Kingdom Protista Kingdom Protista “the very “the very first”first”

any organism that is not a plant, any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus, or prokaryote animal, fungus, or prokaryote (bacteria)(bacteria)

EukaryotesEukaryotes 1.5 billion years ago1.5 billion years ago Classified by nutrition modeClassified by nutrition mode Animal like, Plant like, or Fungus Animal like, Plant like, or Fungus

likelike

A) Animal-like Protists: A) Animal-like Protists: ProtozoansProtozoans

Protozoa-”First Protozoa-”First animals”animals”

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs Four phyla Four phyla

based on how based on how they movethey move

1) Phylum Zoomastiginia: 1) Phylum Zoomastiginia: ZooflagellatesZooflagellates

flagellaflagella Absorb food Absorb food

through their cell through their cell membranesmembranes

Most reproduce Most reproduce asexually- binary asexually- binary fissionfission

Live in lakes and Live in lakes and streams or bodies streams or bodies of other organismsof other organisms

DiseasesDiseases

African sleeping sickness African sleeping sickness TrypanosomaTrypanosoma – Tsetse Fly – Tsetse Fly Chills, rashes, nerve cell damage, comaChills, rashes, nerve cell damage, coma

Trichomonas vaginalisTrichomonas vaginalis – vaginitis – vaginitis

Termites and Termites and TrichonymphaTrichonympha

Symbiotic (lives off food from Symbiotic (lives off food from termite)termite)

Lives in termite gutLives in termite gut Contains cellulase that digests woodContains cellulase that digests wood

2) Phylum Sarcondina: 2) Phylum Sarcondina: SarcodinesSarcodines

PseudopodsPseudopods “false foot” – cytoplasmic “false foot” – cytoplasmic projections for eating and movementprojections for eating and movement

Best known sarcodine - Best known sarcodine - AmoebaAmoeba Amoeboid movementAmoeboid movement Contractile and Food VacuolesContractile and Food Vacuoles Binary FissionBinary Fission ForaminiferansForaminiferans – secrete calcium carbonate – secrete calcium carbonate

shells (chalk), accumulates on bottom of ocean.shells (chalk), accumulates on bottom of ocean.

Contractile Vacuole (pump water)

Nucleus

Food Vacuole (store food)

Pseudopods

ex. AMOEBA

Amebic Dysentery

•Entamoeba-parasite spread by contaminated drinking water from poor sanitation

•Severe diarrhea, attacks intestines, bleeding

•Boiling water or iodine kills parasite

3) Phylum Ciliophora: 3) Phylum Ciliophora: CiliatesCiliates

CiliaCilia – used for feeding and movement – used for feeding and movement Short, hair-like projectionsShort, hair-like projections

Binary Fission and Conjugation (stress)Binary Fission and Conjugation (stress) Best known ciliate – Best known ciliate – parameciumparamecium Freshwater and saltwaterFreshwater and saltwater TrichocystsTrichocysts-stiff projections for defense -stiff projections for defense

of parameciumof paramecium

Internal AnatomyInternal Anatomy

Two nucleiTwo nuclei Macronucleus Macronucleus

respiration, protein synthesis, and respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion.digestion.

Micronucleus Micronucleus conjugation and contains a reserve copy conjugation and contains a reserve copy

of genes.of genes.

Anal pore

GulletOral groove

TrichocystsLysosomes

Food vacuoles

Contractile vacuole

Micronucleus(conjugation) Macronucleus

Cilia

Paramecium

NutritionNutrition

The cilia move food into the oral The cilia move food into the oral groove which leads to the gullet.groove which leads to the gullet.

The food is forced into food vacuolesThe food is forced into food vacuoles Lysosomes break down the food Lysosomes break down the food Undigested food is removed through Undigested food is removed through

the anusthe anus Contractile Vacuole pumps water in Contractile Vacuole pumps water in

and out to maintain homeostasisand out to maintain homeostasis

Macronucleus

Micronucleus

Conjugation

MEIOSIS Exchange ofmicronuclei

Macronucleidisintegrate

New macronuclei

form

Genetically identical

paramecium form

*note: conjugation is a sexual process but NOT a form of sexual reproduction b/c no new individuals are formed. However, new combinations of genetic information are produced.

4) Phylum Sporozoa: 4) Phylum Sporozoa: SporozoansSporozoans

Parasitic protistsParasitic protists Parasites of many different organisms, Parasites of many different organisms,

including worms, fish, birds, and including worms, fish, birds, and humans.humans.

Many protists cause serious diseaseMany protists cause serious disease Cannot move independentlyCannot move independently Reproduce using Reproduce using sporozoitessporozoites A sporozoite can attach itself to a A sporozoite can attach itself to a

host and lives as a parasite.host and lives as a parasite.

DiseasesDiseases Malaria- sporozoan Malaria- sporozoan PlasmodiumPlasmodium Saliva of the female Anopheles mosquitoSaliva of the female Anopheles mosquito SporozoitesSporozoites enter the bloodstream and enter the bloodstream and

the plasmodium infects the liver cells and the plasmodium infects the liver cells and red blood cells.red blood cells.

