01EUaUd3E4• Volvox

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8O4OolGcPg• Amoeba eating

http://wolfbat359.com/phagocytosis1.mov