Red cells burst and release toxins into the Red cells burst and release toxins into the bloodstreambloodstream

2 million people die each year from 2 million people die each year from malaria.malaria.

B) Plant-like Protists: B) Plant-like Protists: Unicellular AlgaeUnicellular Algae

Base of the food chainBase of the food chain ““phytoplankton”phytoplankton” photosynthetic pigmentsphotosynthetic pigments 4 phyla based on the type of 4 phyla based on the type of

pigments they containpigments they contain

1) Phylum Euglenophyta: 1) Phylum Euglenophyta: EuglenophytesEuglenophytes

two flagella two flagella Lack a cell wallLack a cell wall Cell membrane called a Cell membrane called a pelliclepellicle Chloroplasts – photosyntheticChloroplasts – photosynthetic Heterotrophic if no sunlight availableHeterotrophic if no sunlight available EyespotEyespot – finds sunlight – finds sunlight PelliclePellicle – tough and flexible – tough and flexible

Gullet

Chloroplast

NucleusEyespotFlagella

Euglena

Carbohydrate storage bodies

Pellicle

Contractile vacuole

2) Phylum Pyrrophyta “fire 2) Phylum Pyrrophyta “fire plants”: Dinoflagellatesplants”: Dinoflagellates

50% 50% photosyntheticphotosynthetic

50% heterotrophs50% heterotrophs 2 flagella2 flagella Plates made of Plates made of

cellulose for cellulose for protectionprotection

Many are Many are bioluminescentbioluminescent

http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/20http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/2066

Zooxanthellae Zooxanthellae (ex. of (ex. of dinoflagellates)dinoflagellates)

Photosynthetic dinos that provide Photosynthetic dinos that provide food for their host organism.food for their host organism.

The host provides carbon dioxide The host provides carbon dioxide and shelter.and shelter.

Examples of host organisms: Examples of host organisms: jellyfish, coral, clamsjellyfish, coral, clams

Red TideRed Tide

Water appears Water appears red due to “red due to “Algal Algal BloomBloom””

Some dino Some dino species will species will release a toxin release a toxin that effects the that effects the nervous systems nervous systems of fishof fish

Ban on shellfishBan on shellfish

Paralytic Shellfish Paralytic Shellfish PoisoningPoisoning

PSP is caused by a dino species that PSP is caused by a dino species that produces a toxin that is taken up by produces a toxin that is taken up by mollusks.mollusks.

Eating these infected shellfish can Eating these infected shellfish can cause serious illness, paralysis, or cause serious illness, paralysis, or deathdeath

Pfiesteria-dinoflagellates (blooms triggered by pollution)-parasiteslesions

3) Phylum Chrysophyta: 3) Phylum Chrysophyta: ChrysophytesChrysophytes

Yellow-green and golden-brown Yellow-green and golden-brown algaealgae

Gold-colored chloroplastsGold-colored chloroplasts Pectin cell wallPectin cell wall Store food in the form of oilStore food in the form of oil

4) Phylum 4) Phylum Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyta:

DiatomsDiatoms Cell walls – Cell walls – silicon (glass)silicon (glass)

Cannot Cannot decomposedecompose

C) Plantlike C) Plantlike Protists: Protists: Multicellular Multicellular

AlgaeAlgaeRed, Brown, and Green Red, Brown, and Green

1) Phylum Rhodophyta: 1) Phylum Rhodophyta: Red Algae Red Algae

Contain Chlorophyll a and Contain Chlorophyll a and PhycobilinsPhycobilins

Absorb blue light – 260 meters, very Absorb blue light – 260 meters, very deepdeep

Important role in forming coral reefsImportant role in forming coral reefs Chondrus crispusChondrus crispus- Irish moss- Irish moss

Chondrus crispus – Irish Moss

2) Phylum Phaeophyta: 2) Phylum Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Brown Algae

Chlorophyll a and c, FucoxanthinChlorophyll a and c, Fucoxanthin Holdfast, Stipe, Blades, Bladders Holdfast, Stipe, Blades, Bladders

FucusFucus- Rockweed- Rockweed SargassumSargassum KelpKelp

KelpKelp

KelpKelp

RockweedRockweed

FucusFucus : Rockweed : Rockweed

SargassumSargassum

Blade

Stipe

Hold Fast

3) Phylum Chlorophyta: 3) Phylum Chlorophyta: Green Algae Green Algae

Cellulose in their cell wallsCellulose in their cell walls Chlorophyll a & bChlorophyll a & b Stores food as starchStores food as starch Very similar to plantsVery similar to plants

Unicellular Green AlgaeUnicellular Green Algae

ChlamydomonasChlamydomonas Lives in ponds, wet Lives in ponds, wet

soil, etc.soil, etc.

Colonial Green AlgaeColonial Green Algae

SpirogyraSpirogyra VolvoxVolvox – connected strands of cytoplasm, – connected strands of cytoplasm,

coordinated flagella movementcoordinated flagella movement

Multicellular Green Multicellular Green AlgaeAlgae

Sea lettuce- Sea lettuce- UlvaUlva

Importance of Importance of AlgaeAlgae

•Base of the food chain

•Kelp forests – habitats

•50% of oxygen production

•Medical Use

•Ulcers, High Blood Pressure, arthritis